Seasonal Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Right and Leftgills ...

World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 6 (2): 195-200, 2014 ISSN 2078-4589 © IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2014.06.02.81268

Seasonal Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Right and Leftgills of Edible Fishes Iram Inayat, Aima Iram Batool, Muhammad Fayyazur Rehman, Naima Huma Naveed Aamir Ali and Syeda Humaira Jabeen Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Abstract: The present study was carried out to determine the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the right and left gills of edible fishes collected from four sampling stations of JhelumRiver. Three fish species Wallagoattu, Rita rita, Mystusseenghala were selected. Bioaccumulation of three heavy metals copper, cadmium and zinc was examined by using Shimadzu AA 6200 atomic absorption spectrophotometery and the results were as µg/g dry wt. It was noticed that bioaccumulation of metals in body tissues was effected by seasonal variations. Concentrations of copper and cadmium were higher in summer season as compared to winter season. But lead concentrations showed opposite pattern of highest concentrations during winter. Mystusseenghala had higher concentrations of copper and lead as compared to Wallagoattu and Rita rita. While Rita rita had higher concentrations of cadmium. Key words: Bioaccumulation

Right and Left Gills

Wallagoattu

INTRODUCTION

Rita rita

Mystusseenghala

Heavy metals produce many alterations in tissues and blood of effected fishes [9-11] and render them unable to eat. Now people are becoming aware about aquatic pollution worldwide. In order to monitor and analyze the river pollution and also the heavy metals contaminating rivers, in Pakistan many programs are initiated [12]. The fishes inhabiting the water bodies of Punjab are most adversely affected. Present research was carried out to evaluate the accumulation of heavy metal concentrations in right and left gills of edible fishes (Wallagoattu, Rita rita and Mystusseenghala). The samples were taken from River Jhelum (Pakistan) stretched from Muhammedwala to Rasool barrage. These species were selected because they were adapted in the polluted environments.

Pollution of the aquatic environment by heavy metals is becoming a major concern during recent years all over the world, as they are indestructible and mostly have toxic effects [1]. Some heavy metals (Iron, copper and Magnesium) are required by the living organisms in trace amounts only, whereas others (cadmium, lead) have no beneficial effects and their accumulation would be detrimental. Heavy metal toxicity is responsible for deterioration of ecological balance as well disturbance at organismiccellularlevel [2]. The accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic living organisms is a consequence of excessive pollution of aquatic bodies because of rapid industrialization and urbanization. These heavy metal contaminations have devastating effects on recipient environment and diversity of its inhabitant [3-5]. Fishes are biological indicators of aquatic environments [6, 7]. Metal accumulation differences among different fish species arise due to varying food habits, different tropic occupations and from different metabolic demands [8]. The metal accumulation patterns also reflect the extent of pollution in aquatic environment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS River Jhelum flows in both India and Pakistan. It is the largest and one of the five rivers of Punjab and flows through the Jhelum district. Jhelum is Chenab’s tributary and is about 813km long. It is diverse in fish fauna.

Corresponding Author: Aima Iram Batool, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Tel: +92 0489230556.

195

World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 6 (2): 195-200, 2014

Some basic criteria for the selection of fishes as bioindicatorsinclude that the particular specie should be present in large quantities all over the selected area and it should be easy to sample and there must not be identification problems. Keeping in view above-mentioned criteria the following three species were selected, these wereWallagoattu, Rita rita and Mystusseenghala. Fishes collected for this research study was collected from the four selected sampling stations of River Jhelum. The selected sites were Khushaab, Muhammad wala, 8RD Barrage and Rasool Barrage. The selected fishes Wallagoattu, Rita rita and Mystusseenghala are equally present in the selected sites. Samples of fishes are taken from these sites during end of December, January 2010 (winter collection) and end of May, June 2011 (summer collection). After that, wet acid digestion was carried out by using methodof Mehra and Juneja [13] with slight modifications. Concentrations of heavy metals are analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model# AA.6300 SHIMADZU “Japan” AAS flame type).

Fig. 1: Concentration of copper in lift gills of Rita rita

Fig. 2: Concentration of copper in lift gills of Wallago attu

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The concentrations of heavy metals in right and left gills of the three selected fishes Wallagoattu, Rita rita and Mystusseenghalaare presented in the following tables. Concentration of copperin the left gills (Table1) was higher in all three fishes in summer season as compared to winter season. At Muhammad Walla station, the concentration of copper was higher in Rita rita and Wallagoattuwhere as at Khushaab sampling station concentration of copper was higher in Mystusseenghala (Figs 1-3). In Wallagoattu and Rita rita the concentration of cadmium (Table2)was higher in summer where as in Mystusseenghala it was higher in winter. At 8RD Barrage the cadmium concentration was higher in Wallagoattu and Rita rita and at Khushab station it is higher in Mystusseenghala(Figs 4-6). Lead concentrationsin the left gills (Table 3) were higher in all three in summer season as compared to winter season. At 8RD Barrage station Rita rita had higher accumulation of lead while at khushab sampling station rest of two species had higher concentrations (Figs 7-9). Copper concentration in the right gills was higher in Wallaguattu and Rita rita during summer season (Table 4) while it was higher in Mystusseenghala in winter season. Copper level was significantly higher in all three species at Muhammad Wala station (Figs 10-12).

