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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN 2454-3195

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

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IIEPDR: Improved Information and Energy Proficient Data Relaying Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks Anjali Rana1, Kirti Bhatia2, Rohini Sharma3 1

2

Student, Sat Kabir Institute of Technology and Management, Haryana, India, [email protected] Assistant Professor, Sat Kabir Institute of Technology and Management, Haryana, India,[email protected] 3 Assistant professor, Jesus and Mary College, Delhi University, Delhi, India, [email protected]

Abstract In this article, we offer an energy and data proficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks (WBAN) using sensors and multi-hop routing. We have introduced redundant nodes at mobile positions. These nodes transmit data to the sink node. However, in order to avoid duplicate data transmission, we forward data of only one node among the adjacent sensor nodes. Next we have chosen relay node which transmit data of another nodes. The selection of relay node is based upon its residual energy, its distance from the sink and from its neighbors. The energy and distance constraints provide balanced power consumption. Distribution of redundant nodes avoid link break in case of movement of human body and removal of duplicate data reduces extra energy consumption. Simulation results prove that the IIEPDR protocol lower the overall energy consumption and increase data information during the network operations. Availability of redundant nodes maintains data delivery towards the sink in all situations (mobile and idle).

Keywords:Wireless Body Area Network, Sensors, Multi-hop, Energy consumption, Information monitoring 1. Introduction Wireless Sensor networks (WSN) are used for different types of monitoring in different types of fields (Akyildiz et al., 2002). Sensors are dispersed in the area of monitoring. There are several problems associated with sensors like link establishment, large energy consumption, coverage and malfunctioning (Sharma et al.,2015). Several methods have been proposed to solve different issues of sensor networks (Chillar et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2016; Hooda et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2015; Chillar et al., 2016). Wireless body area network is an emerging field of WSN (Ullah et al., 2012). A WBAN is a group of low-energy, tiny, persistent thin wireless sensor motes that supervise the human body activities and the adjacent environment. Altogether, it supports a variety of advanced and fascinating applications such as patient monitoring, showbiz, collaborative gaming, and military operations (Bangash et al., 2014). A WBAN can supervise the physiological conditions of a patient continuously and can supply real time response. As continuous monitoring is provided by WBASN, if there is some serious condition an instantaneous action can be taken to handle the situation. The sensors can be embedded in the human body or can be positioned on the human body. These sensors can be used to check the glucose level, heart rate, body temperature or any specific disease in a human body. The sensors can collect the biological data and then send to general practitioner in a clinic through some type of wireless network. Based on the received information, diagnosis is performed and on that basis a valid decisions can be taken. WBAN are very useful as a patient can be monitored at his home, at road etc. Patient need not be present at the medical center always for her health problem. As sensors are implanted in the human body, it is not possible to continuously recharge the batteries of sensors, therefore there must be some power efficient routing protocol which provide a long life to WBAN. There are various routing protocols available for WSN which balance the energy consumption like node deployment techniques (Hooda et al., 2016) and some MANET protocols (Sharma et al., 2015 ; Sharma et al., 2015 ). But WBAN architecture and conditions are different from WSN, therefore algorithm used for WSN cannot work well for WBAN. As a result several protocols has been proposed for the WBANs. We propose a data and energy efficient protocol which works for lengthier periods for the WBAN installed in a human body. We have installed nodes at different places of the body. Sink is located near the waist. Sensors which measures critical information like heart rate (ECG) and sugar level are located near the sink, so that these can

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

ISSN 2454-3195 (online)

transmit data directly to sink without large energy depletion and unnecessary attenuation. Rest of the sensors select a relay node and transmit their data through it. Since a human can move at any time, there is a chance of link break between a transmitter and a relay node. The maximum possibility of link break is at joints e.g. knees, shoulders and palms. Out of these maximum movement is possible through knees. Therefore we have implanted redundant nodes near the knees. But redundant nodes can supply duplicate data. In order to avoid this situation, we identify the duplicate data by the nodes’ identifier (ID). If two nodes have same source and destination, data only from one node is accepted, data from other node has been discarded. Following this methodology, WBAN works for longer time span and produce sufficient amount of information. The enduring part of the paper has been structured as follows: In part two, we have summarized the related work. In section three, power model has been explained. In part four, IIEPRF has been explained. Analysis of simulation results has been done in part five. Finally, part six concludes the work.

