Risk of Heavy Metals Pollution Environment & Public

Heavy metals- Its Risk on the Environment, Water, Food and Public Health

Golam Kibria; 04 November 2018 Citation: Kibria, G. 2018. Risk and management of heavy metals; Environment and public health. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328732643_Presentation_Heavy_metals_Its_Risk_on_the_Environment_Water_Food_and_Public_Health 46p.

GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

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Summary of The Presentation Abstract Heavy metals (HM) (arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium) are persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic (PBT) and also carcinogenic & endocrine disrupting chemicals (ED C); among the heavy metals

As, Pb, Hg and Cd are of major risk. Globally, >50% of soil contamination has been linked to heavy metals (including As). This presentation provides an overview of HM sources; HM contamination of water and food and human exposure routes to HM; HM can be sourced from 22 sources including agriculture, batteries, cement kiln, coalfired power plants, electronic- waste, electroplating, fertilisers, tanneries, paper & pulp mills, paints, textiles, shipbreaking yards, cement kiln; oil refineries, mining, paints, pesticides, pipes, sewage treatment plants, urban runoff, smelting, waste incineration, wood preservatives; A Global research study found elevated levels of Mercury in Child–Bearing Women in 25 Countries, on the other hand, globally, over 137 million people mostly in Asian countries are most severely affected by groundwater arsenic contamination with Bangladesh being the worst of all; large fish, known for their longevity, such as shark, swordfish, marlin and tuna can accumulate very high concentrations of mercury; women who are a frequent user of makeup/cosmetics can be exposed to high levels of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Ni, Pd and Tl (thallium). There is a need for regular monitoring of water and food to ascertain that heavy metal levels are within acceptable levels to safeguards both environmental health and public health.

What are heavy metals and what are their threats and risks? Heavy metals (arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium) are commonly defined as a set of metals/metalloids that possess densities at least 5 times higher than that of water or metallic elements with an atomic number greater than 20. Heavy metals (HM) are persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic (PBT) and also carcinogenic & endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC); among the heavy metals As, Pb, Hg and Cd are of major risk; Globally, >50% of the soil contamination linked to heavy metals (including As). Based on their immediate threat to human health and the environment, four of the top 10 chemicals of major public concern reviewed by the World Health Organization (WHO) are heavy metals (arsenic-As, lead-Pb, mercury-Hg, and cadmium-Cd). As, Cd, Pb, Hg, selenium-Se, zinc-Zn are known as EDC, As, Cd, Chromium-Cr, Nickel-Ni are group 1 carcinogen based on IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) HM Sources HM can be sourced from agriculture, batteries, cement kiln, coal-fired power plants, electronic- waste, electroplating, fertilisers, tanneries, paper & pulp mills, paints, textiles, shipbreaking yards, cement kiln; oil refineries, mining, paints, pesticides (fungicide, algicide), pipes, sewage treatment plants, urban runoff, smelting, waste incineration, wood preservatives. Some of the toxic HMs (Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel) can be found in the coal directly or in the layers of rock that lie above and between the seams of coal, Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Vanadium-V, Barium-Ba, strontium-Sr, Mn cement kiln dust (CKD) HM contamination of water and food and human exposure routes A Global research Study Found Elevated levels of Mercury in Child–Bearing Women in 25 Countries: (i) small-scale gold mining areas (Indonesia, Kenya, Myanmar ) where water, fish and rice are contaminated with Hg; ii) seafood's contaminated with Hg (Womens of the Pacific Islands) due to transport of coal-fired transport of Hg via air, water and soil contamination); iii) industrial Hg emissions related to Chlor-alkali, cement kiln, waste incineration, pulp & paper plants) (Albania, Chile, Nepal, Nigeria, Thailand, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine); Globally, groundwater is contaminated with arsenic (natural, mining and geothermal) in many countries in Asia. Globally over 137 million people mostly in Asian countries are most severely affected by groundwater arsenic contamination with Bangladesh being the worst of all. The other countries affected by groundwater arsenic contamination are India (West Bengal), China (Inner Mongolia), Nepal, Taiwan and Vietnam, Argentina. As is also contaminated rice in the USA, Bangladesh, China and India; Large fish, known for their longevity, such as shark, swordfish, marlin and tuna can accumulate very high concentrations of mercury; consumption of fish contaminated with methyl-mercury is the main source of exposure of humans to methyl-mercury; Women who are a frequent user of makeup/cosmetics can be exposed to high levels of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Ni, Pd and Tl (thallium), the long-term of exposure of these HMs can cause cancer, memory loss, mood swinging and kidney and lung and brain damage Management of HM There are a number of techniques that can be used to manage HM pollution such as i. soil replacement, ii. soil washing (using detergents, foaming agents, emulsions, dispersants; iii. the use of chelating agents (binding agents) and adsorbent (bentonite, zeolite, etc.); iv. Use of immobilizing agents (clay, organic composts, cement, minerals, phosphates, and Zeolites (to reduce metal toxicity through precipitation, sorption, and complexation) and lastly, the use of living organisms such as hyperaccumulator plants to accumulate heavy metals into their shoots and leaves; there is a need for regular monitoring of water and food to ascertain that heavy metal levels are within acceptable levels to safeguards both environmental health and public health. 2

