Mojtaba Ahmadieh Khanesar, Hassan tavaNoli, Mohammad teshnehlab, Mahdi Aliyari ... 12. v. vidya, nazia Farheen, K. ManiNantan, S. Ramachandran, IFace ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 45 (2015) 312 – 321
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHG&RPSXWLQJ7HFKQRORJLHVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV,&$&7$
)DFH5HFRJQLWLRQXVLQJ*DERU)LOWHUEDVHG)HDWXUH([WUDFWLRQZLWK $QLVRWURSLF'LIIXVLRQDVDSUHSURFHVVLQJWHFKQLTXH $EKLVKUHH70D/DWKD-D0DQLNDQWDQ.Dכ65DPDFKDQGUDQE a
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560054, India b Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S. J. B. Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560060, India
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u N x @ FRV>S u M y @ f x y x y
T.M. Abhishree et al. / Procedia Computer Science 45 (2015) 312 – 321
a u a v
N u v ® ¯ N u v z
)LJ'HSLFWLQJ'&7%DVLVIXQFWLRQVZLWK1 1HXWUDO )LJD 2ULJLQDOLPDJHE ,PDJHGHSLFWLQJ'&7FRHIILFLHQWVF VXUIRIE JUD\UHSUHVHQWV]HURZKLWHUHSUHVHQWVSRVLWLYHDPSOLWXGHV DQGEODFNUHSUHVHQWVQHJDWLYHDPSOLWXGH ZKHUHI[\ LVWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKHSL[HOLQURZ[DQGFROXPQ\X 1DQGY 00RVWRIWKH HQHUJ\LVFRQFHQWUDWHGLQORZIUHTXHQFLHVWKDWLVLQWKHXSSHUOHIWFRUQHURIWKH'&7DUUD\DQGWKHKLJKIUHTXHQFLHV DUHORFDWHGLQWKHORZHUULJKWFRUQHUDVVKRZQE\)LJ7KXV'&7LVDSRZHUIXOWRROWKDWLVFDSDEOHRIFRQVLGHULQJ RQO\WKHUHOHYDQWIHDWXUHVLQWKHDUUD\RIEDVLVIXQFWLRQV
3.3. Feature Selection using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it Z Vit c rand Pibest X it c rand g best X it
X it
X it Vi t
ZKHUHL 1 DQG1LVWKHVL]HRIWKHVZDUPSLEHVWLVWKHSDUWLFOHEHVWUHDFKHGVROXWLRQDQGJEHVWLVWKHJOREDO EHVWVROXWLRQLQWKHVZDUPFDQGFDUHFRJQLWLYHDQGVRFLDOSDUDPHWHUVWKDWDUHERXQGHGEHWZHHQDQGUDQG DQGUDQGDUHWZRUDQGRPQXPEHUVZLWKXQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQ8 9PD[9LW9PD[7KHLQHUWLDZHLJKWȦ FRQWUROVWKHEDODQFHRIWKHVHDUFKDOJRULWKPEHWZHHQH[SORUDWLRQDQGH[SORLWDWLRQ 3.3.1. Binary PSO and Feature Selection (EHUKDUWDQG.HQQHG\IXUWKHULQWURGXFHGDELQDU\YHUVLRQRI3627KHPDMRUGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQELQDU\362ZLWK UHDOYDOXHG YHUVLRQ LV