Secure Behavioral Biometric Authentication with Leap ...

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ'LJLWDO)RUHQVLFVDQG6HFXULW\,6')6 $SULO/LWWOH5RFN$5

6HFXUH%HKDYLRUDO%LRPHWULF$XWKHQWLFDWLRQZLWK/HDS0RWLRQ *UDG\;LDR0DULRIDQQD0LODQRYDDQG0HQJMXQ;LH Johns Hopkins University, Email: [email protected] University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Email: {mgmilanova, mxxie}@ualr.edu

Abstract²,QWKLVSDSHUZHH[DPLQHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIXVHU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ XVLQJ ELRPHWULFV DQG EHKDYLRUDO PRWLRQ GDWD FDSWXUHG E\ WKH /HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU 7KH ELRPHWULFV GDWD LV GHULYHGIURPWKHXVHU¶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

, ,1752'8&7,21 7KH/HDS0RWLRQVHQVRULVDFDPHUDEDVHGVHQVLQJGHYLFH WKDWFDSWXUHVJHVWXUHVDQGPRWLRQGDWDIURPDXVHUDVLQSXWWR D FRPSXWLQJ GHYLFH >@ ,WV FDSDELOLWLHV DOORZ XVHUV WR SOD\ YLGHR JDPHV FRQWURO WKHLU PRXVH HQKDQFH XVHU LQWHUDFWLRQ DQGVRRQ,QWKLVVWXG\ZHH[WHQGWKHIXQFWLRQDOLW\RI/HDS 0RWLRQ WR XVH LW IRU XVHU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ ZKLFK OHYHUDJHV XVHUV¶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et al. VKRZVWKDWWKHDWWDFNHUVZHUHDEOHWRUHFRYHURIWKH SDWWHUQVEDVHGRQ IDFWRUV VXFK DV ILQJHU PDUNVRLO\ UHVLGXH DQG VPXGJHV >@ 7KH DFFXUDF\ RI SDWWHUQEDVHG SDVVZRUG FDQ DFKLHYH DFFXUDF\ ZLWK IDOVH UHMHFWLRQ UDWH )55 DQG IDOVH DFFHSWDQFH UDWH )$5 RU DURXQG DQ (TXDO(UURU5DWH((5 RI>@ )DFLDO UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG ILQJHUSULQWV EHFRPH SRSXODU RQ PRELOHSODWIRUPV$XVHUFDQJDLQDFFHVVWRDVPDUWSKRQHE\ SUHVHQWLQJKLVRUKHUIDFHLQIURQWRIWKHIURQWIDFLQJFDPHUD

,6%1978-1-4673-9865-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

112

)LJXUH 3URFHVVRIXVHUDXWKHQWLFDWLRQLQRXUVWXG\

$OWKRXJK WKLV PHWKRG FDQ DFKLHYH DQ DYHUDJH )55 RI DW)$5>@DQGDQ((5RI>@LQSUHYLRXVVWXGLHV DWWDFNHUVPD\EHDEOHWRXVHDSKRWRRUYLGHRRIWKHXVHUWR E\SDVV WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRG >@ )LQJHUSULQW EDVHG PHWKRGV FDQ DFKLHYH DQ ((5 RI XVLQJ FDPHUDV RQ D PRELOHSKRQH>@DQGXVLQJKLJKTXDOLW\LPDJHV>@ +RZHYHU ILQJHUSULQWV DUH YXOQHUDEOH WR WKHIW $FFRUGLQJ WR Business InsiderILQJHUSULQWVFDQEHHDVLO\UHSURGXFHGIURP DSKRWRJUDSK>@ 7KH /HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU FDSWXUHV XVHU¶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¶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

