2010 2nd International Congress on Engineering Education, December 8-9,2010, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
School Committee Performance Using Community based Facility Management (CbFM) in The Education System of Batubara District in Indonesia Amilia Hasbullah
Wan Zahari Wan Yusoff
Faculty of Technology Management, Business and
Centre of Excellence for Facilities Management
Entrepreneurship
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia
Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia
[email protected]
[email protected]
Maziah Ismail Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract-The
primary
education
system
in
gov ernm ent. Spending for education sector has increased significantly in the years since the economic crisis. In real terms, education spending has doubled between the years 2000 and 2006. In 2007, spending on education was more than for any other sector, reaching an equivalent US$ 14 billion, or more than 16 percent of total government expenditure [1]. In order to achieve quality of life through education system, the Law on National Education and the Constitution Amendment III emphasized that all Indonesian citizens have the right to education; that the Government has an obligation to finance basic education without charging fees; and that the Government is mandated to allocate 20% of its expenditure on education [1]. The government is expected to equip the education system with a good learning environment.
Indonesia
involved the community recognized as the school committee, to take a part in the process of achieving the quality of education via the school facility performance, the low level of school committee involvement in the education system has become an issue in the development of education and reflected to the quality of education. This paper discusses the
performance
of
school
committees
within
the
management of school facilities in Batubara district of Indonesia.
The
concepts
of
Community
based
Facility
Management (CbFM) and Logometrix was deployed as a basis to measure the school committee performance in order to address the needs of quality school management. The data was collected from questionnaires distributed for those who work with and use school facilities spread over seven sub districts of Batubara, Indonesia. The result revealed that performance of existing school committees needed to
Nowadays, the education system in Indonesia, particularly for the primary school implements school based management approach which emphasizes the involvement of the community in formulating schools policy. In Indonesia, School Committees are recognized as a forum where the school and community take essential decisions related to the planning, implementing, and education program evaluation carried out by the school [2]. And at the same time, parents and stakeholders do play important roles in issues relating to
improve. On the other hand, the measurement of school committee performance was recommended to be used as a guide
towards
addressing
the
needs
of
quality
school
management and furthermore to improve the quality of education in Indonesia. Keywords: Community basedfacility management; School facility management; School committee performance.
I.
INTRODUCTION
school performance system [2]. The Indonesian law under no.044 gives the opportunity for parents and
Education plays the fundamental role in the lives of children as they grow and develop. In Indonesia, it equips young Indonesian to reach meaningful transition to an independent adult life. School system in Indonesian is immense and diverse. Recognized as the third largest education system in the Asia region and the fourth largest in the world (behind only China, India and the United States), with over 50 million students and 2.6 million teachers in more than 250,000 schools [1]. Education is becoming a central agenda for the Indonesian
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society, under the partner organization recognized as the school committee to take part in the education system, however, the quality of this role that the parents and society play towards learning environment including school facilities has become an issue of controversy [2].The purpose of this paper is to address the performance of school committee in the public primary school facility management which is still lacking in the
234
[10]. In order to meet strategic needs, an organization
education system in Indonesia. The study is focusing only to the school committee in public primary school in Batubara district of Indonesia. II.
define facility management as the process by which an organization to carry out and keep up support services in a quality environment [4], to create an environment that strongly supports the primary objectives of the organization, an integrated approach related to operating, maintaining, improving and adapting the buildings and infrastructure of an organization is needed [4]. Generally, facility management characteristics in teaching and learning environment encompass some main factors such as:
RELATED WORKS
The facility management issues across the numerous business and non business environment, including the facility management in the education system. Moreover, the improvement of facility management led to the community engagement. Community based Facility Management (CbFM) is the concept addressing on the exploration of opportunities for the development of a socially inclusive approach to facilities management [3]. The relationship of facilities to the core business is assumed as the role of Facilities Management (FM), in which the degree and quality of support they provided to achieving key business objectives recognized as essential factors in measuring its success [4]. On the school level, the quality of education is reflected from the quality of school facility management. Extensive research work on school facility management has been carried-out throughout the world. The Education Department of USA reported that decaying environmental conditions such as peeling paint, crumbling plaster, non functioning toilets, poor lighting, inadequate ventilation, and inoperative heating and cooling systems also contribute as the factor affected the learning as well as the health and morale of staff and students [5). According to Earthman, quality of school facilities in which pupils and teacher work with, connected with their performance and effectiveness [6). Quality of school facilities plays important part for the quality of learning environment. Numerous factors related to facilities, such as the thermal atmosphere the age of the facility, the acoustical environment , the ventilation, the amount and type of lighting found in classrooms, the availability of technology, the cleanliness and maintenance of the facility, and sufficient instructional materials and resources shortly cause an affect to the adequacy of learning environment [7). The other research also argue that the age of a public school facility entitle as a determining factor in the effectiveness of the educational process with increases in student achievement, increases in attendance, and improved instruction noted in newer facilities as well[8][9]. The adequacy of school facilities is also recognized to the achievement of school for developing the quality of
•
Ensure a comfortable and effective environment
•
Reducing use of diminishing resources
•
Maintaining quality and cost-effective services;
•
Providing Supporting a dynamic situation;
•
Improving organizational effectiveness; and
•
Involving
multi-disciplinary
activities
and
management [4] [11). Thus, to enhance organizational effectiveness and successfully implement multidisciplinary activities, facility management aims to provide end-users with comfortable, effective and quality environment with minimum resources (cost effective and human services) [11]. From the learning and teaching aspects, Hakim found that a facility plays a significant role on teaching and learning process. A good facility will help the students to be more focused on the learning process, which thereby results to improving the students educational output [12). Hakim also described five important components identified in providing learning facilities in order to create the optimal teaching and learning environment: •
Size
and
lay
adjustment.