Outline of Presentation on HM Chemical terms 1. Introduction • What is a Heavy Metal (HM) • HM in the Periodic Table 9 2. Significance of HM • HMs as Harmful Chemicals (PBT) • Priority List of heavy metals which of major Public concern (ATSDR, 2007) • Endocrine Disrupting (ED) heavy metals • Carcinogenic (cancer causing) heavy metals • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for HM Risk Assessment • MSDS of Arsenic (sections 11 & 12) • Global Soil Contamination due to Heavy Metals 3. Sources of HM • Sources & Sinks of HM • List of Heavy Metals in Coal


4. Characteristics of HM • Most and Least Toxic HM • Which HMs Are More Hazardous? 5. Effects of HM (case studies) • Elevated levels of Mercury in Child–Bearing Women in 25 Countries including Myanmar- A global study • Global Groundwater Contamination with Arsenic including Myanmar • Rice contamination with arsenic • Rice Contamination with mercury (in mining areas) • Bioaccumulation & Bio-magnification of mercury in large fish • Toxic Heavy Metals in your makeup 6. Heavy Metal Guidelines for Soil, Water, Ecosystems and Public Health Heavy Metals Guidelines for Irrigation, Livestock, Recycled water, Aquaculture, Sediment, Aquatic Ecosystems, Drinking and Seafood 7. Managing HM Pollution Soil replacement, soil washing, adsoprtion, verification (solidification), immomibiliastion, and bioremediation and monitoring 8. Take Home Messages

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Chemical Terms Artificial mussels

A passive sampling device that accumulates metals through a diffusion barrier onto a sorbent medium.

Artisanal

Traditional

Bioaccumulation Bio-concentration factor (BCF) Body burden

The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism A unitless value describing the degree to which a chemical can be concentrated in the tissues of an organism in the aquatic environment. The total amount of a particular chemical present in a human's or animal's body, typically a radioactive element or other toxic substance.

Carcinogenic

Cancer causing

Coal seam

A bed of coal

Endocrine disrupting chemicals

Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormone) systems at certain doses. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.. Various natural and synthetic chemical compounds have been identified that falls under EDCs including natural estrogens/androgens, synthetic estrogens/androgens, alkyl phenols, phthalates, some pesticides , some heavy metals and phytoestrogens.

Half-life

The time required for half of the residue to lose its analytical identity whether through dissipation, decomposition, metabolic alteration or other factors

Harmful chemicals Those chemicals which are persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic that may pose a threat to water, food, biodiversity and can be carcinogenic to humans

Heavy metals

Metals having a atomic weights greater than 20 and specific gravity > 3g/cm3

IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer

LC50

The concentration of material in water that is estimated to be lethal to 50% of the test organisms. The LC50 is usually expressed as a time-dependent value, (24 h or 96 h).

LD50

The dose of material that is estimated to be lethal to 50% of the test organisms (rats, mice and dogs). It indicates the quantity of a material introduced directly into the body by injection /ingestion rather than the concentration of the material in water in which aquatic organisms are exposed during toxicity tests. GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

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Chemical Terms Log kow

Octanol/water partitioning coefficient. The ratio of a chemical solubility in n-octanol (fat) to its solubility in water. The ratio indicates the chemicals tendency for bioconcentration by aquatic organisms. It is used in the assessment of environmental fate and transport for organic chemicals. Bioaccumulating pesticides have a Log Kow >3. A log Kow of 3 denotes the compound is 1,000 times more soluble in octanol than water

Methyl mercury

Methylmercury is formed from inorganic mercury by the action of microbes that live in aquatic systems including lakes, rivers, wetlands, sediments, soils and the open ocean

Minamata disease

Severe neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning . Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech. Minamata disease was occurred during economic rapid growth (in 1950’s and 1960’s) in Japan

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet

Particulate

Small particles

Passive sampling

A device that collects or accumulates pollutants (e.g. pesticides, metals) independently through a diffusion barrier onto a sorbent medium without use of a vacuum source or energy.

