Solar cell efficiency tables (version 28) - Wiley Online Library

PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2006; 14:455–461 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.720

Research

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (Version 28) Martin A. Green1,y, Keith Emery2, David L. King3, Yoshihiro Hishikawa4 and Wilhelm Warta5 1

Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO., 80401, USA Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, NM., 87123-0752, USA 4 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Center for Photovoltaics (RCPV), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 5 Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Department: Solar Cells—Materials and Technology, Heidenhofstr. 2; D-79110 Freiburg, Germany 2 3

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January, 2006 are reviewed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: solar cell efficiency; photovoltaic efficiency; energy conversion efficiency Received 17 May 2006; Revised 19 May 2006

INTRODUCTION

S

ince January, 1993, ‘Progress in Photovoltaics’ has published six monthly listings of the highest confirmed efficiencies for a range of photovoltaic cell and module technologies.1–3 By providing guidelines for the inclusion of results into these tables, this not only provides an authoritative summary of the current state of the art but also encourages researchers to seek independent confirmation of results and to report results on a standardised basis. In the present article, new results since January 2006 are briefly reviewed. The most important criterion for inclusion of results into the tables is that they must have been measured by a recognised test centre listed in an earlier issue.2 A distinction is made between three different eligible areas: total area; aperture area and designated illumination area.1 ‘Active area’ efficiencies are not included. There are also certain minimum values of the area sought for the different device types (above 0.05 cm2 for a concentrator cell, 1 cm2 for a one-sun cell, and 800 cm2 for a module).1 Results are reported for cells and modules made from different semiconductors and for sub-categories within each semiconductor grouping (e.g. crystalline, polycrystalline and thin film).

NEW RESULTS Highest confirmed cell and module results are reported in Tables I, II and IV. Any changes in the tables from those previously published3 are set in bold type. Table I summarises the best measurements for cells and submodules, Table II shows the best results for modules and Table IV shows the best results for concentrator cells and concentrator modules. Table III contains what might be described as ‘notable exceptions’. While not * Correspondence to: M. A. Green, Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia. y E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Table I. Confirmed terrestrial cell and submodule efficiencies measured under the global AM1.5 spectrum (1000 Wm2) at 258C Classificationa

Silicon Si (crystalline) Si (multicrystalline) Si (thin film transfer) Si (thin film submodule) III–V Cells GaAs (crystalline) GaAs (thin film) GaAs (multicrystalline) InP (crystalline) Thin Film Chalcogenide CIGS (cell) CIGS (submodule) CdTe (cell) Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Si Si (amorphous)h Si (nanocrystalline) Photochemical Dye sensitised Dye sensitised (submodule) Organic Organic polymeri Multijunction Devices GaInP/GaAs/Ge GaInP/GaAs GaAs/CIS (thin film) a-Si/mc-Si (thin submodule)j

Effic.b (%) 24.7 0.5 20.3 0.5 16.6 0.4 9.4 W 0.3

Areac (cm2)

Voc (V)

Jsc FFd (mA/cm2) (%)

Test Centree (and Date)

Description

42.2 37.7 32.8 26.0f

82.8 80.9 78.2 73.1

Sandia (3/99) NREL (5/04) FhG-ISE (7/01) Sandia (4/06)

UNSW PERL14 FhG-ISE15 U. Stuttgart (45 mm thick)16 CSG Solar (1–2 mm on glass; 20 cells)5

1.022 1.029 0.994 0.878

28.2 28.8 23.0 29.3

87.1 82.5 79.7 85.4

NREL (3/90) FhG-ISE (5/05) NREL (11/95) NREL (4/90)

Kopin, AlGaAs window17 Radboud U., NL18 RTI, Ge substrate19 Spire, epitaxial20

18.4 0.5g 1.04 (ap) 0.669 16.6 0.4 16.0 (ap) 0.661f 16.5 0.5g 1.032 (ap) 0.845

35.7 33.4f 25.9

77.0 NREL (2/01) NREL, CIGS on glass21 75.1 FhG-ISE (3/00) U. Uppsala, 4 serial cells22 75.5 NREL (9/01) NREL, mesa on glass23

