Seaslugs & f Flatworms o ndian Seas I

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Gymnodoris citrina (Bergh, 1875). Gymnodoris rubropalulosa (Bergh, 1905). Gymnodoris striata (Eliot, 1908). Halgerda bacalusia Fahey & Gosliner 1999.
ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1916

Celebrating 1916 - 2015

Years

Fascinating

Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas K. Venkataraman | C. Raghunathan | R. Raghuraman | Sudhanshu Dixit

Zoological Survey of India

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1916

Celebrating

Fascinating 1916 - 2015

Years

Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

K. Venkataraman | C. Raghunathan | R. Raghuraman | Sudhanshu Dixit

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change Government of India

CITATION Venkataraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R. and Sudhanshu Dixit. 2015. Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas: 1-149 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata)

Published: February, 2015 ISBN:

© Government of India

Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700 053

Foreword

1

HEM PANDE I.A.S.

Celebrating

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Aliganj, Jor Bagh Road New Delhi - 110 003

Additional Secretary

Maine faunal communities are the prime contributors for the sustainable development of marine biodiversity as this signifies the marine ecological attributes of the world which occupies around 71% of the globe. India is one of the mega biodiversity countries in the world and it has a coastline of 8,118 km long with an Exclusive Economic Zone of 2.02 milion sq km. The vast coastline is home to the most diverse marine fauna and flora. About 4,68,000 sq km continental shelf area harbours 5,800 sq km of coral reefs and it is dived in to four major zones viz. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep and Gulf of Katchchh. Coral reefs represent some of the most biologically diverse ecosystem on the earth providing critical habitats to approximately 25% of marine organisms. Molluscans are one of the major components in the coral reefs. So far 4697 species of marine molluscs have been reported from Indian seas, among these 373

1916 - 2015 species are Seaslugs (Opisthobranchs). These soft bodied crawling animals are small and brightly coloured, most of them does not have hard shells (Nudibranchs) remaining have inner shells. They are distributed from inter-tidal region to greater depths. The flatworms (Polyclads) are free living non-parasitic worms described

Years

under the Phylum Platyhelminthes, which are often confused with seaslugs due to their contrasting colour and similar in size. The flatworms are named due to their dorso-ventrally compressed body, they are very tender mostly lives under the rocks and crevices to avoid the direct sun light and active during night time. Zoological Survey of India, a 100 years old organisation contributing the inevitable publication to the world scientific community. The present book “Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas” is depicting detailed underwater photographs of these stunning marine creatures and their geographical ranges. It comprehends about 89 species of Seaslugs and 36 species of marine flatworms recorded from Indian coastal waters by Zoological Survey of India and also provides the checklist of these beautiful animals. I am pleased to present this book during the Centenary Celebration of Zoological Survey of India. I appreciate the authors in bringing out this valuable source of information on these lesser known marine faunal communities to the scientific communities, naturalist, students and general public. I sincerely hope that this effort succeeds in creating a keen interest to the further generation of India.

30 January, 2015

(HEM PANDE)

Preface

1

Dr. K. VENKATARAMAN Director

Celebrating

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1916

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA M-Block, New Alipore Kolkata-700 053

Despite of marine biological investigation initiated way back in 1700 in seas around India by surgeon naturalists and sailors, exploration of several marine organisms are far from complete. The published literatures on coastal and marine biodiversity indicate that a total of 17,855+ species of faunal and floral communities were reported from seas around India. The taxonomy of many of the minor groups particularly invertebrates remain a challenge to specialists and as a result these taxa continue to be inadequately known from Indian seas. Based on thorough consultation of literature, it is found that the fauna under 21 taxa are remain least studied / explored and requires much attention on taxonomical account in Indian scenario. Moreover, most of the data on marine biodiversity collected from surveys to the maximum depth of 200 meters on the continental shelf. The gaps in knowledge extend to several smaller taxa and to large parts of the shelf and deep sea ecosystems, including seamounts. At this juncture, the Zoological Survey of India brought out the book on Seaslugs (Opisthobranchs) and Flatworms (Polyclads) of Indian Seas provide the undersea pictures of these brilliantly coloured coral inhabited creatures considered as lesser known marine fauna in Indian context. Though opisthobranchs and polyclads are classified under different phyla i.e. Mollusca and Platyhelminthes respectively, they are look-alike animals in their external morphology. Rhinophores of the opisthobranch are only externally visible morphological1916 features - distinguish 2015 it from polyclads. Hence these two fascinating groups are published under one book to motivate the researchers to pay attention on the exploration of these least studied fauna. This comprehensive book illustrated with more than 140 photographs can serve as a perfect reference material for marine enthusiasts, researchers, students etc. the underneath life of Ocean. The book provides the identification of species, based on the collective experience of the authors who have been working for several years on the marine biodiversity.

Years

Furthermore, accelerated loss of coastal and marine biodiversity components over the last few decades has been of great concern. Environmental changes, over exploitation and habitat loss are among the major causes of species loss that, according to certain estimates, is of the order of a species a day. Equally important as knowledge of what lives in the seas, is a prediction of what would live there in the future. This is especially true of regions where rapid loss of habitats and decline in water quality could be drastically altering the species diversity. It is the prime time for the people of this country from each level to take care about the pristine marine biodiversity to secure our future generation. On the occasion of Centenary Celebrations of Zoological Survey of India, it is aimed to bring out this book on 'Fascinating Seaslugs and Flatworms of Indian Seas' to understand our own lesser known marine bio-resources for the benefit of the commons. I believe, this book will create the awareness about these two faunal groups to entertain further studies upon them.

30 January, 2015

(K. VENKATARAMAN)

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SEASLUGS (Opisthobranchs)

Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855)

...

28

...

1

Discodoris boholensis Bergh, 1877

...

29

...

3

Durvilledoris similaris (Rudmaan, 1986)

...

30

Diversity of Opisthobrachs

...

4

Elysia leucolegnota Jensen, 1990

...

31

Aldisa erwinkoehleri Perrone, 2001

...

6

Elysia ornata (Swainson), 1840

...

32

Armina semperi (Bergh, 1861)

...

7

Favorinus mirabilis Baba, 1955

...

33

Asteronotus cespitosus (Hasselt, 1824)

...

8

Flabellina exoptata (Gosliner & Willan, 1991)

...

34

Berthella martensi (Pilsbry, 1896)

...

9

Fryeria marindica (Yonow & Hayward, 1991)

...

35

Berthellina delicata (Pease, 1861)

...

10

Gastropteron bicornutum Baba and Tokioka, 1965

...

36

Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848) ...

11

Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804)

...

37

Carminodoris esterlyado (Gosliner & Behrens, 1998)

...

12

Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888)

...

38

Cerberilla annulata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832)

...

13

Glossodoris hikuerensis (Pruvot-fol, 1954)

...

39

Chelidonura pallida Risbec, 1951

...

14

Gymnodoris alba (Bergh, 1877)

...

40

Chelidonura punctata Eliot, 1903

...

15

Gymnodoris aspersa Gould 1852

...

41

Chromodoris colemani Rudman, 1982

...

16

Gymnodoris citrina (Bergh, 1875)

...

42

Chromodoris conchyliata Yonow, 1984

...

17

Gymnodoris rubropalulosa (Bergh, 1905)

...

43

Chromodoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877

...

18

Gymnodoris striata (Eliot, 1908)

...

44

Chromodoris fidelis (Kelaart, 1858)

...

19

Halgerda bacalusia Fahey & Gosliner 1999

...

45

Chromodoris geminus Rudman, 1987

...

20

Halgerda stricklandi Fahey & Gosliner, 1999

...