Fig. 3: Concentration of copper in lift gills of Mystus seenghala

Fig. 4: Concentration of cadmium in lift gills of Rita rita

Fig. 5: Concentration of cadmium in lift gills of Wallago attu 196

World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 6 (2): 195-200, 2014 Table 1: Concentration of copper in left gills of different fishes Rita rita

Wallagoattu

Summer

24.50

16.66

Winter

6.62

6.40

7.19

Khushaab

12.59

2.92

26.51

M. Wala

43.93

32.37

11.41

8RD Barrage

1.02

4.81

5.95

Factor Season Area

Season* Area

Mystusseenghala 16.04

Rasool Barrage

4.70

6.02

9.05

Summer*Khushab

16.55

1.33

45.27

Summer*M.Wala

79.44

60.30

31.2

Summer*8RD Barrage

0.94

1.08

4.04

Summer*Rasool Barrage

0.98

1.33

1.53

Winter*Khushaab

8.64

4.51

7.74

Winter*M.Wala

8.41

4.44

3.32

Winter*8RD Barrage

1.10

5.58

10.58

Winter*Rasool Barrage

8.32

11.06

3.26

Fig. 6:

Concentration of cadmium in lift gills of Mystus seenghala

Table 2: Concentration of cadmium in left gills of different fishes Rita rita

Wallagoattu

Summer

1.85

0.35

0.12

Winter

0.11

0.10

0.10 0.30

Factor Season Area

Season*Area

Khushaab

0.13

0.13

M. Wala

0.28

0.60

Mystusseenghala

8RD Barrage

3.11

0.06

Rasool Barrage

0.38

0.10

0.15 0.06

Summer*Khushab

0.16

0.11

0.21

Summer*M.Wala

0.52

1.14

Summer*8RD Barrage

6.11

0.02

0.06


0.60

0.14

0.05 0.15

Winter*Khushaab

0.10

0.14

Winter*M.Wala

0.05

0.07

Winter*8RD Barrage

0.12

0.10

0.38


0.17

0.06

0.24

Fig. 7: Concentration of lead in lift gills of Rita rita

Table 3: Concentration of lead in left gills of different fishes Rita rita

Wallagoattu

Summer

10.87

9.91

Winter

3.82

2.26

2.26

Khushaab

8.02

8.67

68.38

Factor Season Area

Season*Area


M. Wala

6.32

7.60

11.06

8.R.D Barrage

11.40

4.46

4.46

Rasool Barrage

3.65

3.62

Summer*Khushab

12.41

16.89

Summer*M.Wala

11.58

12.71

11.07

Summer*8RD Barrage

12.26

3.26

1.13 0.56

Fig. 8: Concentration of lead in lift gills of Wallago attu

125.70


7.24

6.77

Winter*Khushaab

3.62

0.45

11.05

Winter*M.Wala

1.06

2.48

11.05

Winter*8RD Barrage

10.55

5.65


0.05

0.46

Fig. 9: Concentration of lead in lift gills of Mystus seenghala

Table 4: Concentration of copper in right gills of different fishes Rita rita

Wallagoattu

Summer

14.72

15.07

18.74

Winter

8.22

7.60

9.96

Khushaab

5.00

3.37

Factor Season Area

Season*Area

Mystusseenghala

M. Wala

32.19

30.36

30.15

8.R.D Barrage

3.12

3.70

7.11 10.05

Rasool Barrage

5.56

7.89

Summer*Khushab

0.40

1.66

Summer*M.Wala

54.93

52.32

52.56

Summer*8RD Barrage

2.37

1.55

3.17


1.17

4.73

0.49

Winter*Khushaab

9.60

5.08

Winter*M.Wala

9.46

8.41

7.75

Winter*8RD Barrage

3.88

5.84

11.06

Winter*RasoolBarrage

9.96

11.06

11.06

Fig. 10: Concentration of copper in right gills of Rita rita 197


Fig. 11: Concentration Wallago attu

of

copper

Fig. 15: Concentration of cadmium in right gills of Mystus seenghala

in right gills of

Fig. 12: Concentration of copper in right gills of Mystus seenghala

Fig. 16: Concentration Rita rita

of

lead in right gills

of

Table 5: Concentrations of cadmium in right gills of different fishes Rita rita

Wallagoattu

Summer

7.35

0.60

0.43

Winter

0.13

0.14

0.10

0.51

Factor Season Area

Season*Area

Fig. 13: Concentration of cadmium in right gills of Rita rita

Mystusseenghala

Khushaab

0.09

M. Wala

11.42

0.82

0.71

8.R.D Barrage

3.22

0.10

0.14 0.06

Rasool Barrage

0.22

0.05

Summer*Khushab

0.13

0.81

Summer*M.Wala

22.67

1.49

1.32

Summer*8RD Barrage 6.33

0.06

0.06


0.26

0.05

Winter*Khushaab

0.06

0.20

0.20

Winter*M.Wala

0.18

0.14

0.16

Winter*8RD Barrage

0.12

0.15

0.10

Winter*RasoolBarrage

0.17

0.06

0.22

Table 6: Concentrations of lead in right gills of different fishes Season

Fig. 14: Concentration of copper in lift gills of Wallago attu

Area

In summer, there was higher accumulation of cadmium in the right gills (Table5) in all three species as compare to winter. At Muhammad Walla station, all three had higher level of cadmium (Figs 13-15). In Rita ritaandMystusseenghalaconcentration of Lead (Table 6) was higher in summer season as compared to winter season, while in Wallaguattulead washigher in winter.

Season*Area

Factor

Rita rita

Wallagoattu

Summer

10.06