9.5 0.3 10.1 0.2

17.5 24.4

63.0 NREL (4/03) 76.6 JQA (12/97)

U. Neuchatel24 Kaneka (2 mm on glass)25

21.8 1.70

65.2 AIST (8/05) 60.4 AIST (8/05)

Sharp26 Sharp6

52.4 AIST (3/06)

Sharp, fullerene derivative7

85.0 85.6 — 71.3

Spectrolab (monolithic) Japan Energy (monolithic)27 Kopin/Boeing (4 terminal)28 Kaneka (thin film)29

25.1 0.8 24.5 0.5 18.2 0.5 21.9 0.7

10.4 0.3 6.3 W 0.2

4.00 (da) 0.706 1.002 (ap) 0.664 4.017 (ap) 0.645 94.9 (ap) 0.493f

3.91 (t) 1.002 (t) 4.011 (t) 4.02 (t)

1.070 (ap) 1.199 (ap)

0.859 0.539

1.004 (ap) 0.729 26.5 (ap) 6.145

3.0 W 0.1

1.001 (ap)

0.538

9.68

32.0 1.5 30.3 25.8 1.3 11.7 0.4

3.989 (t) 4.0 (t) 4.00 (t) 14.23 (ap)

2.622 2.488 — 5.462

14.37 14.22 — 2.99

NREL (1/03) JQA (4/96) NREL (11/89) AIST (9/04)

CIGS ¼ CuInGaSe2; a-Si ¼ amorphous silicon/hydrogen alloy. Effic. ¼ efficiency. c (ap) ¼ aperture area; (t) ¼ total area; (da) ¼ designated illumination area. d FF ¼ fill factor. e FhG-ISE ¼ Fraunhofer Institut fu¨r Solare Energiesysteme; JQA ¼ Japan Quality Assurance; AIST ¼ Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. f Reported on a ‘‘per cell’’ basis. g Not measured at an external laboratory. h Stabilized by 800 hours, 1 sun AM1.5 illumination at a cell temperature of 508C. i Stability not investigated. j Stabilized by 174 hours, 1 sun illumination after 20 hours, 5 sun illumination at a sample temperature of 508C. a

b

conforming to the requirements to be recognised as a class record, the cells and modules in this Table have notable characteristics that will be of interest to sections of the photovoltaic community with entries based on their significance and timeliness. In most cases, a literature reference is provided that describes either the result reported or a similar result. To ensure discrimination, Table III is limited to nominally 10 entries with the present authors having voted for their preferences for inclusion. Readers who have suggestions of results for inclusion into this Table are welcome to contact any of the authors with full details. Suggestions conforming to the guidelines will be included on the voting list for a future issue. (A smaller number of ‘notable exceptions’ for concentrator cells and modules additionally is included in Table IV, as are results under a recently proposed low aerosol optical depth direct-beam spectrum4). Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2006; 14:455–461 DOI: 10.1002/pip

SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY TABLES

457

Table II. Confirmed terrestrial module efficiencies measured under the global AM1.5 spectrum (1000 W/m2) at a cell temperature of 258C Classificationa

Si (crystalline) Si (multicrystalline) Si (thin-film polycrystalline) CIGSS CdTe a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe (tandem)f

Effic.b (%)

Areac (cm2)

Voc (V)

Isc (A)

FFd (%)

Test Centre (and Date)

Description

22.7 0.6 15.3 0.4e 8.2 0.2 13.4 0.7 10.7 0.5 10.4 0.5

778 (da) 1017 (ap) 661(ap) 3459 (ap) 4874 (ap) 905 (ap)

5.60 14.6 25.0 31.2 26.21 4.353

3.93 1.36 0.318 2.16 3.205 3.285

80.3 78.6 68.0 68.9 62.3 66.0

Sandia (9/96) Sandia (10/94) Sandia (7/02) NREL (8/02) NREL (4/00) NREL (10/98)

UNSW/Gochermann30 Sandia/HEM31 Pacific Solar (1–2 mm on glass)32 Showa Shell (Cd free)33 BP Solarex34 USSC (a-Si/a-Si/a-Si:Ge)35