*UDG\;LDR0DULRIDQQD0LODQRYDDQG0HQJMXQ;LH

RI )RU WKH EHKDYLRUDO VLJQDWXUH PRWLRQ GDWD WKDW LQYROYHV JHQXLQH VDPSOHV DQG DWWDFNLQJ VDPSOHV IRU HDFKRIWKHXVHUVWKHV\VWHPKDVDFKLHYHGDQDYHUDJH((5 RI 2XU VWXG\ KDVLQGLFDWHG WKDW EHKDYLRUDO ELRPHWULF DXWKHQWLFDWLRQZLWK/HDS0RWLRQLVSUDFWLFDODQGHIIHFWLYH 7KHUHVWRIWKLVSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV6HFWLRQ,, EULHIO\ GHVFULEHV EDFNJURXQG DQG UHODWHG ZRUN 6HFWLRQV ,,, DQG,9SUHVHQWWKHPHWKRGVIRUGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 6HFWLRQ 9 GHWDLOV WKH DQDO\VLV RI H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV6HFWLRQ9,FRQFOXGHVWKLVSDSHU ,, %$&.*5281'$1'5(/$7(':25. $OWKRXJK WKH /HDS 0RWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ LV UHODWLYHO\ QHZ PDQ\ VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFWHG UHJDUGLQJ WKH DFFXUDF\ DQGVKDSHUHFRJQLWLRQFDSDELOLW\RI/HDS0RWLRQVHQVRUVDQG LWVDSSOLFDWLRQWRXVHUDXWKHQWLFDWLRQXVLQJPRWLRQJHVWXUHV 7KH /HDS 0RWLRQ PDNHU FODLPV WKDW WKH VHQVRU FDQ DFKLHYHWKHOHYHORIPPDFFXUDF\+RZHYHUWKHUHVHDUFK FRQGXFWHGE\ :HLFKHUWet al.VKRZVWKDWWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKH /HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU LV DFWXDOO\ DURXQG PP >@ 7KLV LPSOLHVWKDWWKHELRPHWULFGDWDIURPWKHKDQGFDQEHXVHGWR ILOWHURXWXVHUVZLWKVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWKDQGVEXWPD\QRW EHVXIILFLHQWWRUHOLDEO\DXWKHQWLFDWHXVHUV /DY\DQG3KDPVWXGLHGUHFRJQL]LQJVKDSHVJHQHUDWHGE\ KDQGZULWLQJ FDSWXUHG WKURXJK D /HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU >@ 7KHLUVWXG\ILUVWWUDQVIRUPHG/HDS0RWLRQ¶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et al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