Risk assessment

A qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the environmental and/ or health risk resulting from exposure to a chemical or physical hazardous agent (pollutant).

Toxic

Harmful or poisonous

Trace metals

Metals with a concentration in water between μg/L to mg/L

Uptake

The accumulation of organic and inorganic contaminants by organisms from their environment


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What is a Heavy Metal (HM)? “Metals having density higher than 3.5 g/cm3” (Duffus, 2002) Heavy metals are commonly defined as a set of metals/metalloids that possess densities at least 5 times higher than that of water (Vamerali et al. 2010; WHO, 2010) Group of metallic elements with an atomic number greater than 20 Heavy Metals

Atomic number

As (arsenic)

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Cd (Cadmium) Cr (Chromium) Co (Cobalt) Cu (Copper) Fe (iron) Hg (Mercury) Mn (manganese) Ni (Nickel) Pb (Lead) Pt (paltinum) U (uranium) Zn (zinc)

48 24 27 29 26 80 25 28 82 78 92 GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018 30

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HM in the Periodic Table


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Significance of Heavy Metals


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HMs are Harmful Chemicals (PBT) • Persistent (P) • Bio-accumulative (B) • Toxic (T) (Kibria et al. 2010)

Persistent (P)

• Persist long in soil/sediment (>6 months) and water (> 2 months) (examples: As, Hg)

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/chemicals/csf/concern/index.htm Bio-accumulative • Accumulate toxic chemical(s) in living (B) organisms (rice/plant parts or fish parts) (examples: As, Hg)

Toxic (T) (LC 50 & • Toxic to organisms at very low concentrations LD 50 values) (examples: As, Hg)

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The ATSDR 2017 Substance Priority List Heavy Metals: Four of the top 10 Chemicals (out of 275) of major Public concern are Heavy Metals (ATSDR2017) ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry Priority List) Agency for toxic substances & disease registry

/

Based on their immediate threat to https://www.atsdr.cdc.g ov/spl/index.html human health and the environment, (arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium) four of the top 10 chemicals of major public concern reviewed by the World Health Organization (WHO) are heavy metals (arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium) (Chowdhury et al. 2017; Green Chemistry in Practice, chapter 3


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Some HMs are Endocrine Disrupting (ED) Chemicals! Jobling 2012. The State of the Science of Endocrine disrupting chemicals https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/event/documentset/130320a-p06.pdf

In 2002 the World Health Organization (WHO) defined endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) as “an exogenous

that alters functions of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or substance or mixture

its progeny, or (sub)populations.” (WHO, 2002). EDCs have been suspected to be associated with

• • •

altered reproductive function in males and females; increased incidence of breast cancer, abnormal growth patterns and neurodevelopmental delays in children, as well as changes in immune function

WHO http://www.who.int/ceh/risks/ceheme


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Arsenic; Cadmium; Lead; Mercury; Selenium; Zinc are known as EDCs (Kibria

Several HMs are Carcinogenic (cancer causing)! International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) 2012) http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification


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Use Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

MSDS (16 sections) are a widely used system for cataloging information on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures. MSDS information may include instructions for the safe use and potential hazards associated with a particular material or product. The MSDS should be available for reference in the area where the chemicals are being stored or in use.

SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties company/undertaking  9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties  1.1. Product identifier  9.2. Other information  1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity advised against  10.1. Reactivity  1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet  10.2. Chemical stability  1.4. Emergency telephone number  10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions SECTION 2: Hazards identification  10.4. Conditions to avoid  2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture  10.5. Incompatible materials  2.2. Label elements  10.6. Hazardous decomposition products  2.3. Other hazards SECTION 11: Toxicological information SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients  11.1. Information on toxicological effects  3.1. Substances SECTION 12: Ecological information  3.2. Mixtures  12.1. Toxicity SECTION 4: First aid measures  12.2. Persistence and degradability  4.1. Description of first aid measures  12.3. Bioaccumulative potential  4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed  12.4. Mobility in soil  4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special  12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessment treatment needed  12.6. Other adverse effects SECTION 5: Firefighting measures SECTION 13: Disposal considerations  5.1. Extinguishing media  13.1. Waste treatment methods  5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture SECTION 14: Transport information  5.3. Advice for firefighters  14.1. UN number SECTION 6: Accidental release measure  14.2. UN proper shipping name  6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency  14.3. Transport hazard class(es) procedures  14.4. Packing group  6.2. Environmental precautions  14.5. Environmental hazards  6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up  14.6. Special precautions for user  6.4. Reference to other sections  14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and SECTION 7: Handling and storage the IBC Code  7.1. Precautions for safe handling SECTION 15: Regulatory information  7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities  15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation  7.3. Specific end use(s) specific for the substance or mixture SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection  15.2. Chemical safety assessment  8.1. Control parameters SECTION 16: Other information  8.2. Exposure controls GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018 13

MSDS of Arsenic (sections 11 & 12) http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9922970


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Comparisons Between the Two Metals Heavy metals

Half-life (soil)

Bioaccumulation LD50 (rat) Potential

LC50 (fish)

Carcinogenicity

Arsenic (AsIII)

6.5 years

Bio accumulates (rice, vegetables, fish)

10 mg/kg

18.8 - 21.4 mg/L (O. mykiss)

Group 1 carcinogenic

Copper (CuSo4)

4 days

Bio accumulates (along the food chain-fish)

300 mg/kg

0.1-2.5 mg/kg (Rainbow trout)

Not listed as a carcinogen

Rema Ecological Services, LLC, 3/26/02; Prepared by Sigrun Gadwa . www.qrwa.org/images/customer-files//pesticide_table.pdf

http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/cuso4tech.html

Half-life: The time required for half of the residue to lose its analytical identity whether through dissipation, decomposition, metabolic alteration or other factors


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Globally > 50% Soil Contamination is due to Heavy Metals (including As) Pollution • Globally, more than 10 million sites of soil pollution have been reported, with >50% of the sites contaminated with heavy metals and/or metalloids (such as arsenic) • Heavy metal pollution has a combined worldwide economic impact estimated to be in excess of US $10 billion per year.

He et al. 2015. Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils: Sources, Indicators, and Assessment . Journal of Environmental Indicators, 9:17-18, 2015


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Sources of HM


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Sources & Sinks of HM (Kibria et al. 2012; Kibria et al. 2016; Kibria et al. 2016b)

1. Agricultural runoff 2. Fertilisers 3. Electronic- waste 4. Industries (tanneries, paper & pulp, textiles, shipbreaking yards, oil refineries, cement kiln, coal fired power plants) Waste incineration 5. Mining 6. Pesticides (fungicide, algicide) 7. Wastewater/sewage treatment plants 8. Wood preservatives 9. Batteries 10. Paints 11. Pipes 12. Urban runoff 13. Smelting Sinks Sediments Stream beds Uptake- biota/organisms

Garbarnio et al. (1995). Heavy metals in the Mississippi River. Contaminants in the Mississippi River. US Geological Survey Circular 1133. Reston, Virginia. Edited by Robert H. Meade https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1133/heavy-metals.html


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Sources of Heavy Metals (Chowdhury et al. 2018-Green Chemistry in Practice; Kibria et al. 2010- Chemicals and climate change – 470 pages)

Metals

Sources

Risks

Arsenic (As) (Metalloid)

•

•

arsenite (As3+ ) arsenate (As5+.)

Lead (Pb)

Mercury (Hg)

Natural groundwater contamination (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam)

Number 1 in the priority List of Hazardous Substances (ATSDR) Class I carcinogen (IARC) Arsenicosis/As poisoning

• • • • •

Wood preservative (copper chromate arsenic) Pesticides (to control ticks in orchards, cotton , cattle) Coal & Coal mining Tannery wastes (arsenic trioxide as preservative) Sewage sludge

• • • • • • • • •

Mining Smelting, welding of metals, Batteries Gasoline (lead) Paper and pulp mills Explosives Water distribution pipes Paints (lead based) Coal burning

