small irrigation systems in nepal - Directorate of Agricultural Extension

SMALL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN NEPAL An Analytical Preview from Irrigated Agricultural Development Perspective of Batch I Irrigation Sub-projects under Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project

Krishna Prasad Poudel Suresh Sharma

Directorate of Agriculture Extension (DAE)

Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP) Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal.

i

© Publisher (First Published 2012)

All rights are reserved No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, nor transmitted and translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Recommended Bibliographical Reference: Poudel, Krishna, P. and Sharma Suresh 2012. Small Irrigation Systems in Nepal: An analytical preview from Irrigated Agricultural Development Perspective of Batch I Irrigation Sub‐projects under Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project. Directorate of Agriculture Extension (DAE), Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP), Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal.

Prepared under Collaborative Agreement with: Nepal GIS Society, Women Development Training Centre Complex, P.O. Box: 7141, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal. Tel: +977 1 5545525 email: [email protected] http://www.negiss.org.np T.U. Central Library of Nepal Cataloguing ‐ in ‐ Publication Data Poudel, Krishna Prasad Small Irrigation Systems in Nepal / Krishna Prasad Poudel and Suresh Sharma. – Lalitpur. – Directorate of Agriculture Extension, 2069 x, 69p. Bibliography p. 68‐69 ISBN 978‐9937‐2‐8173‐0 1. Irrigation – Management 2. Irrigation – Nepal I. Sharma, Suresh II. Title 631.587 Po387s dc 22 201207433

Publisher: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture Development Department of Agriculture, Directorate of Agriculture Extension Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal +977 1 5524914, 5523602, Fax : +977 1 5010027 Email: [email protected] Website: www.agriextension.gov.np Cover Picture: Taken by Suresh Sharma in May 2012 from ongoing Irrigation Sub‐projects of CMIASP in Morang District, Nepal

Cover Page & Layout Design: Jaydev Koirala Printed at: Ganesh Trade Link, Bagbazar, Kathmandu.

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Foreword It is my great pleasure to write a few words regarding the publication of this book entitled "Small Irrigation Systems in

Nepal:

An

Analytical

Preview

from

Irrigated

Agricultural Development Perspective of Batch I Irrigation Sub-projects

Under

Community

Managed

Irrigated

Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP)". CMIASP is a joint undertaking of Department of Agriculture and Department of Irrigation with the loan support from Asian Development Bank. I would like to highly appreciate the creativity, hard work and dedication put forward by Dr. Krishna Prasad Poudel from Nepal GIS Society and Mr. Suresh Sharma from Directorate of Agriculture Extension for bringing out this book in this form. This book will throw some light on 27 Batch-I Irrigation Sub-projects (ISPs) in Central and Eastern Development Regions from the irrigated agriculture development point of view. The ultimate purpose of this book is to assist the technicians of the respective District Agriculture Development Offices (DADOs) with relevant information of the ISPs so as to enable them in better agricultural planning and decision making while formulating their Agricultural Development Plans and Livelihood Enhancement Plans at the grassroots level through people's participation. Likewise, I believe that this book will also be helpful for all those concerned with small and medium irrigation projects in general and CMIASP or similar other donor-funded projects in particular. I would also like to extend my thankfulness to ADB Nepal Office, CMIASP Project Coordinators' Office at Department of Irrigation, Institutional Strengthening and Project Management Consultants, DADOs, ISPs and all staffs of Directorate of Agriculture Extension and Nepal GIS Society for their support in providing the data and information and other supports which were needed to publish this book.

Dr. Shiddi Ganesh Shrestha Program Director

iii

Preface This book is an attempt of the authors to present the views about Small Irrigation Systems, especially those funded by foreign donors with particular emphasis on CMIASP Batch I Irrigation Sub Projects in Nepal. In this endeavour, the authors tried to provide some factual information of ISP Batch I locations through the analysis of maps and information with a view to find out the production potentialities of the agricultural crops in those ISP sites. Despite the basic information of reference maps and data provided by the CMIASP official website and available documents related to CMIASP, other relevant information collected and compiled from different sources and most importantly the authors experiences gained from the field level during the monitoring and supervision process, the views expressed by farmers and concerned stakeholders during interview are referred for analysis with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) and other related tools. Specific aims for preparing this book were to make easier for understanding, sharing and disseminating information to support agricultural production and improve productivity of the field crops at specified Batch I ISP sites of CMIASP with a view to facilitate the officials of DADOs, JT/JTAs and concerned stakeholders including farmers. Database of every ISP sites of Batch I were compiled from the official documents and website of CMIASP i.e. http://www.cmiasp-mis.com.np/CMIASPWeb/ index.php. Other collateral information had been synthesized from different documents, reports and published materials facilitated by the Directorate of Agricultural Extension, CMIASP-PIU and publically available sources. Maps and descriptive analysis of each ISP have been carried out. The strengths and weakness of the overall project has also been highlighted in an unbiased way with the belief that such information will be treated as lessons learned. It is hoped that this will help in formulating and designing irrigation projects in future with better forethought and farsightedness for arriving to informed decision making. The objective is to disseminate the information in a summarised form with a purpose to facilitate factual information based agriculture sector planning. Authors

v

Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge a number of individuals who have helped in one way or other in various stages towards the completion of this book. We first of all would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Shiddi Ganesh Shrestha, Program Director of Directorate of Agricultural Extension for agreeing to write Foreword for this book and for his continuous cooperation, encouragement and support throughout. This book is a joint collaborative effort by the authors who represent two different organizations, one from Nepal GIS Society and the other from Directorate of Agriculture Extension, (DAE), Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP), Program Implementation Unit (PIU). The authors would also like to thank all the working staff of DAE, CMIASP-PIU Ms. Gita Koirala, Senior Agriculture Extension Officer, Mr. Bidhya Nidhi Lohani, Technical Assistant, Mr. Basanta Poudel, Accountant, Mr. Dilip Khadka, Computer Operator for taking care of necessary official responsibilities related to CMIASP during the preparation stage of this book, which provided the authors time to concentrate on the book topics and relevant subject matter. Similarly, we would also like to thank Mr. Nabin Mangal Joshi, Program Director of DOI-CPMO for providing the necessary documents and reports which helped us in validating the data published in the CMIASP official website. Likewise, we also would like to acknowledge the support rendered by Mr. Sushil Shrestha, Mr. Lilendra Guruwacharya and Ms. Binu Shrestha of ISPMC for lending us their needed support by providing relevant information related to publication of this book. It would be unfair if we fail to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Jaydev Koirala, who took the painstaking job of design layout and formatting of the book and for his support in arranging with the press regarding its quality publication. The publication of this book has been made possible because of the implementation of CMIASP, with budgetary provision from Government of Nepal and loan support from Asian Development Bank, so due credit goes to both. Last, but not the least, the authors would like to thank all the other staff of Directorate of Agriculture Extension and members of Nepal GIS Society for their necessary support and help.

Authors

vi

Contents Chapter 1

Introduction

1

Chapter 2 Overview of Community-Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project

9

Chapter 3 Geographical Distribution of ISPs and its Associated Features

13

Chapter 4 Production Potentiality

19

Chapter 5 Features of Irrigation sub-Projects

23

Chapter 6 Lessons Learnt

57

Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusion

65

Reference

68

vii

Acronyms and Abbreviations A.D.

Anno Domini

ADB

Asian Development Bank

ADB/N

Agriculture Development Bank/Nepal

ADP

Agriculture Development Plan

AMIS

Agency Managed Irrigation System

ASC

Agriculture Service Centres

BCM

Billion cubic metres

CBS

Central Bureau of Statistics

CDR

Central Development Region

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

CMIASP

Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project

CO

Community Organization

CO

Community Organizer

CPMO

Central Project Management Office

CPR

Common Property Resource

DADO

District Agriculture Development Office

DAE

Directorate of Agriculture Extension

DAGs

Disadvantaged Groups

DDR

Detail Design Report

DoA

Department of Agriculture

DoI

Department of Irrigation

EDR

Eastern Development Region

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FFS

Farmers Field School

FMIS

Farmers Managed Irrigation System

GDP

Gross Domestic Production

GIS

Geographic Information System

GoN

Government of Nepal

ix

ha

hectare

HH

Households

IDD/SD

Irrigation Development Division /Sub-Division

INPIM

International Management

IPM

Integrated Pest Management

ISP

Irrigation Sub Project

ISPMC

Institutional Consultants

JMIS

Jointly Managed Irrigation System

JT/JTAs

Junior Technicians / Junior Technical Assistants

LEP

Livelihood Enhancement Plan

m

metre(s)

MHDP

Mechi Hill Development project

MoAD

Ministry of Agriculture Development

msl

mean sea level

NGO

Non Governmental Organization

NGO

Non-Government Organization

NIIS

Nepal Irrigation Institutions and Systems Database

NLSS

National Living Standard Survey

O&M

Operation and Maintenance

OPEC

Oil Producing and Exporting Countries

PAM

Project Administration Memorandum

PIS

Private Irrigation Systems

Sq.km.

Square Kilometers

SMU

Sub Project Management Unit

ToT/FL

Training of Trainers/Farmer Leaders

UN

United Nations

VDC

Village Development Committee

WECS

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

WUA

Water Users Association

Network

of

Strengthening

x

Participatory

and

Project

Irrigation

Management

Small Irrigation Systems In Nepal

Chapter

1

Introduction

Agriculture is almost as old as recorded time. Its realm is about as wide as the inhabited earth. Agriculture, the art of cultivating the soil to raise grain and other crops for man and domestic animals, is the oldest of occupations and the basis of all other arts. Godfray et.al. (2010) mentioned that continuing population and consumption growth will mean that the global demand for food will increase for at least another 40 years. Growing competition for land, water and energy, in addition to the overexploitation of fisheries, will affect our ability to produce food, as will the urgent requirement to reduce the impact of the food system on the environment. The effects of climate change that could hamper global food production poses further threat to humanity. But the world can produce more food and can ensure that it is used more efficiently and equitably. A multifaceted and linked global strategy is needed to ensure sustainable and equitable food security. More than one in seven people today still do not have access to sufficient protein and energy from their diet, and even more suffer from some form of micronutrient malnourishment. The world is now facing a new set of intersecting challenges. The global population will continue to grow, yet it is likely to plateau at some nine billion people by roughly the middle of this century. A major correlate of this deceleration in population growth is increased wealth, and with higher purchasing power comes higher consumption and a greater demand for processed food, meat, dairy and fish, all of which add pressure to the food supply system. At the same time, food producers are experiencing greater competition for land, water, and energy and the need to curb the many negative effects of food production on the environment. Overarching all of these issues is the threat of the effects of substantial climate change and concerns about how mitigation and adaptation measures may affect the food system. The pervasive question which needs serious thought is: How can more food be produced in a sustainable way? In the past, the primary solution to food shortages has been to bring more land into agriculture and to exploit new fish stocks. Yet over the past 5 decades, while grain production has more than doubled, the amount of land devoted to arable agriculture globally has increased by only 9.0 percent. Some new land could be brought into cultivation, but the competition for land from other human activities makes this an increasingly unlikely and costly solution, particularly if protecting biodiversity and