46

Chromodoris gleniei (Kelaart, 1858)

...

21

Halgerda tessellata (Bergh, 1880)

...

47

Chromodoris reticulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)

...

22

Haminoea ovalis Pease, 1868

...

48

Chromodoris striatella Bergh, 1876

...

23

Hexabranchus sanguineus (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) ...

49

Costasiella formicaria (Baba, 1959)

...

24

Hypselodoris bullocki (Collingwood, 1881)

...

50

Costasiella paweli Ichikawa, 1993

...

25

Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871)

...

51

Cratena peregrina (Gmelin 1791)

...

26

Hypselodoris nigrostriata (Eliot, 1904)

...

52

Dendrodoris fumata (Ruppel & Leuckart, 1831)

...

27

Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1858)

...

53

1

Celebrating

1916 - 2015

Years

CONTENTS ...

54

Platydosris formosa (Alder & Hancock, 1864)

...

80

Mexichromis multituberculata (Baba, 1953)

...

55

Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864)

...

81

Micromelo undatum (Brugiere, 1792)

...

56

Risbecia pulchella (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)

...

82

Kaloplocamus acutus Baba, 1955

1

Odontolaga guamensis Rudman, 1978

...

57

Roboastra gracilis (Bergh, 1877)

...

83

Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870)

...

58

Sagaminopteron psychedelicum Carlson & Hoff, 1974

...

84

Phestilla melanobrachia Bergh, 1874

...

59

Thorunna africana Rudman, 1984

...

85

Phidiana indica (Bergh, 1896)

...

60

Thorunna frutiva Bergh, 1878

...

86

Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864)

...

61

Thuridilla indopacifica Gosliner, 1995

...

87

Philinopsis gardineri (Eliot, 1903)

...

62

Thuridilla undula Gosliner, 1995

...

88

Philinopsis pilsbryi (Eliot, 1900)

...

63

Volvatella vigourouxi (Montrouzier in Souverbie, 1861)

...

89

Phyllidiella hageni Fahrner & Beck, 2000

...

64

...

91

Phyllidiella nigra (van Hasselt, 1824)

...

65

Diversity of Polyclads

...

92

Phyllidiella rudmani Brunckhorst, 1993

...

66

...

94

Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859)

...

67

Boninia divae-Bois-Reymond Marcus & Marcus, 1968 1916 2015

Notoplana sp.

...

95

Phyllidia alyta Yonow, 1996

...

68

Paraplanocera sp.

...

96

Phyllidia coelestis Bergh, 1905

...

69

Phirkoceros fritillus Newman & Cannon, 1996

...

97

Phyllidia ocellata Cuvier, 1804

...

70

Phrikoceros mopsus (Marcus, 1952)

...

98

Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801

...

71

Prostheceraeus sp.

...

99

Phyllidiopsis annae Brunckhorst, 1993

...

72

Prosthiostomum trilineatum Yeri & Kaburaki, 1920

...

100

Phyllidiopsis gemmata (Pruvot-Fol, 1957)

...

73

Prosthiostomum sp.

...

101

Phyllidiopsis krempfi Purvot-Fol, 1957

...

74

Prosthiostomum sp.

...

102

Phyllidiopsis monacha (Yonow, 1986)

...

75

Pseudobiceros bedfordi Laidlaw, 1903

...

103

Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis Brunckhorst, 1993

...

76

Pseudobiceros gratus (Kato, 1937)

...

104

Phyllidiopsis shireenae Brunckhorst, 1993

...

77

Pseudobiceros hymanae Newman and cannon, 1998

...

105

Phyllidiopsis striata Bergh, 1888

...

78

Pseudobiceros murinus Newman & Cannon, 1997

...

106

Plakobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824

...

79

Pseudobiceros sp.

...

107

Celebrating

FLATWORMS (Polyclads)

Years

Pseudobiceros stellae Newman & Cannon, 1994

...

108

Pseudoceros bifurcus Prudhoe, 1989

...

109

Pseudoceros bolool Newman and Cannon, 1994

...

110

Pseudoceros concinnus (Collingwood, 1876)

...

111

1

Celebrating ...

112

Pseudoceros imitatus Newman, Cannon & Brunckhorst, 1994 ... ... Pseudoceros indicus Newman and cannon, 2002

113

Pseudoceros irretitus Newman and Cannon, 1998

...

115

Pseudoceros leptostichos Bock, 1913

...

116

Pseudoceros rubronanus Newman & Cannon, 1998

...

117

Pseudoceros sp.

...

118

...

119

...

120

...

121

...

122

...

123

...

124

Pseudoceros tristriatus Hyman, 1959

...

125

Tytthosoceros lizardensis Newman & Cannon, 1996

...

126

Thysanozoon nigropapillosum (Hayman, 1959)

...

127

Thysanozoon sp.

...

128

...

129

...

130

...

146

...

148

Pseudoceros goslineri Newman and Cannon, 1994

Pseudoceros sp. Pseudoceros sp. Pseudoceros sp. Pseudoceros sp. Pseudoceros sp. Pseudoceros sp.

Thysanozoon sp.

CHECKLIST (Opisthobranchs) CHECKLIST (Polyclads) REFERENCES

114

1916 - 2015

Years

Introduction

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Seaslugs (Opisthobranchs) and Flatworms (Polyclads) are often confused with each other due to similarity of colours and patterns on the individuals of these two groups. Opisthobranchs classified under Phylum Mollusca and class Gastropoda while Polyclads comes under Phylum Platyhelminthes. Opisthobranchs also considered as nudibranchs but it is to note that all opisthobranchs are not nudibranchs, only animal falling under Order Nudibranchia can be called as nudibranchs. There are eight orders under Opisthobranchia including order Nudibranchia. The Order Polycladida commonly called as marine flatworms are the only free living and non-parasitic worms under Platyhelminthes. These worms are named so due to their highly branched gut. Despite of being so colourful, these animal are rare and cannot be easily seen due to their small size. Most of the times these animals are found hiding under rocks and boulders. These animals groups are among the least studied groups in Indian fauna and it is a fact that their availability and difficulty in preservation (especially in polyclads) are the main reason behind such less studies. The first study on opisthobranchs in Indian waters dates back to 1864 when Alder & Hancock published a work from southeast coast of India. Some other major contributions are from Eliot (1906a, b, 1909, 1910a, b and 1916) in early nineties while in mid-nineties Narayana (1968, 1969, 1970 and 1971) contributed some reports on these animals. In last ten years there are many extensive works being done especially in major reef areas of India i.e. Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. Some major works include Apte (2009), Sreeraj et al. (2010), Ramakrishna et al. (2010), Apte et al. (2010), Sachithanandam et al. (2011), Sreeraj et al. (2012a, b), Apte (2012, 2014). The first report on Polyclads came in the year 1903 when Laidlaw described novel families, genus and species of Polyclads from Laccadive archipelago. After this account, next account came after a span of about more than hundred years by Sreeraj & Raghunathan (2011), Apte & Reshma (2011), Sreeraj & Raghunathan (2013), Dixit & Raghunathan (2013). In comparison to world oceans where about 1500 species are described so far, from India the studies regarding polyclads are very less.

