Solar Lighting Systems in India: Types, Applications

SESI Journal Journal of the Solar Energy of India

9ROXPHʀ1R ʀ-XQH'HFHPEHU

SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY OF INDIA

Members of the Governing Council of SESI (2013-2014) Mr. Rabindra Kumar Satpathy, President Mr. Ajay Prakash Shrivastava, Immediate Past President Dr. Ashvini Kumar, Vice President Prof. S.M. Ali, Vice President Mr. Harish Mehta, Vice President Mr. Rajinder Kumar Kaura, Vice President Dr. M. Kumaravel, Vice President Er. Shailendra Kumar Shukla, Vice President Mr. Prafulla Prabhakar Pathak, Secretary General Mr. B.V. Rao, Treasurer

Ms. Vanita Thakkar, Member Mr. Gautam Mohanka, Member Dr. Ranjana Jha, Member Dr. M. Srinivasan, Member Mr. K.C. Dhimole, Member Mr. Abhijith Jayanthi, Member Mohd. Yunus Khan, Member Mr. Sumit Sharan, Member Mr. Arun Mishra, Member Mr. R.C. Nakul, Member

Editor Dr. Ashvini Kumar Director, Solar Energy Corporation of India, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Govt. of India, 4th Floor, Tower-1, NBCC Plaza, Sector V, Pushp Vihar, Saket, New Delhi–110 017 Board of Editors Dr. C.L. Gupta, Shri Aurbindo Ashram, Puducherry–605 002 Dr. K.C. Khandelwal, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar–388 120 Dr. N.K. Bansal, Ex. Vice Chancellor, Sri Mata Vaishnodevi University, New Delhi Dr. S.K. Tiwari, L-127, 9A, Main Road, Jeevan Bima Nagar, Bangalore–560 075 Dr. S.P. Sukhame, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai–400 076 Dr. S.S. Mathur, 844, Sector-A, Pocket-C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi–110 070 Dr. T.N. Haridasan, Center of Energy Studies, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Chinnavedan Patti, Coimbatore–641 006 Published by Jagat S Jawa, Director General Solar Energy Society of India (SESI) A-14, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, Mathura Road, New Delhi–110 044 Tel: 011-65649864, Telefax: 011-41635200, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Website: www.sesi.in Publishing Consultancy EXCEL INDIA PUBLISHERS (PDLOSXEOLVKLQJ#JURXSH[FHOLQGLDFRPƔ:HEwww.groupexcelindia.com Designed and Printed by ([FHO3ULQWLQJ8QLYHUVH1HZ'HOKL±Ɣ(PDLO[email protected] SESI Journal is being published on behalf of Solar Energy Society of India. It covers all aspects of renewable energy LQFOXGLQJEDVLFVFLHQFHWHFKQRORJ\SROLF\HFRQRPLFVH[WHQVLRQDQG¿HOGPRQLWRULQJLVVXHV © 2011 Solar Energy Society of India The Editor and Solar Energy Society of India assume no responsibility for the views expressed by the authors of articles printed in this Journal of the Solar Energy Society of India. Articles appearing in this Journal are abstracted in TIDE. It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this Journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the Solar Energy Society of India if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright covers the exclusive reprints, photographic reproductions, microform or any other reproductions of similar nature and transactions. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means-electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission from the copyright holder.

Contents Comparative Study of CPV System and SPV System with Dual Axis Tracking Virendra Dixit, S.P. Singh, Vinayan Bharadwaj, Nitin Gupta and S. Bhattacharya .................................................................................................................. 7 (I¿FDF\RI7ZR'LIIHUHQW3DFNLQJ0HGLDLQ7UHDWLQJ&KHHVH:KH\ in Anaerobic Filter Reactors Himali Mehta, Samir Vahora and D. Senthil Kumar ...............................................................12 Bankable Solar Resource Assessment in India Amit Jain ..................................................................................................................................18 Experimental Investigation on Convective Heat Loss from a &\OLQGULFDO&DYLW\5HFHLYHUZLWK,VRWKHUPDO:DOO&RQGLWLRQ R.D. Jilte, J.K. Nayak and S.B. Kedare ................................................................................... 22 Validation of the basis of Experimental Simulation of Heat Transfer between a Building and Surrounding Earth Dhananjay R. Mishra, Mahendra Singh Sodha and A.K. Tiwari ............................................ 36 A Statistical Analysis of Solar Radiation Data for India Indira Karakoti and K.C. Vaghri .............................................................................................49 TiO2 Coated Pebbles for Solar Photocatalytic Treatment RI'\HEDWK:DVWHZDWHU N.N. Rao, Vibha Chaturvedi and Nitin Gedam ....................................................................... 59 Solar Lighting Systems in India: Types, Applications and Performance Assessment Nivedita Thakur, Arvind Sharma, Parimita Mohanty, K. Rahul Sharma and Piyush Parmar ..................................................................................... 64 Viability of a Packed Bed Thermal Storage Integrated with Evacuated Glass Tube Solar Air Heater for 30 to 300oC Pooran M. Meena, Radhakanta Sarangi and Milind V. Rane ................................................. 87 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Draft Guidelines for 750 0:*ULG&RQQHFWHG6RODU3RZHU3URMHFWVXQGHU3KDVH,,%DWFK,.................................109 Forthcoming Events ............................................................................................................ 113

