18 Nov 2008 ... 2. Topik Pembahasan. • Konsep, Trend dan Issue. • Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam
Organisasi. • Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi.
Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-7 Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama) Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP
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Topik Pembahasan • • • • • •
Konsep, Trend dan Issue Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi Strategi Sistem Informasi Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem Informasi
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Konsep, Trend dan Issue
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Mengapa Perlu Mempelajari SI? • Getting the right information to the right people at the right time at the right cost; • Key to effective business processes; • Business process change; • The way organisations compete; • Creation of new services, markets; • Learning, Knowledge. E-commerce, E-Health, E-Government…
Why? How? Is it efficient? Effective? What are the risks? What are the skills? 4 11/18/2008
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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi Perubahan dalam teknologi informasi : • Tersedianya jaringan info global, untuk menyalurkan berbagai format info (multimedia) • Tersedianya berbagai perangkat keras dan lunak untuk mengolah, menyimpan dan mengirim info. • Tersedianya berbagai perangkat untuk melakukan transformasi media yang digunakan
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Orientasi Informasi IT Practices • IT for operational support • IT for business process support • IT for inovation support • IT for management support
Information management practices • Sensing information • Collecting information • Organizing information • Processing information • Maintaining information
Information behaviour and values • Information integrity • Information formality • Information control • Information sharing • Information transparency • Information proactiveness 11/18/2008
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Information orientation
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SI, CBIS, dan TI Information Systems (IS) • involve more than just computers • an successful application of an IS requiring an understanding of the business and its environment that is supported by the IS • in learning about IS, not sufficient just to learn about computers Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) • an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks • may include hardware, software, database, network, procedures, or people Information Technology (IT) • include the hardware, databases, software, networks, and other information devices (in narrow definition) • usually interchangeably with information systems
• a collection of several information systems, users, and management for an entire organization (in broad sense)
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Isu di dalam SI
Large variety of organisation and individual information processing needs
Fast evolving information technologies - languages operating systems and the like
Legacy investments
Costs and resource management
Complexity ? Where is the complexity coming from ?
Maintenance, Support and Training - Leveraging systems
Design and Analysis related issues 8
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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -1 Information System Management IS Role in the enterprise
Relationship with other department Computer Management Managing the IS department Managing the IS/IT activities
Review IS/IT roles, don’t focus on particular issues only
Users’ awareness of the role of computers determine effectiveness of relationship
Department is managed as co-ordinated set of resources which are planned to meet expected future requirements Operations, programming, data collection, etc.
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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi 2 •
Delivery – – –
•
Re-orientation – – –
•
Internal focus Improving the ability to deliver and support systems and technology Not necessarily providing users with what they need Establishing good relationship with the main business functions, Supporting business demands through provision of variety of services Provide valued service to all business functional management
Re-organisation – –
Need for redesign integration of IS investment with business strategy and across business functions. Best way of satisfying each of differing business needs through coalition of responsibilities for managing information and systems
Hirschheim Model (1988) 11 11/18/2008
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Model-2 SI Dalam Organisasi Model Anthony (1965) Planning Systems
Sales forecasting, operating plans, capacity planing, profit/earnings forecast, business mix analysis, manpower planning, financial modelling
Control Systems
Sales analysis, budgetary control, management accounting, inventory management, quality analysis, expense reporting, market research/analysis, WIP control, requirement planning, supplier analysis, etc.
Operational Systems
Order entry/processing, tracking shipping documents, vehicle scheduling/loading
invoicing, sales and purchase ledgers, cost accounting, stock control, shop floor scheduling, bill of materials, purchase orders, receiving, employee records, payroll, word processing, etc.