WKDW YHORFLWLHV RI WKH SDUWLFOHV DUH UDWKHU GHILQHG LQ WHUPV RI SUREDELOLWLHV WKDW D ELW ZLOO FKDQJHWRRQH$VDUHVXOWYHORFLW\LVUHVWULFWHGZLWKLQWKHUDQJH>@ %362UHGXFHVWKHQXPEHURIIHDWXUHVWR DSSUR[LPDWHO\ KDOI WKHUHE\ UHGXFLQJ WKH FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRPSOH[LW\ 7KH SDUWLFOH YHORFLW\ IXQFWLRQ LV XVHG DV WKH t SUREDELOLW\ GLVWULEXWLRQ IRU WKH SRVLWLRQ HTXDWLRQ DQG LV JLYHQ E\ rand H[SVi WKHQ ;LW W HOVH;L 3URSRVHG7HFKQLTXHV 7KH3URSRVHGWHFKQLTXHVQDPHO\$'DQG*DERUILOWHULQJDUHWKHPDLQFRQWULEXWRUVIRUHIIHFWLYHSUHSURFHVVLQJ DQG)HDWXUH([WUDFWLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLFKDUHGLVFXVVHGLQGHWDLOLQWKHIROORZLQJVXEVHFWLRQV
315
316
T.M. Abhishree et al. / Procedia Computer Science 45 (2015) 312 – 321
4.1. Anisotropic diffusion based Pre-Processing ,Q ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI $' LV DOVR FDOOHG 3HURQD0DOLN GLIIXVLRQ ,W LV D SURFHVV RI VXFFHVVLYH GLIIXVLRQ EDVHG RQ PRUH DQG PRUH EOXUULQJ RI LPDJHV LQ D VFDOH VSDFH ,W LV EDVHG RQ WKH DSSUR[LPDWLRQ RI DQ LPSXOVHUHVSRQVHFORVHWRHGJHVDQGRWKHULPSRUWDQWVWUXFWXUHVWREHSUHVHUYHGLQDQLPDJH$PRUHJHQHUDO
)LJ3DUDPHWHUVHOHFWLRQIRU$'D 0D[55IRULWHUDWLRQVE 0D[55DWFRQGXFWLRQFRHIILFLHQW F 1RUWK6RXWK(DVWDQG:HVW QHLJKERXUVRIDSL[HOGXULQJ$'
SDUDPHWHUL]HG YHUVLRQ RI WKH DERYH GHILQHG SURFHVV REWDLQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ $' HTXDWLRQ UHVXOWV LQ WKH VSDFH YDULDQW ILOWHUV EHLQJ DQLVRWURSLF FORVH WR OLQHV DQG HGJHV 7KXV WKH UHVXOWLQJ LPDJHV SUHVHUYH WKH OLQHV HGJHV DQG RWKHU LPSRUWDQW SURSHUWLHV DOVR OHDGLQJ WR VPRRWKLQJ 7KH DWWULEXWHV RI $' DUH WKH DQLVRWURSLF VPRRWKLQJ DQG LWHUDWLYHGLIIXVLRQIRUWKHSURFHVVLQJRIHDFKLPDJHSL[HO7KHEDVLFHTXDWLRQRI$'LVJLYHQE\(T
w x y t wt
div> g G a u I x y t I x y t @
ZKHUHWLVWKHWLPHSDUDPHWHU,[\ LVWKHRULJLQDOLPDJH I x y t LVWKHJUDGLHQWYHUVLRQRIWKHLPDJHDW WLPHWWKHWHUP G e DFRXQWVIRUFRPSOHWHGHQRLVLQJRIWKHLPDJHVDQGJ LVFDOHGWKHFRQGXFWLRQIXQFWLRQ7KLV IXQFWLRQ LV FKRVHQ WR VDWLVI\
OLP x o g x VR WKDW GLIIXVLRQ LV PD[LPDO ZLWKLQ XQLIRUP UHJLRQV DQG
OLP x of g x VRWKDWWKHGLIIXVLRQLVVWRSSHGDFURVVHGJHV7ZRVXFKIXQFWLRQVSURSRVHGE\3HURQDDQG0DOLN ZHUH
J [
H[S [. J [
[.