Editorial We are happy to bring you this issue of SESI journal which contains nine number of research papers presenting to you original work in the areas of solar thermal, photovoltaics and anaerobic digestion. First paper deals with aspects related to viability of thermal storage when integrated with ETC based solar air heater. Second paper presents results of study on the solar photo-catalytic treatment of dyebath wastewater with titanium dioxide coated pebbles. A paper on some statistical analysis of solar radiation data in the context of India is also included in this issue. The issues related to bankability of the solar radiation data are also discussed in another paper. Solar power generation is one of the most important thrust area of research, and here we have a paper on experimental investigation on convective heat loss from a cylindrical cavity receiver from IIT Bombay. In this context, a study on the comparison of CPV system with a SPV system with dual axis tracking mechanism has also been included. As a part of various off-grid solar PV applications, solar lighting has become very relevant. A paper presenting types of various solar lighting systems that are available in the country along with their applications and assessment of performance is included. Another important paper is related to estimation of heat exchange between a building and earth VXUURXQGLQJLW7KLVVWXG\KDVVWURQJUHOHYDQFHIRUIXUWKHUUH¿QLQJVLPXODWLRQPRGHOVIRUGHVLJQLQJRI HQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWEXLOGLQJV7KLVLVVXHDOVRFRQWDLQVDSDSHUUHODWHGWRVWXG\RQHI¿FDF\RISDFNLQJPHGLD LQDQDHURELF¿OWHUUHDFWRUV Original research contributions are solicited from the researchers for subsequent issue of SESI Journal. We would like to convey our deep sense of gratitude for the support of our esteemed contributors, and would like to assure them with faster response.

Dr. Ashvini Kumar

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Comparative Study of CPV System and SPV System with Dual Axis Tracking Virendra Dixit*, S.P. Singh, Vinayan Bharadwaj, Nitin Gupta and S. Bhattacharya Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Plant, BHEL, Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon–122001 (Haryana)

Abstract: ,QWKLVVWXG\DFRPSDULVRQKDVEHHQPDGHEHWZHHQD:639V\VWHP¿WWHGZLWKDORZFRVWKRPHPDGHGXDOD[LV VXQWUDFNHUDQGD&39V\VWHPRIVLPLODUUDWLQJDOVR¿WWHGZLWKDGXDOD[LVVXQWUDFNHU%\PDNLQJDFRPSDULVRQRIWKHVKRUWFLUFXLW FXUUHQWRIWKHWZRV\VWHPVLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKH639V\VWHPZLWKGXDOD[LVWUDFNLQJKDVDQLPSURYHGSHUIRUPDQFHFRPSDUHGWR WKDWRIWKH&39V\VWHPRIHTXDOUDWLQJ7KLVLVDSSDUHQWO\GXHWRDEVHQFHRIDGHTXDWHGLUHFWQRUPDOLUUDGLDQFH'1, DWWKHLQVWDOOHG VLWHZKLFKPD\EHWUXHIRUPRVWRIWKHORFDWLRQVLQ,QGLD Keywords6RODU3KRWRYROWDLF639V\VWHPZLWKGXDOD[LVWUDFNLQJ&396\VWHP

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Acknowledgement Authors are grateful to the BHEL management for constant support and encouragement during the FRXUVHRIWKLVZRUNDQGIRUSHUPLWWLQJSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXG\

References >@ .XUW]6DUDK0XOOHU0DWWKHZ0DULRQ%LOODQG(PHU\.HLWK ³&RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU+RZWR5DWH&39´ NREL at 6th International Conference on Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems (CPV 6) Freiburg, Germany $SULOSS± >@ /HFRXÀH'DYLGDQG.XKQ)DELDQ ³$3ODFHIRU397UDFNHG39DQG&39´2nd International Workshop on Concentrating Photovoltaics Plants at Darmstadt Germany±th 0DUFK

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Experimental Investigation on Convective Heat Loss from a Cylindrical Cavity Receiver with Isothermal Wall Condition R.D. Jilte, J.K. Nayak and S.B. Kedare Abstract: 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ FRQYHFWLYH KHDW ORVV RI D F\OLQGULFDO FDYLW\ UHFHLYHU RSHUDWLQJ XQGHU LVRWKHUPDO FRQGLWLRQLVUHSRUWHGLQWKLVSDSHU7KHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDWWKUHHRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHV&&DQG&DW FDYLW\LQFOLQDWLRQVRIFDYLW\DSHUWXUHIDFLQJVLGHZD\ DQGFDYLW\DSHUWXUHIDFLQJJURXQG 7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV KDYHEHHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHQXPHULFDOSUHGLFWLRQVREWDLQHGIURPWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOVLPXODWLRQXVLQJ&)'SDFNDJH)OXHQW ,WLVVHHQWKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVDJUHHUHDVRQDEO\ZHOOZLWKWKHQXPHULFDOSUHGLFWLRQVWKXVYDOLGDWLQJWKHQXPHULFDOVFKHPH Keywords:3DUDERORLGGLVKUHFHLYHUV\VWHPV&DYLW\UHFHLYHUV1DWXUDOFRQYHFWLRQKHDWORVV