1

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Opisthobranchs

2

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gatropoda Informal group: Opisthobranchia Nudibranchs are shell-less marine Opisthobranch gastropod molluscs, which are noted for their often extraordinary colors and striking forms (Nudibranch means naked gillsmostly on the dorsal part of some species or along the side covered by a protective flap as these species tend to bury into sand or mud). Nudibranchia is the largest group in Opisthobranchia with more than 3500 described species. The gills can be used for identification. Some species wave their gills as they move or feed. Nudibranchs live in marine environments from Antartica to the tropics. Nudibranchs dwell at virtually all depths of sea, but reach their greatest size and variation in warm, shallow waters. Most spend their adult life on the bottom. Glaucus marginata and G. altanticus float around upside down on the ocean surface. Glaucus feed on Physalia physalis and Velella velella. The largest species grow to 40cm (Hexabranchus sanguineus), the smallest, microscopic and are easily able to move through grains of sand. Most of the opisthobranchs are smaller than 10cm.

3

Diversity of Opisthobranchs

373

53

73 4

89

210

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Gujarat Coast

53

Tamil Nadu Coast

19 33

89

29 59

210

36 84

Family Genus

47 118 Species

373

73

20 43

Lakshadweep

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 5

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Aldisa erwinkoehleri Perrone, 2001

Habitat : Shallow reefs, rocky bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 6

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Armina semperi (Bergh, 1861)

Habitat : Rare, found in shallow reefs underneath the rocks Distribution : A & N Islands 7

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Asteronotus cespitosus (Hasselt, 1824 )

Habitat : Intertidal regions Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep and Andhra Pradesh 8

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Berthella martensi (Pilsbry, 1896)

Habitat : Shallow reef, usually feeding on sponges Distribution : A & N Islands 9

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Berthellina delicata (Pease, 1861)

Habitat : Rare, found in shallow reefs underneath the rocks Distribution : A & N Islands and Lashadweep 10

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848)

Habitat : Intertidal region to shallow reefs upto 20 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh 11

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Carminodoris esterlyado (Gosliner & Behrens, 1998)

Habitat : Shallow reefs either in surface or underneath the rock Distribution : A & N Islands 12

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Cerberilla annulata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832)

Habitat : Intertidal to shallow sandy slopes, usually active in night Distribution : A & N Islands 13

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Chelidonura pallida Risbec, 1951

Habitat : Shallow patch reefs, usually feeds upon small flatworms Distribution : A & N Islands 14

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Chelidonura punctata Eliot, 1903

Habitat : Shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 15

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Chromodoris colemani Rudman, 1982

Habitat : Usually found on reefs up to 20, less common, usually active in day time Distribution : A & N Islands 16

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Chromodoris conchyliata Yonow, 1984

Habitat : Intertidal region and reefs up to 10 m Distribution : A & N Islands 17

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Chromodoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877

Habitat : Reefs up to 20m depth, very common, usually active in day time Distribution : A & N Islands 18

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Chromodoris fidelis (Kelaart, 1858)

Habitat : Intertidal region to shallow reefs up to 20 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Lakshadweep 19

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Chromodoris geminus Rudman, 1987

Habitat : Shallow reefs, quite common Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 20

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Chromodoris gleniei (Kelaart, 1858)

Habitat : Shallow reefs, active in day Distribution : A & N Islands and Andhra Pradesh 21

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Chromodoris reticulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)

Habitat : Shallow reefs, crawling on corals, active in day Distribution : A & N Islands 22

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Chromodoris striatella Bergh, 1876

Habitat : Found in intertidal zone to shallow reefs underside of rocks or crawling over algal covered rocks Distribution : A & N Islands 23

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Costasiella formicaria (Baba, 1959)

Habitat : Found crawling on sandy bottom in large aggregates Distribution : A & N Islands 24

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Costasiella paweli Ichikawa, 1993

Habitat : Found crawling on sandy bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 25

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Cratena peregrina (Gmelin 1791)

Habitat : Shallow reefs and sandy bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 26

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Dendrodoris fumata (Ruppel & Leuckart, 1831)

Habitat : Found in intertidal zone underneath the rocks Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Lakshadweep 27

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855)

Habitat : Intertidal region under stones Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Lakshadweep and Gujarat 28

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Discodoris boholensis Bergh, 1877

Habitat : Intertidal regions Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 29

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Durvilledoris similaris (Rudmaan, 1986)

Habitat : Usually found on muddy bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 30

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Elysia leucolegnota Jensen, 1990

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal rock pools Distribution : A & N Islands 31

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840)

Habitat : Found crawling on sandy bottom in shallow depth Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep 32

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Favorinus mirabilis Baba, 1955

Habitat : Often found resting on egg mass of another nudibranch in shallow reef Distribution : A & N Islands 33

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Flabellina exoptata (Gosliner & Willan, 1991)

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal region as well as in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 34

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Fryeria marindica (Yonow & Hayward, 1991)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep 35

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Gastropteron bicornutum Baba and Tokioka, 1965

Habitat : Usually found in sandy bottom in shallow depth and often in large aggregates Distribution : A & N Islands 36

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804)

Habitat : Usually found in muddy area as well as on reefs Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerela 37

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888)

Habitat : Usually found in muddy area as well as on reefs beneath coral rubble Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep 38

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Glossodoris hikuerensis (Pruvot-fol, 1954)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs beneath or above coral rubble Distribution : A & N Islands 39

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Goniobranchus aspersa (Gould 1852)

Habitat : Intertidal regions Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 40

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Gymnodoris alba (Bergh, 1877)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs beneath the coral rubble Distribution : A & N Islands, Lakshadweep and Gujarat 41

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Gymnodoris citrina (Bergh, 1875)

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal region to shallow reefs up to 10 m Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 42

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Gymnodoris rubropalulosa (Bergh, 1905)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reef up to 20 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands 43

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Gymnodoris striata (Eliot, 1908)

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal region to shallow reefs up to 10 m Distribution : A & N Islands 44

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Halgerda bacalusia Fahey & Gosliner 1999

Habitat : Usually found in reefs up to 30 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands 45

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Halgerda stricklandi Fahey & Gosliner, 1999

Habitat : Usually found reefs up to 30 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands 46

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Halgerda tessellata (Bergh, 1880)

Habitat : Found in shallow reefs underneath the rocks, active during night Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 47

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Haminoea ovalis Pease, 1868

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal region to shallow reefs on algal substratum Distribution : A & N Islands 48

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Hexabranchus sanguineus (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs, active in night Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 49

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Hypselodoris bullocki (Collingwood, 1881)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs as well as in muddy bottom feeding on sponges Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 50

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs and intertidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 51

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Hypselodoris nigrostriata (Eliot, 1904)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs up to 15 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands 52

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1858)

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal as well as in reefs Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshadweep 53

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Kaloplocamus acutus Baba, 1955

Habitat : Usually found in muddy bottom and dead reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 54

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Mexichromis multituberculata (Baba, 1953)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 55

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Micromelo undatum (Brugiere, 1792)

Habitat : Usually found in sandy bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 56

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Odontoglaja guamensis Rudman, 1978

Habitat : Usually found under coral rubble in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 57

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870)

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 58

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phestilla melanobrachia Bergh, 1874

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs feeding on Tubastreae corals during night time Distribution : A & N Islands 59

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phidiana indica (Bergh, 1896)

Habitat : Very common, usually found in shallow reefs feeding on hydroids Distribution : A & N Islands 60

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs crawling on algal substratum Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep and Gujarat 61

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Philinopsis gardineri (Eliot, 1903)

Habitat : Usually found in areas with sandy substratum Distribution : A & N Islands 62

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Philinopsis pilsbryi (Eliot, 1900)

Habitat : Usually found in areas with sandy substratum Distribution : A & N Islands 63

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidiella hageni Fahrner & Beck, 2000

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 64

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidiella nigra (van Hasselt, 1824)

Habitat : Found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 65

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidiella rudmani Brunckhorst, 1993

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs feeding on sponges Distribution : A & N Islands 66

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidiella zeylanica (Keelart, 1859)