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the public goods provided by natural ecosystems (for example, carbon storage in rainforest) are given higher priority. In recent decades, agricultural land that was formerly productive has been lost to urbanization and other human uses, as well as to desertification, salinization, soil erosion, and other consequences of unsustainable land management. Further losses, which may be exacerbated by climate change, are likely. In the case of Nepal large part of cultivated land is left fallow during the dry months because of unavailability of irrigation water. Irrigation facility is limited to a few seasonal water courses. Nepal's development performance over the last five decades has remained modest with GDP growth barely exceeding the population growth rate. A report by the UN describes in detail the lowest position of Nepal in terms of GDP in the Asia region (UNDP 2009). In 2007 the per capita income of Nepal was US$340 which is 7th lowest in the world (WB 2009). According to "Nepal Country Overview 2012" updated Report by the World Bank, as of April 2012, the per capita income of Nepal is indicated to be less than US $ 650, which seems to be a substantial improvement since the last five years. The average annual growth rate of GDP was 3.3 percent during 2000-06 as compared to 4.9 percent in the decade of 1990s. In the fiscal year 2010/11, Nepal’s GDP was 3.5 percent which was a slight decline from the fiscal year 2009/10 that was 4.5 percent. Agriculture (Agriculture and Forestry) Sector in fiscal year 2010/11 was estimated to grow by 4.1 percent in comparison to 1.2 percent in the previous year. The National Living Standard Survey 2010/11 has mentioned that compared to 1995/96, the percentage of agricultural households operating land has decreased in 2010/11. Similarly, average size of agriculture land and number of the parcels per holding has decreased in the last 15 years. The area of irrigated land, on the other hand, has increased during the same period. Between 1995/96 and 2010/11, the number of households that operate less than 0.5 hectares of land has increased by some 13 percentage points. On the other hand, number of households with 2 ha or more operated land has decreased from 12 percent in 1995/96 to 4 percent in 2010/11 (CBS 2011). The growth performance of the Nepalese economy is determined by the performance of the growth in the agricultural sector as it contributes 33.0 percent to GDP, employs about 70.0 percent of the population and generates 60 percent of total export earnings. It also supplies raw materials and inputs to various agro-based industries of the country. The agricultural sector consists of crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock. However, the NLSS 2010/11 shows the share of farm income in total income has declined from 61 percent to 28

2


percent while that of non-farm income increased from 22 to 37 percent and of other sources including remittances have increased from 16 to 35 percent (CBS 2011). Poverty in rural areas of the country is a widespread phenomenon. According to the National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) 2003/04, 30.8 percent of the total population in the country was living below the poverty line with an average annual per capita income of NRs 7,696 (CBS 2010). The scenario has been changed over the years. According to the CIA World Factbook population below poverty has been declining from 42 percent in 1995, 31 percent in 2003, 30.9 percent in 2004 and 24.7 percent in 2008 (CIA World Factbook 2011). The incidence of poverty is observed to be extremely high in the rural areas where a large majority of poor (78.0 percent) are engaged as agricultural laborers and small farmers. The distribution of poverty incidence is 47.1 percent in the hills and 45.4 percent in the Terai (used interchangeably as Tarai in this book, which refers to plain areas of Nepal) [CBS 2010]. Owing to its geographical diversity, physiographic variation, climatic differences and poor road network in the rural parts of the country, majority of the people living there are still out of the access of market and market based livelihood opportunities. Development of agricultural sector can play a pivotal role in meeting the country's food demand i.e. for ensuring overall food security, employment creation at rural level, and export earnings through commercialization of agriculture. Therefore, development of this sector has become an inevitable necessity of today which can only be realized by raising the cropping intensity through increase in coverage of cultivable land with round the year irrigation facilities. This demands intervention through better managed irrigation projects which are cost-effective and sustainable. The Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP) is expected to fill this void. Apart from the need of irrigation for increasing the production and productivity of food crops, there are some other identified problems adversely affecting the agricultural production such as low seed replacement rate among farmers, lack of improved seeds, farmer's inclination towards the use of unreliable hybrid seeds of cereals (e.g failure of hybrid maize crop in Terai in year 2011) imports of outdated, sub-standard commercial fertilizer through the porous open border adjoining India and indiscriminate use of banned pesticides by commercial farmers. Additional challenge is the inadequate availability of quality subsidized fertilizers in the context of imbalance between supply and demand forecast for fertilizers.

3


Overall development of the country depends upon agriculture and rural sector infrastructure development. Rural sector development, in turn, depends on agriculture, and various kinds of industries, businesses and employment opportunities. Productivity of agriculture and industry is the combined result of technology being used or to be used, complimentary inputs such as irrigation, fertilizer, supply of raw materials and marketing, and easy access to rural credit. Though, there were various programs operating in the past for agriculture and rural development, expected increase in production could not be realized. It is, therefore, necessary to increase the access of people to agriculture and rural credit by removing the constraints faced in the past.

A Brief Overview of Water Resource in Nepal A total 14718100 ha of landmass of the country comprises 6000 river networks of all types. Nepal is rich in water resources, however, ironically the same hasn't been tapped adequately for increasing food production. Being a large part of the country under the permanent snow cover, it has a good amount of water reserve in the form of snow and ice. Similarly, a large volume of ground water gets recharged during the summer monsoon. Glaciers, river, lakes, wetland and springs are major sources of surface water in the country. According to the database of Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (2011), Nepal has 33 river systems having drainage areas exceeding 1000 square kilometers. Drainage density is about 300 meters per square kilometers. Currently, about 10 percent of total precipitation in Nepal falls as snow and about 23 percent of total area lie above the permanent snowline of 5000 m above the mean sea level and about 3.6 percent area is covered by glaciers. The surface water available in the country is estimated to be about 225 billion m3 (BCM) per annum or equivalent to an average flow of 7,125 m3/s, out of which only 15 BCM per annum is in use. According to another estimation, the total internal water resources amount to 198.2 km3/year in which Chinese statistics mention an average outflow to Nepal of 12 km3/year, which brings the total renewable water resources of Nepal to 210.2 km3/year. This makes Nepal one of the Asian countries with the highest level of water resources per inhabitant. It is assumed that all the renewable water resources of Nepal flow out of the country to India (FAO 2009). Around 95.9 percent of 15 BCM has been used for agriculture, 3.8percent for domestic purpose and only about 0.3 percent for industry. It is observed that around 78 percent of the average flow of the country is available in the First category river basins, 9 percent in the second category

4


basins and 13 percent in the numerous small southern rivers of the Terai. Studies have shown that the first Category Rivers have surplus flow but the second category rivers have deficit flow in the dry season.

Irrigation Facilities in the Country Nepal has a cultivated area of 2,642,000 ha (18 percent of its land area), of which two thirds (1,766,000 ha) is potentially irrigable. WECS (2011) reports 42 percent of the cultivated area has irrigation of some sort, but only 17 percent of cultivated area has year round irrigation. An estimate shows that less than 8 percent of the country’s water potential is used for irrigation. In addition to surface water, a large volume of water is available in the shallow and deep aquifers which are estimated to be 8.8 BCM annually which can be used for irrigation and domestic water supplies. Irrigation development in Nepal has a long history. Numerous small Raj kulos (canals) in the government sector first appeared in and around Kathmandu valley in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There are evidences that irrigation systems existed in Nepal even during the Buddha time. In the recorded history the Argheli irrigation system in Palpa was constructed around 17th century by Mani Mukundsen, the First Sen King of Palpa. But, the first large public sector irrigation canal system (the Chandra Canal System) with a net command area of 10,000 ha was constructed in 1922 and is still in operation (FAO 2009). Irrigation is a major factor in the development of Nepal. It is the largest water use sub-sector, affecting the life of many people involved in agriculture. The irrigation potential of the country has been estimated at 2,177,800 ha, including some 412,000 ha which are not cultivated, mainly in the Terai area. This potential is mainly for surface irrigation, but some 352,050 ha are potentially irrigable from groundwater in the Terai region, consisting of 292,600 ha (83 percent) from shallow tube-wells and 59,450 ha (17 percent) from deep tube-wells (FAO 2009). The Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) indicates that many schemes have not reached their planned level of productivity and are not sustainable, financially as well as technically (WECS, 2003). In its plan for the future, the government wants the increment in irrigated area by constructing new schemes. At the same time, it is concerned about the efficiency, coverage area, cropping intensity as well as the recovery of the operation and maintenance costs of the existing irrigation schemes. Two types of activities would continue side by side for irrigation development – firstly, the modernization of the already constructed irrigation schemes and secondly, the

5


construction of new schemes to provide irrigation for more land (WECS 2011). Despite these, several small farmers widely apply irrigation water to their farmlands by constructing small water courses (kulo in Hills and paini in Tarai) using water from nearby small rivulets and streams, as well as managed and maintained by themselves. None of the irrigation systems in Nepal measures the quantum of water supplied to irrigation. For instance, the following data are difficult to quantify in our Nepalese context: (i) annual diversion requirements for monsoon and yearround irrigation based on physiographic regions; and (ii) irrigation command areas split into seasonal (monsoon) and year-round. Considering that water application depends on soil type, land type, cropping pattern, evapotranspiration, and effective rainfall and conveyance losses (FAO 2009).

Types of Irrigation Systems If we delve a bit into the history, we can find that there are many small irrigation systems scattered all over Nepal and still operating for more than hundred years. According to the information archived by "The Nepal Irrigation Institutions and Systems Database (NIIS)", thirty-three irrigation systems are indicated including the "Raj Kulo" of Argali, Palpa which have been in operation before the year 1800. A vast majority of the irrigation systems before the year 1950 and some till today are self-governing with little or no interference from the state or other administrative units. There are different types of irrigation systems in the country. On the basis of development, there are traditional farmer irrigation systems developed, owned and managed by communities; traditional farmer irrigation systems supported by government; government developed surface irrigation systems; government developed tube well irrigation schemes and individual farmer owned and operated tubewells and pumps (mostly utilizing shallow aquifers, streams, ponds, and dug wells). On the basis of their management, there are Farmers (user) Managed Irrigation System (FMIS) such as the traditional irrigation system, Agency Managed Irrigation Systems (AMIS) such as those operated by the Government through the Department of Irrigation (DoI) after its establishment in 1952, Jointly Managed Irrigation Systems (JMIS) run by Government and Users through mutual cooperation and understanding, and finally, Private Irrigation Systems (PIS) which are mostly operated and maintained by landlords and big farmers. According to the coverage of command area, irrigation systems can be categorized into major irrigation system having more than 5000 ha in Terai and more than 1000 ha in Hills, large irrigation system greater than 2000 ha and less than 5000 ha in Terai and greater than 500 ha and less than 1000 ha in

6


Hills; medium irrigation system greater than 200 ha and less than 2000 ha in Tarai and greater than 25 ha and less than 500 ha in Hills, and small irrigation system less than 200 ha in Terai and less than 25 ha in Hills. Government has invested substantial financial resources in the past on developing irrigation infrastructure, however their performance were unsatisfactory as per the investment. Among the problems reported were failure to provide an assured supply of irrigation water, failure to meet the water need of farmers in the tail-end and failure to achieve economies of scale in all spheres of construction, operation & maintenance. Systematic comparative study conducted in the past between AMIS and FMIS (Lam, 1998) showed that FMIS outperformed AMIS on most key parameters like crop yield, cropping intensities, ability to reach water to tail end, frugal use of irrigation water, etc. Furthermore, because of land fragmentation and smaller area coverage in Nepalese context, most of them are small irrigation systems developed, owned and managed by individual farmers and communities. In view of the aforementioned fact, in recent years Government and Non-Governmental Organizations are supporting small irrigation systems for (i) improving water distribution and efficiency; (ii) strengthening water user associations (WUAs), including gender and disadvantaged group empowerment for long term sustainability; and (iii) improving operation and maintenance (O&M) with a view to livelihood improvement and poverty reduction (ADB, 2009). A majority of these irrigation systems are focused on improvement of the already existing FMIS operated through joint undertaking with MoU signed between the WUA and Government counterpart such as the individual Irrigation Sub-projects (ISPs) under Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP) dealt in this book. It is widely recognized that for deriving the full benefit from irrigation investments it requires a realistic feasibility study, good design and quality construction combined with post-construction support to WUAs and farmers for O&M and integrating improved agricultural and water-management practices.