Nomenclature Aap Cavity aperture area (m2) Aw

Cavity internal surface area (m2)

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Prandtl number

Qcond Conductive heat loss (W) Qconv Convective heat loss (W) Qrad 5DGLDWLYHKHDWORVV: Qtot 7RWDOKHDWORVV4cond + Qconv + Qrad) (W) 5D 5D\OHLJKQXPEHU5D *U3U 7w

Cavity wall temperature (K)

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Ambient temperature (K)

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Effective emissivity of the cavity wall

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Results and Discussion 7KHWHPSHUDWXUHSUR¿OHVRIWKHFDYLW\ZDOODWGLIIHUHQWWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ WRWDO HOHFWULFDO SRZHU VXSSOLHG WKDW LV WKH WRWDO KHDO ORVV YDOXHV DUH SUHVHQWHG7KH HOHFWULFDO SRZHU VXSSOLHGWRHDFKVHFWLRQDWVWHDG\VWDWHLVWDNHQDVWKHKHDWÀX[DWHDFKVHFWLRQ8VLQJWKLVKHDWÀX[DVWKH LQSXWQXPHULFDOFDOFXODWLRQVIRUZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWXVLQJ)OXHQW>@DQG FRPSDUHGZLWKH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV$OVRFRPSDUHGDUHWKHFRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVSUHGLFWHGE\QXPHULFDO VFKHPHZLWKWKRVHREWDLQHGIURPH[SHULPHQWDOREVHUYDWLRQV

7HPSHUDWXUH3UR¿OHRQ&DYLW\:DOO In order to ascertain if isothermal condition is reached, the average values of the temperatures measured at each section of the cavity are plotted against depth of the cavity (measured from the aperture plane) LQ)LJ,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWH[FHSWIRUVHFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHVRIGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVDUHFORVHWRHDFK RWKHULQGLFDWLQJDQLVRWKHUPDOFRQGLWLRQ7KHVHFWLRQLVQHDUHUWRWKHFDYLW\RSHQLQJ7KHUPRFRXSOH ORFDWLRQVLQWKLVVHFWLRQDUHFPDZD\IURPWKHDSHUWXUHSODQH ,WVORVVHVDUHPRUHKHQFHLWUHFRUGV ORZHUWHPSHUDWXUH7KLVSKHQRPHQRQLVREVHUYHGIRUDOORSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHV2QFHWKHVWHDG\VWDWHLV UHDFKHGWKHVXEVHTXHQWREVHUYDWLRQVDUHXVHGIRUIXUWKHUFDOFXODWLRQV

Total Heat Loss 7RWDOORVVLVWKHVXPRIWKHLQSXWSRZHUJLYHQWRWKHGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVRIWKHFDYLW\DWVWHDG\VWH7KHVH DUHSORWWHGDJDLQVWFDYLW\LQFOLQDWLRQVLQ)LJ7RWDOORVVLVWKHKLJKHVWZKHQWKHFDYLW\DSHUWXUHLVNHSW VLGHZD\Vș 6LQFHWKHFRQGXFWLRQDQGUDGLDWLYHKHDWORVVLVLQGHSHQGHQWRIFDYLW\LQFOLQDWLRQWKH WUHQGLQ)LJLVGXHWRWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHFRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVZLWKLQFOLQDWLRQ%HVLGHVWKHWRWDOORVV LQFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVHLQZDOOWHPSHUDWXUH7KHVHYDULDWLRQVDUHDVH[SHFWHG

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Fig. 4:([SHULPHQWDO:DOO7HPSHUDWXUH3UR¿OH

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Fig. 5:9DULDWLRQRI7RWDO+HDW/RVVZLWK&DYLW\,QFOLQDWLRQIRU'LIIHUHQW7HPSHUDWXUH&RQGLWLRQV

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30


Comparison with Numerical Results $VH[SODLQHGWKHHOHFWULFDOSRZHUVXSSOLHGWRHDFKVHFWLRQDWVWHDG\VWDWHLVWKHKHDWÀX[DWHDFKVHFWLRQ :LWKWKLVLQSXWQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVIRUWHPSHUDWXUHSUR¿OHZLWKGHSWKRIFDYLW\DUHJHQHUDWHGXVLQJ)OXHQW >@DQGSORWWHGLQ)LJVIRUGLIIHUHQWZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQV7KHH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDDUH DOVRSORWWHGLQWKHUHVSHFWLYH¿JXUH,WLVVHHQWKDWWKHUHDUHJRRGDJUHHPHQWVEHWZHHQWKHH[SHULPHQWDO REVHUYDWLRQVDQGQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVWKHPD[LPXPGHYLDWLRQEHLQJ

Fig. 6:&RPSDULVRQRI([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO7HPSHUDWXUH3UR¿OHVIRU:DOO7HPSHUDWXUHRI&

7KHFRQGXFWLRQKHDWORVVHVIURPWKHFDYLW\DWGLIIHUHQWZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQVDUHPHDVXUHGIRU FDYLW\LQFOLQDWLRQRIoDQGSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH7KHVHYDOXHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHFRQVWDQWIRUDOO LQFOLQDWLRQVRIWKHFDYLW\DUHDVRQDEOHDSSUR[LPDWLRQ Tw (°C) 200 300