Habitat : Very common, usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Lakshadweep 67

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidia alyta Yonow, 1996

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep 68

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidia coelestis Bergh, 1905

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 69

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidia ocellata Cuvier, 1804

Habitat : Very common, usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 70

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep 71

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidiopsis annae Brunckhorst, 1993

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 72

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidiopsis gemmata (Pruvot-Fol, 1957)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 73

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidiopsis krempfi Purvot-Fol, 1957

Habitat : Rare, found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 74

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidiopsis monacha (Yonow, 1986)

Habitat : Usually found in reefs up to 40 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 75

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis Brunckhorst, 1993

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs up to 20 m Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 76

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phyllidiopsis shireenae Brunckhorst, 1993

Habitat : Usually found in deep reefs up to 40 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands 77

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phyllidiopsis striata Bergh, 1888

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 78

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Plakobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824

Habitat : Very common, found crawling in intertidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep 79

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Platydoris formosa (Alder & Hancock, 1864)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs during night time Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 80

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864)

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone in large numbers Distribution : A & N Islands, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Lakshadweep 81

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Risbecia pulchella (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 82

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Roboastra gracilis (Bergh, 1877)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Tamil Nadu 83

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Sagaminopteron psychedelicum Carlson & Hoff, 1974

Habitat : Found in shallow reefs on sponges up to 25 m depth Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 84

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Thorunna africana Rudman, 1984

Habitat : Usually found crawling in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 85

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Thorunna frutiva Bergh, 1878

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs feeding on sponges Distribution : A & N Islands 86

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Thuridilla indopacifica Gosliner, 1995

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone with filamentous algae Distribution : A & N Islands 87

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Thuridilla undula Gosliner, 1995

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone as well as shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 88

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Volvatella vigourouxi (Montrouzier in Souverbie, 1861)

Habitat : Usually found crawling in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 89

Polyclads

90

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Turbellaria Order: Polycladida The Platyhelminthes which belong in the kingdom Animalia are unsegmented flat worms. They are considered the most primitive bilaterally symmetrical animals. Furthermore, flatworms are triploblastic, which means that body structure is based on three fundamental cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm). As a third characteristic, they have no body cavity (coelom) other than the gut, an organization which is called acoelomate. They lack an anus and therefore, the same pharyngeal opening both takes in food and expels waste. Respiratory system and blood vessel system are also completely missing and therefore, diffusion is used for transport of oxygen inside the body. These constraints flatworms to be flat. For maintaining metabolism, no cell can be too far from the outside, making a flattened body shape necessary. Almost all species are hermaphrodites with a quite complex reproductive system. In most cases, number and arrangement of male and female reproductive structures are highly species specific and can be used in taxonomic studies for discrimination of morphologically even highly similar species. The length of flatworms varies between 0.4 mm for some free living species and several meters for parasitic forms (fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum: 25m in length). 91

Diversity of Polycalds

48

20 92

28

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Lakshadweep

20

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

07 09

Family Genus

07 14

28

04 09

Species

48

93

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Boninia divae Bois-Reymond Marcus & Marcus, 1968

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone under the rock in large numbers Distribution : A & N Islands 94

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Notoplana sp.

Habitat : Usually found in sandy intertidal zone under the rock Distribution : A & N Islands 95

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Paraplanocera sp.

Habitat : Usually found in sandy intertidal zone under the rock Distribution : A & N Islands 96

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Phirkoceros fritillus Newman & Cannon, 1996

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal regions and shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 97

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Phrikoceros mopsus (Marcus, 1952)

Habitat : Mostly found in sub-tidal zone on sandy bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 98

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Prostheceraeus sp.

Habitat : Usually found crawling in sandy bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 99

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Prosthiostomum trilineatum Yeri & Kaburaki, 1920

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone under the rock Distribution : A & N Islands and Maharashtra 100

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Prosthistomum sp.

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone under the rock Distribution : A & N Islands 101

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Prosthistomum sp.

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone under the rock Distribution : A & N Islands 102

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudobiceros bedfordi Laidlaw, 1903

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs crawling on bottom Distribution : A & N Islands 103

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudobiceros gratus (Kato, 1937)

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs and rocks Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 104

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudobiceros hymanae Newman and cannon, 1998

Habitat : Shallow reefs feeding on sponges, active in night Distribution : A & N Islands 105

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudobiceros murinus Newman & Cannon, 1997

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal zone and shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 106

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudobiceros sp.

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal regions Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 107

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudobiceros stellae Newman and Cannon, 1994

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 108

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros bifurcus Prudhoe, 1989

Habitat : Mostly found in intertidal zone underneath the rocks Distribution : A & N Islands 109

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros bolool Newman & Cannon, 1994

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs, active in night Distribution : A & N Islands 110

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros concinnus (Collingwood, 1876 )

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal as well as shallow reefs Distribution : A & N Islands 111

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseuodceros goslineri Newman & Cannon, 1994

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal as well as shallow reefs and sandy substratum Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 112

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros imitatus Newman, Cannon & Brunckhorst, 1994

Habitat : Usually found in shallow reefs during night Distribution : A & N Islands 113

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros indicus Newman & Schupp, 2002

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal as well as sub-tidal regions Distribution : A & N Islands and Lakshadweep 114

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros irretitus Newman & Cannon, 1998

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal as well as sub-tidal regions on sandy substratum Distribution : A & N Islands 115

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros leptostichus Bock, 1913

Habitat : Usually found in sub-tidal region beneath rocks Distribution : A & N Islands 116

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros rubronanus Newman & Cannon, 1998

Habitat : Mostly found in shallow reefs in during night time Distribution : A & N Islands 117

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 118

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 119

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 120

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 121

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 122

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 123

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Pseudoceros sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 124

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Pseudoceros tristriatus Hyman, 1959

Habitat : Mostly found in intertidal zone underneath the rocks Distribution : A & N Islands 125

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Tytthosoceros lizardensis Newman & Cannon, 1996

Habitat : Usually found in intertidal region on sandy substratum Distribution : A & N Islands 126

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Thysanozoon nigropapillosum (Hayman, 1959)

Habitat : Mostly found in shallow reefs in close association with sponges Distribution : A & N Islands 127

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Thysanozoon sp.

Habitat : Usually found in sub-tidal region feeding on sponges Distribution : A & N Islands 128

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

Thysanozoon sp.

Habitat : Found usually from intertidal region to sub-tidal zone Distribution : A & N Islands 129

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Checklist (Opisthobranchs) S. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18

130

SPECIES Phylum : Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Opisthobranchia O rder: NO TASPIDEA Fam ily: PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Berthella m artensi (Pilsbry, 1896) Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) Berthellina citrina (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) Berthellina cf. citrina Berthellina cf delicata (Pease, 1861) Berthellina m inor Bergh, 1905 Euselenops luniceps (Cuvier, 1817) Euselenops winckworthi Satyam urti, 1946 Pleurobranchus forskalii (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831) Pleurobranchus m am illatus Quoy & Gaim ard, 1832 Pleurobranchus peroni Cuvier, 1804 Pleurobranchus albiguttatus (Bergh, 1905) Pleurobranchea m orula (Bergh, 1905) Fam ily: UM BRACULIDAE Um braculum um braculum (Lightfoot, 1786) O rder: ANASPIDEA Fischer, 1883 Fam ily: APLYSIIDAE Lam arck, 1809 Aplysia benedicti Eliot, 1899 Aplysia cornigera Sowerby, 1870 Aplysia dactylom ela Rang, 1828 Aplysia lineolata Adam s and Reeve, 1848