• • • • •

• Number 3 in the priority List of Mining Hazardous Substances (ATSDR) Coal-fired power plants • Bioaccumulates in fish and shellfish Waste incineration, Oil pipelines Manometers from pressure measuring stations Residential heating systems GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018 19

•

• •

(Several types of cancer due to drinking of water with high levels of arsenic over 5 to 20 years) *The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) Priority List of Hazardous Substances

• •

Number 2 in the priority List of Hazardous Substances (ATSDR) “Probable human carcinogen

Sources of Heavy Metals Cadmium (Cd)

• • • • • • • • •

Chromium (Cr)

Mining Electroplating Industrial wastes wood preservatives Textile dying Tannery

Batteries Refineries Electroplating Electronic products Phosphate Fertilizers Pesticides Industrial wastes Sewage effluents Pipes

• Human carcinogen • Bio accumulates in mollusks, crustaceans, and vegetables • Cd toxicity impacts the kidneys leading to kidney dysfunction

• Human carcinogen


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List of Heavy Metals in Coal https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heavy_metals_and_coal

Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Cadmium Calcium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese

Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Potassium Selenium Silver Sodium Strontium Tin Vanadium Zinc GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

A variety of chemicals (mostly metals) are associated with coal that are either found in the coal directly or in the layers of rock that lie above and between the seams of coal Many of the toxic heavy metals released in the mining and burning of coal are, for example, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/He avy_metals_and_coal#cite_note-sludge-2

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Distribution of HM in Portland Cement (as clinker and cement kiln dust (CKD) (wt. %) Heavy metals tendency to accumulate in the CKD (wt. %): Hg = Cd > Cu >> Cr > Ni > V > Ba > Sr > Mn.

Note: volatile and semi-volatile metals (Cd, Hg), in the cement dust

Ba=barium, Sr=strontium, Mn=manganese, Cr=chromium, Ni=nickel, V=vanadium, Cu=cooper, Co=cobalt, Hg=mercury, Cd=cadmium

Portland cement= Cement manufactured from chalk (limestone).


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Potential Sources of Heavy Metals Eckert and Guo (1998). Marcotullio (2007); Kibria et al. (2012); Cipurkovic et al. (2014); Kibria et al. (2016a); Kibria et al. (2016b)


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Characteristics of HM


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Most and Least Toxic HM

Connell,D. W. 1993. Water pollution - Causes and effects in Australia and New Zealand. Third Edition. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.


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Which HMs Are More Hazardous?


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Effects of HMs Some Case Studies


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Case study 1: A Global Study Found Elevated levels of Mercury in Child–Bearing Women in 25 Countries including Myanmar! Small-scale Gold Mining Women exposed to high levels Hg pollution (fish, rice and drinking water (women's of the Indonesia, Kenya, Myanmar)

Global Hg Pollution Coal-fired power plants caused release of Hg in the air, soil and water & contaminate the oceans & seafood's (Women's of the Pacific islands)

Mixed Industrial (Chlor-alkali, cement klin, waste incineration, pulp & paper plants) release Hg in the local environment pollute waterways & contaminated food (Women from Albania, Chile, Nepal, Nigeria, Thailand, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine exposed via localized water and fish contamination)

Un Environment (2017) . http://www.briloon.org/mercuryinhumans


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Major Rivers (Ayeyawady, Chindwin & Tanintharyi) in Myanmar are Contaminated with Hg In Myanmar, the suspected mercury-impacted areas include communities along the Ayeyawady river/(Irrawaddy River), Chindwin river, and Tanintharyi river The communities along these rivers rely on them as the primary sources of water for drinking and household use The Karen communities along the Tanintharyi River rely on it as their main water resource as well as for fishing and transportation. Mercury levels in this location were significantly elevated


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Global Groundwater Contamination with Arsenic due to Natural, Mining and Geothermal Occurrences in the World Irrawaddy Delta in Myanmar is contaminated with arsenic http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01062/WEB/IMAGES/WLD33757.JPG

Mining

Groundwater

Globally over 137 million people mostly in Asian countries are most severely affected by groundwater arsenic contamination with Bangladesh being the worst of all. The other countries affected by groundwater arsenic contamination are India (West Bengal), China (inner Mongolia), Nepal, Taiwan and Vietnam, Argentina, Chile, USA, Mexico) (Kibria, 2017) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3 16166501_Arsenic_contamination


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Arsenic Contamination of Water Sources in Myanmar

Tet Nay Tun, Myanmar . 2003. Arsenic contamination of water sources in rural Myanmar 29th WEDC International Conference Abuja, Nigeria, 2003. 219-221.