ILQJHUWLS E\ UHFRUGLQJ WKH SL[HO ZLWK WKH PLQLPXPGHSWK YDOXHLQHDFKIUDPHZKLFKPLJKWQRWEHWKHILQJHUDWDOO$W WKH WLPH RI WKLV ZRUN WKH .LQHFW YHUVLRQ 6'. IRU WKH QHZHU .LQHFW VHQVRU RQO\ SURYLGHV WUDFNLQJ IRU WKXPE DQG KDQG LQVWHDG RI DOO ILQJHUWLSV >@>@ 8QOLNH WKH IUDPH FDSWXUH UDWH RI XS WR ISV IRU /HDS 0RWLRQ WKH .LQHFW VHQVRU FDQ RQO\ FDSWXUH IUDPHV XS WR ISV >@ 7KHUHIRUH .LQ:ULWH KDG WR LPSOHPHQW DQ DOJRULWKP WR LQWHUSRODWH WKH XVHU¶V PRWLRQ EHWZHHQ JDSV LQ WKH IUDPHV FDSWXUHG 7KH /HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU LV DOVR WLPHV PRUH VHQVLWLYHWRWKHXVHU¶VPRWLRQWKDQWKH.LQHFW>@UHTXLULQJ QRVPRRWKLQJDOJRULWKPWRGUDZWKHVLJQDWXUHDQGORZHULQJ WKHIDOVHHVWLPDWLRQIRUWKHSRVLWLRQV ,,, '$7$$&48,6,7,21 7KH/HDS0RWLRQ6'.DOORZVGHYHORSHUVWRHDVLO\REWDLQ XVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIURPIUDPHVWKDWDUHFDSWXUHGE\WKH/HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU >@ :KHQ REWDLQLQJ WKH KDQG ELRPHWULFV GDWDZHFROOHFWWKHILQJHUOHQJWKVRIHDFKILQJHURQWKHXVHU¶V GRPLQDQWKDQG:KHQREWDLQLQJWKH EHKDYLRUDOPRWLRQGDWD ZHFROOHFWWKHQRUPDOL]HGILQJHUWLSSRVLWLRQRIWKHILQJHUWLSLQ ' VSDFH WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHORFLW\ RI WKH QRUPDOL]HG ILQJHUWLS DQG WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH QRUPDOL]HG ILQJHUWLS LQ SLWFKUROODQG\DZ A. Data Filtering ,Q RUGHU WR DYRLG FDSWXULQJ XQQHFHVVDU\ IUDPHV ZH XVH IXQFWLRQV SURYLGHG E\ WKH /HDS 0RWLRQ 6'. WR FUHDWH FULWHULDWKDWFDQILOWHURXW XQQHFHVVDU\RU LQDFFXUDWH IUDPHV 6XFKFULWHULDLQFOXGH x &RQILGHQFH>@'XULQJWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURFHVVWKH XVHU PD\ PRYH KLV RU KHU KDQG VOLJKWO\ RXW RI WKH FRQILGHQWGHWHFWLRQ]RQHRIWKHVHQVRU7KHVHLQDFFXUDWH IUDPHV FDQ EH HOLPLQDWHG E\ ILOWHULQJ RXW WKH IUDPHV ZKHUHWKHFRQILGHQFHRIWKHIUDPHLVOHVVWKDQRQD VFDOHIURPWRE\XVLQJWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQLQDQ ,)VWDWHPHQW ŚĂŶĚ͘ĐŽŶĨŝĚĞŶĐĞ;ͿхсϬ͘ϮϬ x +DQG GHWHFWLRQ >@ $VVXPLQJ WKH XVHU ZLOO EH XVLQJ RQO\RQHKDQGWRYHULI\KDQGELRPHWULFVDQGVLPXODWHD VLJQDWXUH ZH GLVFDUG XQQHFHVVDU\ GDWD E\ ILOWHULQJ WKH IUDPHVEDVHGRQKDQGGHWHFWLRQ6LQFHWKH/HDS0RWLRQ VHQVRU FRQVWDQWO\ FDSWXUHV IUDPHV ZH FDQ ILOWHU RXW WKRVH IUDPHV ZKHUH QR KDQG LV GHWHFWHG RU PXOWLSOH KDQGVDUHGHWHFWHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQ ĨƌĂŵĞ͘ŚĂŶĚƐ;Ϳ͘ĐŽƵŶƚ;Ϳссϭ x )LQJHUQXPEHUGHWHFWLRQ IRUELRPHWULFV>@$VVXPLQJ WKH XVHU ZLOO EH VWUHWFKLQJ DOO ILYH ILQJHUV IRU WKH KDQG ELRPHWULFFROOHFWLRQZHFDQILOWHURXWWKHIUDPHVZLWK RUOHVVGHWHFWHGILQJHUVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQ ŚĂŶĚ͘ĨŝŶŐĞƌƐ;Ϳ͘ĞǆƚĞŶĚĞĚ;Ϳ͘ĐŽƵŶƚ;Ϳссϱ x )LQJHU QXPEHU GHWHFWLRQ IRU VLJQDWXUH >@ $VVXPLQJ WKHXVHUZLOOEHRQO\H[WHQGLQJLQGH[ILQJHUDQGPD\EH WKXPEILQJHUIRUVLJQDWXUHZHFDQILOWHURXWWKHIUDPHV ZLWKRUPRUHGHWHFWHGILQJHUVIRUVLJQDWXUHFROOHFWLRQ DQG PDNH VXUH WKH IURQWPRVW H[WHQGHG ILQJHU LV WKH LQGH[ILQJHUE\XVLQJWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQV

6HFXUH%HKDYLRUDO%LRPHWULF$XWKHQWLFDWLRQZLWK/HDS0RWLRQ

;ŚĂŶĚ͘ĨŝŶŐĞƌƐ;Ϳ͘ĞǆƚĞŶĚĞĚ;Ϳ͘ĐŽƵŶƚ;ͿфсϮͿΘΘ ;ĨƌŽŶƚŵŽƐƚ&ŝŶŐĞƌ͘ƚǇƉĞ;Ϳсс ĨƌŽŶƚŵŽƐƚ&ŝŶŐĞƌ͘ƚǇƉĞ;Ϳ͘dzWͺ/EyͿ B. Data Preprocessing 'XHWRWKHVL]HRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVSDFHDERYHWKHVHQVRU WKH XVHU PD\ VLPXODWH KLV RU KHU VLJQDWXUH DW GLIIHUHQW SRVLWLRQVHDFKWLPH,QRUGHUWRDFFRPPRGDWHWKLVZHRIIVHW WKH VLJQDWXUH E\ LWV VWDUWLQJ SRVLWLRQ WR PLQLPL]H WKH GLIIHUHQFHV %\ VWRULQJ WKH VWDUWLQJ SRVLWLRQ DQG RIIVHWWLQJ WKHVLJQDWXUHSRVLWLRQE\LWVVWDUWLQJSRVLWLRQZHFDQFDSWXUH WKH VLJQDWXUH¶V SRVLWLRQ UHODWLYH WR LWV VWDUWLQJ SRVLWLRQ E\ XVLQJWKHIROORZLQJFRGH

)LJXUH +RPHSDJHRIWKH*8,

ƐƚĂƌƚyсĨƌĂŵĞ͘ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽǆ;Ϳ͘ŶŽƌŵĂůŝǌĞWŽŝŶƚ; ĨƌŽŶƚŵŽƐƚ&ŝŶŐĞƌ͘ƚŝƉWŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ;Ϳ͕ĨĂůƐĞͿ͘ŐĞƚy;Ϳ͖ ƐƚĂƌƚzсĨƌĂŵĞ͘ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽǆ;Ϳ͘ŶŽƌŵĂůŝǌĞWŽŝŶƚ; ĨƌŽŶƚŵŽƐƚ&ŝŶŐĞƌ͘ƚŝƉWŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ;Ϳ͕ĨĂůƐĞͿ͘ŐĞƚz;Ϳ͖ ƐƚĂƌƚсĨƌĂŵĞ͘ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽǆ;Ϳ͘ŶŽƌŵĂůŝǌĞWŽŝŶƚ; ĨƌŽŶƚŵŽƐƚ&ŝŶŐĞƌ͘ƚŝƉWŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ;Ϳ͕ĨĂůƐĞͿ͘ŐĞƚ;Ϳ͖ C. Procedure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raphical User Interface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

114

)LJXUH &RQILJXUDWLRQSDJHRIWKH*8,

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


x 5RWDWLRQDO LQYDULDQW ± )RU VHWV RI VKDSHV LQ GLIIHUHQW URWDWLRQV WKH VKDSHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG WKH VDPH VLQFH WKH URWDWLRQ RI WKH VKDSHV GRHV QRW PDWWHU ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYHWKLVWKHILUVWFRHIILFLHQWLVVHWWR x 7UDQVODWLRQDO LQYDULDQW ±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¶V VLJQDWXUHPD\YDU\LQWLPHSRVLWLRQDQGGLUHFWLRQIURPWULDO WRWULDOWKH)RXULHU'HVFULSWRUVLVQRWDGRSWHG

)LJXUH +DQGELRPHWULFVFROOHFWLRQSDJHZLWKFRORUFKDQJH

)LJXUH 6DPSOHVLJQDWXUHEHIRUH')7 )LJXUH 6LJQDWXUHPRWLRQFROOHFWLRQSDJHZLWKFRORUFKDQJH

,9 0(7+2'6)25'$7$$1$/@ D VHW RI IHDWXUH GHVFULSWRUV FRHIILFLHQWV DUH UHWXUQHG :LWK WKHVH GHVFULSWRU FRHIILFLHQWV WKH IHDWXUHV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH FRHIILFLHQWV FDQ EHFRPHVFDOHLQYDULDQWURWDWLRQDOLQYDULDQWDQGWUDQVODWLRQDO LQYDULDQW>@>@ x 6FDOH LQYDULDQW ± )RU VHWV RI VKDSHV LQ GLIIHUHQW VFDOHV WKHVKDSHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWKHVDPHVLQFHWKHVFDOHRIWKH VKDSHVGRHVQRWPDWWHU,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKLVDOORIWKH )RXULHU GHVFULSWRUV FRHIILFLHQWV PXVW EH GLYLGHG E\ WKH VHFRQGFRHIILFLHQW 115