A & N

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

Goa

MH

GT

P P P P P P P P P P

P P P P

P

P

P P P

P P

P P P

WB

OD

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Aplysia oculifera (Adam s & Reeve, 1850) Aplysia parvula M orch, 1863 Bursatella leachii de Blainville, 1817 Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) Dolabella ecaudata Rang, 1828 Dolabella rum phii Cuvier, 1804 Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Cuvier, 1817) Petalifera krusadaiae O Donoghue, 1930 Phyllaplysia plana. Eales, 1944 Stylocheilus longicauda (Q uoy & G aim ard, 1825) Stylocheilus striatus (Q uoy & G aim ard, 1832) Syphonota geographica (Adam s & Reeve, 1850) O rder: CEPH ALALSPEDIA Fisher, 1883 Fam ily: RINGICU LIDAE Ringicula propinquans H inds, 1844 Ringicula encarpoferens de Folin, 1867 Fam ily: BU LLIDAE G ray, 1827 Bulla am pulla Linnaeus, 1758 Fam ily: G ASTRO PTERIDAE Sw ainson, 1840 G astropteron bicornutum Baba and Tokioka, 1965 Siphopteron brunneom arginatum Carlson & H off, 1974 Siphopteron cf fuscum (Baba & Tikioka, 1965) Siphopteron nigrpm arginatum G osliner, 1989 Siphopteron tigrinum G osliner, 1989 Sagam inopteron psychedelicum Carlson and H off, 1974

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P P P

P P P

P

P

P P

P P

P P P P

P P

P P P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P P

P

P

P P P P P P

131

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

132

Fam ily: SM ARAGDINELLIDAE Phanerophthalm us sm aragdinus (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) Fam ily: CYLICH NIDAE Adam s, 1850 Acteocina (Acteocina) conspicua (Preston, P 1908) Actaeocina estriata (Preston, 1914) Acteocina olivaeform is (Issel, 1869) P Cylichna andam anica Sm ith, 1904 P Cylichna grandi (Adam s) P Cylichna sygenes Preston, 1916 P Scaphander andam anicus Sm ith, 1894 P Tornatina conspicua Preston, 1908 P Fam ily: AG LAJIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 Aglaja tricolorata Renier, 1807 P Chelidonura electra Rudm an, 1970 Chelidonura fulvipunctata Baba, 1938 P Chelidonura hirundinina (Q uoy & G aim ard, P 1832) Chelidonura pallida Risbec, 1951 P Chelidonura punctata Eliot, 1903 P Chelidonura sandrana Rudm an, 1973 P Philinopsis cyanea (M artens, 1879) P Philinopsis gardineri (Eliot, 1903) P Philinopsis lineolata (H. & A. Adam s, 1854) P Philinopsis pilsbryi (Eliot, 1900) P Philinopsis speciosa Pease, 1860 P Fam ily: PH ILINIDAE Philine aperta (Linnaeus, 1758) Fam ily: ACETO NIDAE d'O rbigny, 1843

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P

P

P

P

P P

P P

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Acteon virgatus (Reeve, 1842) Pupa coccinata (Reeve, 1842) Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) Pupa strigosa (G ould, 1859) Fam ily: APLU STRIDAE (Pilsbry, 1893) M icrom elo undatum (Brugiere, 1792) Fam ily: H YDATINIDAE Hydatina am plustre (Linnaeus, 1758) Hydatina exim ia (Deshayes, 1863) Hydatina velum (Lightfoot, 1786) Hydatina zonata (Lightfoot, 1786) Fam ily: H AM INO EIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 Atys am ygdala Sow erby, 1869 Atys cylindricus (Helbling, 1779) Atys darnleyensis Brazier, 1879 Atys debilis Pease, 1860 Atys elongatus Adam s, 1850 Atys hyalina W atson, 1883 Atys naucum (Linnaeus, 1758) Atys neglecta Preston, 1908 Atys nonscripta (A. Aam s, 1850) Atys pacei Preston, 1908 Atys subm alleata Sm ith, 1904 Atys (Aliculastrum ) cylindricus (Helbling, 1779) Atys vixum bilicata Preston, 1908 Ham inoea am bigua. (Adam s, A., 1850) Ham inoea crocata Pease, 1861 Ham inoea curta A. Adam s, 1850

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

OD

WB

P P P P P P P P

P P

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

P

P

P

133

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

87 88 89 90 91 92

93 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

134

H am inoea cym balum (Q uoy and G aim ard, 1835) H am inoea elegans Adam s H am inoea ovalis Pease, 1868 H am inoea tenera (Adam s, 1855) Fam ily: Retusidae Thiele, 1925 Retusa pyram idata (Adam s, 1850) Volvulella perangusta (A. Adam s) O rder: SACO G LO SSA von Ihering Fam ily: CYLINDRO BU LLIDAE Thiele, 1931 Cylindrobulla pusilla N evill, 1869 Fam ily: VO LVATELLIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 Volvatella vigourouxi (M ontrouzier in Souverbie, 1861) Fam ily: PLAKO BRANCHIDAE G ray, 1840 Elysia abei Baba, 1955 Elysia bangtaw aensis Sw ennen, 1997 Elysia chilkensis Eliot, 1916 Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858 Elysia obtusa Baba, 1938 Elysia ornata (Sw ainson, 1840) Elysia pusilla Bergh, 1872 Elysia leucolegnote Jensen, 1990 Elysia rufescens (Pease, 1871) Elysia tom entosa Jensen, 1997 Elysia thom psoni Jensen, 1993 Thuridilla bayeri (M arcus, 1965) Thuridilla carlsoni G osliner, 1995 Thuridilla caerulea (Kelaart, 1858)

P

TN

AP

P

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P

P P

P P

P P

P

P

P

P P

P

P P

P P P

P

P

P

P P P

P P

P

P P P P P P

P P

P P

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

126 127 128 129 130 131

Thuridilla gracilis (Risbec, 1828) Thuridilla livida (Baba, 1955) Thuridilla vatae (Risbec, 1928) Thuridilla indopacifica G osliner, 1995 Thuridilla m oebii (Bergh, 1888) Plakobranchus ocellatus Van Hasselt, 1824 Fam ily: LIM APO NTIIDAE G ray, 1847 Costasiella paw eli Ichikaw a, 1993 Polybranchia orientalis (Kelaart, 1858) Stiliger nigrovittatus Rao and Rao, 1962 Stiliger viridis (Kelaart, 1858) Sohgenia palauensis Ham atani, 1991 Fam ily: JULIIDAE E. A. Sm ith, 1885 Tam anovalva lim ax Kaw aguti and Baba, 1959 Tam anovalva schlum bergeri Dautzenberg, 1895 Julia burni Sarm a, 1975 Berthelinia (Tam anovalva) ganapatii Sarm a, 1975 Berthelinia (Tam anovalva) w altairensis Sarm a, 1975 O rder: NU DIBRANCH IA Blainville, 1814 Fam ily: ARM INIDAE Iredale & O 'Donoghue, 1923 Arm ina (Linguella) cinerea (Farran, 1905) Arm ina cygnea (Bergh, 1876) Arm ina sem peri (Bergh, 1861) Arm ina form osa (Kelaart, 1858 ) Arm ina gracilis (Bergh, 1874) Arm ina taeniolata (Peters) Bergh, 1860