Experiment 1

0HDVXUHG&RQGXFWLRQ/RVV: Experiment 2 Experiment 3

Average

7KHUDGLDWLYHKHDWORVVLVGHWHUPLQHGDQDO\WLFDOO\XVLQJDQH[SUHVVLRQJLYHQE\:XDQG:HQ>@

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Qrad İeffı$ap7w7a)

(1)

where H eff is effective emissivity of body and is given by,

H eff

1 § 1 H · Aapap 1 ¨ ¸ © H ¹ Aw

(2)

7KHFRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVYDOXHVWKXVDUHFDOFXODWHGIURP QFRQYș 4WRWș4cond 4rad

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(3)

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32



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8VLQJWKLVFRUUHODWLRQFRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVHVKDYHEHHQFDOFXODWHGIRUWKHFXUUHQWH[SHULPHQWDOFDYLW\ 7KH DSHUWXUH GLDPHWHU KDV EHHQ WDNHQ DV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF GLPHQVLRQ IRU FDOFXODWLQJ 5D\OHLJK DQG 1XVVHOW QXPEHU7KH SURSHUWLHV RI DLU DUH HVWLPDWHG DW WKH PHDQ WHPSHUDWXUH RI FDYLW\ ZDOO 7w) and DPELHQW 7a )LJXUH VKRZV WKH SDULW\ SORW ,W PD\ EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKH YDOXHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR cavity inclination of 0oDUHH[FOXGHGVLQFHVXFKFRQGLWLRQLVQRWUHDOL]HGLQDFWXDODSSOLFDWLRQ,WLVVHHQ WKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVDJUHHZHOOZLWKWKHSUHGLFWLRQVRIWKHJHQHUDOL]HGFRUUHODWLRQ

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Fig. 9: &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO5HVXOWVRI&RQYHFWLYH+HDW/RVV

Fig. 10:3DULW\3ORWEHWZHHQ([SHULPHQWDO5HVXOWVDQG9DOXHV(VWLPDWHGIURP*HQHUDOL]HG&RUUHODWLRQ

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Conclusion 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RQ FRQYHFWLYH KHDW ORVV RI D F\OLQGULFDO FDYLW\ UHFHLYHU RSHUDWLQJ XQGHULVRWKHUPDOFRQGLWLRQKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXW7KHFDYLWLHVGHOLYHULQJSURFHVVVWHDPUHSUHVHQWVXFK FRQGLWLRQV 7KH H[SHULPHQWV DUH FDUULHG RXW XQGHU RIIÀX[ PRGH 7KH WHPSHUDWXUHV LQYHVWLJDWHG DUH &&DQG&7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHFRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVLVWKHPD[LPXP ZKHQ WKH FDYLW\ LV IDFLQJ VLGHZD\ LQFOLQDWLRQ DW DOO RSHUDWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUHV :LWK LQFUHDVH LQ LQFOLQDWLRQ LW UHGXFHV DQG LV WKH PLQLPXP DW RI LQFOLQDWLRQ IDFLQJ GRZQZDUGV 7KHVH UHVXOWV DUHDVH[SHFWHG 7KHHOHFWULFDOSRZHUVXSSOLHGWRHDFKVHFWLRQRIWKHFDYLW\DWVWHDG\VWDWHLVWDNHQDVWKHKHDWÀX[LQSXW IRUHDFKVHFWLRQDQGQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVIRUWHPSHUDWXUHSUR¿OHVZLWKWKHGHSWKRIWKHFDYLW\DVZHOODVWKH FRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVHVDUHJHQHUDWHGXVLQJ)OXHQW7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVDUHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKH SUHGLFWLRQVRIQXPHULFDOFDOFXODWLRQ7KH\DUHIRXQGWREHDJUHHLQJUHDVRQDEO\ZHOO)XUWKHUWKHSDULW\ SORWEHWZHHQWKHFRQYHFWLYHKHDWORVVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHJHQHUDOL]HGFRUUHODWLRQDQGWKHH[SHULPHQWDO results shows a very good agreePHQW7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVWKXVYDOLGDWHWKHQXPHULFDOVFKHPH