out
related
Flexibility
in
to
flexibility
and
the
classroom
can
support teaching and learning. • •
The acoustic system Good lighting system is expected to provide an optimum learning environment.
• •
Climate and ventilation Color
establishes
a
pleasing
learning
environment.
education. The adequacy of the school facilities also affects the quality of the education provided, with the
Joseph and Michael also emphasized the particular items on learning environment such as sitting arrangement, size, door and window, electricity, sound effect, lighting system, temperature and ventilation, color and white board [13).
students attending schools that have newer buildings perform significantly better educational achievement than those attending that with older buildings, and concurrently encouraged the decision makers to take a note on the benefit of modern facilities as the issue needed to take into account [10]. The relationship between student achievement and school facilities are also reviewed on Lemaster's analysis [9]. From her investigation, students had higher achievement scores in newer facilities [9]. The academic work is also affected by the condition of school facilities. The facilities such as adequate heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are essential factors for comfortable teaching and learning
Facilities are products or services that assist an organization to achieve its objectives. To meet the business goals, facilities become supporting parts for occupants that generally are part of the properties in an organization [4). Within the context of education, such as school, it is aimed to create supporting teaching and learning environment for students, teachers, and other users within the school.
235
Community Perspective; intended to provide facilities that support delivery of services that meet the demands of the community
The integrated efforts are needed to achieve the quality of education, both supported from government and the community itself Within community, schools play a symbolic role, and their appearance brings a strong message about community values and the significance of education. They accommodate a setting where students, teachers, parents, and the community at large interact [14]. Edwards reviewed that student achievement and condition of school are affected directly from parent involvement [15]. In addition, Lackney (1999) argued, "first, schools are our commitment to education, and they are much more than bricks and mortar ... and they are developed into physical settings that can motivate or discourage us" [16].
Financial Perspective; aimed to provide facilities that are economically sustainable and are affordable to the community Utilization Perspective; addressing on supplying facilities that are available to the community at times of demand and that are well utilized Environmental Perspective; directing to facilities that are environmentally sustainable
Thus, by considering the educational factors, the concept of community based facility management and logometrix explained above is becoming the potential concept to be implemented and furthermore will be adjusted with the standard of school facility to measure the performance of school committee in the school facility management and it is expected to meet its objective in playing a significant role in improving the quality of education and at the same time to increase its performance.
Within the school facility management, especially in the education system of Indonesia, research on the involvement of community is not yet addressed, thus in this paper, the concept of CbFM and logometrix are used as the basis to measure the performance of school committee. Those concepts are adjusted to the standard of primary school facilities under the Ministry of Education. III. a)
METHODOLOGY
Overall, the principles of CbFM are implemented in the relation with the attempting to develop quality of life and the socio-economic objectives. In this case, facilities management considered as a people-based discipline, the proponents of CbFM suggests applying FM as an instrument to actualize local socio-economic objectives [18], and considering that management and integration of
Community based Facility Management (CbFM)
Framework.
The CbFM framework encompasses three which are [3]:
factors,
1. Governance and engagement Factor
explains
principles,
the
essential
transparency,
of
values
sound and
business ethics
various professions to support a core process is the primary function of FM [19].
in
governing an organization and its engagement with
The concept of CbFM recently focused on the economy and environment, but its principal strategic which emphasize on the involvement of community could be implemented in the context of school committees,
stakeholder, regarding its sustainable issues. 2. Environmental focus This focus emphasizes on the organization's use of natural resources in the production of its good and services
and the importance
considering that school committees are the representative of community which have the responsibility of improving the quality of the education provided.
of the organization
involving environmental principles in its product or service development. 3. Socio economic development This
factor
addresses
the
commitment
of
provide
c)
an
3.3. Data Collection
providing a safe, high-quality work environment for
A survey questionnaire was developed to determine the perception of school stakeholders on the level of school committee performance in playing its role on the school facility management. The distribution of 350 questionnaires applied the concept of logometrix and community based facility management as the basis measurement, the facility indicators on those concepts
its employees, including the management, staff and
adjusted to Indonesian school facility standard.
organization to obtain of economic benefits within the community where the organization is performing, as well as supporting social
development
to the economy and also to the of
the
community
(beyond
economic development), and furthermore, benefit in
contract labor. b)
d)
3.2. Logometrix
3.3. Data Analysis
A five point likert-scale of 1 to 5 was adopted to assess the degree of the perception of school stakeholders. The questionnaires were distributed through the 10 public primary schools, and the discussion also had been carried out with some respondents to clarify certain issues. And the data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 16.