ZKHUH.LVWKHJUDGLHQWPDJQLWXGHWKUHVKROGSDUDPHWHUWKDWFRQWUROVWKHUDWHRIGLIIXVLRQWKDWLVFRQGXFWLRQDVD IXQFWLRQ RI JUDGLHQW $ VPDOO YDOXH RI . EORFNV FRQGXFWLRQ DQGKHQFH GLIIXVLRQ DFURVV VWHS HGJHV $ ODUJH YDOXH UHGXFHV WKH LQIOXHQFH RI LQWHQVLW\ JUDGLHQW RU FRQGXFWLRQ &RQGXFWLRQ IXQFWLRQ J LV PRUH IDYRUHG WRZDUGV KLJK FRQWUDVWHGJHVWKDQORZFRQWUDVWRQHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGJIDYRUVZLGHUHJLRQVRYHUVPDOORQHVJDQGJDUHFDOOHG WKH3HURQ0DOLNIXQFWLRQV7KH$'HTXDWLRQLQGLVFUHWHIRUPLVJLYHQE\
, W V
, W V Ȝ Ș V ¦
SH Ș
J N , V S , V S
ZKHUH , LV GLVFUHWHO\ VDPSOHG LPDJH V LV SL[HO SRVLWLRQ DQG W UHSUHVHQWV WKH WWK LWHUDWLRQ . LV WKH JUDGLHQW WKUHVKROG SDUDPHWHU Ȝ OLHV EHWZHHQ @ DQG LV XVXDOO\ FKRVHQ DV IRU VWDELOLW\ ,W GHWHUPLQHV WKH UDWH RI GLIIXVLRQ K e UHSUHVHQWV WKH 1RUWK 6RXWK (DVW DQG :HVW QHLJKERUV RI D SL[HO 7KDW LV
Ke
^N S E W ` K g
H[FHSWDWWKHERUGHUV7KHV\PERO ZKLFKLQWKHFRQWLQXRXVIRUPLVXVHGIRUWKH
JUDGLHQWRSHUDWRUQRZUHSUHVHQWVDVFDODUGHILQHGDVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQQHLJKERULQJSL[HOVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQDV LQ(T7KHVHOHFWLRQRISDUDPHWHUVIRU$'DVVKRZQLQ)LJDDQGEIROORZVD*DXVVLDQVKDSH7KHRSWLPXP55 LVREWDLQHGDW1RRILWHUDWLRQVEHLQJDQGFRQGXFWLRQFRHIILFLHQW I t n I t p I t s p K e ^N S E W `
317
T.M. Abhishree et al. / Procedia Computer Science 45 (2015) 312 – 321
7KHVHQHLJKERULQJSL[HOVDUHLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJF6LQFH$'LV DQLWHUDWLYHSURFHVVLWLVYHU\PDQGDWRU\WRGHILQH WKHVWRSSLQJFRQGLWLRQHOVHRYHUHVWLPDWLQJPD\OHDGWREOXUULQJRIHGJHVWKDWDUHVXSSRVHGWREHSUHVHUYHG2QWKH RWKHUKDQGLI$'LVFDUULHGRXWIRUOHVVQXPEHURILWHUDWLRQV LWPD\OHDGWRQRQXQLIRUPGLIIXVLRQRIWKHZLGHDUHDV DQGPD\JHWGHQRLVHGFRPSOHWHO\)LJGHSLFWV$QLVRWURSLFDOO\GLIIXVHGLPDJHVDWGLIIHUHQWQXPEHURILWHUDWLRQV $QLVRWURSLFDOO\ GLIIXVHG LPDJH RI D SHUVRQ DW GLIIHUHQW DQJOHV RI URWDWLRQV LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ ZKLFK GHSLFWV WKH LPSRUWDQW IHDWXUHV LQ D IDFH OLNH H\HV QRVH PRXWK DQG HGJHV EHLQJ SUHVHUYHG 7KH HQWLUH SURFHVV RI $' LV UHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHIORZFKDUWLQ)LJ
)LJD 2ULJLQDOLPDJHE F DQGG DUHWKH$QLVRWURSLFDOO\)LJ)LJXUHGHSLFWLQJWKH RULJLQDOLPDJHDQGLWV GLIIXVHGLPDJHVDIWHUDQGLWHUDWLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ*DERUILOWHUHGLPDJH ,QSXW LPDJH
67$57
,QSXWLPDJH
:LHQHU ILOWHU
,QSXW LPDJH
*UD\VFDOH LPDJH
J[
)ORZIXQFWLRQ I[
,QSXW LPDJH
*DPPD LQWHQVLW\ FRUUHFWLRQ
'LVFUHWHIRUPXODWLRQRIGLIIXVLRQ
,WHUDWLRQW"
$'
F ,QSXW LPDJH
*UD\ VFDOH LPDJH
)OLS LPDJH
G (1'
3URFHV VHG LPDJH
*DXVVLDQ ILOWHU
E
&DOFXODWLRQRIV,
3URFHVVHG LPDJH
)LOWHU
'HWHUPLQH*UDGLHQWWKUHVKROG .
I[
$'
D
'LIIXVLRQ J[
)OLSWKH LPDJH
)LOWHU
$'
3URFHV VHG LPDJH
$'
3URFHV VHG LPDJH
*DXVVLDQ ILOWHU
:LH QHU ILOWHU
)LJ)ORZFKDUWLQGLFDWLQJWKHSURFHVVRI$')LJ3UHSURFHVVLQJEORFNIRUD 25/E &RORU)(5(7F &URSSHG