)LJXUH 5HFRQVWUXFWHGVLJQDWXUHDIWHU')7

B. Seven Invariant Moments (Hu’s Invariant) 7KH ,QYDULDQW 0RPHQWV DOJRULWKP >@ SHUIRUPV LQ D VLPLODU PDQQHU DV WKH )RXULHU 'HVFULSWRUV E\ UHWXUQLQJ FRHIILFLHQWV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH LPDJHV +RZHYHU +X¶V ,QYDULDQW IDLOV WR DFFRPPRGDWH VOLJKW GLIIHUHQFHVLQURWDWLRQDQGVFDOH IRUVLPLODU VLJQDWXUHV >@ 6LQFH D XVHU¶V VLJQDWXUH PD\ YDU\ VOLJKWO\ LQ VFDOH DQG URWDWLRQWKH+X¶V,QYDULDQWLVQRWDSSOLHGLQWKLVVWXG\HLWKHU


C. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) 7KH '7: DOJRULWKP >@ FDOFXODWHV WKH GLIIHUHQFH RU GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WZR GDWDVHWV ݀‫̴ܿݓݐ‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ZKHUH ܽ UHSUHVHQWV WKH ILUVW GDWDVHW DQG ܾ UHSUHVHQWV WKH VHFRQG GDWDVHW 7KH DGYDQWDJHV RI XVLQJ '7: RYHU )RXULHU 'HVFULSWRUVRU,QYDULDQW0RPHQWVDUHWZRIROG $Q\W\SH RIQXPHULFDOGDWDFDQEHDSSOLHGWR'7:DOORZLQJWKHLQSXW QRWWREHOLPLWHGWRX/Y/ZSRVLWLRQVEXWWRLQFOXGHPRUHVXFK DV PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHORFLW\ DQG WKH GLUHFWLRQ¶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¶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x 5HFHLYHU 2SHUDWLQJ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV 52& FXUYH ± 7KH 52& FXUYH VKRZV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ )$5 DQG )55DQGFDQEHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKH((5

ZKHUHDWUXHSRVLWLYHLVDJHQXLQHVDPSOHEHLQJ FRUUHFWO\DFFHSWHGDQGDIDOVHSRVLWLYHLVDQDWWDFNLQJ VDPSOHEHLQJZURQJO\DFFHSWHG x )DOVH5HMHFWLRQ5DWH)55 ͓‫ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊݁ݏ݈݂݂ܽ݋‬ ‫ ܴܴܨ‬ൌ ͓‫ ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊݁ݏ݈݂݂ܽ݋‬൅ ͓‫ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊݁ݑݎݐ݂݋‬ ZKHUHDWUXHQHJDWLYHLVDQDWWDFNLQJVDPSOHEHLQJ FRUUHFWO\UHMHFWHGDQGDIDOVHQHJDWLYHLVDJHQXLQH VDPSOHEHLQJZURQJO\UHMHFWHG x (TXDO(UURU5DWH(55 7KHYDOXHZKHQ)$5HTXDOV WKH)55 9 (;3(5,0(17$/5(68/76 'XULQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SURFHVV ERWK JHQXLQH KDQG ELRPHWULFV DQG VLJQDWXUH PRWLRQ VDPSOHV DQG LQVLGHU DWWDFN VLJQDWXUHVZHUHFROOHFWHGIRUHDFKRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV)RU HDFKSDUWLFLSDQWWKHJHQXLQHXVHU¶V'7:GLVWDQFHDUUD\IRU KDQG ELRPHWULFV GDWD DQG WKH RQH IRU EHKDYLRUDO VLJQDWXUH GDWD FRQWDLQ YDOXHV H[FOXGLQJ WKH VDPSOH XVHG DV WKH WHPSODWH 7KH DWWDFNLQJ '7: GLVWDQFH DUUD\ IRU KDQG ELRPHWULFV GDWD FRQWDLQV YDOXHV H[FOXGLQJ WKH XVHU¶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¶V WHPSODWH ZLOO EH DFFHSWHG ZKLOH DQ DWWHPSWZLWK'7:GLVWDQFHRIRUDERYHIURPWKHXVHU¶V WHPSODWHZLOOEHUHMHFWHG