P P P P P P

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P P

P

P P

P

P

P

P P P

P

P P

P P P P

P P P

135

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156

136

Arm ina variolosa (Bergh, 1904 ) Derm atobranchus fortunata (Bergh 1888) Derm atobranchus sem istriatus (Baba, 1949) Linguella quadrilateralis (Bergh, 1860) Pleurophyllidiella paucidentata (O'Donoghue, 1932) Fam ily: PRO CTO NO TIDAE G ray, 1853 Janolus indica (Eliot, 1909) Fam ily: ACTINO CYCLIDAE O 'Donoghue, 1929 Actinocyclus verrucosus Ehrenberg, 1831 Fam ily: DISCO DO RIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Archidoris m inor (Eliot, 1903) Asteronotus cespitosus (Hasselt, 1824 ) Atagem a intecta (Kelaart, 1858) Atagem a spongiosa (Kelaart, 1858) Atagem a cf. rugosa Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Atagem a tristis (Alder and Hancock, 1864) Carm inodoris cf. grandiflora (Pease, 1860) Discodoris boholiensis Bergh, 1877 Discodoris fragilis (Alder and Hancock, 1864) Discodoris lilacina (G ould, 1852) Discodoris pardalis (Alder & Hancock, 1864) Doris granulosa (Pease, 1860) Doris (Staurodoris) pustulata Abraham , 1877 Halgerda apiculata (Alder & Hancock, 1864) Halgerda bacalusia Fahey & G osliner 1999 Halgerda m aculata Eliot, 1906 Halgerda stricklandi Fahey & G osliner, 1999 Halgerda tessellata (Bergh, 1880)

TN

P

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

P P P

P P P P P P

P

P P

P P P

P P P P

P

P P P

P P P P P

P P

P

P P P P

P

WB

OD

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182

Hoplodoris arm ata (Baba, 1993) Hoplodoris desm oparypha Bergh, 1880 Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1858) Jorunna rubescens Bergh, 1876 Peltodoris m urrea (Abraham , 1877) Platydoris cruenta (Q uoy and G aim ard, 1832) Platydoris ellioti (Alder and Hancock, 1864) Platydoris form osa (Alder & Hancock, 1864) Platydoris form osa var. Eliot, 1903 Platydoris picta (Kelaart, 1858) Platydoris scabra (Cuvier, 1804) Platydoris striata (Kelaart, 1859) Sclerodoris apiculata (Alder and Hancock, 1864) Sclerodoris coriacea Eliot, 1903 Sclerodoris tuberculata Eliot, 1904 Thordisa annulata Eliot, 1910 Sebadoris fragilis (Alder & Hancock, 1864) Thordisa crosslandi Eliot, 1906 Sebadoris nubilosa (Pease, 1871) Tayuva lilacina (G ould, 1852) Fam ily: CADLINIDAE Bergh, 1891 Aldisa erw inkoehleri Perrone, 2001 Cadlinella ornatissim a (Risbec, 1928) Fam ily: CH RO M O DO RIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Ceratosom a trilobatum (J. E. G ray, 1827) Ceratosom a sinuatum (van Hasselt, 1824) Chrom odoris albopunctata (G arrett, 1879) Chrom odoris alius Rudm an, 1987

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P P

P

P

P P P P P P

P P

P

P

P

P P P P

P P P

P P

P P P P P

P P

P P

P P P P P P

P

137

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208

138

Chrom odoris colem ani Rudm an, 1982 Chrom odoris conchyliata Yonow , 1984 Chrom odoris decora (Pease, 1860) Chrom odoris aspersa G ould 1852 Chrom odoris bom bayana (W inkw orth, 1946) Chrom odoris cf setoensis Baba, 1938 Chrom odoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877 Chrom odoris fidelis (Kelaart, 1858) Chrom odoris gem inus Rudm an, 1987 Chrom odoris gleniei (Kelaart, 1858) Chrom odoris geom etrica Risbec, 1928 Chrom odoris hintuanensis G osliner & Behrens, 1998 Chrom odoris sinensis Rudm an, 1985 Chrom odoris strigata Rudm an, 1982 Chrom odoris m andapam ensis Valdes et al , 1999 Chrom odoris naiki Valde et al., 1999 Chrom odoris preciosa (Kelaart, 1858) Chrom odoris setoensis Baba, 1938 Chrom odoris striatella Bergh, 1876 Chrom odoris tennentana (Kelaart, 1859) Chrom odoris tinctoria (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) Chrom odoris trim arginata (W inckw orth, 1946 ) Digidentis kulonba (Burn, 1966) Durvilledoris pusilla (Bergh, 1874) G lossodoris atrom arginata (Cuvier, 1804) G lossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888)

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

P P P P

P

P

P

P P P P P P

P P

P

P P

P

P P P P

P

P

P P P

P P P

P P

P P P P

P P

P

P

P P

WB

OD

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234

G lossodoris hikuerensis (Pruvot-fol, 1954) G lossodoris hum berti (Kelaart, 1858) G lossodoris inopinata (Bergh, 1905) G lossodoris poecila W inckw orth, 1946 G lossodoris pustulans (Bergh, 1877) G lossodoris rosans (Bergh, 1889) G lossodoris sem eion (W inckw orth, 1946) G lossodoris pallida (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1830) G lossodoris rufom arginata (Bergh, 1890) G lossodoris tom sm ithi Bertch & G osliner, 1989) Hypselodoris bullockii (Collingw ood, 1881) Hypselodoris carnea (Bergh 1889) Hypselodoris em m ae Rudm an, 1977 Hypselodoris infucata (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) Hypselodoris kanga Rudm an, 1977 Hypselodoris krakatoa G osliner & Johnson, 1999 Hypselodoris m aculosa (Pease, 1871) Hypselodoris m aridadilus Rudm an, 1977 Hypselodoris nigrostriata (Eliot, 1904) Hypselodoris sagam iensis (Baba, 1949) Hypselodoris zebrina (Alder & Hancock, 1864) M exichrom is m ultituberculata (Baba, 1953) N oum ea alboannulata Rudm an, 1986 N oum ea angustolutea Rudm an, 1990 N oum ea sim plex (Pease, 1871) N oum ea varians (Pease, 1871)

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P P P P P P P P P P

P P

P P

P

P

P

P P

P P P P P P P P P P P

P P P P P

139

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242

243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253

255

140

Risbecia ghardaqana (G ohar & Aboul-Ela, 1957) Risbecia pulchella (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) Thorunna australis (Risbec, 1928) Thorunna africana Rudm an, 1984 Thorunna florens (Baba, 1949) Thorunna horologia Rudm an, 1984 Thorunna punicea (Rudm an, 1995) Thorunna cf punicea (Rudm an, 1995) Fam ily: DENDRO DO RIDIDAE O 'Donoghue, 1924 Dendrodoris atrom aculata (Alder & H ancock, 1864) Dendrodoris denisoni (A ngas, 1864) Dendrodoris fum ata (Rüppell and Leuckart, 1828) Dendrodoris (Dendrodoris) goani Rao & Kum ary, 1973 Dendrodoris rubra var. fusca (Alder & H ancock, 1864) Dendrodoris nigra (Stim pson, 1855) Dendrodoris tuberculosa (Q uoy & G aim ard, 1832) Dendrodoris tuberculosa var. Eliot, 1906 Doriopsilla m iniata (Alder and H ancock, 1866) Doriopsilla cf. m iniata (Alder and H ancock, 1864) Doriopsilla m iniata var N arayanan 1968 Fam ily: G O NIO DO RIDIDAE H . Adam s & A. Adam s, 1854 G oniodoris kolabana W inckw orth, 1946