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The 2nd Largest Contributor of Arsenic Intake is Food (Rice)

https://www.slideshare.net/acsamal/effect-of-arsenic-in-environment-plant-humans

Regions with high levels of arsenic contamination in rice (Costa et al. 2017, p2).


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Rice Consumption Can be an Important Pathway of Methylmercury (MeHg) Exposure to Humans in Mining Areas


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Large Fish Could be a Source of MeHg due to Bioaccumulation & Bio-magnification Large fish, known for their longevity, such as shark, sword fish, marlin and tuna can accumulate very high concentrations of mercury . Methyl-mercury has a half-life of approximately 02 years in fish, which allows larger and older fish (predatory species) to contain higher levels of methylmercury. Therefore, consumption of fish contaminated with methyl-mercury is the main source of exposure of humans to methyl-mercury (Kibria et al. 2010)


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Beautiful Women- Are You Putting Too Much Toxic Heavy Metals on Your Face Every Day?

Canada based Environmental Defence released a shocking report on the health risks associated with the toxic heavy metals found in makeup. They tested 49 face makeup items, including 05 foundations; 04 concealers; 04 powders; 05 blushes or bronzer; 07 mascaras; 02 eye liners; 14 eye shadows; 08 lipsticks or glosses Environmental Defense Canada (2011). https://environmentaldefence.ca/.../report-heavy-metal-hazard-thehealth-risks-of-hidd

Heavy metals tested for

% of items with detectable metals

Health threat

Nickel (Ni)

100%

Carcinogenic , contact dermatitis (eczema)

Lead (Pb)

96%

Possibly carcinogenic; damage to the brain and kidneys

Beryllium (Be)

90%

Thallium (Tl)

61%

Cadmium (Cd)

51%

Arsenic (As)

20%

Selenium

14%

Mercury (Hg)

0%

If you lipstick throughout each day, you may be consuming large amounts of lead in your lifetime. This HM may be ingested and may be absorbed through the skin (such as broken skin)

Effects of HM: HM can cause varied health problems including • cancer • reproductive & developmental disorders Impact on immune systems • neurological problems • memory loss Suspected human carcinogen, • mood swings • nerve, joint and muscle disorders extremely toxic • cardiovascular, skeletal, blood, immune Carcinogenic , lung damage, kidney, system, kidney and renal problems bone and lung disease • headaches; • vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea; Carcinogenic, cause arsenicosis • lung damage; • contact dermatitis; and brittle hair and hair Hair loss, neurological damage loss. Many are suspected hormone disruptors and Disruptions to nervous, damage to kidney Nov2018respiratory toxins 35 and brain GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 functions;

Most & Least Conc. of Heavy Metals Found in Cosmetics Used in Canada (Env. Defense Canada, 2011)

The four metals of most concern are arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. They are banned as intentional ingredients in cosmetics

The Health Risks of Hidden Heavy Metals in Face Makeup 2011.


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Heavy Metal Guidelines for Soil, Water, Ecosystems and Public Health


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Drinking Water Guidelines For Arsenic

http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01062/WEB/0__CO-14.HTM


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Standards for Heavy Metals in Soil

He et al. 2015. Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils: Sources, Indicators, and Assessment . Journal of Environmental Indicators, 9:17-18, 2015


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Heavy Metals Guidelines for Irrigation, Livestock drinking, Recycled water, Aquaculture, Sediment, Aquatic Ecosystems, Drinking and Seafood Kibria et al. 2016. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 105: 393-402.


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Managing HM Pollution Chowdhury et al. 2017

Soil Replacement

•

Remove the metal-contaminated soil partially or completely

Soil Washing

• •

Excavate the soil & wash with chemicals in reactors chemicals are surfactants (detergents, foaming agents, emulsions, dispersants), chelating agents (binding agents), organic acids, and Effective in sandy and granular soils than in clay-rich soil

Adsorption

•

Use adsorbent (bentonite, zeolite, etc.)