Issues in Irrigation Development Water is a common pool resource (CPR) gifted by nature in different forms including precipitation, springs, streams, rivers, lakes and wetlands, but man intervene it by using their indigenous and gained technical knowledge to use according to their own demand and volume of requirement. Irrigation is an innovative knowledge to extract natural water to irrigate cropping land with a common objective of improving crop production. There are different issues pertaining to irrigation systems in general, such as:

7


•

Water use rights and conflicts among individuals or communities

•

Increase the efficiency of water use, as less water will be available for irrigation in the future

•

Ensure coordination between line agencies

•

Coping with the climate change

•

Water logging, river cutting/flood problem

•

Resolution of dispute between the riparian countries

•

Sustainability of irrigation structures

•

More difficult and costly construction sites for availing water to meet future production demands owing to growing population

•

Silting/sedimentation problem mostly in arable terai plains

•

Financing of irrigation systems for both new development and for the operation and maintenance of existing structures

•

Institutional arrangement for irrigation development and management

•

Urbanization of irrigated agricultural area and industrial pollution

•

Cost effective technology development particularly suitable for hills and mountains

•

Stakeholders participation

•

Legal status of WUA and clarity of their roles and functions

•

multifunctional engagement of WUA and its relevance

•

Appropriate water sector planning

In many instances these issues are common in different types of irrigation systems; however, the scales may differ. Particularly in the small irrigation systems the scale of issues might be smaller but concerns directly with farmers and land use at local level. Studies related with small irrigation systems makes understanding of the local geographical differences, variation of community at local level, micro level impacts of water availability in cropping patterns, productivity, crop calendar, cropping intensity and change in land use. Contextual ground studies on small irrigating systems give realistic pictures which provides factual basis for irrigation management, crop planning, increase production and ensure livelihood of the local farmers through the direction of sustainability.

8


Chapter

2

Overview of CommunityManaged Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project

Introduction: The Community-Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP) is being implemented in 35 districts of Nepal with loan support from the Asian Development Bank (US $ 20 million), OPEC Fund (US $ 7 million), GoN (US $ 20 million) and Beneficiaries contribution (US $ 2.2 million). The total allocated budget is US $ 38.6 million. Out of this budget, the budget allocated for Agriculture Component is a small portion - that is i.e. only 5.69 percent (i.e. US $ 2 million) which is further revised and scaled down to US $ 1.46 million. Regarding the project implementation, CMIASP is a joint undertaking of the Ministry of Irrigation/ Department of Irrigation and the Ministry of Agriculture Development/Department of Agriculture. The Project was initiated in January 2006 and will officially terminate by September 2012. However, the project period has been extended by one year till 2013 as agreed by implementing partners during the ADB Review Mission of August 2010. CMIASP was initially envisaged to implement 210 Irrigation Sub-projects (ISPs) however the target has now been revised to implement a total of 108 ISPs (which includes 27 ISPs in Batch I, 40 ISPs in Batch II and 41 ISPs in Batch III ) mainly due to increase in the construction cost of ISPs, rate of inflation, etc apart from other reasons. CMIASP is currently ongoing in all 35 districts of Eastern and Central Development regions. In Batch I there are 27 ISPs currently being implemented in 14 districts – 13 ISPs in 7 Districts of Eastern Development Region (EDR) and 14 ISPs in 7 Districts of Central Development Region (CDR). This book has mainly deal with the Batch I ISPs since most of these ISPs are nearing the completion phase in so far as the construction work is concerned. The total command area that is expected to be covered through the implementation of 27 ISPs of this batch is about 5,707 hectares with a population of 56,042 and having 9281 households. The 27 irrigation subprojects had been prioritized and selected from among other subprojects in the district on the basis of the principles and criteria set forth by the CMIASP Project Administration Memorandum of ADB. The proposed 9


intervention in the system had been supposed to be based on genuine demand from the majority of farmer beneficiaries who had agreed to organize themselves into a Water Users’ Association (WUA) abiding by the terms and conditions stipulated under the Irrigation Policy.

Overall Goal, Objectives and Outcome The overall goal of CMIASP is poverty reduction in the targeted rural communities of EDR and CDR through appropriate technological dissemination and socio-economic empowerment of the people. The main objective of the project is to improve agricultural production and productivity through sustainable management and renovation of small and medium-sized Farmers Managed Irrigation System (FMIS) facing low productivity and thus enhance the livelihood of community people including disadvantaged and minority groups. The expected outcomes of the project are: ‐

Improved mobilization and strengthening of Water Users Association (WUA) for irrigation management;

‐

Improved policies, plans, institutions and operational mechanisms for more responsive service delivery and sustainability aspects of FMIS;

‐

Cropping intensity increased in the targeted communities by about 40 percent;

‐

Increased gross margin of farm family by 70 percent;

‐

Annual farm income of landless farm laborers increased by NRs. 2,000

CMIASP Implementation Modality The CMIASP implementation model comprises of four aspects as given below: (i)

rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure and/or expansion of the irrigation network,

(ii) strengthening of Water User Associations (WUAs) through social mobilization and their development for project sustainability (iii) Agriculture development through improved technology/inputs dissemination (iv) Livelihood Enhancement The major infrastructure component of CMIASP activities (i.e. construction and rehabilitation part of ISPs) are designed and implemented by the Department of 10


Irrigation and its regional branch Offices called Irrigation Development Divisions (IDDs) and Irrigation Development Sub-divisions (IDSDs) with the help of contractors assigned for the task. This system rehabilitation usually consists of improvement of; (i) water diversion into the system; (ii) conveyance efficiency of the canal network; (iii) flow control and water distribution and, in some cases increase of the irrigation coverage of the system. The irrigation infrastructure development and/or system rehabilitation is supposed to take place in accordance with a jointly prepared implementation plan by the DOI and WUAs. For strengthening WUA, a four stage development approach has been visualized and implemented which comprise of social mobilization, institutional strengthening, participatory system design and construction of irrigation infrastructure and social/agricultural development. The WUA in which the beneficiary farmers are organized is actively participating in subproject planning, development and implementation and will be responsible for system management based on an agreed O&M plan. In order to implement the agriculture component related activities of CMIASP a total of 38 institutions of the Department of Agriculture (DoA) are involved with different roles and functions. The lead coordinating Office is the Directorate of Agricultural Extension (DAE) at Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur through its Project Implementation Unit (PIU). Its main role is to coordinate with the Regional Agricultural Directorates (RADs) of CDR and EDR, and its associated 35 District Agriculture Development Offices (DADOs), organize orientation, workshops and ToT Trainings to Water Users Association (WUA) leader farmers, prepare and distribute training manuals, document periodic progress reports, sub-project profiles, prepare and collect Statement of Expenditure (SOE) from RADs, DADOs, prepare and present analytical progress reports to donor missions, DoA, MoAD and finally monitor and supervise activities related to Agriculture Development Plan (ADPs) and Livelihood Enhancement Plan (LEPs) implemented by respective DADOs. RADs are responsible for monitoring and supervision of ADPs and LEPs, organize regional level planning and Review workshops and collect and document trimester and annual progress reports from their respective domain districts (16 in EDR and 19 in CDR). The 35 DADOs from CDR and EDR are directly involved in delivering the agriculture extension and support services to target farmers with the implementation of ADP and LEP related activities, program budgeting, monitoring & supervision of activities at ISP level through the participation and involvement of WUA members.

11


Main Activities under Agriculture Component Two main group of activities have been incorporated under the agriculture component as given below:

Agricultural Development Plan (ADP) The Agriculture Development Plan (ADP) consists of a package of agriculture extension activities aimed at improving the irrigated agriculture practices and techniques of landholding farmers in the subproject areas. As part of the agricultural component of CMIASP, the respective DADOs of each district are responsible for implementing the ADPs and LEPs in each ISP command areas through participation with local stakeholders by mobilizing its Officers and technical staffs (JT/JTAs). The ADP is mainly targeted for the mainstream farmers – who are within the command area of the ISPs along the head, middle and tail sections of the irrigation canal and who could avail irrigation facilities through their organized Water Users Associations (WUAs). The ADPs comprise of activities such as seed multiplication, result and production demonstrations, main and off-season vegetable farming, IPM demonstrations, Farmers Training, Improved seed kit distribution, Soil testing campaigns, crop cutting surveys for yield estimation, farmers visit/tours, etc.

Livelihood Enhancement Plan (LEP) The livelihood Enhancement Plan (LEP) provides targeted support for small scale agricultural activities to disadvantaged groups (DAGs) in the subproject areas who own marginal lands or are landless settlers. These groups are identified with the support of local NGO as supporting partner assigned for the job by the Central Project Management Office through IDDs/IDSDs. The LEPs include a range of activities related to agriculture, livestock rearing, micro credit loan mobilization for goat raising and income generation, micro-irrigation technology distribution, mushroom cultivation, beekeeping, vegetable seed kit (mini-kit) distribution and so on. These LEPs have been prepared and implemented based on the demand of the target groups (ultra poor, landless and disadvantage families) of each ISPs. So far, based on the project's progress reports from DADOs, the participation of women in both the ADP and LEP activities in the ISP command areas have been 48 percent and 54 percent respectively which indicates a positive sign of gender representation. The implementation of the ISPs under CMIASP ultimately focuses in enhancing and developing irrigation systems to increase production with a view to ensure food security of the farmers. 12


Chapter

3

Geographical Distribution of ISPs and Associated Features

There are 27 ISPs under CMIASP in batch 1. Many of those were constructed in the past and managed by the farmers on their own capacity. The present ISPs are supposed to improve standard of earlier FMIS in terms of overall quality of the canal and increase production potentialities. For the implementation program, 13 ISPs of seven districts of Eastern Development Region (EDR) and 14 ISPs of seven districts of Central Development Region (CDR) have been taken for the First Batch (Table 3.1, 3.2 & Fig. 3.1). Table 3.1: List of ISPs under implementation in Batch I in EDR S.N.

ISP Name & Location

Command Area , ha

1

Hokse ISP, Triyuga

450

Udhyapur

2

Annapurna Baruwa ISP, Triyuga

159

Udhyapur

3

Akhuwa Ashine Khola ISP, Amtak

126

Bhojpur

4

Ghatte Khola ISP, Shideshwor

115

Bhojpur

5

Bansbote ISP, Hattikharka

57

Dhankuta

6

Kewa Khola ISP, Chanuwa

117

Dhankuta

7

Bhulke ISP, Baklauri

208

Sunsari

8

Kali Khosi ISP, Bayarban

254

Morang

9

Lohandra Datarampaine ISP, Belbari

134

Morang

10

Ingla Khola ISP, Jamuna

110

Ilam

11

Talkharka ISP, Puwamjhuma

134

Ilam

12

Paliya ISP, Jyamirghadi

227

Jhapa

13

Tanting Kalikhosi ISP, Arjundhara

200

Jhapa

13

District

Fig. 3.1. Distribution of Batch I ISPs under CMIASP


14


Table 3.2: List of ISPs under implementation in Batch I in CDR S.N.

ISP Name & Location

Command Area, ha

District

1

Jayapuri Jogimara ISP, Jogimara

200

Dhading

2

Daltar Bhaltar ISP, Bairini

187

Dhading

3

Tadikhola

145

Nuwakot

Ghatte

Buduhenefant

ISP, Sundaridevi 4

Sisnari Chahare ISP, Chatarale

240

Nuwakot

5

Shikar Kateri ISP, Opee

100

Kavre

6

Tesrokulo ISP, Hokse

50

Kavre

7

Eku Daha ISP, Thaibe

70

Lalitpur

8

Tileshower Mahadev ISP, Lele

40

Lalitpur

9

Upper Baugi ISP, Belba

225

Parsa

10

Sadhuwa ISP, Basidiba

202

Parsa

11

Kantawa ISP, Khairabani

750

Mahottari

12

Geruka ISP, Piparari

380

Mahottari

13

Kajipaine ISP

520

Dhanusa

14

Bachharaja ISP

307

Dhanusa

Out of 13 ISPs in the Eastern Development Region five are in Terai districts and eight are in Hill districts. In the case of Central Development Region two ISPs are located in Kathmandu Valley, six each in Terai and Hill districts. ISPs in the Hill of EDR have 2598 households out of that 15.01 percent were Disadvantaged Groups(DAGs), in Tarai, there are1593 households and among those 29.68 percent were DAGs. ISPs in CDR Hill have 2015 households in which 16.6 percent were DAGs. Terai has 3115 households and there was 16.3 percent DAGs. All these ISPs cover a total population of 56,042 within the command area (Table 3.3).