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

P P

P

P P P P P P

P

P P P

P P

P

P P

P P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P P

P P P

P

WB

OD

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

256 257 258 259 260 261

262 263 264 265 266 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279

G oniodoridella savignyi Pruvot-Fol, 1933 O kenia pellucida Burn 1967 O kenia kendi G osliner, 2004 O kenia liklik G osliner, 2004 O kenia rhinorm a Rudm an, 2007 Fam ily: H EXABRANCH IDAE Bergh, 1891 Hexabranchus sanguineus (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) Fam ily: PO LYCERIDAE Alder & H ancock, 1845 Kaloplocam us acutus Baba, 1955 N em brotha lineolata (Bergh, 1905) Kalinga ornata Alder and Hancock, 1864 Plocam opherus ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1858) Plocam opherus ocellatus (Ruppel and Leuckart, 1828) Fam ily: G YM NO DO RIDIDAE O dhner, 1941 G ym nodoris alba (Bergh, 1877) G ym nodoris ceylonica (Kelaart, 1858) G ym nodoris citrina (Bergh, 1875) G ym nodoris okinaw ae B aba, 1936 G ym nodoris rubropapulosa (Bergh, 1905) G ym nodoris striata (Eliot, 1908) G ym nodoris subflava (Baba, 1949) Fam ily: PH YLLIDIIDAE Rafinesque, 1814 Fryeria m arindica (Yonow & Hayw ard, 1991) Phyllidia alyta Yonow , 1996 Phyllidia coelestis Bergh, 1905 Phyllidia elegans Bergh, 1869 Phyllidia m adangensis Brunckhorst, 1993

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P P P P P

P

P P P

P P P

P P

P

P P P P

P

P P P P P P P P

P P

P P P

141

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 306 307

142

Phyllidia ocellata Cuvier, 1804 Phyllidia polkadotsa Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidia varicosa Lam arck, 1801 Phyllidiella burni Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiella cooraburram a Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiella granulata Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiella hageni Fahrner & Beck, 2000 Phyllidiella nigra (van Hasselt, 1824) Phyllidiella pustulosa (C uvier, 1804) Phyllidiella rosans (Bergh, 1873) Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859) Phyllidiella hageni Fahrner & Beck, 2000 Phyllidiella nigra (van Hasselt, 1824) Phyllidiopsis gem m ata (Pruvot-Fol, 1957) Phyllidiopsis annae Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiopsis burni Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiopsis shireenae Brunckhorst, 1993 Phyllidiopsis striata Bergh, 1888 Reticulidia suzanneae Valdes & Behrens, 2002 Fam ily: TERG IPEDIDAE Bergh, 1889 Cuthona adyarensis Rao 1952 Cuthona annadalei Eliot, 1910 Cuthona henrici (Eliot, 1916) Cuthona yam asui Ham atani, 1993 Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870) Fam ily: AEO LIDIDAE G ray, 1827 Anteaeolidiella indica (Bergh 1888) Cerberilla am bonensis Bergh, 1905

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P

P

P

P P P

P P P

P

P

P

P

P P

P P P P P P P

P P

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330

Cerberilla annulata (Q uoy and G aim ard, 1832) Eolidina m annarensis Rao and Alagarsw am i, 1960 Aeolidiella alba Risbec, 1928 Aeolidia effulgens (Kelaart, 1858) Fam ily: EU BRANCHIDAE O dhner, 1934 Eubranchus fuscannulata (Rao, 1968) Eubranchus indicus (Rao, 1968) Eubranchus m andapam ensis (Rao, 1968) Eubranchus m annarensis Rao, 1968 Eubranchus productus (Farran, 1905) Eubranchus rubropunctatus Edm unds 1969 Fam ily: FLABELLINIDAE Bergh, 1881 Flabellina bicolor (Kelaart, 1858) Flabellina exoptata (G osliner & W illan, 1991) Flabellina riw o G osliner and W illan, 1991 Flabellina rubrolineata (O 'Donoghue, 1929) Flabellina rubropurpurata G osliner & w illan, 1991 Fam ily: FACELINIDAE Bergh, 1889 Dondice ceylonica (Farran, 1905) Favorinus argentim aculatus Rao, 1967 Favorinus japonicus Baba, 1949 Favorinus m irabilis Baba, 1955 G laucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 G laucus m arinus (Dupont, 1763 ) H erviella affinis Baba, 1960 H erviella albida Baba, 1966 M oridilla brockii Bergh, 1888

TN

AP

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

P

P

P

P P P P P P P P P P

P

143

VENKATARAMAN et al.

A&N

331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 347 348 349 350 351

144

Phidiana indca (Bergh, 1896) Phidiana m ilitaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864) Phidiana sem idecora (Pease, 1860) Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas,1864 ) Sakuraeolis gujaratica Rudm an, 1980 Sakuraeolis kirem bosa Rudm an, 1980 Fam ily: TRITO NIIDAE Lam arck, 1809 M arionia pam banensis O 'Donoghue, 1932 M arianina rosea (Pruvot-Fol, 1930) Fam ily: PSEU DO VERM IDAE Thiele, 1931 Pseudoverm is solcatus Salviniplaven and Rao, 1973 Fam ily: H ANCO CKIIDAE M ac Farland, 1923 Hancockia papillata (O ’Donoghue, 1932) Fam ily: TETH YDIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 M elibe m egaceras G osliner, 1987 M elibe fim briata Alder & Hancock, 1864 M elibe ocellata Bergh, 1888 M elibe rangii (Bergh, 1875) Fam ily: BO RNELLIDAE Bergh, 1874 Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1984 Bornella dotoides Pola, Rudm an & G osliner, 2009 Bornella stellifer (Adam s and Reeve in Adam s, 1848 ) Fam ily: LIM ACINIDAE G ray, 1840 Lim acina bulim oides (d'O rbignyi, 1836) Lim acina inflata (d'O rbignyi, 1836) Lim acina trochiform is (d'O rbignyi, 1836) Fam ily: CRESEIDAE Ram pal, 1973

TN

P P

P

P

P

AP

KL

LK

P

KA

GOA

MH

GT

P P P

P P

P P

P P P P P P P P P

P

P

P

P

WB

OD

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373

Creseis acicula (Rang, 1826) Creseis cherchari (Bow s, 1886) Creseis virgula (Rang, 1828) Creseis virgula conica Eschscholtz, 1829 Creseis virgula constricta (Chen and Be, 1964) Fam ily: CLIIDAE Jeffreys, 1869 Clio cuspidata (Bosc, 1862) Clio convexa (Boas, 1886) Clio pyram idata Linnaeus, 1767 Hyalocylis striata (Rang, 1828) Styliola subula Q uoy and G aim ard, 1827 Fam ily: CAVO LINIIDAE G ray, 1850 Cavolinia globulus (G ray, 1805) Cavolinia inflexa (Lesueur, 1813) Cavolinia longirostris (Lesueur, 1813) Cavolinia longirostris longirostris Cavolinia longirostris lim bata Cavolinia longirostris angulosa Cavolinia longirostris strangulata Cavolinia tridentata (Forskal, 1773) Cavolinia uncinata (Rang, 1829) Diacria quadridentata (de Blainville, 1827) Diacria trispinosa (de Blainville, 1827) Fam ily: PERACLIDAE Tesch, 1913 Peraclis reticulata (d'O rbignyi, 1836)

TN

AP

P

KL

LK

KA

GOA

MH

GT

WB

OD

P

P

P P P P P P

P

210

89

47

8

73

6

2

15

53

6

8

A&N: Andaman & Nicobar Islands | TN: Tamil Nadu | AP: Andhra Predesh | KL: Kerala | LK: Lakshadweep | KA: Karnataka | MH: Maharashtra | GT: Gujarat | WB: West Bengal | OD: Odissa

145

VENKATARAMAN et al.