References >@ +DUULV-$DQG/HQ]7*³7KHUPDO3HUIRUPDQFHRI6RODU&RQFHQWUDWRUFDYLW\5HFHLYHU6\VWHPV´ Solar Energy9RO SS± >@ 8WUX\'%%OD\'DQG&RH\WDX[0 ³7KH)UHQFK&1560:6RODU3RZHU3ODQW´Proceedings of International Solar Energy Society Congress1HZ'HOKL9ROSS±3HUJDPRQ3UHVV1HZ@ 8PDURY@ 3DLWRRQVXULNDUQ6DQG/RYHJURYH. ³2QWKH6WXG\RI&RQYHFWLRQ/RVVIURP2SHQ&DYLW\5HFHLYHUV LQ6RODU3DUDERORLGDO'LVK$SSOLFDWLRQ´Proceedings of Solar 2003$1=6(6$QQXDO&RQIHUHQFH0HOERXUQH $XVWUDOLD >@ 3DLWRRQVXULNDUQ6DQG/RYHJURYH. ³$1HZ&RUUHODWLRQIRU3UHGLFWLQJWKH)UHH&RQYHFWLRQ/RVV IURP6RODU'LVK&RQFHQWUDWLQJ5HFHLYHUV´Proceedings of Solar 2006: Clean Energy?&DQ'R$1=6(6 &DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLD >@ 3DLWRRQVXULNDUQ 6 7DXPRHIRODX 7 DQG /RYHJURYH . ³(VWLPDWLRQ RI &RQYHFWLRQ /RVV IURP 3DUDERORLGDO 'LVK &DYLW\ 5HFHLYHUV´ Proceedings of Solar 2004: Life, the Universe and Renewables nd $QQXDO&RQIHUHQFHRIWKH$XVWUDOLDQDQG1HZ=HDODQG6RODU(QHUJ\6RFLHW\3HUWK$XVWUDOLD >@ 7DXPRHIRODX73DLWRRQVXULNDUQ6+XJKHV*DQG/RYHJURYH. ³([SHULPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI 1DWXUDO&RQYHFWLRQ+HDW/RVVIURPD0RGHO6RODU&RQFHQWUDWRU&DYLW\5HFHLYHU´$60(-RXUQDORI6RODU Energy Engineering9ROSS± >@ 0HOFKLRU( ³5HFHLYHU&RQFHSWVDQG'HVLJQFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG7HVWVRI&RPSRQHQWV´LQ%HFNHU0 DQG%RKPHU0(GV The Gas Cooled Solar Tower Technology Program6SULQJHU9HUODJ%HUOLQ >@3UDNDVK 0 .HGDUH 6% DQG 1D\DN -. ³,QYHVWLJDWLRQV RQ +HDW /RVVHV IURP D 6RODU &DYLW\ 5HFHLYHU´Solar Energy9ROSS±

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It is well known that the rate of heat transfer Q between two surfaces (the ground and the surface of the EXLOGLQJLQFRQWDFWZLWKJURXQG WKURXJKDFRQGXFWLQJPHGLXPVRLO LVJLYHQE\ 6(6,-2851$/

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Validation of the basis of Experimental Simulation of Heat Transfer between a Building x

Q

SKL'T

(1)

where,

K is the thermal conductivity of the intervening medium, L is typical linear dimension, 'T is the difference of the temperature of the surfaces and S LVWKHVKDSHIDFWRUGHSHQGHQWRQWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHVXUIDFHV If the geometry is kept the same, on a small scale, with typical linear dimensions have

L' L

one would

x

Q' SK ' L ' 'T '

(2)

ZKHUHWKHGDVKUHIHUVWRWKHVLPXODWHGVWHDG\VWDWHVLWXDWLRQ S LVWKHVDPHIRUERWKVLWXDWLRQV 7KXVWKHVLPXODWLRQRIWKHJHRPHWU\DWDVPDOOVFDOHJLYHVWKHYDOXHRIWKHVKDSHIDFWRUIURPZKLFK VWHDG\VWDWHJURXQGKHDWWUDQVIHUFDQEHREWDLQHGE\XVLQJ(T ,IRQHKDVHOHFWURGHVRIWKHVDPHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVDVWKHVXUIDFHVZKLFKKDYHDFRQGXFWLQJPHGLXPVD\

CuSO4 solution) between them the current I ÀRZLQJEHWZHHQWKHHOHFWURGHVLVJLYHQE\ I

SV L'V

where

V

(3)

is the electrical conductivity of the medium

and 'V LVWKHSRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHHOHFWURGHV 7KXVWKHVKDSHIDFWRUFDQDOVREHGHWHUPLQHGE\HOHFWULFDOVLPXODWLRQ Sodha et al>@KDYHXVHGWKHWKHUPDODQGHOHFWULFDOPHWKRGVWRREWDLQWKHVKDSHIDFWRU S for a VSKHUHLPPHUVHGLQDFRQGXFWLQJPHGLXPZLWKLQ¿QLWHVXUIDFHWKHYDOXHVVRobtained are in agreement ZLWKWKHDQDO\WLFDOH[SUHVVLRQ/DEGHYet al>@ 'HVKPXNKet al>@6RGKDet al>@DQG6RGKD DQG0LVKUD>@KDYHDSSOLed the method to the evaluation of steady state rate of ground heat transfer in VRPHLQWHUHVWLQJVLWXDWLRQVE\WKHH[SHULPHQWDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHVKDSHIDFWRU

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MISHRA, SODHA AND TIWARI

7KHDQDO\WLFDOEDVLVRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVLPXODWLRQRIG\QDPLFSHULRGLFDQGDSHULRGLF KHDWWUDQVIHUKDV EHHQRXWOLQHGE\6RGKD>@VXFKDQDSSURDFKVKRXOGOHDGWRHYDOXDWLRQRIG\QDPLFKHDWWUDQVIHU E\ D TXLFNHU H[SHULPHQW RQ D VPDOOHU VFDOH 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH H[SHULPHQWDO YDOLGDWLRQ RI WKH EDVLVRIH[SHULPHQWDOVLPXODWLRQRIG\QDPLFKHDWWUDQVIHUE\H[SHULPHQWDOYHUL¿FDWLRQRIDSUHGLFWLRQ PDGHE\WKHWKHRU\RIH[SHULPHQWDOVLPXODWLRQRIG\QDPLFKHDWWUDQVIHU7KLVSURYLGHVFUHGHQFHWRWKH determination of dynamic heat transfer by simulation at the design or later stage