15


Table 3.3: Total household number, DAGs number and total population in ISPs Dev Region EDR

CDR

Geographical Region

DAGs

HHs

Total Population

No

No

%

No

Hill (8 ISPs)

2598

390

15.01

14998

Tarai (5 ISPs)

1553

461

29.68

7745

Hill (8 ISPs)

2015

334

16.58

12367

Tarai (6 ISPs)

3115

507

16.28

20932

9281

1692

18.23

56042

Total (27 ISPs)

Data source: compiled from CMIASP webpage

Regarding the implementation of ADP activities, Table 3.4 shows that in total 8836 activities were planned. Among ISPs in the EDR Hill had planned 4013 activities and involved 1134 male and 997 female participants. Similarly, ISPs in the Terai had proposed 2733 activities with participants of 181 male and 139 female. There are 14 ISPs in the CDR out of which 8 are in Hill and 6 are in Tarai. There are 1091 activities planned in Hill and 999 activities in Terai. Participants involved were 1821 males and 2098 females in the Hill and 703 males and 491 females in the Terai. It shows that number of female participants was in good position in the CDR Hill. Table 3.4: Number of activities and participants in ISPs Dev Region EDR

CDR

Geographical Region

No. of Activities Planned

Participants Male Female

Total

Hill (8 ISPs)

4013

1134

997

2131

Tarai (5 ISPs)

2733

181

139

320

Hill (8 ISPs)

1091

1821

2098

3919

Tarai (6 ISPs)

999

703

491

1194

8836

3839

3725

7564

Total (27 ISPs)

Data source: CMIASP

16


Livelihood Enhancement Plan With respect to the implementation of LEP activities, Table 3.5 shows 7349 activities were planned in total. Among them 2075 and 1518 were in the Hill and Terai of EDR. Among the participants in those activities were 152 males and 208 females in the Hill and 144 males and 254 females in the Terai. Similarly, 2133 and 1633 activities were planned in the ISPs of Hill and Terai region of CDR respectively. Among the participants involved were 249 males and 519 females in the Hill districts and 295 males and 237 females in the Terai districts respectively. Table 3.5: Number of activities and participants in livelihood Enhancement Plan (LEP) Dev

Geographical

No. of Activities

Region

Region

Planned

EDR

CDR

Participants Male

Female

Total

Hill (8 ISPs)

2075

152

208

360

Tarai (5 ISPs)

1518

144

254

398

Hill (8 ISPs)

2133

249

519

768

Tarai (6 ISPs)

1633

295

237

532

7359

840

1218

2058

Total (27 ISPs)

Data source: CMIASP

Social Institutional Development A four stage development approach to strengthen the WUA and improve the position of women and disadvantaged is being implemented. The four stages comprise of social mobilization, institutional strengthening, participatory system design and irrigation infrastructure construction and social/agricultural development.

17


Table 3.6: Stage-wise planned activities and status in Social Institutional Development Stage 2 Activities Stage 3 Activities Stage 4 Activities Dev Geographical Stage 1 Activities Region Region Planned Completed Planned Completed Planned Completed Planned Completed EDR

CDR

Total

Hill

104

7

144

5

56

1

40

1

Tarai

65

3

90

2

35

0

25

0

Hill

104

12

144

12

56

9

40

0

Tarai

78

0

108

0

42

0

30

0

351

22

486

19

189

10

135

1

Data source: CMIASP

Stage 2 has the largest number of planned activities followed by stage 1, stage 3 and stage 4. Small numbers of planned activities were so far completed in different stages of activities (Table 3.6).

18


Chapter

4

Production Potentiality

The location map with the subset of cultivated land types presents the general scenario of the location of each ISPs. The geographical location i.e. Hill and Terai of EDR and CDR gives generalized picture of ISPs of each region. In the Terai districts of EDR, there are five ISPs in Batch I which are distributed two each in Jhapa, and Morang districts, and one in Sunsari district (Fig. 4.1). All these ISPs are located at the plain topography of the Terai (Tarai) landscape. Those are confined to the northern parts of the districts. Large part of the landscape is within the wetland cultivated land. Being a wetland cultivated land the production potentialities of those ISPs seems to be better. The five ISPs in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari (Terai districts), provide benefits to 6251 population of 1228 households. In total, the gross command area is 980 ha. The length of main canal is 17.85 kilometers. After the project completion the cropping intensity was estimated to be changed by 80 percent in total.

Figure 4.1: Distribution of cultivated land types and ISPs in Tarai Region of EDR. 19


There are two ISPs in each four districts i.e Udayapur, Bhojpur, Dhankuta and Ilam (Fig. 4.2).

Figure 4.2: Distribution of cultivated land types and ISPs in Hill Region of EDR In total, these ISPs provide benefits to 14,998 total population covering 2,598 households. Those ISPs cover 1,673 hectare gross command area. All those ISPs are confined in perennial river/stream intake. After the completion of the projects the cropping intensities of the command area will be changed. According to the estimation during the project implementation stage the cropping intensity was estimated to be increased from 115 to 176 percent. This clearly presents the cropping pattern, production potentiality and productivity of the crop in the command area with positive increment because of better irrigation facilities. Except ISPs in Udayapur, the ISPs in other districts (Bhojpur, Dhankuta and Ilam) are located in the level terrace cultivated land. The area has opportunities to improve cropping patterns with new improvements in irrigation facilities. There are two ISPs in each three districts i.e. Dhanusa, Mahottari and Parsa (Fig. 4.3). ISPs in Terai districts of CDR are located at the wetland cultivated area. All 20


these ISPs provide support to 3,115 households and 20,932 total populations. Total length of major canals is 25.5 kilometers and branch canals cover a length of 43.14 kilometers in total 2813 ha of gross command area. Intakes of canals are confined in the perennial streams except in Baugi Khola, the Upper Baugi ISP in Parsa district. After the provision of irrigation facilities in the ISPs the cropping intensity is estimated to be increased from 148.15 to 173.12 percent.

Figure 4.3: Distribution of cultivated land types and ISPs in Tarai Region of CDR.

In total two ISPs in each district are distributed in Dhading, Nuwakot, Kavrepalanchok and Lalitpur districts of CDR (Fig. 4.4). In total, these ISPs have 2015 households comprising 12,367 total population. All these ISPs have 31 kilometers design length of major canals including new extension. The gross command area is 1109 ha. All canal intakes are confined in perennial streams. After the completion of ISPs, the cropping intensity of the area was estimated to be increased by 23.09 percent.

21


Figure 4.4: Distribution of cultivated land types and ISPs in Hill Region of EDR In a large part of the cultivated land the irrigation systems are not well developed. Farming is a common practice with overwhelming dependency on monsoon rain. Owing to poor irrigation facilities selection of cereals is determined based on water availability in the fields. Winter cropping is rarely practiced. Large portion of cultivated land remained fallow during the dry winter season. Irrigation projects supports breakdown of this common practice and enhance both total production as well as productivity of the land.

22


Chapter

5

Features of ISPs

During the design phase of each ISP detail design survey report was prepared. Based on that detail design report some of the salient features of each ISP have been given in this chapter. Location map and salient features are compiled together in alphabetical order of all 27 ISPs with a view to make easier to understand the specified ISP. Other available information regarding agriculture crops, production and production potentialities and intensity of production are also compiled accordingly.

ISPs in Eastern Development Region The Eastern Development Region has 13 ISPs. Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari are three districts in Tarai and there are two each in Jhapa and Morang districts and one is in Sunsari district. Udayapur, Bhojpur, Dhankuta and Ilam districts are in the Hills and there are two ISPs in each district. 1. Akhuwa Ashine Khola ISP, Bhojpur

The Akhuwa Asine Khola Irrrigation Sub-Project was one of the two irrigation sub-projects selected from Bhojpur district for the implementation under CMIASP. The command area of Akhuwa Asine Khola ISP in walk through survey was 126 ha but there was conflict about the location of water source (i.e. confluence point of Akhuwa & Asine Khola). Later on original water source (i.e. Asine khola) was selected after dispute settlement and command area in DDR has been reduced to 80 ha due to lack of sufficient water in Asine Khola. As it was reported in the DDR, within the command area of Akhuwa Asine Khola ISP there was summer and winter cropping system. Even within the cropping pattern irrigated and rainfed, two types of cropping system exist. Paddy, paddy2, maize, millet and cardamom are reported in irrigated summer crops. These crops had covered 7.5 ha land. Similarly, the rainfed crops covered 63.5 ha. But after the completion of ISP the coverage of summer crops was expected to be increased to 80.0 ha. Similarly, for the winter crops the changes in coverage was expected to be seen after the implementation of ISP. It was reported that wheat, pulses, oilseeds, potato and vegetables used to be cultivated during the winter season. These crops cover 10.8 ha in the irrigated land and 76.6 ha in rainfed area. But

23


after the project implementation, the cropping area will be around 135 ha. Because of these changes, the overall cropping intensity before project was 144.0 percent in irrigated land, 105.62 percent in rainfed area and after the implementation of project the cropping intensity was expected to be increased to 168.75 percent. The DDR estimates very positive results of the ISP. ID

10-002

ISP Name

Akhuwa Ashine Khola ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDSD-02

District

Bhojpur

VDC Name

Bhainsipankha and Aamtek

Ward

9 and 1, 2

HH

106

Population

546

Main canal Length (km)

1.615 + 3.873

Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross Command Area (ha)

106

Source stream

Ashine khola

Stream Type

Perennial

Catchment Area (sq.km)

2.05

Existing Crop Intensity (%)

109.13

Proposed crop intensity (%)

168.75

2. Ghatte Khola ISP, Bhojpur

The Ghatte Khola ISP is located at the Sidheswor VDC of Bhojpur district. The Project area lies between 870 01’ 44” east (head) to 870 01’ 36” east longitude (tail) and 270 13’ 09” north (head) to 270 12’ 52” north latitude (tail). The elevation of the Project area varies from 1200 m to 1539 m above msl. As informed by the local people, the construction of the project was initiated in 1956 A.D. Since then, the subproject has been operated and maintained by farmers themselves. The farmers have extended the irrigation canal on their own efforts which had covered 10 ha, but after the implementation of the ISP the gross and net command area has been reported to be 157 ha and 115 ha respectively covering wards 3, 4, 6 and 8 of Sidheswor VDC. 24


Before implementation of ISP, only 9 ha of paddy and 3 ha of wheat crop was under irrigated agriculture. After ISP, area was reported to be extended by 115 ha with reliable, timely and adequate irrigation water to meet the crop water requirement for the proposed crops round the year. The scheme is located in the Hill terraces in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from north-west to south-east lying on the right bank of the Ghatte Khola, a perennial river. The catchment area is relatively small and is only 4.01 square kilometres. The crops grown in the sub-project area are paddy, millet, cardamom, maize, wheat, oil crops, pulses, potato and vegetables. Area covered by summer crops was about 98 percent in summer season and 25 percent in winter season. Summer crops in irrigated land was only in 10 ha, rainfed 103 ha and after ISP implementation, it is expected to reach 115 ha. Similarly, during winter season in irrigated land the area coverage is 7.5 ha, rainfed 20 ha and after ISP the coverage would be 97 ha. The overall cropping intensity was 175 percent in irrigated, 116 percent in rainfed and after ISP implementation it is estimated to be 184.23 percent. 10-001

ID ISP Name

Ghatte Khola ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDSD-02

District

Bhojpur

VDC Name

Siddheshwor

Ward

3, 4, 6 , 8

HH

193

Population

798


0.77 + 3.23

Branch No Branch Length (km)

25

Gross Command Area (ha)

157

Source stream

Ghatte khola

Stream Type

Perennial


4


121.74


184.33


3. Bansbote ISP, Dhankuta

Bansbote ISP is located in the North-west part of Dhankuta District. Geographically the ISP is located at 27⁰ 02’ 30’’ north to 27⁰ 05’ 00” north latitude and 87⁰ 17’ 30’’ east to 87⁰ 20’ 00” east longitude. It is situated at an altitude of 850-1100 m above mean sea level. The water source for irrigation is taken from the Gatte khola which lies on the Hattikharka ward number 2 in Suntale. The command area cover the ward numbers 2, 3 and 4 of Hattikharka VDC. It has 87 ha gross command area and 57 ha net command area. Initially this ISP was constructed by the local people on their own initiation in 1949 A.D. The total length of the canal is 4.72 km including main canal and branch canal that was dug initially by extensive people’s participation. Since 1959 A.D. the sub-project existed as the Famer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS). There was no extension of the canal alignment for the extension of command area. Only 10 ha extension area was proposed mainly due to the improvement of the canal system and improved management system of the ISP.