Hirarki perencanaan, pengendalian, dan sistem operasional, 12 11/18/2008
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Perbedaan DP dan MIS TPS/DP
MIS
Objectives
Efficient transaction
Effective problem resolution & decision making support
Information sources
Internal & external transaction
Internal & external transaction + research data
Information time frame
Recent history, current & near future
Historical data, current & future
Process
Algorithmic (very predefined)
Sometimes need human intervention (esp. for decision making)
Users
Operators
Professionals & middle managers
Technology
Mainframe/mini computers
Local processing linked to information resources 13
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Strategic Information Systems Wiseman Model (1985) Use (objective) Function
Transaction and exception processing
Information enquiry and analysis
Automatic basic processes (efficiency)
Satisfy information needs (effectiveness)
Affect business strategy (competitiveness)
DATA PROCESSING
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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Trend evolusi SI/TI Galliers & Somogyl, (1987) Aspects
DP
MIS
SIS
Nature of the technology
Computers’ fragmented (hardware limitation
Distributed process’ interconnected software limitation
‘networks’ integrated people/vison limitation)
Nature of operations
Remote from users controlled by DP
Regulated by management services
Available and supportive to users
Issues in systems development
Technical issues (programming/ project managemen)
Support business users’needs information management
Relate to business strategy
Reason for using technology
Reducing costs (especially administrative) – technology driven
Supporting the business (manager) - user driven
Enabling the business - business driven
Characteristic of systems
Regimented/ operational (internal)
Accommodating/ control
Flexibility/ strategic (external)
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Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi
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Lingkungan Informasi Paper records Paper records Private records
Management information Operational database
Personal database
External information
Official information records Unrecorded
Total lingkungan informasi internal 11/18/2008
Lingkungan yang terotomatisasi PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
Lingkup memungkinkan untuk informasi yang dapat dikelola 17
Nilai Informasi Bagi Bisnis
High Value of information to future strategy
Low
STRATEGIC
HIGH POTENTIAL
Critical to business and of greatest potential value
Potential value to business may be high, but not confirmed
Essential for core process and value enhaced by horizontal integration
Needed for supporting Business, but little strategic value
KEY OPERATIONAL
SUPPORT
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Low Value of information to current strategy PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
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Pertanyaan Kunci Dalam Membangun dan Mengelola SI • People involved… • Many technologies…. • How do we decide what to build..? – for one person..for a dept..for the entire organization… • How much is it going to cost..? • How long is it going to take….? • How do we consider all the systems we have so far..? • How do we maintain and upgrade…?
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Manajemen Puncak
Pengolahan Informasi
Personalia
Pengolahan Transaksi
Logistik
Pengendalian Operasional
Produksi
Pengendalian Manajemen
Pemasaran
Perencanaan Strategis
Keuangan & Akunting
Hubungan Aplikasi SI dan Tingkatan Manajemen
Sistem Manajemen Data base
Data base 20 11/18/2008
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Pemakai dan Penggunaan SI Pemakai Petugas Administrasi
Pengunaan Mengerjakan transaksi, mengolah data, dan menjawab pertanyaan
Manajer Tingkat Bawah
Mendapatkan data operasi. Membantu perencanaan, penjadualan, mengetahui situasiyag tak terkendali, dan mengambil keputusan
Staf Ahli Manajemen
Informasi untuk analisis. Membantu dalam analisis, perencanaan dan pelaporan. Laporan tetap, Permintaan informasi khusus, Analisa khusus, Laporan khusus, membantu dalam mengenali persoalan dan peluang. Membantu dalam analisis pengambilan keputusan.
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Segitiga Pengambilan Keputusan Sistem Informasi Manajemen SIM perencanaan Strategis & pengambilan kptsan Informasi manajemen Untuk perencanaan taktis Dan pengambilan keputusan
SIM: sistem manusia/mesin yang terpadu, untuk menyajikan informsasi guna mendukung fungsi operasi, manajemen, dan pengambilan keputusan dalam sebuah organisasi. Menggunakan hardware & software komputer, prosedur, model manajemen dan keputusan, data base.
Informasi manajemen untuk Perencanaan operasional, pengambilan Keputusan dan pengendalian Pengolahan transaksi Pemberian informasi (tanggapan atas pertanyaan)
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Tiga Tahapan Dalam Penggunaan Sistem Informasi • Productivity: a measure of the output achieved divided by the input requirement, something like (Output/Input) x 100% • Competitive Advantage: a significant and (ideally) longterm benefit that enables company to perform better than its competitors • Quality: the ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations 23 11/18/2008
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Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Manajemen
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Type Sistem Informasi KIND OF SYSTEM
GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL
SENIOR MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL
MIDDLE MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
KNOWLEDGE & DATA WORKERS
OPERATIONAL LEVEL SALES & 11/18/2008MARKETING
OPERATIONAL MANAGERS MANUFACTURING
FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
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HUMAN RESOURCES
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Type Sistem Informasi • Executive Support Systems • Management Information Systems • Decision Support Systems • Knowledge Work Systems • Office Automation Systems • Transaction Processing Systems
• Batch vs Online Processing • Sistem Informasi Fungsional • Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems • Enterprise Resources Planning System • Dukungan Pengambilan Keputusan • Sistem Dukungan Inteligen 26
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Subsistem dari Sistem Informasi • SI (dapat) terdiri atas Subsistem: – Penjualan dan pemasukan pesanan – Produksi – Sediaan barang – Personalia dan payroll – Pembelian – Perencanaan – Kecerdasan lingkungan
• Subsistem dibagi atas subsistem, sebagai contoh Personalia dan Payroll: – Penyiapan data masukan catatan personalia – Penyesuaian daftar gaji – Penyiapan data masukan daftar gaji – Daftar gaji harian – Daftar gaji bulanan – Laporan dafatar gaji untuk manajemen – Audit personalia dan dafatar gaji 27
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Data base • Kumpulan data terdiri dari – – – –
File Record Field Karakter
• Contoh – – – – –
Data base Pegawai File: Pegawai Record: Sukamto Field: Nama, Alamat, NIP Character: a, b,c 1,2, dll.
