selected insect pest occurence mapping from genus ...

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These were the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana Treit., syn.: Cydia funebrana L.), oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta ...
SELECTED INSECT PEST OCCURENCE MAPPING FROM GENUS TORTRICIDAE IN EXTENSIVE FRUIT ORCHARD. MAPOVANIE VÝSKYTU VYBRANÝCH HMYZÝCH ŠKODCOV Z ČEĽADE OBAĽOVAČOVITÉ (TORTRICIDAE) V EXTENZÍVNEJ VÝSADBE OVOCNÝCH DREVÍN. Mezey Ján – Džubárová Martina Department of fruit production, viticulture and enology, FHLE-SAU in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia Abstrakt The aim of the trial was primarily to highlight the problem of insect pests of the family Tortricidae of fruit plants based on previously known, published professional papers, as well as the direct research field. The observation area, which took place a thorough mapping of leafrollers, the extensive planting of fruit trees in the Botanical Garden of the University of Pavol J. Šafárik in Košice. Using pheromone traps were placed at the site, confirmed the presence of the target species of leafrollers, which cause serious damage to the produce of fruit trees. These were the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana Treit., syn.: Cydia funebrana L.), oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck., syn.: Cydia molesta L.), small fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii Now.) and summer fruit tortrix (Adoxophyes orana F. v. R.). Part of this work is a brief description of their flying activity during vegetation period and overall evaluation of the study area. With help of the flying activity dates the chemical treatments can be more effectively implicated. Subsequently, developed protective measures to limit the occurrence of particular species of leaf rollers, fully respecting the integrated plant protection.

Key words fruit trees, pests, sex pheromones, monitoring, IPM

Introduction In integrated pest management is very important to minimalize chemical treatments, above all to exclude the pesticides with wide working action against insect pests (pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates). Use of chemicals is allowed only in cases, if economically importance of the pest was exceeded following monitoring, signalization and in-field diagnostic. In integrated pest management mechanical treatments should be applied, above all for elimination of infection sources (liquidation of infected plant parts) and pest collecting (sticky traps). Biological protection should have higher importance. From approved biological protection methods various biopreparates, e G. Bacillus thuringiensis or predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri should be used. Also biotechnological tools as pheromone traps should be used.

Material and methods The observation property was an extensive fruit orchard without chemical treatments of the Botanical garden of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice in which we make the observation of selected pest. Area characteristic: acreage of Botanical garden is 30ha, geographic coordinates are 48°45´ latitude, 21°19´ longitude, 218-370 m above sea level. Elevation is 152m. The geological substrata are pyroclastic slates and fylits. Average year temperature is 8,4°C, the lowest temperature is in January with average value of -3,4°C. Average yearly rainfall is 643mm with mostly north wind. Various fruit species are present in the orchard. The most cultivated species are from genus Malus, with 45% of total structure. Among others are species of Cerassus, with 22%, Prunus with 16%, Juglans with 12% and 5% for other species such as Pyrus, Cydonia, Sorbus, Crataegus and Corylus. It is a non-homogeny extensive orchard with no agrotechnical and chemical treatments, which is for our purposes very important.

Evaluation field of the trial are insects pests from family Tortricidae. The species from this family are important insect pests with high fruit damage potential with essential impact of economy. By observation of flying activity of insects we used pheromone traps. They are a monitoring systems based on sex pheromones of females, which attract the males, who are catched onto sticky traps. Pheromone traps can very correctly follow the flying activity of insects and with their help the chemical treatments could be done. It is a basic insect controlling mechanism in integrated pest management. The arranged pheromone traps were placed equally in observated orchard in recommended dates for each of the selected insect in time range between 15.4 2011 and 1.5.2011. The traps were placed in 1,6m height in all main parts of the orchard, including the middle and border areas of the orchard. We used a set of three traps for each of the insect (total 15 traps). The distance between traps was 50 meters. The distance between traps for various species could be lower than 0,5m. The controlling of the traps was done two times per week. By controlling, we removed each insect and mess from the traps. The sticky plates were removed after 100 insects were caught. Also the pheromone dispensers were changed after 6-8 weeks. We make notices from the each catch in an evaluation sheet. We noticed also the dates of posted traps, dates of sticky plates change and pheromone dispenser change. Following, the obtained results were processed into charts and tables. The species were determined right in the orchard. Controversial insects were sent for laboratory expertises. For determination we used publications from Bradley et al. (1979), Meijerman et al. (2000) and Hluchý et al. (2008).

Results and discussion Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) According monitoring we confirm the occurrence of codling moth in the observed area. The occurrence was from 26. 4. till 30. 9. 2011. During the whole observed time 177 males were caught. The pheromone traps allocated 100% selectivity to this pest.

We observed two strong flying curves; the highest flight frequency was 3. 6 and 20. 7. 2011. Because of the extremely hot summer we confirm in observed area also the third partial flying curve. Ideal weather conditions (hot and dry weather) can significally raise the flying and reproduction activity, according to Trematerri & Sciarretti (1998).

Plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana Treit., syn.: Cydia funebrana)

According monitoring we confirm the occurrence of plum fruit moth in the observed area. The first occurrence was dated to 22. 4. 2011. During the whole observed time 942 males of plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana Treit., syn.: Cydia funebrana L.) were caught, 43 pcs of oriental fruith moth (Grapholita molesta Busck., syn.: Cydia molesta L.), 3 pcs of the grey tortrix (Cnephasia stephensiana Doub.), and 3 pcs of ash-bark piercer (Pammene suspectana L. & Z.) were caught. Right after the pheromone traps were posted up, there was an intensive flight of first generation of plum fruit moth. By the end of April and during May we observed the highest counts of trapped males during observed period. The highest occurrence was 17.5.2011 in all three traps. The flight of the second generation was influenced by negative weather impacts, in which the intensive rainfall by end of July significantly influenced the developing cycle of the moth. The recorded flying activity increase was in the second half of July interrupted and the second generation ended their cycle only by the end of August (27.8.2011).

Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck., Cydia molesta L.) According monitoring we confirm the occurrence of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck., syn.: Cydia molesta L.) in the observed area. The occcurance was recorded from 22.4.2011 till 7.10.2011. According to the determination in field and in laboratory conditions the catches with pheromone traps Deltastop CM counted 704 pcs of the OFM, 28 pcs of plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana Treit., syn.: Cydia funebrana L.), 7 pcs of ash-bark piercer (Pammene suspectana L. & Z.), 4 pcs of the grey tortrix (Cnephasia stephensiana Doub.), and 2 pcs of the chestnut leafroller (Pammene fasciana L.). Right after the pheromone traps were posted up, there was an intensive flight of first generation of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck., Cydia molesta L.).. Hluchý et al. (2008) present, that the second and first of all the third generation of moth is more numerous than the first generation. The obtained data showed, that right the first generation was the most numerous.

The highest value of the moth was occurred by the end of April. From 20. 4. till 29. 4. 2011 we observed 227 pcs of moths caught in traps, which is nearly 1/3 of total moths caught during the whole observed period. The relative population density of the second and the third generation was in the observed area inexpressive. The low amount of the pest in the observed area was beside to negative weather condition also in absence of the genus Persica, which is preferred by the oriental fruit moth. Small fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii Now.) According monitoring we confirm the occurrence of small fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii Now.) in the observed area. The occurrence of the pest was recorded from 3.5.2011 till 23.7.2011 following the dates from 19.8.2011 till 16.9.2011. According to the determination in field and in laboratory conditions the catches with pheromone traps Deltastop GL counted 281 pcs of small fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii Now.), 4 pcs of triangle-marked piercer (Pammene spiniana Dup.), 1pcs of ash-bark piercer (Pammene suspectana L. & Z.) and 1pcs of fruitlet mining tortrix moth (Pammene rhediella Clerck).

Summer fruit tortrix (Adoxophyes orana F. v. R.) According monitoring we confirm the occurrence of summer fruit tortrix (Adoxophyes orana F. v. R.) in the observed area. From 6.5.2011 till 13.5.2011 we observed on sticky traps total count of 8 moths. In the following time period we didn’t recorded any of the moth. According this fact, we can suppose, that this moth didn’t cause significantly higher damages of fruit trees. During the observed period we caught also a few species of the genus owlet moths (Noctuidae).

Conclusions From the Tortricidae family we determine following insect pests: the grey tortrix (Cnephasia stephensiana Doub.), chestnut leafroller (Pammene fasciana L.)., ash-bark piercer (Pammene suspectana L. & Z.), fruitlet mining tortrix moth (Pammene rhediella Clerck.) and triangle-marked piercer (Pammene spiniana Dup.) From the family Noctuidae we identified red-headed chestnut moth (Conistra erythrocephala D. & S.), small yellow underwing (Panemeria tenebrata Scop.) and the coronet (Craniophora ligustri D. & S.) The population density of the moths wasn’t in any case very high. This fact we interpret with the extensive fruit orchard conditions, where from the beginning no chemical treatments were applied. In the observed orchard are beside determined species also a wide scale of their natural enemies (birds, predatory insects etc.), which limits the reproduction potential of moths. Essential influence for occurrence and development of selected species and generations is also the weather. Even the year 2011 was the ninth warmest summer since 1871, high frequency and rain rate; temperature oscillation, negatively influenced the development cycle of the pests and significantly influenced their activity during observed period. Referencies: BRADLEY, J. D. - TREMEWAN, W. G. & SMITH, A. 1979. British Tortricoid moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae [CD-ROM]. London: The Ray Society, 2008. ISBN 978-1-904690-12-2. MEIJERMAN, L. et al. 2000. Arthropods of economic importance [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: Biodiversity center of ETI, University of Amsterdam, 2000. ISBN 3-540-14709-8. HLUCHÝ, M. et al. 2008. Ochrana ovocných dřevin a révy v ekologické a integrované produkci. Brno: Biocont Laboratory spol. s r. o., 2008. 498 s. ISBN 978-80-901874-7-4.