26

ID

07-001

ISP Name

Bansbote ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-03

District

Dhankuta

VDC Name

Hattikharka

Ward

2. 3. 4

HH

111

Population

681


3.12

Branch No

1

Branch Length (km)

1.6


100

Source stream

Ghatte khola

Stream Type

Perenial


5.54


193


232


About 111 households with a total population of 681 are expected to be benefitted from the project. The command area has a good potential for intensive irrigated agriculture which could encourage farmers to increase their agricultural production and productivity in existing farmlands. The ISP comprises 3120 m main canal and 1600 m branch canal. In summer, after the rehabilitation of sub-project the cropping intensity is expected to go upto 232 percent from its initial level of 193 percent. Marketable surplus of some crops were expected to increase. 4. Kewa Khola ISP, Dhankuta

The Kewa Khola ISP is located in the North-west part of Dhankuta District. It was constructed using water from Kewa Khola in 1958 A.D. Total length of the canal was 7.12 km including main canal and branch canal that was dug initially through extensive people participation and managed under the Famer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS). ID

07-002

ISP Name

Kewa ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-03

District

Dhankuta

VDC Name

Chanuwa

Ward

5, 8, 9

HH

116

Population

769


2.07

Branch No

2

Branch Length (km)

1.8

Gross (ha)

Command

Area 150

Source stream

Kewa khola

Stream Type

Perenial


14.77

Existing Crop Intensity (%) NA Proposed (%)

27

Khola

crop

intensity NA


The water off'take point is from the Kewa khola which lies on the Chanuwa VDC, ward number 8. Kewa khola is a perennial river. The catchment area is 14.77 square kilometres and is well vegetated. The command area lies in ward number 5, 8 and 9 of Chanuwa VDC and covers 117 ha net command area. The subproject area has a total of 93 households with total population of 445. It is situated at an altitude between 850 and 1100 m above mean sea level. Geographical position of the ISP is located at 270 10’ 00” to 270 12’ 30” north latitude and 870 17’ 30’’ east to 870 20’ 00” east longitude. The existing cropping intensity was reported to be 185 percent and after the completion of the ISP it is expected to reach 225 percent. The total length of the main canal is 2.02 kilometres, that of branch canal 1 is 3.3, and branch canal 2 is 1.8 kilometres with the idle length of only 350 meters. The primary quantifiable benefit of the irrigation subproject is increased agricultural production. 5. Bhulke ISP, Sunsari

The proposed Bhulke ISP was rehabilitation of Farmers Managed Irrigation System. The sub-project lies in Ward numbers 8 and 9 of Baklauri VDC, Sunsari District. The sub-project lies between 26⁰43'30” to 26⁰44'00” north latitude and 87⁰12'30” to 87⁰14'00” east longitude. Geographical location of ISP is in the Terai agricultural plain with land that slopes gently from north to south with an elevation ranging in-between 108 m to 114 m above msl. It has 135 ha gross command area. Source of irrigation water is spring fed perennial source of Bhulke Bhav Spring. The average landholding of a woman headed, marginal, small, medium and large family was found to be 0.50 ha, 0.104 ha, 0.538 ha 1.142 ha and 5.294 ha, respectively. The overall average land holding size of project area was 0.814 ha. The average parcel size was recorded 0.495 ha and average parcel number per household was about two. The crops grown in the sub-project area comprises of paddy, winter maize, wheat, oilseeds, pulses, potato and vegetables. Paddy occupies about 74.8 percent of the command area during monsoon and 9.6 percent in spring season. Wheat is a second major cereal crop which occupies 52.6 percent of area during winter followed by oilseeds 26.7 percent, pulses 4.4 percent, potato 6.6 percent and vegetables 1.5 percent. Similarly in spring season, spring maize occupies 11.1 percent area and paddy 9.6 percent of the area. The cropping intensity of the project area under irrigated condition was found to be 145.9 28


percent, under un-irrigated condition it was 41.4 percent and overall cropping intensity was estimated to be 187.3 percent. ID

06-001

ISP Name

Bhulke ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-02

District

Sunsari

VDC Name

Baklauri

Ward HH

330

Population

2004


3.45


135

Source stream

Bhulke Bhar

Stream Type

Local spring

Catchment Area (sq.km) Existing Crop Intensity (%)

187.3 %


6. Kali Koshi ISP, Morang

The Kali Koshi ISP is located at ward number 5, 7 and 8 of Bayarban VDC in Morang District. The sub-project is a rehabilitation and extension of Tarai type of system. It was built by the farmers own initiative in 1971 A.D. and subseqently managed under the Farmers Managed Irrigation System (FMIS). The sub-project had a command area of 151 ha which has been proposed to extend upto 298 ha. A total 325 households of mixed ethnic groups comprising approximately 1494 persons are settled in around the command area. The main occupation of the people is predominantly farming. More than 80 percent of the economically active populations were found to be engaged in agricultural activities. The local as well as improved varieties of paddy and wheat are grown in the region. The major crops grown in the command area were found to be paddy, wheat, maize & potato. During monsoon, almost 100 percent of the cultivated

29


area is under paddy cultivation and even in winter months, a substantial portion of the area was reported to be cultivated with dominant crops like oilseeds, vegetables, pulses, potatoes, cauliflowers, cabbage, beans, peas, onions, cucumber, pumpkins, radish etc. In spring, early paddy and maize were the dominant crops and cover about 60 percent of the area. The average land holding size of project area was reported to be 0.753 ha. The recorded average parcel size was 0.448 ha and average parcel number per household was 2 (two). About 92 percent land of households was within the command area and remaining 8 percent were scattered outside the command area. Land operation under unirrigated condition ranges from 1.8 percent for marginal farm family to about 66 percent for medium farm family. Overall cropping intensity before ISP was computed to be 188.2 percent and in unirrigated land, it was 157.3 percent. But after the ISP it was estimated to reach 211.8 percent. ID

05-002

ISP Name

Kali Koshi ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-02

District

Morang

VDC Name

Bayarban VDC

Ward

5, 7 and 8

HH

325

Population

1494


2.2


2.785 and 2.543

Gross Command Area (ha) 298 Source stream

Kali Koshi Khola

Stream Type

Spring (Perennial)


2.13

Existing Crop Intensity (%) NA Proposed crop intensity (%) NA

30

fed


7. Lohandra Datarampaine ISP, Morang

The Lohandra Dataram Paini ISP is one of the two sub-projects of Batch I taken into consideration by CMIASP for implementation after completing the Feasibility Study in Morang District. The sub-project is a rehabilitation system serving ward no. 4 of Belbari VDC and ward no.3 and 4 of Haraincha VDC. This FMIS was built by the farmers own initiative in 1987 taking irrigation water from Lohandra Khola. Geographical location is between 26036’39” north to 26039’50” north latitude and 87023’34” east to 87024’49” east longitude. The source of water for this sub-project is Lohandra Khola (river). Lohandra Khola is one of the so-called southern rivers originating from Siwalik Hills. Although the river is perennial, there is significant reduction in the discharge during the dry season. During monsoon season, the overflow of the river give rise to sudden flash floods causing inundation of the nearby areas. Therefore, farmers have been impatiently waiting for the immediate implementation of this sub-project. Farmers have been using this water source for seasonal supplementary irrigation. As per Feasibility Study of the sub-project, about 87.7 percent land of households reside in the command area and about 12.3 percent land areas are scattered outside the command area. Of the total irrigated area in the subproject, large, medium, small and marginal farmers occupies 43.7 percent, 21.8 percent, 14.6 percent and1.0 percent respectively and women headed households own about 6.6 percent irrigated lands. Of the total operational land, 71.4 percent were irrigated and 28.6 percent unirrigated. About 80 percent of land were self owner operated while the rest (about 15.0 percent) were leased-out lands. The cropping intensity of the subproject before project intervention was found to be 165.83 percent. On the other hand, the cropping intensity for irrigated and rainfed area has been calculated to be 161.98 percent and 181.25 percent respectively. After the implementation of ISP it is estimated to go upto 246.67 percent.

31


ID

05-001

ISP Name

Lohendra Datarampaine ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-02

District

Morang

VDC Name

Balbar and Haraicha

Ward

4 and , 3, 4

HH

355

Population

1500

Main canal Length 7.4 (km) Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross Command 310 Area (ha) Source stream

Lohandra khola

Stream Type

Perenial

Catchment (sq.km)

Area

Existing Intensity (%)

Crop

Proposed intensity (%)

crop

183.85 165.83 246.67

8. Paliya ISP, Jhapa

Paliya Irrigation Sub-project is located in Jyamirgadhi VDC of Jhapa district. Paliya ISP was managed by FMIS. It was constructed in 1967 A.D. and maintained and rehabilitated by the farmers with assistance from ADB/N. After the system improvement, it was expected to provide reliable, timely and sufficient irrigation water supply to irrigate the land around Jyamirgadhi VDC. Geographically, the ISP is located between 260 37’ 30” north to 260 35’ 45” north latitude and 880 07’ 30” east to 880 07’ 07” east longitude. The elevation of the area is between 102 and 107 m above msl. Paliya stream is a medium Perennial source. The gross command area is 270 ha and the net command area is 227 ha. There are 19 branch (including tertiary) canals in the network. The sub-project will serve by the 64 outlets provided in main and branch canals. The canal system is quite extensive and there is no need for further command area development. 32


Before the start of ISP work, the command area of the sub-project was 162 ha, of which about 80 percent (130 ha) was irrigated. The extended area was 38 ha which has no irrigation facility. As reported by the farmers, in total 57 percent (130 ha) was irrigated and 43 percent (97 ha) was un-irrigated including extension area. The crops grown in the sub-project area were paddy, winter maize, wheat, oil seeds, pulses, potato and vegetables. Summer crops shared 87 percent, while winter and spring crops shared 65 percent and 22 percent respectively. Monsoon paddy occupies about 85 percent of the command area during summer. In winter, wheat, oilseeds and pulses occupy 15 percent each while amongst spring crops maize shares 15 percent. The overall cropping intensity of project area was calculated to be 174 percent. After the implementation of the project it will allow farmers to increase cropping intensity in the project area through the provision of irrigation water during drier months. The proposed cropping intensity will be 204 percent or 30 percent higher against the existing cropping intensity. ID

04-001

ISP Name

Paliya ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-01

District

Jhapa

VDC Name

Jyamirgaddhi

Ward

1, 2, 3, 8, 9

HH

300

Population

1520


4.2

Branch No

10

Branch Length (km)

6


270

Source stream

Paliya khola

Stream Type

Perenial

Catchment (sq.km)

33

Area 22.5


NA


NA


9. Tanting Kalikoshi ISP, Jhapa

The Tangting Kalikoshi ISP is an existing FMIS contracted locally and managed by local farmers. The farmer use water of Tangting River (khola) only in the winter months with temporary intake arrangement since bank and bed of the khola is changing. During monsoon season, water from Kali Khola and local field drains, crossing the canal at different chainage, is sufficient for irrigation. A link canal of length 192 m conveys water from Tangting to Kali khola and then next link canal of 192 m along the bank to the existing intake. The Kalikhola does not supply water during dry season. The subproject is located between 260 42’ 30” north to 260 43’ 00” north latitude and 870 58’ 30” east to 880 00’ 00”east longitude. The ISP is located in the Tarai plains in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from north to south at an elevation of just under 150 m above msl. Tangting River is the main source of irrigation for this ISP. The river originates from the northern hills. The command area of the sub-project is 200 ha, of which about 80 percent was irrigated (160 ha) and 40 ha had limited irrigation facility. Due to lack of good intake, sufficient water could not divert to canal side. The crops grown in the sub-project area were paddy, winter maize, wheat, oilseeds, pulses, potato and vegetables. During the survey, paddy occupies about 95 percent of the command area in the monsoon and 5 percent in spring season. In the winter season, oilseeds and pulses each occupy 17.5 percent of area followed by wheat 16.5 percent, potato 6.0 percent and vegetables 4.0 percent. Similarly in spring season, spring maize occupies 15 percent, paddy 5.0 percent and vegetables 2.5 percent. The existing cropping intensity was 191.3 percent under irrigated condition and 182.5 percent under un-irrigated condition. After the implementation of ISP the cropping intensity of un-irrigated land is expected to increase.