)LJXUH+LVWRJUDPRI'7:GLVWDQFHVIRUVLJQDWXUHGDWDRISDUWLFLSDQW

7KH 52& FXUYHV IRU KDQG ELRPHWULFV GDWD IURP DOO WKH SDUWLFLSDQWVDUHGLVSOD\HGLQ)LJXUH)URPWKH52&FXUYHV ZH FDQ GHWHUPLQH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RI )$5 DQG )55 $V VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH , WKH DYHUDJH ((5 RI WKH KDQG ELRPHWULFVGDWDLVPHDQLQJWKDWRQDYHUDJHRI WKHDWWDFNLQJDWWHPSWVDUHUHMHFWHGDQGRIWKHWUXHXVHU

x )DOVH$FFHSWDQFH5DWH)$5 ͓‫ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌݁ݏ݈݂݂ܽ݋‬ ‫ ܴܣܨ‬ൌ ͓‫ ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌݁ݏ݈݂݂ܽ݋‬൅ ͓‫ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌݁ݑݎݐ݂݋‬

116


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

WKDW LV RQ DYHUDJH RI WKH WUXH XVHU DWWHPSWV DUH DFFHSWHGDQGRIWKHDWWDFNLQJDWWHPSWVDUHUHMHFWHG 2QDYHUDJHDXVHURQO\QHHGVWRSHUIRUPDWWHPSWVWR EHDXWKHQWLFDWHG7KLVORZ((5LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHEHKDYLRUDO VLJQDWXUHPRWLRQDXWKHQWLFDWLRQLVHIIHFWLYH

)LJXUH52&FXUYHVRIEHKDYLRUDOVLJQDWXUHPRWLRQGDWDZLWKHDFK FRORUHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJDSDUWLFLSDQWWKUHHRYHUODSDW((5RI

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

)LJXUH52&FXUYHVRIKDQGELRPHWULFVGDWDHDFKFRORUHGOLQH UHSUHVHQWLQJDSDUWLFLSDQW 7$%/(,((59$/8(6)25+$1'%,20(75,&6),*85( $1')25 %(+$9,25$/6,*1$785(027,21'$7$),*85(

((5KDQG ELRPHWULFV

((5 EHKDYLRUDO

$YHUDJH

6WGHY

&,

0D[

0LQ

RI$WWHPSWV

3DUWLFLSDQWV

9, &21&/86,21

7KH 52& FXUYHV IRU EHKDYLRUDO VLJQDWXUH PRWLRQ GDWD IURP DOO WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV DUH GLVSOD\HG LQ )LJXUH $V VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH , WKH ((5 RI WKH VLJQDWXUH GDWD LV

117

7KLV SDSHU KDV SUHVHQWHG WKH GHVLJQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI D EHKDYLRUDO ELRPHWULF DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHP XVLQJ WKH /HDS 0RWLRQ VHQVRU $V VKRZQ LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV WKH V\VWHP GHVLJQHG LQ RXU VWXG\ FDQ UHDFK DQ DYHUDJH ((5 RI )RU)$5EHLQJWKHV\VWHPFDQVWLOOUHDFKD)55RI IRU VRPH XVHUV ZKLOH WKH DYHUDJH LV 7KLV UHVXOW PD\ LPSURYH IXUWKHU LI PRUH XVHU VDPSOHV ZHUH FROOHFWHG DQG XVHG WR JHQHUDWH WKH XVHU WHPSODWH &RPSDUHG WR DERXW ((5 RI IDFLDO UHFRJQLWLRQ YXOQHUDEOH WR DWWDFNV XVLQJ