Basically, logometrix has several perspectives. The following is general explanation of the Logometrix Perspectives in relation to their strategic objectives and Elements [17] Service Perspective; aimed at accommodating facilities that enable the effective delivery of services that are suitable and fulfill the needs of the community
The measurement formula implied committee performance described as follow:
Physical Perspective; aimed at providing buildings
that are appropriate for the purpose for which they are being intended for
for
school
The scale was devised from poor (1) to excellent (5).
236
The level of school committee was designed as shown in the table. The instnunent has the interpretation as follows TABLE I. LEVEL OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE PERFORMANCE
Scale
Description
Level of Performance Poor
Failure to carry out the roles
2
Role is insufficient
Need improvement
Role is insignificant
3
Fair
4
Satisfactory
Role
is
suitable
and
sufficient 5
Excellent
Fig I. School Committee performance on service perspective
Role is outstanding
On this level, the result displays the performance of school committee involvement on providing school facilities that enable the effective delivery of school services that are appropriate and meet the needs of those who work and use school facilities is under level, AND needs improvement. The discussion and site visit activity
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION From 350 distributed questionnaires to the stakeholders within seven sub district in public primary school in Batubara district, the following is the overall perception toward the performance of school committee shown as follow:
have been carried out while the questionnaire distributed, convinced that the involvement of school committee still far from the stake holders expectation, in this case teachers, and parents
TABLE 2. SCHOOL COMMITTEE PERFORMANCE IN THE SCHOOL FACILITY MANAGEMENT Elements
Services Physical Financial
Performance
Need Improvement Fair Need Improvement
Percentage (%)
Excellent
17.9 24.6 16.3
Utilization
Fair
28.4
Environmental
Poor
5.4
Satisfactory
7.4
Governance and Engagement The data above mentioned about overall stakeholders perception on school committee performance in the school facility management, The results of the CbFM and Logometrix concept adopted in measuring the school performance result revealed that the performance of school committee is under fair level, means that the role of school committee is still management of school facilities.
insignificant
for
Fig. 2. School committee performance on physical perspective
The school committee performance on the physical perspective results on the fair level, which means the involvement of school committee related to this perspective is there but the level is very limited or marginal in order to meet the school objective purpose.
the
The following is the pictures of school committee performance based on each perspective:
237
Satisfactory 9%
means that the school committee failure to carry out its involvement in the environmental issues related to school activities. It become an alert for school committee to consider this result as an evaluation for their involvement in the school facility management, and future steps are waiting to be taken in order to meet the management of school facilities which are environmentally sustainable.
Excellent
Fig. 3. School Committee Performance on Financial Perspective
Stakeholders interpretation of the performance of school committee is under the need for improvement level. The level of need for improvement means the role of school committee is still insufficient regarding to economically sustainable and the affordabilites fmacial issues to improve the school facilties as well the quality of learning program.
Fig 6. Performance of School Commmitee on Governance and Engagement Perspective
Excellent Satisfactory 9%
The level of governance and engagement of school committee is satisfactory, addresses the existing school committee has the ability to arrange the organization well and carry out transparently. It is obvious, that the school committee has the potentials to run the process of school facility management. By empowering groups who are closest to the students, school decision, it is thought, will be better tailored to the particular needs of the students, and school performance will improve [20] V. CONCLUSION Education is the shared responsibility of students, teachers, parents, tertiary educators and the community. The urgency to reveal the performance of school committee is basically needed due to the education system required the engagement of community to the education process in indonesia. Thus school facility management which assisted one organization to achieve their objectives, couldn't be separated from the involvement of school committee to play the significant role in achieving the quality of education. The study has evaluated the performance of school committee in school facility management using the CbFM and logometrix concepts as the basis to measure the levels of school committee performance in the school facility management in Batubara district of Indonesia. The study showed that the performance of school committees are lacking and addressed the need of school committee as the community organization to improve their involvement and understanding on the educational objective especially in issues related to the school facility management. This study is expected to be of benefit as it is expected to serve as a platform for changing the community perception on facilities management and in tum adopt it as a priority in
Fig. 4. School Committee performance on Utilization Perspective.
For the utilization perspective, the performance of school committee is under the fair level, encompasses the involvement is still limited to meet the well utilized of school facilities. Fair Satisfactory Excellent
Fig. 5. School Committee Performance on Environmental perspective
The environmental element displays the level of school committee in this issue is in the poor level, which
238
the future, and also benefit towards the overall improvement of the quality of education in Indonesia.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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