34


ID

04-002

ISP Name

Tanting Kalikoshi ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-01

District

Jhapa

VDC Name

Arjundhara

Ward

5

HH

243

Population

1227


2.8

Branch No

6

Branch Length (km)

2.8


265

Source stream

Tangting and Kalikhola

Stream Type

Perenial


47


182.5


191.3

10. Hokse ISP, Udayapur

The Hokse ISP is located in Ward number 12, 13 and 14 of the Triyuga Municipality of Udaypur district. The first date of construction has not yet been known, however, the project was upgraded and maintained by the farmers in 1947 A.D. This is maintained under the FMIS. The subproject is located between 260 49’ 55” north to 260 46’ 25”north latitude and 860 36’ 52”east to 860 38’ 17” east longitude, respectively. The elevation of the area is about 168 to 195 m above msl located in a cultivated area of Triyuga valley of inner Terai sloping gently from north to south. The ISP consists of six individual irrigation systems which lies on the left bank of the Triyuga Khola. The source of irrigation water is perennial. It originates from the community forest north from the headwork site in the Siwalik Zone. The catchments area is about 89 square kilometres. The total command area of the ISP as proposed is 450 ha after rehabilitation 35


with 15 ha extension. After the project intervention which helps expansion of irrigated farmland, the anticipated cropping intensity is expected to reach 222.2 percent, whereas the existing cropping intensity was reported 179.1 percent. It is hoped that there would be a substantial increase in areas covered by paddy, wheat, maize, vegetables and potato. Farmers would prefer to grow paddy, maize and wheat for household food security and potato, vegetables, oilseeds and pulses as cash crops to increase household income. Paddy is the dominant crop during the summer season whereas wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds are cultivated as winter crops. After the implementation of ISP, spring season crops such as spring maize and spring paddy were anticipated to cover about 22.2 percent and 6.7 percent area, respectively. Future crop production is estimated from the attainable yield, proposed area and proposed cropping patterns. It was anticipated that farmers will use improved agricultural technology and improved seeds as trained during project implementation phase. 11. Annapurna Baruwa ISP, Udayapur

The Annapurna Baruwa ISP is located in the Triyuga Municipality of Udaypur district. Geographically, it is between 260 47’ 09” north to 260 48’ 20” north latitude and 860 42’ 53” east to 860 44’ 46” east longitude. The elevation of the area is about 137-150 m above msl. The ISP is located at the gently sloping terraces from north to south. Baruwa Khola is a runoff fed source and there exists no functional stream. This ISP is an existing FMIS. The history of this runoff fed river is very old. Nobody has exact idea about when this water source was first utilized by farmers to meet their irrigation needs. The intake required frequent repairs during every monsoon season for which the farmers contribute in terms of kind and cash. The existing system covers an area of about 125 ha but it is reported that there is shortage of irrigation water in the tail region. After the system improvement, the system is expected to provide reliable, timely and sufficient irrigation water supply to irrigate the land around Triyuga Municipality. The ISP has a gross command area of 175 ha and the net command area of 159 ha. The source Baruwa Khola originates from the Siwalik hills. The crops grown in the sub-project area are paddy, winter maize, wheat, oilseeds, pulses, potato and vegetables. Paddy occupies about 98 percent of the command area during 36


monsoon, 50.9 percent in winter season and 42.1 percent in spring season. During winter season, pulses cover 15.7 percent of area followed by wheat 12.6 percent, oil seeds 12.6 percent, potato 3.8 percent and vegetables 1.3 percent. Similarly in spring season, spring maize occupies 40.9 percent and paddy 1.3 percent. The present cropping intensity estimated to be 200.0 percent under irrigated condition is 23.7 percent higher than under unirrigated condition which is 176.3 percent. The overall cropping intensity of project area is 191.2 percent. ID

14-001

14-002

ISP Name IDD/IDSD District VDC Name Ward HH

Annapurna Baruwa ISP EIDSD-04 Udayapur Triyuga 4 368

Hokse ISP EIDSD-04 Udayapur Triyuga 12. 13, 14 1324

Population

2024

8000

Main canal Length (km) 2.9 Branch No 4 Branch Length (km) 1.55 Gross Command Area (ha) 175

6.4 7 0.6275

680

Source stream

Bauwa khola Triyuga river

Stream Type

Perenial

Catchment Area (sq.km) 48 Existing Crop Intensity (%) NA Proposed crop intensity (%) NA

Perenial 89

NA NA

12. Talkharka ISP, Ilam

If we reflect back to history, the construction of Talkharka ISP was initiated in 1965 by the local people and a small canal track was completed in 1966 through farmers’ participation. Farmers have been maintaining the existing irrigation canal year after year through regular improvement of canal to extend irrigation service. In 1992, Mechi Hill Development project (MHDP) supported farmers for strengthening the system by lining some sections of the canals and provided gabion protection works in difficult portions. Since then, the scheme is 37


being operated and managed by the farmers group. It is mainly used to irrigate cardamom and winter crops: wheat, potato, vegetable along with occasional watering for maize and other crops in spring. The intake of the sub-project is located at Sano puwa khola at the border of Ward No 5 and 7 of Puwa Majhuwa VDC, in Ilam district. It is located at 27o01’31" north latitude and 87o53’05" east longitude. Canal intake is situated at 2000m above the msl and irrigates land below the canal of ward number 1, 3, 4, and 5 of Puwa Majhuwa VDC. This ISP lies in the Hills and covers 180 ha gross command area. The elevation of the command area ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 m above the msl. Maize, potato, cardamom, wheat, oil seeds and vegetables are the main crops in the project area but maize is the predominant crop in the monsoon covering 63 percent area. Cardamom is an important cash crop of the region. The existing irrigated area is 100 ha and unirrigated area is 35 ha. Wheat is the main winter season crop which occupies 33.3 percent and other crops grown are oilseeds 7.4 percent, potato 18.5 percent and vegetables 3.0 percent. Before the implementation of the ISP the cropping intensity was 157.0 percent under irrigated land. It was only 77.1 percent in unirrigated area and overall cropping intensity was 136.3 percent. After the implementation of ISP, cropping intensity was estimated to be 174 percent in unirrigated land. ID

03-002

ISP Name

Talkharka ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-01

District

Ilam

VDC Name

Puwa Majhuwa

Ward

1, 3, 4, 5

HH

180

Population

1080

Main canal Length (km) 6.41 Branch No

1

Branch Length (km)

1.8


180

Source stream

Sano Puwakhola

Stream Type

Perenial

Catchment Area (sq.km) 5.41

38


136.3


174.0


13. Ingla Khola ISP, Ilam

Dating back to history, Ingla khola ISP was started in 1967 through local farmers' initiative and completed in 1971. Since then, it has been managed by the farmers which provides irrigation to the farmland of Ward No 4 and 6 of Jamuna VDC in Ilam district. It is a simple diversion canal tapping irrigation water from the perennial Ingla khola. It is located at 27°00’50" north latitude and 87°58’15" east longitude. Canal intake is at 1306 m above the msl and irrigates land below 1306 m above the msl. The proposed command area is a terraced land having slope of less than 30° on the right bank of the Ingla Khola. Most of the land faces southward except for a small patch upstream. Total households in the sub-project area during the baseline survey were 269 and population was 1100. Gross command area of the project is 125 ha. ID

03-001

ISP Name

Ingla Khola ISP

IDD/IDSD

EIDD-01

District

Ilam

VDC Name

Jamuna

Ward

4, 6

HH

269

Population

1100


2.6

Branch No

1

Branch Length (km)

1.4


125

Source stream

Ingla khola

Stream Type

Perenial


8.5

Existing Crop Intensity (%) NA Proposed crop intensity (%)

39

NA


The crops grown in the sub-project area are paddy, maize, cardamom, ginger, wheat, oil seeds, potato and vegetables. In addition to these, other crops like broom grass and millet are also grown in rainfed area. This indicates the potential of cash crops in the sub-project area. The present yield of crops in the command area is comparatively lower than what could have been achieved with the irrigated condition. It is estimated that about 80 percent (72 ha) of command area is fully or partially irrigated and the rest 18 ha has no irrigation facility. Extension of irrigation has been proposed in additional 20 ha at the tail end of the canal. The present cropping intensity is 155.6 percent under irrigated condition and 131.6 percent under rainfed condition. The overall cropping intensity of project area is 147.3 percent. After sub-project implementation it will allow farmers to increase cropping intensity by providing irrigation water. The proposed cropping intensity after provision of irrigation is estimated to be around 185.5 percent. It is expected that there will be some increase in paddy area after irrigation availability and subsequent reduction in maize area since farmers prefer to grow paddy in irrigated lands and replace maize with ginger and summer vegetables.

40


ISPs in Central Development Region The Central Development Region has 14 ISPs. Dhanusa, Mahottari and Parsa are three districts in Tarai and there are two ISPs in each of the districts. Dhading, Nuwakot, Lalitpur and Kavrepalanchwok districts are in the Hills and there are also two ISPs in each district. 1. Daltar Bhaltar ISP, Dhading

Daltar Bhaltar ISP is located in the Ward number 8 of Baireni VDC of Dhading district. The ISP covers 220 square kilometers gross command area. The command area has 184 household with the total population of 1225. ID

30-001

ISP Name

Daltar Bhaltar ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDSD-03

District

Dhading

VDC Name

Baireni

Ward

8

HH

184

Population Main (km)

canal

1225 Length 1.45 + 8.53

Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross Command Area 220 (ha) Source stream

Kheste Khola

Stream Type Catchment (sq.km)

Perennial Area

Existing Crop Intensity 151.87 (%) Proposed intensity (%)

crop 198.4

The source of water- Kheste Khola is a perennial river. The flow in the river is mainly contributed by sub-surface flow during dry season. The existing cropping intensity of the subproject area is 151.87 percent, which is mostly rain fed. The rainfed condition and the lower input of the fertilizer has resulted in the very low

41


production (yield) of the crops. This is purely a demand driven project that intends to provide irrigation water to 187 ha of arable land. After the completion of ISP it is expected to supply water to the rainfed area for increased crop production. This, in turn will facilitate in raising the cropping intensity to 198.4 percent as per estimation 2. Jayapuri Jogimara ISP, Dhading The project area is easily accessible, located at ward no 1-4 of Jogimara VDC in Dhading district. This ISP is an improvement of the existing Farmer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS). The canal alignment already exists in field before the ISP work kicked-off. The existing canals are quite wide and it is expected that additional land is not required for the sub-project improvement but in the extended canal area, some lands will be taken for canal extension. The canal alignment is not affecting any one’s homestead area or any public and private land other than extended area, which is a good indication since it obviates some possible conflict situation which may arise because of land dispute. The gross command area of the project is 200 ha. There are 165 households with a total population of 1189 within the command area. Water from the perennial Hattibang Khola has been used for the canal. After the implementation of the project cropping intensity is expected to increase from the existing 157 percent to 188 percent. ID