CIGSS ¼ CuInGaSSe; a-Si ¼ amorphous silicon/hydrogen alloy; a-SiGe ¼ amorphous silicon/germanium/hydrogen alloy. Effic. ¼ efficiency. c (ap) ¼ aperture area; (da) ¼ designated illumination area. d FF ¼ fill factor. e Not measured at an external laboratory. f Light soaked at NREL for 1000 hours at 508C, nominally 1-sun illumination. a

b

The first new result is in Table I where an efficiency of 9.4% is reported for a 95 cm2 ‘(poly-)crystalline silicon on glass (CSG)’ submodule fabricated by CSG Solar and measured at Sandia National Laboratories.5 The silicon thickness in this device is only 1–2 microns. The second new result in Table I is also for a submodule, with 6.3% efficiency reported for a 26.5 cm2 dye-sensitised submodule fabricated by Sharp and measured at the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).6 For the first time, we report independently confirmed efficiencies for organic solar cells in the present version of the Tables. A cautionary note is required in that such devices are reported by one of the leading groups in this field to be unstable under both oxygen and water vapour exposure.7 It should not therefore be assumed that devices reported are as robust as some of the others documented in these Tables. The first organic cell result appears in Table I where an efficiency of 3.0% is reported for a 1 cm2 organic cell fabricated by Sharp and Table III. ‘Notable Exceptions’: ‘Top ten’ confirmed cell and module results, not class records (Global AM1.5 spectrum, 1000 Wm2, 258C) Classificationa

Effic.b (%)

Areac (cm2)

Voc (V)

24.5 0.5

4.0 (da)

0.704

41.6

Si (moderate area) Si (large FZ crystalline) Si (large CZ crystalline) Si (large CZ crystalline) Si (large multicrystalline) Cells (Other) GaInP/GaInAs/Ge tandem)

23.7 0.5 21.8 W 0.7 21.8 W 0.5 18.3 0.5 18.1 0.5

22.1 (da) 147.4 (t) 100.4 (t) 147.5 (t) 137.7 (t)

0.704 0.677 0.718 0.625 0.636

41.5 40.0 38.4 36.3 36.9

UNSW PERL, SEH MCZ substrate 36 81.0 Sandia (8/96) UNSW PERL, FZ substrate30 80.6 FhG-ISE (3/06) Sunpower FZ substrate9 79.0 AIST (4/06) Sanyo HIT, n-type CZ substrate10 80.6 FhG-ISE (9/02) BP Solar, laser grooved37 77.0 FhG-ISE (8/05) U. Konstanz, laser grooved38

31.3 1.5

4.0 (t)

2.392

16.0

81.9 NREL (1/03)

CIGS (thin film) a-Si/a-Si/a-SiGe (tandem) Photoelectrochemical Organic polymer

19.5 0.6 12.1 0.7 11.1 W 0.3 4.8 W 0.2d

0.410 (ap) 0.27 (da) 0.219 (ap) 0.142 (ap)

0.693 2.297 0.736 0.859

35.3 7.56 20.9 9.04

79.4 69.7 72.2 62.1

Cells (Silicon) Si (MCZ crystalline)

Jsc FF (mA/cm2) (%)


Description

83.5 Sandia (7/99)

Spectrolab, monolithic metamorphic FhG-ISE (9/04) NREL, CIGS on glass39 NREL (10/96) USSC stabilised (monolithic)40 AIST (3/06) Sharp, dye sensitised6 NREL (7/05) Konarka, polymer:PCBM blend7,11

CIGS ¼ CuInGaSe2. Effic. ¼ efficiency. c (ap) ¼ aperture area; (t) ¼ total area; (da) ¼ designated illumination area. d Stability not investigated. a

b



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Table IV. Terrestrial concentrator cell and module efficiencies measured under the direct beam AM1.5 spectrum at a cell temperature of 258C Classification

Single Cells GaAs GaInAsP Si InP CIGS (thin film) 2-Cell Stacks GaAs/GaSb (4 terminal) InP/GaInAs (3 terminal) GaInP/GaInAs (2-terminal) GaInP/GaAs (2 terminal) GaAs/Si (large) (4-terminal) 3-Cell Stacks GaInP/GaAs/Ge (2-terminal) Submodules GaInP/GaAs/Ge GaAs/GaSb Modules Si Low-AOD spectrumf GaInP/GaInAs/Ge (2-terminal) Si ‘‘Notable Exceptions’’ GaInP/GaInAs/Ge (2-terminal) GaAs Si (large) GaAs (Si substrate) InP (GaAs substrate)

Effic.a (%)

Areab (cm2)

Intensityc (suns)

27.8 W 1.0 27.5 1.4e 26.8 0.8 24.3 1.2e 21.5 1.5e

0.203(da) 0.075(da) 1.60(da) 0.075(da) 0.102(da)