Vitrification (solidification)

•

Heat the soil at high temperature (1400 -2000 C) to decompose or volatilize organic matter (to form vitreous materials -oxide solid)

Immobilization

•

Immobilizing agents such as clay, organic composts, cement, minerals, phosphates, and Zeolites (adsorbents and catalysts) can be used to reduce metal toxicity through precipitation, sorption, and complexation

Extraction

•

Chemical agents/chelating agents EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, surfactants) can be used to bring the metals into the aqueous phase (than extract/remove the metals from the system) ethylenediamine disuccinate (EDDS) enhanced soil Pb extraction & potassium phosphate - arsenic extraction from soil

• Phytoremediation

•

the use of living organisms hyperaccumulator plants to accumulate heavy metals into their shoots and leaves (they can accumulate at concentrations 100 to 1000-fold higher than the plants belonging to the non-hyperaccumulator group)

Monitoring

•

Monitoring for HM concentrations in soil, water and food and 41 comparing with guideline threshold values GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

Plants Widely Used for Phytoremediation Hyperaccumulators translocate metals to their above ground parts (stem, leaves), which can be periodically harvested.

Plant Species Commonly Used for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals

Plants widely used for phytoremediation. (A) Chrysopogon zizanioides L. (vetiver grass); (B) Pteris vittata (Chinese Brake fern); (C) Thlaspi sp.; (D) Brassica sp.; (E) Helianthus sp.; and (F) Polygonum sp Chowdhury et al. 2017, page 368. GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

Hyperaccumulators translocate metals to their above ground parts, which can be periodically harvested. 42

Journal Papers Consulted ATSDR (2017). Agency for toxic substances & disease . Substance Priority List. 2017. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html (accessed 18 Sep2018) Chowdhury, A., R. Datta and D. Sarkar. Heavy Metal Pollution and Remediation (2017).. Chapter 3.1.in book OROK-9780128092705. Chapter in Green Chemistry January 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809270-5.00015-73. GREEN CHEMISTRY IN PRACTICE Cipurkovic, A, Ilvana Trumic, Zorica Hodžic, Vahida Selimbašic and Abdel Djozic 2014. Distribution of heavy metals in Portland cement production process Pelagia Research Library. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2014, 5(6): 252-259 Connell,D. W. 1993. Water pollution - Causes and effects in Australia and New Zealand. Third Edition. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia. Costa, B.E.S, L. M. Coelho, C. S. T. Araújo, H. C. Rezende, and N. M. M. Coelho (2017). Review Article. Analytical Strategies for the Determination of Arsenic in Rice. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Chemistry. Volume 2016, Article ID 1427154, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1427154 Eckert, J.O and Qizhong Guo (1998). Heavy metals in cement and cement kiln dust from kilns co-fired with hazardous waste-derived fuel: application of EPA leaching and acid-digestion procedures. Journal of Hazardous Materials 59 _1998. 55–93 Environmental Defense Canada (2011). Heavy metals hazard. The Health Risks of Hidden Heavy Metals in Face Makeup. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENCE. 116 Spadina Avenue, Suite 300. Toronto, Ontario M5V 2K6 Copyright May 2011 by ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENCE CANADA https://environmentaldefence.ca/.../report-heavy-metal-hazard-the-health-risks-of-hidd Duffus, J. H. (2002). “Heavy metals” a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5), 793–807. doi:10.1351/pac200274050793 Garbarnio et al. (1995). Heavy metals in the Mississippi River. Contaminants in the Mississippi River. US Geological Survey Circular 1133. Reston, Virginia. Edited by Robert H. Meade https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1133/heavy-metals.html He, Z, J. Shentu, X Yang, V.C Baligar, T Zhang, and P.J. Stoffella. (2015). Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils: Sources, Indicators, and Assessment. Journal of Environmental Indicators, 9:17-18, 2015 IARC (2012). International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ). http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification Jobling, S. (2012). The State of the Science of Endocrine disrupting chemicals https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/event/documentset/130320a-p06.pdf GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