30-002

ISP Name

Jayapuri Jogimara ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDSD-03

District

Dhading

VDC Name

Jogimara

Ward

1-4

HH

165

Population

1189

Main canal Length (km) Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross Command Area (ha)

200

Source stream

Hattibang Khola

Stream Type

Perennial


42


157


188


3. Shikhar Kateri ISP, Kavrepalanchok

The command area of Sikharkateri ISP lies in ward No 1, 2 of Raviopi VDC of Kavrpalanchowk district. This project area lies within Chhahre Khola Basin. This is an existing FMIS. The history of this sub-project is not very old. This ISP was initially constructed in year 2000 A.D. by the farmers’ with their own efforts by mobilizing the local people and through their labor participation. It is located in between 27⁰ 38’ 51” north to 27⁰ 39’ 11” north latitude and 85⁰ 33’ 08”east to 85⁰ 35’ 05”east longitude. The elevation of the area ranges from 1100 to 1110m above the msl. The gross command area of the ISP is 110 ha having 92 households with a total population figure of 650 living there. Chhahare Khola, is a catchment fed perennial source of irrigation water. It originates from the community forest about 2.5 km north from the headwork site in the hill. The catchment area at the proposed intake is only about 4.2 square kilometres. The watershed of the river is mostly covered with forest and cultivated land. Soil texture slightly varies from gravel boulder & light to heavy silt moving across the command area from west to the east. Due to highly rechargeable Mahabharat zone lying to the west of the intake, there are a lot of spring outlets which are adding to the discharge source of Chhahare Khola. The average land holding size of irrigated and unirrigated land of a farm family was found to be 0.27 ha and 0.35 ha respectively. The average operated land holding of a farm family was found to be 0.62 ha. It is reported that small farm size households has about 0.05 ha of land for cultivation. The major part of command area is Bariland, therefore maize and tomato are the main crops cultivated. Monsoon paddy and spring paddy are cultivated in Khet area (lowland). Maize is cultivated in Bariland. Tomato is the major cash crop cultivated in two seasons from May to August and August to January. Other important cash crops cultivated in the area are potato, cauliflower and cabbage. Potato is cultivated during winter season in Khet as well as in Bariland. Wheat and oilseed are also cultivated in the Khet during winter. Existing cropping intensity is reported to be 225 percent and after the implementation of ISP it was estimated to be at least 231 percent.

43


ID

24-002

ISP Name

Shikhar Kateri ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-07

District

Kavrepalanchok

VDC Name

Raviopi

Ward

1, 2, 5

HH

92

Population

650


3.9

Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross Command Area (ha) 110 Source stream

Chhahare Khola

Stream Type

Perennial


4.2


225


231

4. Terso Kulo ISP, Kavrepalanchok

The Terso Kulo ISP is located at Ward No. 5 and 6 of Panchkhal VDC and Ward No. 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Hokse VDC, Kavrepalanchowk district. This is a rehabilitation type of project. The ISP has 50 ha net and 60 ha gross command area. Within the net command area 30 ha is in existing and 20 ha is extendable after the implementation of the sub-project. In total, the command area has 184 households having 1090 population. The perennial Jhikhu Khola is the main source of water. Total catchment area is 23.8 square kilometers. The length of the main canal is 4.1 kilometers and the branch canal is 1.15 kilometers. The command area has irrigated and nonirrigated land. Existing cropping intensity in the irrigated land is 243 percent and non-irrigated land is 228 percent respectively. After the implementation of the project, the overall cropping intensity is estimated to be around 244 percent.

44


ID

24-001

ISP Name

Terso Kulo ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-07

District

Kavrepalanchok

VDC Name

Panckhal and Hokse

Ward

5, 6 and 1, 2, 3, 4

HH

184

Population

1090


4.1


1.15


Jku Khola

Stream Type

Perennial


23.8


231

Proposed crop intensity (%) 244

5. Sisneri Chhahare ISP, Nuwakot

The Sisneri Chhahare ISP is located in the central part of Nuwakot District. It is located in between 27051'30" north to 27049'35" north latitude and 85012'50" east to 85015'30" east Longitude. The elevation of the area is about 1230 m above the mean sea level (msl). The history of the sub-project is quite old. From the point of view of the beneficiary, it was constructed and managed by the farmers according to their own need based interest. Later on, it was constructed by the First Sector Irrigation Project funded by ADB. This sub-project is fully farmers managed system and every year farmers have been facing problems especially during the rainy season because the constructed side intake and canal system breaches several times. The gross command area is 240 ha and the net command area is 200 ha with 367 households. The command area lies in the ward numbers 1 to 9 of Chaturale VDC and is situated at the left bank of Chhahare khola. The ISP is located in the Hills in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from south to north at an elevation of just under 1250 m above the msl. Sisneri

45


Khola is a perennial spring source and as even there are few off-take points for diversion of water upstream of the proposed head-works, there is sufficient flow available at the intake of this sub-project. Owing to the characteristics and meandering of the river, farmers can get water even for winter and spring crops within the command area and have no specific water rights problem. Paddy, wheat, maize and vegetables are found to be the main crops grown in the command area. Oilseed, pulses, potatoes were grown in small patches for household consumption. The total irrigated area is 170 ha. Future extension of the ISP is about 30 ha of Sirubari and Lachyang danda, which would bring the total irrigated area to 200 ha. About 40 to 50 households can get benefit from the extended command area. The command area has good potential for intensive irrigated agriculture. There exists 6046 m main canal and 2450 m Thulibesi branch canal. Rest of the two branch canals namely Sirubari branch, 1820 m long and Lachyang dada branch, 980 m long are supposed to be newly constructed. Existing cropping intensity of the ISP area is 224.1 percent and after the implementation of the ISP it is estimated to be 231 percent. ID ISP Name

28-002 Sisneri Chhahare ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-08

District

Nuwakot

VDC Name

Chaturale

Ward HH

367

Population Main canal Length (km)

2314 6.046

Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross Command Area (ha) 240 Sisneri, Chhahare Source stream & Ghatte Khola Stream Type Catchment Area (sq.km) Existing Crop Intensity (%) Proposed crop intensity (%)

46

Perenial 3.95, 2.09, 1.331 224.5 231


6. Tadi Khola Ghatte Budhune Phant ISP, Nuwakot

The Tadi Khola Ghatte Budune ISP is located in Sundaradevi VDC of Nuwakot district. The command area lies in Raluka- 5,6,7, Kharanetar-4,5,6, and Sundaradevi- 1,2 and covers 145 ha net command area. It is situated at the right bank of Ghatte Khola and Tadi Khola. Geographically, the area lies in 270 11’ 58” north to 270 09’ 50” north Latitude and 870 05’ 27” east to 870 04’ 55” east longitude. The elevation of the Project area varies from 820 to 1000m in a gentle hill slope from north to south. The ISP covers a command area of 153 ha comprising of 329 households and 2574 population. Ghatte Khola is Perennial River. The catchment area is relatively small at only 8.31 square kilometres. Paddy, wheat and maize are three main crops grown in the command area. Oilseed, pulses and vegetables were grown in small patches for household consumption. The existing cropping intensity of the command area is 270 percent in fully irrigated areas and 192 percent in partially irrigated land. However, after the implementation of the ISP the overall estimated crop intensity is targeted to reach 225 percent. ID

28-001

ISP Name

Tadi Khola Ghatte Budhune Phant ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-08

District

Nuwakot

VDC Name

Raluka, Sundaradevi, Kharanetar

Ward HH

429

Population

2574


4.37


153

Source stream

Tadi Khola and Ghatte Khola

Stream Type

Perennial

Catchment Area (sq.km) 8.87

47


219.5


225


7. Tileshwor Mahadev 1 Rajkulo ISP, Lalitpur

The ISP is located in the Lele VDC of Lalitpur district. It is located in 270 32’ 30” north to 270 35’ 11” north latitude and 850 20’ 08” east to 850 22’ 30” east longitude. The elevation of the area is about 1500 - 1510 m above the msl. The command area has agricultural terraces of gentle hill slopes oriented towards north to south at an elevation of 1500 and 1510 m above the msl. The Tileshwor Mahadev ISP lies on the right bank of the Lele Khola. The existing main canal is aligned along the main roads crossing the command area and provide irrigation to one side.

This system is also traditionally Farmers’

Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) constructed a long time ago and is being managed by farmers themselves. This system was also built by the local farmers with their indigenous knowledge and ingenuity. Lele Khola, the source of irrigation water, is a runoff fed temporary source. It originates from the community forest about 2.5 km north from the headwork site. The catchments area at the proposed headwork is about only 4.5 square kilometres. This ISP irrigates 30 ha with its additional expansion area of 10 ha which was before rainfed. The completed irrigation scheme will thus cover a total area of 40 ha. The ISP has a total of 263 households and a population of 1475 people. Of these households, 59 are landless, 127 have small farms (with less than 0.5 ha), 66 have medium-sized farms (between 0.5 and 1 ha) and 11 are large farms (greater than 1 ha). The average land holding of a farm family was found to be 0.47 ha. There is no leased land found among the sample farmers which indicates that most farmers farm in their own plots. Paddy is the main crop during monsoon season and wheat during winter season. Paddy covers 40 ha of the command area and wheat is cultivated in 30 ha. Among other crops grown in the area include potato along with crops such as garlic and other vegetables in very small area for domestic consumption only. Existing crop intensity is 205 percent and after the implementation of ISP the intensity is supposed to be 244 percent.

48


ID

25-001

ISP Name

Tileshwor Mahadev 1 Rajkulo ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-06

District

Lalitpur

VDC Name

Lele

Ward

1, 2, 5, 6, 9

HH

263

Population

1475


3.1


2


45

Source stream

Bhutmul & Kavre Majhuwa Khola

Stream Type

Perenial


4.5

Existing Crop Intensity (%) 205 Proposed crop intensity (%)

244

8. Ikudaha ISP, Lalitpur

This ISP is located in the Thaiba and Godavari VDCs of Lalitpur district and provides irrigation facilities to the land of ward numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Thaiba VDC and ward numbers 2, 3, and 4 of Godavari VDC. The gross command area of the ISP is 75 ha, with 331 households and 1850 total population. This is a rehabilitation type of ISP which is intended to supplement irrigation facilities to the existing land. The already existing irrigation system built by farmers in the past was not so efficient to provide irrigation to all and so the water availability was not adequate. Perennial Godavari khola is the source of water for provision of irrigation. Total length of the main canal is 3.2 kilometres. Existing cropping intensity in irrigated land was found to be 198 per cent and 180 per cent in non-irrigated land. However, after the implementation of the project the estimated overall cropping intensity is 200 percent.