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

>@ >@ >@

>@

>@ >@

>@

>@

>@ >@ >@

>@

³/HDS0RWLRQ´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVZZZOHDSPRWLRQFRPSURGXFWGHVNWRS>$FFHVVHG-XQ @ ³/HDS0RWLRQ'HYHORSHUV´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVGHYHORSHUOHDSPRWLRQFRPDUWLFOHVLQWURWRPRWLRQFRQWURO >$FFHVVHG-XQ@ -*XQD*-DNXV03RJDþQLN67RPDåLþDQG-6RGQLN³$Q $QDO\VLVRIWKH3UHFLVLRQDQG5HOLDELOLW\RIWKH/HDS0RWLRQ6HQVRU DQG,WV6XLWDELOLW\IRU6WDWLFDQG'\QDPLF7UDFNLQJ´SensorsYRO QRSS±)HE 773DQDJLRWLV$QGULRWLV³$SLORWVWXG\RQWKHVHFXULW\RISDWWHUQ VFUHHQORFNPHWKRGVDQGVRIWVLGHFKDQQHODWWDFNV´SS± ³$6XUYH\RQ8VHU'HYLFH$XWKHQWLFDWLRQRQ(PHUJLQJ+&, ,QWHUIDFHV´J. Latex Cl. FilesYROQR-DQ $'H/XFD$+DQJ)%UXG\&/LQGQHUDQG++XVVPDQQ ³7RXFKPHRQFHDQGLNQRZLW¶V\RXLPSOLFLWDXWKHQWLFDWLRQEDVHGRQ WRXFKVFUHHQSDWWHUQV´LQProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsSS± ³,(((;SORUH$EVWUDFW)597DQG,&(/DUJH6FDOH ([SHULPHQWDO5HVXOWV´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSLHHH[SORUHLHHHRUJ[SOVDEVBDOOMVS"DUQXPEHU >$FFHVVHG-XO@ $3DEEDUDMXDQG63XFKDND\DOD³)DFH5HFRJQLWLRQLQ0RELOH 'HYLFHV´Univ. Mich. Ann Arbor 02'HUDZL%$FFHVVHG-XO@ ):HLFKHUW'%DFKPDQQ%5XGDNDQG')LVVHOHU³$QDO\VLVRI WKH$FFXUDF\DQG5REXVWQHVVRIWKH/HDS0RWLRQ&RQWUROOHU´ SensorsYROQRSS±0D\ '/DY\DQG'3KDP³9LUWXDO6KDSH5HFRJQLWLRQXVLQJ/HDS 0RWLRQ´Boston Univ. Boston MA0D\ ³%DWWHOOH6LJQ:DYH70 8QORFN$SSIRU/HDS0RWLRQ/HWV2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSZZZPDUNHWZLUHGFRPSUHVVUHOHDVHEDWWHOOHVLJQZDYHXQORFN DSSIRUOHDSPRWLRQOHWV\RXZDYHJRRGE\HWRSDVVZRUGV KWP>$FFHVVHG-XQ@ ³+DFNLQJ/HDS0RWLRQDSSV6HFXULW\UHVHDUFKHUVVSRRIELRPHWULF DXWRORJLQV\VWHP_9HQWXUH%HDW_6HFXULW\_E\-RKQ.RHWVLHU´ >2QOLQH@$YDLODEOHKWWSYHQWXUHEHDWFRPKDFNLQJOHDS PRWLRQVHFXULW\UHVHDUFKHUVVSRRIELRPHWULFDXWRORJLQDLUVSDFHDSS >$FFHVVHG-XQ@