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Type Sistem Informasi
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Batch vs Realtime Processing
• Batch – Pengolahan data secara tidak seketika – Entry data dikumpulkan dalam satu file secara serial – Ada perbedaan waktu yangcukup signifikan antara entry dan eksekusi data
• Real Time Processing – Entry dan eksekusi data dilakukan seketika
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
• • • • • •
Dimulai pada zaman “Data Processing” OPERATIONAL LEVEL INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS PROCESSING: UPDATING OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS USERS: OPERATIONS PERSONNEL
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EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE TPS TPS PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
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Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems
• Distributed System – Entry dan pengolahan data secara tersebar, – Masing – masing komputer memiliki fasilitas jaringan dengan fasilitas yang sama • Client/Server – Sedikitnya satu komputer berfungsi sebagai server, sementara komputer lain yang terhubung menjadi client, – Server menyediakan NOS, – Aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di Server atau masing – masing nodes – Nodes memilii kemampuan pengolahan lokal
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Management Information Systems -1
• • • • •
MANAGEMENT LEVEL INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING 34
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Management Information Systems -2
• STRUCTURED & SEMI-STRUCTURED DECISIONS • REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED • PAST & PRESENT DATA • INTERNAL ORIENTATION • LENGTHY DESIGN PROCESS* 35 11/18/2008
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TPS Data For MIS Applications
TPS
MIS SALES DATA
Order Processing System ORDER FILE Materials Resource Planning System PRODUCTION MASTER FILE General Ledger System ACCOUNTING FILES
UNIT PRODUCT COST
MIS
REPORTS
PRODUCT CHANGE DATA EXPENSE DATA
MANAGERS
MIS FILES
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Contoh Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Dalam Fungsi Pemasaran
Sistem Order Processing
Deskripsi Level Organisasi Entry, proses, dan track order Operasional
Analisa Pasar
Identifikasi pelanggan dan pasar menggunakan data demografi, pasar, perilaku konsumen, dan trend
Analisa Harga
Menentukan harga produk dan Manajemen layanan
Ramalan dan Tren Penjualan
Penyiapan ramalan penjualan 5 tahun
Knowledge
Stratejik
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Pendekatan Tradisional
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Enterprise System
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Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem Informasi
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Isu Di Dalam Pengelolaan TI • Acquisition: pengadaan/penyediaan TI – – – –
need (kebutuhan), resources (sumber-daya), time-frame (jangka waktu), dan design of IS (rancangan sistem informasi).
• Organization: prosedur pengelolaan, • Motivation: sumberdaya manusia, serta • Relationship: hubungan antara bagian Sistem Informasi dengan bagian-bagian lain di dalam organisasi 41 11/18/2008
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Acquisition (pengadaan TI) Need (kebutuhan) dari: • Size of the organization: besar kecilnya organisasi/perusahaan yang memerlukan TI. • Structure of the organization: struktur dari perusahaan. • Nature of operational: sifat dari operasional perusahaan, misalnya organisasi pemerintah, bisnis, dll. • Type of informationn needed (jenis informasi yang diperlukan),misalnya informasi mengenai keuangan, kepegawaian, dll. 42 11/18/2008
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Strategi Sistem Informasi
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The Role of Information Technology Add Value customers and markets Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Business Value of Information Technology
Minimize Risks market, financial, legal, operational risks
Reduce Costs transactions and processes
Data
Create New Realities intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)
Facts
Gather
Organize
Select
Synthesize
Distribute
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The Balanced of Resources has Changed
Materials
Machines
Money
Four Ms Plus
Men
Information 45
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Strategic Systems • Connection to supplier & customer • Effective use of information in the value adding process • Enable to deliver new product/service • Provide executive with strategic information
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Business, IS & IT Relationship Business Strategy External External & & Internal Internal Factors Factors
Economy Society Politics Law Ecology Technology Culture Stakeholders
• • •
Business decisions Objectives and direction Change
Supports business
Direction for business
IS Strategy • • •
Where is the business going & why?
