PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2014; 22:1–9 Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.2452
ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 43) Martin A. Green1*, Keith Emery2, Yoshihiro Hishikawa3, Wilhelm Warta4 and Ewan D. Dunlop5 1
Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA 3 Research Center for Photovoltaic Technologies (RCPVT), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan 4 Solar Cells—Materials and Technology Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Heidenhofstr. 2; D-79110, Freiburg, Germany 5 Renewable Energy Unit, Institute for Energy, European Commission—Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, IT-21027 Ispra, (VA), Italy 2
ABSTRACT Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since July 2013 are reviewed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS solar cell efficiency; photovoltaic efficiency; energy conversion efficiency *Correspondence Martin A. Green, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia. E-mail:
[email protected] Received 23 October 2013; Accepted 12 November 2013
1. INTRODUCTION Since January 1993, Progress in Photovoltaics has published six monthly listings of the highest confirmed efficiencies for a range of photovoltaic cell and module technologies [1–3]. By providing guidelines for the inclusion of results into these tables, this not only provides an authoritative summary of the current state of the art but also encourages researchers to seek independent confirmation of results and to report results on a standardised basis. In version 33 of these tables [2], results were updated to the new internationally accepted reference spectrum (IEC 60904-3, Ed. 2, 2008), where this was possible. The most important criterion for inclusion of results into the tables is that they must have been independently measured by a recognised test centre listed elsewhere [1]. A distinction is made between three different eligible definitions of cell area: total area, aperture area and designated illumination area, as also defined elsewhere [1]. ‘Active area’ efficiencies are not included. There are also certain minimum values of the area sought for the different device types (above 0.05 cm2 for a concentrator cell, 1 cm2 for a one-sun cell and 800 cm2 for a module). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results are reported for cells and modules made from different semiconductors and for subcategories within each semiconductor grouping (e.g. crystalline, polycrystalline and thin film). From version 36 onwards, spectral response information is included when available in the form of a plot of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) versus wavelength, either as absolute values or normalised to the peak measured value. Current–voltage (I–V) curves have also been included where possible from version 38 onwards.
2. NEW RESULTS Highest confirmed ‘one-sun’ cell and module results are reported in Tables I and II. Any changes in the tables from those previously published [3] are set in bold type. In most cases, a literature reference is provided that describes either the result reported or a similar result (readers identifying improved references are welcome to submit to the lead author). Table I summarises the best measurements for cells and submodules, whereas Table II shows the best results for modules. Table III contains what might be described as ‘notable exceptions’. Although not conforming to the 1
M. A. Green et al.
Solar cell efficiency tables
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Table I. Confirmed terrestrial cell and submodule efficiencies measured under the global AM1.5 spectrum (1000 W/m ) at 25 °C (IEC 60904-3: 2008, ASTM G-173-03 global).
Classification
Efficiency (%)
a
b
2
Area (cm )
Jsc Fill factor 2 Voc (V) (mA/cm ) (%)
Silicon Si (crystalline) 25.0 ± 0.5 4.00 (da) 0.706 Si (multicrystalline) 20.4 ± 0.5 1.002 (ap) 0.664 Si (thin-film transfer) 20.1 ± 0.4 242.6 (ap) 0.682 Si (thin-film 10.5 ± 0.3 94.0 (ap) 0.492g minimodule) III–V cells GaAs (thin film) 28.8 ± 0.9 0.9927 (ap) 1.122 GaAs (multicrystalline) 18.4 ± 0.5 4.011 (t) 0.994 InP (crystalline) 22.1 ± 0.7 4.02 (t) 0.878 Thin-film chalcogenide CIGS (cell) 19.8 ± 0.6i 0.9974 (ap) 0.716 CIGS (minimodule) 18.7 ± 0.6 15.892 (da) 0.701g CdTe (cell) 19.6 ± 0.4 1.0055 (ap) 0.8573 Amorphous/microcrystalline Si Si (amorphous) 10.1 ± 0.3m 1.036 (ap) 0.886 Si (microcrystalline) Perovskite/dye sensitised Dye sensitised Dye sensitised (minimodule) Dye (submodule) Organic Organic thin film Organic (minimodule) Organic (submodule) Multijunction devices 5J GaAs/InP bonded InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs a-Si/nc-Si/nc-Si (thin film) a-Si/nc-Si (thin-film cell) a-Si/nc-Si (thin-film minimodule)
Test centrec (and date)
Description
42.7d 38.0 38.14f 29.7g
82.8 80.9 77.4 72.1
Sandia (3/99)e NREL (5/04)e NREL (10/12) FhG-ISE (8/07)e
UNSW PERL [20] FhG-ISE [21] Solexel (43 μm thick) [22] CSG Solar (12% efficiency. 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 3AO5.1, Frankfurt, September 2012. 35. http://www.kaneka-solar.com 36. Yoshimi M, Sasaki T, Sawada T, Suezaki T, Meguro T, Matsuda T, Santo K, Wadano K, Ichikawa M, Nakajima A, Yamamoto K. High efficiency thin film silicon hybrid solar cell module on 1m2-class large area substrate. Conf. Record, 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, May, 2003; 1566–1569. 37. Zhao J, Wang A, Yun F, Zhang G, Roche DM, Wenham SR, Green MA. 20,000 PERL silicon cells for the “1996 World Solar Challenge” solar car race. Progress in Photovoltaics 1997; 5: 269–276. 38. Swanson R. The role of modeling in SunPower’s commercialization efforts. Presented at Challenges in PV Science, Technology, and Manufacturing: A workshop on the role of theory, modeling and simulation, Purdue University, August 2–3, 2012. 39. www.pvtech.org/news/q_cells_sets_two_new_world_ records_for_multi_crystalline_and_quasi_mono_sol 40. Basore PA. Pilot production of thin-film crystalline silicon on glass modules. Conf. Record, 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, New Orleans, May, 2002; 49–52. 41. Mattos LS, Scully SR, Syfu M, Olson E, Yang L, Ling C, Kayes BM, He G. New module efficiency record: 23.5% under 1-sun illumination using thin-film single-junction GaAs solar cells. Proceedings of the 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2012. 42. First Solar Press Releases, February 26 and April 9, 2013 (accessed at http://investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail. cfm?releaseid=743398 and releaseid=755244 on 5 June 2013). 43. http://www.miasole.com 44. Tanaka Y, Akema N, Morishita T, Okumura D, Kushiya K. Improvement of Voc upward of 600mV/cell with CIGS-based absorber prepared by selenization/ sulfurization. Conf. Proceedings, 17th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, October, 2001; 989–994. 45. Kinoshita T, Fujishima D, Yano A, Ogane A, Tohoda S, Matsuyama K, Nakamura Y, Tokuoka N, Kanno H, 8
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Sakata H, Taguchi M, Maruyama E. The approaches for high efficiency HIT solar cell with very thin (