2. Related Work In WABN, a huge number of protocols have been proposed in recent years. In this section, a detailed work in this field has been explained. A multi- hop, energy efficient protocol (Nadeem et al., 2013) has been proposed which increases the stability period of the WBAN. They have projected a cost function to choose a head node which forward data of other nodes. This selection is based on the remaining energy of a node and its distance from the sink node. Javed et al. have proposed a thermal aware and threshold based protocol for heterogeneous WBAN (Javed et al., 2013). They have used multi-hop communication for normal data and direct communication for crucial data. Their algorithm is thermal aware means if the amount of heat generated is more than a threshold level through a link, that link is avoided in next routing, rather a new link has been taken for transmission of data. Lio et al. have given a relay tactic grounded on the adaptable quality of service radio frequency transmission component and complex in-to-out body path loss prototype. They have also derived a formula in which the forwarder node with lesser energy consumption and smallest distance to the sink is selected in every round. Then they used time division multiple access method to schedule data transmission from normal sensors to the selected forwarders and consequently lessen the whole length of communication links (Lio et al., 2016). Singh et al. have proposed adaptive routing protocol which is based on fuzzy concepts and clustering method of sensors. It chooses direct transmission between node and sink which is based upon the precarious situation and the position of the sensor nodes (Singh et al., 2015). Kim et al. have given a detailed survey on mobility based routing protocols for the WBANs. They have presented the different approaches and the important characters related to mobility in WBAN (Kim et al., 2017).

3. Energy Consumption Model We have picked up the first order radio energy model used in (Heinzelman et al., 2000). According to this model, the energy consumed in transmission of i bits of data is given by ETX (i, d) = Eelec (i) + Eamp (i, dn ) (1) where d is the distance between transceiver and receiver. Eelec is the energy consumed in operating transceiver and receiver. Eamp is the energy required to amplify the circuit. Energy consumed in received i bits of data is given by ERX (i, d) = Eelec (i) (2) As the sensors are implanted in the human body, radio signals get attenuated by the human body. In order to include path loss coefficient parameter in energy model. Equation 1 can be modified as follows: ETX (i, d) = Eelec ∗ i + Eamp ∗ n ∗ i ∗ dn ) (3) A variety of transceiver are available in the market for WBAN (Jovanov et al., 2005).We have taken Nordic nRF24LE1 one time programmable chip for the simulation of IIEPDR protocol. It is low cost, ultra-low power 2.4GHz radio frequency chip for the 2.4GHz ISM band. Its details are given in Table 1.

4. IIEPDR: Improved Information and Energy Proficient Data Relaying Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks 4.1 Initial Configuration In this part of article, we proposed a unique routing protocol for WBANs. The WBANs face energy constrain and mobility management. The continuous movement of a human being can break the previously connected routes or links. Keeping these constraints in view, we have provided mobility based, information and energy proficient

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

ISSN 2454-3195 (online)

protocol. Total eleven nodes have been deployed at different parts of the body. Node one and two are used for heart rate (ECG) and sugar level respectively and these can communicate with sink directly. The sink is positioned at the middle of the body. Complete deployment of nodes has been shown in the Figure 1.

4.2 NodesIdentification and Communication In the beginning, the sink node broadcast its location to all the nodes, the nodes reply back with their location and power status to sink. Nodes which are far away calculated their distance to the sink via multi-hop communication. Going through this all nodes are able to find the location of the sink and their adjacent nodes.

4.3 Selection of a Relay Node and Data Relaying A multi-hop communication always provide long life to a sensor network, therefore we have offered a multi-hop scheme for the IIEPDR protocol. Here we have selected a relay node based on its distance from sink, from neighbors and its residual energy at that round of the network. If a node has least distance and maximum energy as compared to its adjacent nodes then it is selected as the relay node. As the sink has information about all the nodes in the network, it computes the total distance among nodes and residual energy of all the as follows: 1 𝐷1 (Ni , Nj ) ∝ (4) E (N j ) ) (E max )

and distance between sink and relay node as follows: 1 𝐷2 (Sink, Nk ) ∝ E (N k ) )

(5)

(E max )

where D2 , is the distance between sink and the node with maximum energy. Based on equation four and five, the sink selects the relay node. Now the relay node sets a time division multiple access scheduling among its member nodes which forward their data to relay at their turn. The relay node gathers the information from all the nodes and forward to the sink. A node remains active only when it has some data to transmit otherwise it remains in silent node. In this way, a normal node does not dissipate energy but a relay node consumes more energy as compared to the normal nodes. At each round the residual energy of the nodes get reduced and hence the role of relay node is handed over to some other node. Node 1 and 2 do not participate in data relaying process.

