Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning

Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning

Hans-Martin Henning Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg/GERMANY

Renewable Energy Week, Brussels, Jan/Feb 2007

1

Overview

• Introduction • Technologies • Status, Examples • Outlook


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Introduction



3

RAC unit sales (in Mio. units)

World market for air-conditioning 50.000

Japan

40.000

Asia (excl. Japan) Middle East

30.000

Europe

North America

20.000

Central & South America

10.000 Africa

Oceania

0.000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006


4

total installed electric capacity in GW

Resulting increase in electric capacity 500

Japan

400

Asia (excl. Japan) Middle East

300

Europe

North America

200

Central & South America

100 Africa

Oceania

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006


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Why solar heat for cooling / air-conditioning? •

Coincidence of solar gains and cooling loads

•

Reduce electric peak loads created by air-conditioning

•

High use of solar gains during the entire year

•

Reduce summer surplus solar gains in solar systems designed for heating application (solar combi-systems) 1

2

3


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5

6

7

8

Heating

Cooling

DHW

Solar

9

10

11

6

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Why solar heat for cooling / air-conditioning? •

Coincidence of solar gains and cooling loads

•

Reduce electric peak loads created by air-conditioning

•

High use of solar gains during the entire year

•

Reduce summer surplus solar gains in solar systems designed for heating application (solar combi-systems)

COP =

useful cooling = 0. 7 driving heat Heating DHW Solar

1

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3


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Cooling Total

10

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7

12

Basic system scheme

chilled water

heat

Thermally Thermal drivencooling cooling driven process process conditioned air


8

Technologies



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heat storage

heat distr.

cold production

cold storage

cold distr.

building, load

solar collector

heat driven chiller

chilled water

solar collector field

heat

chilled ceiling

hot water

air handling unit

heating

cond. air

other heat sources

fan coils

desiccant air handling unit Renewable Energy Week, Brussels, Jan/Feb 2007

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Water chillers - market available systems water chillers produce chilled water which can supply any type of airconditioning equipment (e.g. air handling units, fan-coils, chilled ceilings,....) single-effect absorption

many products for cooling power > 100 kW; few products 1.2) • air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for the hotel laundry • LPG-fired back-up steam boiler • site: Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey) first system with double effect chiller high overall conversion efficiency interesting concept for sites with high direct radiation


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Outlook



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Status • Energy saving – Primary energy saving for properly designed chilled water systems 40 – 60 % – Primary energy saving for properly designed open cycles 20 – 50 %

• First cost – 2 – 2.5 times higher compared to conventional reference systems

• Overall annual cost – 1.2 – 1.5 times higher compared to conventional reference systems – Close to break-even with funds in the range of 100 € per m2 of collector

• Large potential, in particular in mediterranean countries • Potential for cost reduction – Higher standardization – Less effort in planning and design – Lower component cost


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Main future needs • standardized systems • small capacity systems • advanced operation & control • transfer to professionals

Task 38

… thank you forSolar your Air-Conditioning attention and Refr iger ation


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Cooling with low driving tempertature

• Small commercial applications: offices, surgeries etc. • Residential: single-family, multi-family


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Fan-coil system – single-effect absorption chiller fan coils backup heater buffer storage

absorpt. chiller

• Mainly commercial buildings: medium to large offices, hotels • Production facilities Renewable Energy Week, Brussels, Jan/Feb 2007

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Fan-coil system – double-effect absorption chiller fan coils backup heater buffer storage

absorpt. chiller

• Mainly commercial buildings or cooling networks • High fraction of direct solar radiation necessary Renewable Energy Week, Brussels, Jan/Feb 2007

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System for hot climate fan coils

dry cooling

absorpt. chiller

ice storage

• Ice storage, food production • High fraction of direct solar radiation necessary Renewable Energy Week, Brussels, Jan/Feb 2007

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