11.39


Winter

3.25

18.24

2.26

Khushaab

7.51

9.93

M. Wala

3.64

37.61

11.36

8.R.D Barrage

8.43

8.58

27.71 4.46

Rasool Barrage

7.05

3.16

Summer*Khushab

13.88

14.00

Summer*M.Wala

6.72

14.16

17.05

Summer*8RD Barrage

198

5.65

11.55

44.35


13.97

5.87

Winter*Khushaab

1.13

5.87

0.45

Winter*M.Wala

0.55

61.05

5.61

Winter*8RD Barrage

11.21

5.60

5.66


0.13

0.45

11.06


DISCUSSION Present study was carried out to assess the metallic ions toxicity in various tissues of edible fishes of River Jhelum stretch from Muhammedwala to Rasool barrage. These studies divulged significant variations regarding metal accumulation in left gills and right gills fish among four sampling stations. Seasonal variations regarding metal accumulation was also recorded. Fish are strongly used as bioindicator of contamination. Fish are at the top of aquatic ecosystem food chain and have the ability to accumulate heavy metals in their organs and tissues[14]. Non-edible parts of fishes accumulate more metals than edible one. Gills are one of those hyperaccumulators. Exposure of this filtering organ to metal toxicity in aquatic environment leads towards proliferation of gill filaments and secondary lamellar fusion[15]. In our studies, we observed seasonal variations for the accumulation of heavy metals for different body tissues of fishes collected from four sampling stations. In our studies, seasons affect bioaccumulation of metals in body tissues. Two out of these three metals Cu and Cd were higher in summer season as compared to winter season in all four sampling stations. The reason could bedue todeposition of these metals into the body tissues of fishes increase during summer. Davis et al. [16] disagreed with our results about Cd. But lead concentration had opposite effects and was higher in winter. Olojo and Oluberu [17] have also observed same seasonal pattern for accumulation of lead in their observed specie. Effect of temperature on the toxicity and accumulation of metals are not yet fully understood. Might be possible the increase in water temperature results in increasing gill ventilation rates and to higher oxygen demand for metabolic activities and decreasing oxygen dissolved in the water [18-20]. This will lead to a higher volume of water passing through the gills and increased accumulation and uptake of metals from the water. Copper and leadwere notsignificantly higher in Mystusseenghalathan the two other studied fishes Rita rita and Wallagoattu. While cadmium was observed highest in Rita rita. In the case of copper and lead metals, Mystusseenghalashowed highest affinity for that some specific metal and in other case Rita ritashowed highest approach for other metals. So in our studied there is no hard and fast rule for the accumulation of metals for some

Fig. 17: Concentration of lead in right gills of Wallago attu

Fig. 18: Concentration of lead in right gills of Mystus seenghala Lead concentration in the right gills was higher in all three species as compared to winter season. At 8RD Barrage station lead level is higher in Rita rita and Mystusseenghala, whereas at Muhammad Wala station its level was higher in Wallagoattu (Figs 16-18). Seasonal Variations for the Accumulation of Metals among Four Sampling Stations on Overall Basis: Seasonal Variations Regarding Copper (CU) Concentration: There is variability in copper concentration in fishes collected from four different sites. During summer copper concentration was significantly higher at all sampling stations. During summer overall Mean value remained 21.60±24.96 µg/g, whereas during winter it was as 14.64±12.59 µg/g. Seasonal Variations Regarding Cadmium (CD) Concentration: The cadmium concentration was significantly higher during summer (2.86±8.72 µg/g) whereas in winter it was 0.24±0.21 µg/g. Seasonal Variations Regarding Lead (PB) Concentration: There wereno significant variations in lead concentration. At all sampling stations Lead was higher during winter as 13.08±15.54 µg/g than summer 12.34±15.80 µg/g. 199


specific fishes. The same have been shown by Rauf et al. [21] that the responses of three fish species, for the accumulation of metals in their bodies and tissues did not vary significantly on the basis of their species difference.

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