PARAMETERS

Table1: Chip parameters nRF 24LE1

UNITS

E(TX)

10

mA

E(RX)

18

mA

Supply Voltage

2

V

16.5

nJ/bit

E(RX(elec)

36

nJ/bit

E(amplifier)

1.97e-9

j/b

Frequency

2.4

GHZ

Standard deviation

4.1

meter

3.38

decibel

E (TX (elec))

Path Loss Coefficient

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

ISSN 2454-3195 (online)

Figure 1: WBAN after node deployment

4.4 Movement Support and Duplicate Data Removal in IIEPDR In order to continuously monitoring of a human while she is in movement, some redundant nodes have been added near the joints (at both knees). If after a movement a previously established link has been broken, a new link has been connected by the redundant node. It can change on each round. There may be a chance of duplicate information when there a human is not walking. As all the nodes have their associated identification, while delivering a data packet, the node attaches its ID with the packet. If the data is received by both redundant node in same round, only one data packet is received while other has been discarded. In this way, energy dissipation in transmitting and receiving of duplicated can be avoided.

4.5 Analysis Metrics We have measured the performance of the IIEPDR protocol on the basis of the following metrics. (a) WBAN’ Lifetime It is the duration of start of the network operation till the last node of the network dies. (b) Stability period It is the time interval between start of the network operation and the time of death of first node. (c) Residual Energy This is total remaining energy of all the nodes alive in the network. (d) Path Loss (in decibels) It is the difference in the power of transmitting and receiving nodes. (e) Throughput/Information It is the amount of information achieved by the sink node.

5. Simulations and their Analysis

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

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In order to simulate the IIEPDR protocol we have used MATLAB R2014a and have done huge set of experimentations. We have compared the IIEPDR protocol with the SIMPLE (Nadeem et al., 2013) protocol and MATTEMPT (Javaid et al., 2013) protocol.

5.1 WBAN’s Lifetime The comparison of lifetime of the three protocols SIMPLE, M-ATTEMPT and IIEPDR has been shown in the Figure 2. The process of multi-hop and selection of relay node proves useful in making stable energy depletion among the WBAN’s nodes. In every round a new relay node is selected as data forwarder. Perfect number and optimal position of nodes give a long life to the WBAN. Figure 1 depicts that in initial rounds the number of dead nodes is very less in IIEPDR protocol as compared to M-ATTEMPT protocol but more than SIMPLE protocol. But in later rounds the number of dead nodes is more in SIMPLE protocol. The IIEPDR protocol runs more number of times than SIMPLE and M-ATTEMPT protocols.

5.2 Stability period Stability period of IIEPDR is more as compared to SIMPLE and M-ATTEMPT.

Figure 2: WBAN’s Lifetime 5.3

Residual Energy

The average energy of network consumed at each round is shown in Figure 3. As the proposed IIEPDR is multi-hop and facilitated with relay node, there is balanced energy dissipation. Moreover, status of relay node is changed in every round. If residual energy is available in the network, it means there is more number of alive nodes and it improves the amount of information transmitted to sink.

5.4 Path Loss Figure 4 represents the path loss of sensors available in the network. It is measured as the distance of a node towards the sink. Its values are given in Table 1. IIEPDR protocol reduces the path loss of nodes as compared to SIMPLE and M-ATTEMPT protocols.

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

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Figure 3: Residual energy of network per round

Figure 4: Path loss of nodes in the network.

5.5

Throughput/Information

Figure 5 gives the number of packets transmitted to the sink by nodes. There is a large difference between the number of packets transmitted in IIEPDR protocol as compared to other protocols. Packet drop rate is maximum in SIMPLE protocol. In later rounds IIEPDR has more packet drop rate because the number of packets transmitted by M-ATTEMPT is very less as shown in Figure 6. Number of packets received is maximum in IIEPDR protocol as shown in Figure 7.

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

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Figure 5: Packets transmitted towards the sink

Figure 6: Number of packets dropped in the network.

Figure 7: Number of packets received at sink

6. Conclusions

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Volume 7 Issue 2 [Year 2017]

ISSN 2454-3195 (online)

In this work, we have proposed a methodology to retrieve data about a human body through sensor nodes, with minimum heat generation. The IIEPDR uses multi-hop, relay node to transmit information to the sink. There is balanced energy dissipation in network as proven by results. Critical data nodes forward data directly but normal nodes chose relay node for data transmission. Redundant nodes have been installed at joints and identification mechanism has been applied for duplicate data removal. Our results proves that IIEPDR improves information, stability period, provide longer lifetime for WBAN.

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