118

>@ ,1LJDP09DWVDDQG56LQJK³/HDSVLJQDWXUHUHFRJQLWLRQXVLQJ +22)DQG+27IHDWXUHV´LQ2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)SS± >@ -7LDQ&4X:;XDQG6:DQJ³.LQ:ULWH+DQGZULWLQJ%DVHG $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ8VLQJ.LQHFW´LQProceedings of the 20th Annual Network & Distributed System Security Symposium >@ ³.LQHFWIRU:LQGRZV´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVZZZPLFURVRIWFRPHQXVNLQHFWIRUZLQGRZVGHIDXOWDVS[ >$FFHVVHG-XO@ >@ ..KRVKHOKDPDQG62(OEHULQN³$FFXUDF\DQG5HVROXWLRQRI .LQHFW'HSWK'DWDIRU,QGRRU0DSSLQJ$SSOLFDWLRQV´SensorsYRO QRSS±)HE >@ ³/HDS0RWLRQODXQFKHVµZRUOG¶VPRVWDFFXUDWH'PRWLRQ¶JHVWXUH FRQWUROOHUWRGD\´VentureBeat>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSYHQWXUHEHDWFRPOHDSPRWLRQILQDOO\ODXQFKHV ZRUOGVPRVWDFFXUDWHGPRWLRQJHVWXUHFRQWUROOHU>$FFHVVHG -XQ@ >@ ³.LQHFWIRU:LQGRZVIHDWXUHV´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVZZZPLFURVRIWFRPHQ XVNLQHFWIRUZLQGRZVPHHWNLQHFWIHDWXUHVDVS[>$FFHVVHG-XO @ >@ ³ILQJHUWUDFNLQJQRWZRUNLQJ´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVVRFLDOPVGQPLFURVRIWFRP)RUXPVHQ86HHE HDGILQJHUWUDFNLQJQRW ZRUNLQJ"IRUXP NLQHFWYVGN>$FFHVVHG-XO@ >@ ³/HDS0RWLRQ'HYHORSHUV´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVGHYHORSHUOHDSPRWLRQFRPGRZQORDGV>$FFHVVHG-XQ @ >@ ³'DWD&RQILGHQFH_/HDS0RWLRQ'HYHORSHUV´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSVGHYHORSHUOHDSPRWLRQFRPJDOOHU\GDWDFRQILGHQFH>$FFHVVHG -XQ@ >@ ³)UDPH²/HDS0RWLRQ-DYD6'.YGRFXPHQWDWLRQ´>2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOH KWWSVGHYHORSHUOHDSPRWLRQFRPGRFXPHQWDWLRQMDYDDSL/HDS)UDPH KWPOMDYDFODVVFRPBBOHDSPRWLRQBBOHDSBBBIUDPHBDHDDH GEGIIFDHIGE>$FFHVVHG-XQ@ >@ ³)LQJHU²/HDS0RWLRQ-DYD6'.YGRFXPHQWDWLRQ´>2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOH KWWSVGHYHORSHUOHDSPRWLRQFRPGRFXPHQWDWLRQMDYDDSL/HDS)LQJHU KWPOLG>$FFHVVHG-XQ@ >@ ³/HVVRQ/HDUQLQJ6ZLQJZLWKWKH1HW%HDQV,'(7KH-DYD70 7XWRULDOV!&UHDWLQJD*8,:LWK-)&6ZLQJ ´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSGRFVRUDFOHFRPMDYDVHWXWRULDOXLVZLQJOHDUQLQGH[KWPO >$FFHVVHG-XQ@ >@ ³+RZWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGLVFUHWH)RXULHUWUDQVIRUP´>2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOHKWWSZZZQD\XNLLRSDJHKRZWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGLVFUHWH IRXULHUWUDQVIRUP>$FFHVVHG-XQ@ >@ 96D[HQD³)RXULHUGHVFULSWRUVXQGHUURWDWLRQVFDOLQJWUDQVODWLRQDQG YDULRXVGLVWRUWLRQIRUKDQGGUDZQSODQDUFXUYHV´J. Exp. Sci.YRO QRSS± >@ ³:ROIUDP'HPRQVWUDWLRQV3URMHFW´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSGHPRQVWUDWLRQVZROIUDPFRP)RXULHU'HVFULSWRUV>$FFHVVHG -XQ@ >@ ³7KH6HYHQ,QYDULDQW0RPHQWV)LOH([FKDQJH0$7/$%&HQWUDO´ >2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSLQPDWKZRUNVFRPPDWODEFHQWUDOILOHH[FKDQJHWKHVHYHQ LQYDULDQWPRPHQWV>$FFHVVHG-XQ@ >@ =+XDQJDQG-/HQJ³$QDO\VLVRI+X¶VPRPHQWLQYDULDQWVRQLPDJH VFDOLQJDQGURWDWLRQ´LQ2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET)YROSS 9±±9± >@ ³'\QDPLF7LPH:DUSLQJ'7: )LOH([FKDQJH0$7/$% &HQWUDO´>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOH KWWSZZZPDWKZRUNVFRPPDWODEFHQWUDOILOHH[FKDQJH G\QDPLFWLPHZDUSLQJGWZ>$FFHVVHG-XQ@ >@ ³0$7/$%7KH/DQJXDJHRI7HFKQLFDO&RPSXWLQJ´>2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOHKWWSZZZPDWKZRUNVFRPSURGXFWVPDWODE>$FFHVVHG -XQ@ >@ 16DH%DHDQG10HPRQ³2QOLQH6LJQDWXUH9HULILFDWLRQRQ0RELOH 'HYLFHV´IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur.YROQRSS± -XQ