Checklist (Polyclads) Sl. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 146

SPECIES Order: Polycladida Lang, 1844 Family- Pseudocerotidae Lang, 1844 Phirkoceros fritillus Newman & Cannon, 1996 Phirkoceros katoi Newman & Cannon, 1996 Phirkoceros mopsus (Marcus, 1952) Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Laidlaw, 1903) Pseudobiceros apricus Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudobiceros damawan Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudobiceros flavomarginatus (Laidlaw, 1902) Pseudobiceros flavocanthus Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudobiceros fulgor Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudobiceros murinus Newman & Cannon, 1997 Pseudobiceros gratus (Kato, 1937) Pseudobiceros gardinieri (Laidlaw, 1902) Pseudobiceros hymanae Newman and Cannon, 1997 Pseudobiceros stellae Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudobiceros uniarborensis Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudoceros buskii (Collingwood, 1876) Pseudoceros indicus Newman and cannon, 2002 Pseudoceros goslineri Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudoceros bifurcus Prudhoe, 1989 Pseudoceros concinnus (Collingwood, 1876) Pseudoceros scintillatus Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudoceros leptostichus Bock, 1913 Pseudoceros confuscus Newman & Cannon, 1995 Pseudoceros gamblei Laidlaw, 1903 Pseudoceros irretitus Newman & cannon,1998

A & N Is.

Lakshadweep

Peninsular Indian Coast

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

P P

P P P P P P P P P

P

Fascinating Seaslugs & Flatworms of Indian Seas

A&N

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Pseudoceros intermittus Newman & cannon,1995 Pseudoceros rubronanus Newman & Cannon, 1998 Pseudoceros paralaticlavusNewman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudoceros prudhoei Newman and Cannon, 1994 Pseudoceros cf susanae Newman and Anderson, 1997 Pseudoceros cruentus Newman & Cannon, 1998 Pseudoceros tigrinus Laidlaw, 1902 Pseudoceros tristratus Hayman, 1959 Acanthozoon plehni (Laidlaw, 1902) Tytthosoceros lizardensis Newman & Cannon, 1998 Thysanozoon nigropapillosum (Hayman, 1959) Family- Planoceridae Lang, 1844 Planocera armata Laidlaw, 1902 Paraplanocera langi (Ladilaw, 1902) Paraplanocera oligoglena Schmarda, 1859 Family: Euryleptidae Lang, 1884 Cycloporus venetus Newman & Cannon, 2002 Maritigrella fuscopunctata Newman & Cannon, 2000 Family: Prosthiostomidae Lang, 1884 Prosthiostomum elegans Laidlaw, 1902 Prosthiostomum cooperi Laidlaw, 1902 Prosthiostomum trilineatum Yeri & Kaburaki, 1920 Family: Euplanidae Marcus & Marcus, 1966 Euplanoida pardalis (Laidlaw, 1902) Family: Pericelidae Laidlaw, 1902 Pericelis byerleyana Collingwood, 1876 Family: Latocestidae Laidlaw, 1903 Latocestus maldivensis (Laidlaw, 1902) Total No. of species

Lakshadweep

Peninsular Indian Coast

P P P

P

P P

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

P P P

28

P 20

4 147

VENKATARAMAN et al.

References Apte, D. and R.D. Pitale. 2011. New records of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelmenthes: Turbellaria) from coral reef of Lakshadweep Island, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 108(2), 109-113. Apte, D. and R.D. Pitale. 2011. New records of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelmenthes: Turbellaria) from coral reef of Lakshadweep Island, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 108(2), 109-113. Deepak, A. 2009. Opisthobranch fauna of Lakshadweep Islands, India, with 52 new records to Lakshadweep and 40 new records to India: Part 1. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 106 (2): 162-175. Deepak, A., B. Vishal and P. Dishant. 2010. An annotated and illustrated checklist of the opisthobranch fauna of Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat, India with 21 new records for Gujarat and 13 new records for India: part 1. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 107 (1): 14-23. Dixit, S. and C. Raghunathan. 2013. Polyclads of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Andaman Science Association, Vol. 18; (2), 165-169. Eliot, C. 1906a. On the nudibranchs from southern India and Ceylon with special reference to the drawings by Kelaart and the collections belonging to Alder and Hancock preserved in the Hancock Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Proc Zool Soc London 2:636-691 (pl. 42-47) Eliot, C. 1910a. Nudibranchs collected by Mr. Stanely Gardiner from the Indian Ocean in HMS Sealark. In: reports of Percy Sladen trust expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanely Gardiner MA. Trans Linn Soc zool Series 2 13 (2):411-439 (pl. 25) Eliot, C. 1906b. Nudibranchiata with some remarks on the familes and genera and description of a new genus Doridomorpha. In: J Stanely Gardiner (Ed) The fauna and geography of Maldives and Laccadive Archipelagos being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during years 1899 and 1900. 2:540-573 (pl. 32) Eliot, C. 1909. Report on nudibranchs collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905-1906. In: Report to government of Baroda on the marine zoology of Okhamandal. 1 pp 137-145. Eliot, C. 1910b. Notes on nudibranchs from the Indian Museum. Rec. Indian Mus. 5(4) : 247-252. Pl. 19. Eliot, C. 1916. Mollusca Nudibranchia. In: Fauna of Chilika Lake. Mem Ind Mus. 5:375-380 Narayana, K. R 1969. On the opisthobranchite fauna of Gulf of Kutch. In: Proc of the symposium on Mollusca held at Cochin, from jan 12-16, 1968. Part I: 189-213 (pl. 1-2) Narayana, K. R. 1968. On three opisthobranchs from south west coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 10 (2):.337-380 (pl. 1-2) Narayana, K. R. 1970. On a species of the genus Berthellina (Opisthobranchia: Notaspedia) of the Gulf of Kutch. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 12(1-2):210-212 Narayana, K. R. 1971. On two doridacian nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Gulf of Kutch new to Indian coast. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 68(1):280-281 Raghunathan, C., C. Sivaperuman and Ramakrishna. 2009. An account of newly recorded five species of nudibranch (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Recent trends in biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Z.S.I., Kolkata. Ramakrishna., C. R. Sreeraj, C. Raghunathan, C. Sivaperuman, J. S. Yogesh Kumar, R. Raghuraman, T. Immanuel and P.T. Rajan. 2010. Guide to Opisthobranchs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of India, 196 pp.

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Sreeraj, C. R., C. Sivaperuman and C. Raghunathan. 2012a. Report on twelve newly reported Opisthobranchs (Opisthobranhia, Gastropoda) from Andman and Nicobar Islands, India. Int. J Ocean Mar Ecol Syst 1(2): 50-59 Sreeraj, C. R., C. Sivaperuman and C. Raghunathan. 2012b. An annolated checklist of opisthobranch fauna (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) of Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(4):2499-2509 Sreeraj, C. R., C. Sivaperuman and C. Raghunathan. 2013. Species diversity and abundance of opisthobranch Molluscs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) in the coral reef environments of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. K. Venkataraman et al. (eds), Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Communities. Ch- 6 Pp. 81-106. Sreeraj, C. R., P. T. Rajan, R. Raghuraman, C. Raghunathan, R. Rajkumar, T. Immanuel and Ramakrishna. 2010. On some new records of sea slugs (Class: Gastropoda, Subclass: Opisthobranchia) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Recent Trends in biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, ZSI, Kolkata. pp 289-298. Sreeraj, C.R. and C. Raghunathan. 2011. New records of pseudocerotid polyclads from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 4; e73; doi: 10.1017/S1755267211000819. Sreeraj, C.R. and C. Raghunathan. 2013. Pseudocerotid polyclads (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Polycladida) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 3(1): 36-41.

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