Basis of Thermal Simulation Heat Flux )RXULHU¶VHTXDWLRQRIKHDWFRQGXFWLRQVWDWHVWKDW

wT wt

K 2 T Uc

D

7KHDERYHHTXDWLRQPD\EHUHSUHVHQWHGDV

wT wW

2T

E

Where,

Kt Uc

W

Hence the temperature distribution in a medium is given as

f ( r ,W )

T

D

,IWKHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDWWKHVXUIDFHDUHDDSSURSULDWHO\VLPXODWHGDVLQGLFDWHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ the temperature distribution in simulation medium, where all the dimensions are m times the ones FRUUHVSRQGLQJWR(TD LVJLYHQE\

T'

f (r ',W )

E

where,

W

is chosen so that,

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Validation of the basis of Experimental Simulation of Heat Transfer between a Building

( K '/ U ' c ')t ' W

( K / U c)t

F

and

r ' mr

G

7KHKHDWÀX[IURPWKHVXUIDFHLQWKHWZRFDVHVLVJLYHQE\ S

x

Q(W )

K

wT

³ wK dS

KF (W )

D

and x

Q'(W )

since

K '

S'

³

wT ' dS ' mK ' F (W ) wK '

x

m( K '/ K ) Q(W )

E

dS ' m 2 dS and wK ' mwK

where, K LVQRUPDOWRWKHVXUIDFH

Simulation at Surface 6SHFL¿HG WLPH GHSHQGHQFH RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH VXUIDFHV FDQ EH VLPXODWHG E\ KDYLQJ WKH VDPH temperature dependence on W RQWKHVXUIDFHVLQWKHWZRFDVHV)URP(TVD DQGE WKHKHDWÀX[ emanating from the corresponding surfaces is related as x

Q'(W )

x

m( K '/ K ) Q(W )

5HPHPEHULQJ r ' a temperature

K '

mr or wK ' mwK the boundary condition at a surface open to the atmosphere at

TA is given by

wT ' wK ' Surface

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and

K '

wT ' wK ' Surface

Where, h and

K ' wT ' m wK ' Surface

h '[TA TS (W )]

E

h ' DUHWKHFRHI¿FLHQWVRIRYHUDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUEHWZHHQWKHVXUIDFHVDQGWKHDWPRVSKHUH

T

and A UHSUHVHQWVWKHVRODLUWHPSHUDWXUHZKHQVRODUUDGLDWLRQLVSUHVHQWRWKHUZLVHWKHDLUWHPSHUDWXUH )URP(TVD DQGE RQHREWDLQV

h ' ( K '/ mK )h

(8)

hC and h ' h WKHFRHI¿FLHQWRIFRQYHFWLYHKHDWWUDQVIHUEHWZHHQWKHWRSVXUIDFHRIWKHPHGLXP x and air, the desired value h ' can be realized by putting a metallic sheet of thickness 0 on the top If

h

surface, such that

1/ h ' 1/ hc ( x0 / K m )

where,

K 0 LVWKHWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\RIPHWDO Design of Experiment to Validated the Simulation Consider two hollow copper spheres of radii a and ma , placed at depths of d and md below large plane horizontal surfaces of two large masses of different powders with the characteristics K , x

x

U , c and K ', U ', c ' 7KHKHDWÀX[JHQHUDWHGZLWKLQWKHVSKHUHVDQG Q(W ) and Q'(W ) x

so that Q'(W )

x

(mK '/ K ) Q(W ) 7KH YDOXH RI m is chosen so that K ' mK and Hence h ' h

7KHKLJKFRQGXFWLYLW\RIFRSSHUHQVXUHVWKDWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHV TS and RYHUWKHVXUIDFH

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TS ' of the spheres is uniform

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With this stipulation the simulation theory requires

TS (W ) TS '(W )

7KLVSDSHUGHVFULEHVDQH[SHULPHQWWRYDOLGDWHWKLVFRQFOXVLRQ

Experiment &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI0HGLD Thermal Conductivity /RRVHO\¿OOHGVDQGDQGFRDODVKDUHWKHWZRPHGLDFKRVHQWRYDOLGDWHWKHWKHUPDOVLPXODWLRQPRGHO JLYHQLQVHFWLRQ7KHWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\LVGHWHUPLQHGE\PHDVXULQJWKHVWHDG\VWDWHKHDWÀX[IURP the hollow copper sphere buried in sand/coal dust and the difference of temperature of the top horizontal VXUIDFH RI WKH PHGLXP DQG WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH VSKHUH7KHUH LV DQ HOHFWULF EXOE LQ WKH VSKHUH WKURXJK which a current is passed and the steady state temperature of the surface of the sphere is measured by a WKHUPRFRXSOHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHVXUIDFHLVPHDVXUHGE\DQRWKHUWKHUPRFRXSOH7KHKLJKWKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\RIFRSSHUHQVXUHVXQLIRUPWHPSHUDWXUHRYHUWKHVXUIDFH x

7KHKHDWÀX[ Q IURPWKHVSKHUHLVJLYHQE\6RGKD6DZKQH\DQG-D\DVKDQNDU>@ x

Q V uI

KS (a, d ).a (TS Tg )

where the shape factor Labdev et al>@ DV

S

(10)