216 171 96 99 14

Sandiad (8/88) NREL (2/91) FhG-ISE (10/95) NREL (2/91) NREL (2/01)

Varian, Entech cover12 NREL, Entech cover SunPower back-contact41 NREL, Entech cover42 NREL

32.6 1.7 31.8 1.6e 30.2 1.2 30.2 1.4 29.6 1.5e

0.053(da) 0.063(da) 0.133(da) 0.103(da) 0.317(da)

100 50 300 180 350

Sandiad (10/89) NREL (8/90) NREL/FhG-ISE (6/01) Sandia (3/94) Sandiad (9/88)

Boeing, mechanical stack43 NREL, monolithic44 Fraunhofer, monolithic45 NREL, monolithic46 Varian/Stanford/Sandia, mech. Stack47

34.7 1.7

0.267(da)

333

NREL (9/03)

Spectrolab, monolithic


Description

27.0 1.5 25.1 1.4

34(ap) 41.4(ap)

10 57

NREL (5/00) Sandia (3/93)

ENTECH48 Boeing, 3 mech. stack units49

20.3 0.8e

1875(ap)

80

Sandia (4/89) NREL (5/05) FhG-ISE (11/04)

Sandia/UNSW/ENTECH (12 cells)50 Spectrolab, low-AOD spectrum51 Amonix back-contact52

NREL (5/05) Sandiad (8/88) Sandiad (9/90) Sandia (5/91) NREL (2/91)

Spectrolab, metamorphic51 Varian13 UNSW laser grooved53 Spire54 NREL, Entech cover55

39.0 2.3f 27.6 1.0f

0.269(da) 1.00(da)

236 92

38.8 2.3f 26.2 W 1.0 21.6 0.7 21.3 0.8 21.0 1.1e

0.254(da) 0.203(da) 20.0(da) 0.126(da) 0.075(da)

241 1000 11 237 88

Effic. ¼ efficiency. (da) ¼ designated illumination area; (ap) ¼ aperture area. c One sun corresponds to an intensity of 1000 Wm2. d Measurements corrected from originally measured values due to Sandia recalibration in January, 1991. e Not measured at an external laboratory. f Low aerosol optical depth direct beam AM1.5 spectrum. a

b

measured at AIST.8 This cell had a glass/TCO/buffer layer (PEDOT:PSS)/active layer (P3HT: fullerene derivative)/Al electrode structure (please see the original references for an explanation of the acronyms8). In Table III (‘notable exceptions’), efficiency has been increased to 21.8% for large area, commercial-size silicon cells by two groups. An efficiency of 21.8% has been confirmed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (FhG-ISE) for a large area (147 cm2) rear contact cell fabricated by SunPower, improving on the company’s earlier 21.5% result.9 In a parallel development, an efficiency of 21.8% is reported for a 100 cm2 cell on an n-type Czochralski wafer fabricated by Sanyo using the HIT cell structure (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer), as measured by AIST.10 Also in Table III, a record of 11.0% for a small-area dye-sensitised cell fabricated by EPFL that has stood for nearly 10 years has been very marginally eclipsed. An efficiency of 11.1% for a 0.2 cm2 dye-sensitised cell fabricated by Sharp has been measured at AIST.6 The final new result in Table III is in the new category of a small-area organic cell, taking the number of entries in this Table temporarily to eleven, until the next voting round. An efficiency of 4.8% was measured at the Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.



459

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for a 0.14 cm2 cell fabricated by Konarka.7,11 The structure is glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer:PCBM blend/ aluminium. The final new results are for two concentrator cells in Table IV. The new entries arise from notification of two earlier results overlooked in previous versions of the Tables. An efficiency of 27.8% is reported under 216 suns concentration for a small single-junction GaAs cell measured at Sandia National Laboratories in 1988 (the measurement has been corrected from originally measured values12 due to a Sandia recalibration in January, 1991). The cell was fabricated by Varian with an Entech cover applied to reduce grid-shading losses. Similarly, a corrected efficiency of 26.2% was measured at 1000 suns concentration by Sandia also in 1988 for a similarly sized cell again fabricated by Varian.13 This result is included as a ‘notable exception’ due to the high concentration level involved (efficiency was still increasing at 1000 suns concentration and undoubtedly would have been higher if tested at higher concentration levels).

DISCLAIMER While the information provided in the tables is provided in good faith, the authors, editors and publishers cannot accept direct responsibility for any errors or omissions.

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