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Journal Papers Consulted Kibria, G.,Haroon,A.K.Y.,Nugegoda, D., Rose, G., (2010). Chemicals and Climate change: Environmental and biological aspects. 460p. ISBN: 93-80235-30-1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261216635_Climate_Change_and_Chemicals_Environmental_and_Biological_Aspects Kibria, G, Lau, T.C and Wu, R. 2012. Innovative 'Artificial Mussels' Technology for Assessing Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Metals in Goulburn-Murray Catchments Waterways, Victoria, Australia: Effects of Climate Variability (dry vs. wet years). Environment international 50C:38-46 · October 2012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.006. Kibria, G, Hossian, MM, Mallick, D. Lau, T.C. and Wu, R. (2016a). Trace/Heavy Metal Pollution Monitoring in Estuary and Coastal Area of Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and Implicated Impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin · February 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.021 Kibria, G, Hossian, MM, Mallick, D. Lau, T.C. and Wu, R. (2016b). Monitoring of metal pollution in waterways across Bangladesh and ecological and public health implications of pollution. Chemosphere 165:1-9 · December 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.121 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311216906_Monitoring_of_metal_pollution_in_waterways_across_Bangladesh_and_ecological_and_public _health_implications_of_pollution Kibria, G. (2017). Arsenic contamination. A part of a research project on community-based environmental and sustainability education model in Australia. 3 pages, 2 Figures, 18 references. April 2017. ResearchGate Online. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316166501_Arsenic_contamination Marcotullio PJ. (2007). Urban water-related environmental transitions in Southeast Asia. Sustainability Sci 2007;2:27–54. Meng, B, X. Feng, G. Qiu, P. Liang, P. Li, C. Chen, and L. Shang. (2011). The Process of Methylmercury Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 2711–2717. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103384v Vamerali T, Bandiera M, Mosca G. (2010). Field crops for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated land. A review. Environ Chem Lett 2010;8:1e17. World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Preventing diseases through healthy environment: action needed on chemicals of major public health concern. 2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chemicals_phc/en/. UN Environment (2017). Lee Bell, David Evers1, Sarah Johnson1, Kevin Regan1, Joe DiGangi, Jennifer Federico, Jan Samanek. Global report. Mercury in the Women of Childbearing Age in 25 Countries. Biodiversity Research Institute. 66. http://www.briloon.org/mercuryinhumans WHO (2002). Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). http://www.who.int/ceh/risks/cehemerging2/en/


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Websites Consulted Websites https://environmentaldefence.ca/report/report-heavy-metal-hazard-the-health-risks-of-hidden-heavy-metals-in-face-makeup/ https://environmentaldefence.ca/.../report-heavy-metal-hazard-the-health-risks-of-hidd http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01062/WEB/0__CO-14.HTM http://www.briloon.org/mercuryinhumans http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01062/WEB/IMAGES/WLD33757.JPG http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/cuso4tech.html www.qrwa.org/images/customer-files//pesticide_table.pdf https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heavy_metals_and_coal https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heavy_metals_and_coal#cite_note-sludge-2 https://www.slideshare.net/acsamal/effect-of-arsenic-in-environment-plant-humans


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Take Home Messages • •

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Heavy metals (HM) are persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic (PBT) and also carcinogenic & endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC); among the heavy metals As, Pb, Hg and Cd are of major risk; Globally, >50% of the soil contamination linked to heavy metals (including As) HM can be sourced from agriculture, coal-fired power plants, e- waste, electroplating, tanneries, paper & pulp mills, paints, textiles, shipbreaking yards, cement kiln; oil refineries, mining, pesticides, pipes, sewage treatment plants, urban runoff and smelting A Global research Study Found Elevated levels of Mercury in Child–Bearing Women in 25 Countries including Myanmar (i) small-scale gold mining areas (Indonesia, Kenya, Myanmar ) where water, fish and rice contaminated with Hg; ii) global transport of Hg and contamination of seafood's (Pacific Islands) due to coal-fired power plants & localized water and fish contamination; iii) industrial Hg emissions related to Chlor-alkali, cement kiln, waste incineration, pulp & paper plants) (Albania, Chile, Nepal, Nigeria, Thailand, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine) In Myanmar, the following rivers suspected to be contaminated with mercury: Ayeyarwady River/(Irrawaddy River), Chindwin River, and Tanintharyi River

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Globally, groundwater is contaminated with arsenic (natural, mining and geothermal) in many countries in Asia, the Irrawaddy delta in Myanmar has elevated As levels. As is also contaminated rice in the USA, Bangladesh, China and India GolamKibria_HM_Risks_ECD_04 Nov2018

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Women who are a frequent user of makeup/cosmetics can be exposed to high levels of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Ni, Pd and Tl (thallium), the long-term of exposure of these HMs can cause cancer, memory loss, mood swinging and kidney and lung and brain damage

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There is a need for regular monitoring of water and food to ascertain that heavy metal levels are within acceptable levels to safeguards both environmental health and public health.

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