S (a, d ) LV JLYHQ E\ -D\DVKDQNDU 6DZKQH\ DQG 6RGKD>@

ª1 º sinh E sinh E 4S « e E {1 cosh E } e 3E {1 cosh 3E } e 5 E {1 cosh 5E } ......» 2 sinh 3 sinh 5 E E ¬ ¼ (11)

where,

cosh E

(d / a)

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7KHH[SHULPHQWDODUUDQJHPHQWLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ

Fig. 1:6FKHPDWLF'LDJUDPRI7KHUPDO6LPXODWLRQ([SHULPHQW

Density $YHVVHORINQRZQYROXPHREWDLQHGIURPWKHPDVVRIZDWHU¿OOLQJLW LVORRVHO\¿OOHGZLWKVDQGFRDOGXVW DQGLWVPDVVLVPHDVXUHG'HQVLW\LVMXVWPDVVGLYLGHGE\YROXPH

6SHFL¿F+HDW 7KHVSHFL¿FKHDWLVPHDVXUHGE\WKHFDORULPHWULFPHWKRGRIPL[WXUHV$VPDOOPDVVRIVDQGFRDOGXVWLV ¿OOHGFRPSDFWO\LQDVPDOOWKLQSODVWLFEDJZKLFKLVWKHQVHDOHG7KHEDJLVSODFHGLQDPL[WXUHRILFH and water for a long time, then taken out, dried quickly and dipped in water in a well insulated copper FDORULPHWHUZLWKDVWLUUHUFRYHUDQGLQOHWIRUDWKHUPRPHWHU7KHZDWHULVVWLUUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\DQGWKH ORZHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDWWDLQHGLVQRWHG7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHULVDOVRPHDVXUHGDIWHUWKHVDPHSHULRGDV WKHRQHLQZKLFKORZHVWWHPSHUDWXUHZDVDWWDLQHGWKHUDGLDWLRQFRUUHFWLRQLVMXVWKDOIRIWKHGLIIHUHQFH RIWKHORZHVWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKLVWHPSHUDWXUH7KHVSHFL¿FKHDWLVHYDOXDWHGIURPWKHPHDVXUHGPDVV RIZDWHUDQGWKHFDORULPHWHUVWLUUHUDQGLQLWLDODQGFRUUHFWHG¿QDOWHPSHUDWXUHVRIWKHPL[WXUH)XUWKHU GHWDLOVPD\EHREWDLQHGIURPDQ\JRRGWH[WRIKLJKVFKRROSK\VLFV

([SHULPHQWDO9HUL¿FDWLRQRI6LPXODWLRQ0HWKRG ,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGHVLJQRIH[SHULPHQWDVRXWOLQHGLQVHFWLRQDKROORZFRSSHUVSKHUHRIUDGLXV

7.0 cms, is buried in sand at a depth of 10.5 cms 7KH FRSSHU VSKHUH KDV D EXOE WKURXJK ZKLFK WKH FXUUHQW LV SDVVHG DQG D WKHUPRFRXSOH DW WKH VXUIDFH LV XVHG WR UHFRUG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH$ VWHDG\

state current is passed for a time t0 600 s, followed by zero current for a further period t0 ; this is FRQWLQXHGWLOODVWHDG\VWDWHLVUHDFKHG7KHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHURRPLVDOVRQRWHGIRUWKHVDNHRIUHFRUG

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7KXVWKHKHDWJHQHUDWHGLQWKHVSKHUHLV x

x

Q(W ) Q 0 for 2nW 0 W x

Q(W ) 0 for 2n 1 W 0 W

2n 1 W 0

(12a)

2n 2 W 0 .

(12b)

where,

W0

Kt0 / U c

6.42 u105 m 2 ,

t0

600 S ( K

0.39W / mK , U 1620kg / m3 , c

x

Q0

V0 u I 0 10.01u 3.60W

and

n is an integer

2250 J / kg 0C )

36.04W

(12c)

$VLPXOWDQHRXVDQGVLPLODUH[SHULPHQWLVFDUULHGRXWZLWKDKROORZFRSSHUVSKHUHRIUDGLXVcms at DGHSWKRIcms in coal ash ( K ' 0.532W / mK , U ' 1380kg / m3 , c ' 4250 J / kg 0C WKXVmx 7R keep W 0 WKHVDPHDVLQWKHRWKHUH[SHULPHQW t0 ' LVNHSWDVV7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJYDOXHRI Q 0' is kept as V0 u I 0 10.09 u 3.45W 34.81W LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK(TE 7KHH[SHULPHQWDODUUDQJHPHQWLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ

Results and Discussion Characterization

7KH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ K , density VHFWLRQDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH

U DQG VSHFL¿F KHDW c, as

determined by methods outlined in

Table 1: K , U , c of Sand Coal and Ash 0HGLXP

K W / m DC

Sand Coal Ash

U Kg / m3 1380

c( J / kg DC )

Other Parameters m 1.4; TA 15.50D C , h'

mK '/ K h

0.974h | h

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KHQFHEDUHVXUIDFHVLQERWKFDVHVLVVDWLVIDFWRU\ x

Q0

x

36.04W ; Q 0'

x

mK '/ K Q0

35.10W H[SHULPHQWDOYDOXH 34.81W )