49

Small Irrigation Systems In Nepal ID

25-002

ISP Name

Ikudaha ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-06

District

Lalitpur

VDC Name

Thaiba and Godavari VDC

Ward

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 2, 3, 4

HH

331

Population

1850


3.2


0.65


75

Source stream

Godawari Khola

Stream Type

Perennials

Catchment Area (sq.km) Existing Crop Intensity (%)

180


200

9. Gerukha ISP , Mahottari

The Geruka ISP is an existing FMIS of which the gated diversion structure was constructed around 20 years ago by CARE/ Nepal. The present system irrigate around 300 ha land of ward numbers 6,7 and 8 of Piprahi village under Khutta Piprahi VDC. It has 424 ha gross command area. In total, 3700 population from 570 households live within the command area. The subproject is located between 260 47’ 30” north to 260 45’ 00” north latitude and 850 51’ 29” east to 850 51’ 00” east longitude. The area is located in the Terai plains in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from north to south at an elevation of just below 100 m above the msl. Gerukha, a perennial stream, is the main source of irrigation water. Paddy followed by wheat are the two main crops grown in the command area. Paddy in monsoon is cultivated in 100 percent of the land by the farmers. Due to the scarcity of irrigation water the command area used to remain almost fallow in spring season. The existing cropping intensity in the command area is estimated at 135.26 percent. 50


18-002

ISP Name

Geruka ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-01

District

Mahottari

VDC Name

Pipradhi

Ward

5, 7, 8

HH

570

Population

3700


4.2

Branch No Branch Length (km) Gross (ha)

Command

8.67 Area 424

Source stream

Geruka River

Stream Type

Perennial


13


135.26

Proposed crop intensity (%) 163.68

The post project scenario of cropping pattern has been developed based on the availability of assured irrigation water and priority choice of crops by the farmers. During spring season after irrigation provision, some areas under crops like spring maize, spring paddy and mung (pulse crop) have been considered. The estimated cropping intensity after the completion of the ISP is calculated to be around 163.68 percent. 10. Kantawa ISP, Mahottari

The Kantawa ISP is an existing FMIS. The present system is envisaged to irrigate 750 ha land of ward number 1 to 9 in Raghunathpur, Sonma and Khairbani VDC of Mahottari District. This system is operated by the farmers since a long time by constructing earthen bunds in Kantawa Khola. Earlier this irrigation system was getting water freely, which caused uncontrolled inflow of water in the canal system. The high discharges in the river caused associated erosion damage near the canal intake and the riverbanks in the vicinity of the diversion point. The ISP is located between 260 52’ 02” north to 260 50’ 30” north latitude and 850 43’ 53”east to 850 42’ 25” east longitude. The elevation of the area is about 96 m above the msl. The ISP is located in the Tarai plains in an agricultural area with land that slopes

51


gently from north to south. The Kantawa ISP lies on the left bank of the river Kantawa. The existing main canal is aligned from north to south crossing the command area while the branch canals are aligned generally from east to south-west. Kantawa River, the source of irrigation water, is a spring fed perennial source originating from Phulkawa village of Sundarpur VDC . The catchments area at the proposed headwork is about only 10 square kilometres. The average land holding of a farm family in the command area was found to be 1.63 with 70 percent of farmers with land holding ranging from 0.67 to 3.33 ha. Paddy followed by wheat are the two main crops grown in monsoon and winter seasons, respectively. Paddy in monsoon is cultivated in 100 percent of land. The majority of farmers leave their land fallow in spring season due to the scarcity of irrigation water. However, having good artesian aquifer in the area farmers are found growing vegetables and potato. Some also grow pulses in small patches for their household consumption. The existing cropping intensity of the command area is 125.07 percent. Lack of irrigation was reported as the main reason for this low cropping intensity. After the implementation of ISP the cropping intensity is estimated to reach at least 137.47 percent. ID

18-001

ISP Name

Kantawa ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-01

District

Mahottari

VDC Name

Raghunathpur, Khairbani and Sonma

Ward

1 to 9

HH

1025

Population

8075


8.56


12.75


Kantawa River

Stream Type

Perenial


10


125.07

Proposed crop intensity (%) 133.47

52


11. Kajipani ISP, Dhanusa

Kajipani ISP is located at ward numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of Jadukoha VDC of Dhanusa district. It is a rehabilitation project. This ISP has 609 ha gross command area and out of that 520 ha is under the net command area. The command area has 153 households and 967 total population. Kajipani stream with a catchment of 7.85 square kilometres is the source of water for the irrigation canal. It is a perennial stream. The system has a length of 6.75 kilometres of main canal and 4.22 kilometres length of branch canal. Existing cropping intensity is 130.38 percent whereas after the implementation of project the intensity is estimated to be 144.81 percent. 12. Bachhraja ISP, Dhanusa

The ISP is located between 260 43’ 02” north to 260 41’ 01” north latitude and 860 07’ 18” east to 860 06’ 46”east longitude. The project is located in the Tarai plains in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from north to south at an elevation below 100 m above the msl. Earlier this area was flood plain of Kamala River. The Bachharaja ISP lies on the right bank of the Bachharaja stream. The existing main canal is aligned from north to south along the village road crossing the command area while the branch canals are aligned generally from north to south. Bachharaja River, the source of irrigation water, is a spring fed stream. The catchment areas at the 1st and 2nd proposed headwork is 2.23 and 7.70 square kilometres respectively. The watershed of the river is mostly covered with agricultural land. There are a lot of spring water sources, which are adding to the total discharge of Bachharaja River. The average operated land holding of a farm family was 1.77 ha with 66 percent of farmers with land holding ranging from 0.67 to 3.33 ha. Paddy in monsoon is cultivated in 100 percent of land. The majority of farmers leave their land fallow in spring season due to the scarcity of irrigation water. However, some grow maize, depending on the availability of water. Some also grow lentils, pulses and potato in small patches for their household consumption. In the winter season, the command area is covered with wheat along with other crops in about 30-45 percent of the land. The existing cropping intensity in the present command area is estimated at 117.12 percent. But after the implementation of the project cropping intensity is expected to be raised to 140.76 percent with increased availability and reliability of irrigation water. 53


17-001

17-002

Kajipani ISP

Bachhraja ISP

IDD/IDSD

CIDD-01

CIDD-01

District

Dhanusa

Dhanusa

VDC Name

Jadukoha

Dhabauli

ISP Name

Ward

5, 6, 7, 8, 9 4,5,6,7,9

HH

153

925

Population

967

4625

Main canal Length 6.5 (km)

5.13

Branch No Branch Length (km) 4.22

5.23

Gross Command 609 Area (ha)

406

Source stream

Kajipaini River

Bachharaja River

Stream Type

Perennial

Perennial

7.85

2.23

130.38

117.2

144.81

140.76

Catchment (sq.km)

Area

Existing Intensity (%)

Crop

Proposed intensity (%)

crop

13. Sadhuwa Khola ISP, Parsa

The Sadhuwa Khola ISP is an old irrigation system developed through the indigenous knowledge and hard work by the farmers of the command area. It is located in between 270 06' 58" north to 270 10' 00” north latitude and 840 53' 15" east to 840 56' 41" east longitude. The project lies in the Tarai plains in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from north to south. The headwork lies in ward number 1 of Basdilwa VDC. The elevation of the area is about 103 m above the msl. The total number of households in the project area is 242 and the population is around 1,917. The ISP covers 238 ha of gross command area. Out of two canals, the main canal is 3.69 kilometers and branch canal is 3.53 kilometers in length. Sadhuwa Khola, the source of irrigation water is a spring fed stream. It originates from the community forest about 6 km north from the headwork site in the Bhabar track of Siwalik hill. The catchment area at the proposed headwork is only about 4.25 square kilometers. The major crops cultivated are paddy, wheat, maize, oilseeds and potato. 54


However, vegetables and other cash crops are also cultivated in very small extent. Paddy followed by wheat are the two main crops in the command area. Paddy in monsoon is cultivated in 100 percent of the land by the farmers. In the winter season, the command area has 70-80 percent wheat and other crop coverage. Due to the scarcity of irrigation water the command area remains almost fallow in spring season. The existing cropping intensity in the command area is estimated to be 201 percent. But after the implementation of the ISP the cropping intensity is estimated to reach 232 percent. 14. Upper Baugi Irrigation Project, Parsa

The Upper Baugi ISP is located in the Belwa VDC, north-east part of Parsa District. It is an old irrigation system developed through the indigenous knowledge of the farmers of the command area. The system came into existence through the effort of local farmers. The ISP covers 265 ha of gross command area where 200 households and 1648 total population resides. There is one main canal of 2.3 kilometers and a branch canal of 8.70 kilometers in length.

ID

34-001 Upper Baugi ISP

34-002 Sadhuwa ISP CIDD-04 Parsa

VDC Name

CIDD-04 Parsa Belwa, Lalparsa

Ward HH

1, 3 and 5 200

1-6 242

Population

1648

1917

Main canal Length (km) Branch No

2.31

1.204 + 2.354

Branch Length (km)

8.7

3.533


265

238 Sadhuwa khola

ISP Name IDD/IDSD District

Source stream Stream Type

Basdilwa

Baugi khola Perenial and spring source Perenial


55


180

201


224

232


Geographically, the ISP is located between 270 06’ 05” north to 270 07’ 23” north latitude and 840 54’ 15” east to 840 56’ 00” east longitude. The headwork lies in ward number 3 of Belwa VDC. It is located in the Tarai plains in an agricultural area with land that slopes gently from north to south at an elevation below 100 m above the msl. The Upper Baugi ISP lies on the right bank of the Baugi Khola. Upper Baugi Khola, the source of irrigation water, is a spring fed stream. It originates from the community forest about 5 km north from the headwork site in the Bhabar Zone. The Parsa Wildlife Reserve Conservation area is located to the north of the community forest. The catchment area at the proposed headwork is about 5 square kilometers. The major crops cultivated are paddy, wheat, maize, oilseeds and potato. However vegetables and other cash crops are also cultivated in small plots by the farmers. The yields of the above crops were found to be considerably lower than what is achieved in the nearby Agriculture Research Station at Parwanipur. Paddy followed by wheat are the two main crops grown in the command area. Due to the scarcity of irrigation water the command area remains almost fallow in spring season. A few farmers practice cultivation of spring paddy and spring maize in a very limited area. The existing cropping intensity in the command area is estimated at 180 percent. After the project, the intensity of cropping is estimated to be around 224 percent.

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Chapter

6

Lessons Learnt

CMIASP is a collaborative joint investment of multiple stakeholders not only from the financial standpoint but also from the managerial aspect. The hardware part i.e. the construction work falls in the responsibility of the DoI and its branch offices -IDDs, IDSDs who undertake the task by mobilizing contractors (hired through a government tender process). The software part i.e. the agricultural technology dissemination part to the farmers in the ISP command area is the responsibility of the DoA through its District and grassroots level Offices DADOs, ASCs. The WUA and the Farmers' Group have a dual responsibility of overseeing the construction work through their regular monitoring as well as through their involvement in agricultural activities during implementation of ADP & LEP. Overall, CMIASP offers a democratic approach in the management and utilization of Common Property Resource (CPR) i.e. water for meeting irrigation needs of farmers. This is the beauty of CMIASP. The project vision of intervention in a fixed command area (i.e. ISP concept) fosters direct contact with target groups which involve face to face communication alongside participatory planning, implementation, monitoring & supervision of project activities, which further enhances connectivity with the targeted beneficiaries. This is another strength point of CMIASP. All development projects have their own strengths and weaknesses, and CMIASP is no exception. Some of the weaknesses are inherent within the project overall design and implementation mechanism, whereas the others are visualized during the actual implementation period. Some weaknesses can be overcome if timely corrective measures are taken, or else they linger on and hamper smooth running of targeted activities -which ultimately have a direct bearing on project outputs and outcome. On the other hand, some problems can only be realized (such as low budget allocation, wrong choice of water intake point already constructed, etc.) but correcting those demands overcoming a number of bureaucratic, technical, managerial and resource constraints which involves sacrifice of time, effort and money -which is not easy to come by. Some of the hard-earned lessons from the implementation of small to medium irrigation projects, taking CMIASP as a case example are briefly explained pointwise as under: 57


•

Agriculture in the Nepalese context is often a neglected profession as well as an occupation though its contribution to the country's GDP is consistently more than 30% since the last 5 decades or so. Although, agriculture has been accorded high priority in every government periodic plans and documents, when it comes to actual resource commitment through budgetary provision, the situation is despicable and pitiable. Over the years, agriculture sector has hardly ever received about 10% of the total annual budget. In fact, the figure comes close to 5% only. If we talk about CMIASP, a huge chunk of the budget (>94%) out of 38.6 million US$ is set aside for construction activities through DoI, contractors and consultant services whereas only 1.46 million US$ (