What is required?
Business based Demand orientation Application focused
Infrastructure & service
Needs & priorities
IT Strategy
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• • •
Activity Based Supply oriented Technology focused
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How can it be realized? 47
IT Roles in Business Process Reengineering
SIMPLIFY
INTEGRATE ELIMINATE
AUTOMATE
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MIT Theory of IT Evolution & Revolution Business BusinessScope ScopeRedefinition Redefinition
Degree of Business Transformation
HIGH
Business BusinessNetwork NetworkRedesign Redesign
Business BusinessProcess ProcessRedesign Redesign
Integration Integration
Revolutionary Evolutionary
Localized LocalizedExploitation Exploitation
LOW LOW
Range of Potential Benefits
HIGH
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Internal Evolution of Information Technology
FUNCTIONAL USE
MANAGEMENT FOCUS 5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the Consumer
5 People Systems, Home Computers
4 Enhancing Executive Decision Making
MAKE MONEY 4 Mega Decisions 3 Marketing, Distribution, Customer Service
3
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 5 Restructuring of the Industry 4 Restructuring of the Organization 3 Growth and Increase in Market Share
Enhancing Products and Services
Above the Line Below the Line
2 Leveraging Investment SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1 2 Financial, Manufacturing, Services 1 Administrative
Reducing Costs
2 Asset Management 1 Process Management
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Nature of IT Center
Cost Center
Profit Center I/T
Investment Center
Service Center 51
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TANGIBLE
IT Benefits Measurement
HIGH
Better Information Improved Security Lower Risk
LOW
Market Reaction Faster Information Access to New Staff Positive Staff Reaction
LOW
Staff Reduction Lower Assets More Sales
HIGH
MEASURABLE 52 11/18/2008
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IT and Business Alignment
Vision
Mission
Value
Objectives Critical Success Factors Key Performance Indicators
Business Strategy
I/T Strategy
Business Process and Tactical Procedures
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Boeing Strategic Architecture
What business processes should be used?
Business Process Architecture
drives
Product Groups Information Services
Information Architecture
Standards
prescribes Information System Architecture
What information is needed to accomplish those processes? How are the processes and information related?
identifies Data Architecture
Feedback
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How is the data managed?
support by Delivery System Architecture Hardware, Software, Communications PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
Which hardware, software, and network are required?
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Information System Strategic Planning ANALYSIS PROCESS INPUT
BLUE PRINT &
K
INTERNAL
R
T
Best Practice
List of Scenarios CULTURE PEOPLE
POLICIES
Information Technology Development
Technical Design VALUE
LEGAL ASPECT
Project Management
H
S A
R
R E
H
Risk Management Cost/Benefit Analysis
STANDARD
S
Information Management Strategy
STRATEGIC PLANNING
PROCEDURES
Industry Trend
Benchmarking
S
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
VISION MISSION CSFs KPIs STRATEGY
BUSINESS PROCESS
Information Technology Supply
R
COMPANY ASSETS
COMPANY GEOGRAPHICAL TOPOLOGY
Approach and Methodology
Competitor Analysis
E
TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
E N
Information System Requirements
N
T
Existing Information Technology
EXTERNAL
THREE DOMAINS
R
W
Business Plan
Strength and Weakness
A
O
Corporate History
Constraints and Opportunities
P
O
L
D
E
Macro Environment Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Social and Culture, International Relationship, National Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
Priorities Level and Schedule Implementation Plan Human Resource Skills and Competencies Requirements Change Management
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New Type of Corporation
KNOWLEDGE COMPANY Demand-Chain Components
Application Enablers
Technology Vehicles
Supply-Chain Components
•Market Strategy •Product Design •Marketing
•E-Catalogues •ERP •Email •E-Collaboration
•Customer Management •Value Network Management
•E-Forms •WWW •EDI •Electronic Funds
•E-Bulleting Boards •Chat Rooms •Financial EDI
•Value-Added Networks •Internet •Extranet •Web TV
•Wide Area Networks •E-Marketplaces •Intranet •Private Network
•Procure •Inbound Logistics •Manufacturing
•Transportation •Distribute •Delivery •Customer
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PHYSICAL COMPANY PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
Success Indicators
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Etc.
New Business (products/services) New Market (customers) New Revenue (business model) New Company (business transformation) New Image (business community) New Wealth (paradigm shift)
Key Points: • From “nothing” to “existing” • From “existing” to “creating” • From “creating” to “improving” • From “improving” to “growing” • From “growing” to “performing”
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