(TELVQHDUO\VDWLV¿HG

t0

600 s, t0 ' 668s

and W 0

6.42 u105 m 2 LQERWKWKHFDVHV

Results

'(W ) DUHVDWLV¿HG)LJVDQGLOOXVWUDWHWKHREVHUYHGYDULDWLRQRI D and TS ' with W . It was seen that the difference between TS (W ) and TS '(W ) was 3 C for one case,

7KXVWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRU TS (W ) | T

TS

S

2D C in two case and 1D C LQWKUHHFDVHDQG]HURLQFDVHVRXWRI 49 REVHUYDWLRQV,QYLHZRIWKH D accuracy of measurement of T being 1 C , TS (W ) T '(W ) for all practical purposes, which validates S x

WKHEDVLVRIVLPXODWLRQRIG\QDPLFKHDWWUDQVIHUWKHDJUHHPHQWLVGHVSLWH h ' and Q 0' EHLQJQRWH[DFWO\ DOWKRXJKDOPRVW HTXDOWRWKHYDOXHUHTXLUHGE\WKHVLPXODWLRQWKHRU\ 7KH SUHVHQW ZRUN JLYHV FUHGHQFH WR G\QDPLF VLPXODWLRQ LQ PRUH FRPSOH[ FDVHV DV RXWOLQHG LQ WKH conceptual paper of Sodha et al >@ RQ G\QDPLF KHDW WUDQVIHU EHWZHHQ VWUXFWXUHV DQG VXUURXQGLQJ JURXQG

Fig. 2:9DULDWLRQRI6XUIDFH7HPSHUDWXUHV TS TS' ZLWK5HVSHFWWR W , (0 W 0.0016)

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Fig. 3: 9DULDWLRQRI6XUIDFH7HPSHUDWXUHV7s 7s¶ZLWK5HVSHFWWRĲĲ

Conclusion 7KHEDVLVRIG\QDPLFVLPXODWLRQRIKHDWWUDQVIHUEHWZHHQDEXLOGLQJDQGVXUURXQGLQJJURXQGRXWOLQHG by Sodha et al>@KDVEHHQYDOLGDWHGE\VLPXOWDQHRXVREVHUYDWLRQVRQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIDKROORZ FRSSHUVSKHUHLPPHUVHGLQVDQGDQGDQRWKHURQHLQFRDODVK7KHUDGLXVDQGGHSWKRIWKHWZRVSKHUHV and the heat generation within the two spheres was arranged as per simulation theory so that identical variation of the surface temperature of the sphere with respect to W , GHSHQGHQWRQWLPH ZDVSUHGLFWHG 7KHH[SHULPHQWVYHUL¿HGWKLVIDFW7KXVWKHSUHVHQWZRUNJLYHVIXUWKHUFUHGHQFHWRWKHEDVLVRIG\QDPLF VLPXODWLRQRIKHDWWUDQVIHURXWOLQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVFRQFHSWXDOSDSHU

Acknowledgement 7KHDXWKRUVDUHJUDWHIXOWR3URI'KDUPD%XGGKLRI6LYDOLN&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ 8.78DQG0UV6ZHWD6ULYDVWDYDIRUYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

References >@ $QGHUVRQ %5 ³&DOFXODWLRQ RI WKH 6WHDG\VWDWH +HDW 7UDQVIHU WKURXJK D 6ODERQJURXQG )ORRU´ Building and Enviornment9ROSS± >@ %DKQÀHWK:3 ³$7KUHH'LPHQVLRQDO1XPHULFDO6WXG\RI6ODERQJUDGH+HDW7UDQVIHU´Doctoral Dissertation8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLRQLV86$ >@ %RLOHDX**DQG/DWWD-. ³&DOFXODWLRQRI%DVHPHQW+HDW/RVVHV´7HFKQLFDO3DSHUDivison of Building Research15&&DQDGD >@ &DUVODZ+6DQG-DJHU-& Conduction of Heat in Solids&ODUHQGRQ3UHV2[IRUG >@ &ODULGJH' ³'HVLJQ0HWKRGVIRU(DUWK&RQWDFW+HDW7UDQVIHU3URJUHVVLQ6RODU(QHUJ\´(GLWHGE\ .%RHU American Solar Energy Society%RXOGHU&2 >@ &ODVVHRQ-DQG(IWULQJ% ³2SWLPDO'LVWULEXWLRQRI7KHUPDO,QVXODWLRQDQG*URXQG+HDW/RVVHV´ Swedish Council of Building Research, Stockholm6ZHGHQ'RFXPHQW' >@ &ODVVHRQ-DQG'XQDQG$ ³+HDW([WUDFWLRQIURPWKH*URXQGE\+RUL]RQWDO3LSHV$0DWKHPDWLFDO Analysis”, Swedish Council of Building Research6WRFNKROP6ZHGHQ'RFXPHQW', >@ 'HUX 0 $ 0RGHO IRU *URXQGFRXSOHG +HDW DQG 0RLVWXUH 7UDQVIHU IURP %XLOGLQJV 'RFWRUDO 'LVVHUWDWLRQ&RORUDGR6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\86$ 6(6,-2851$/

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>@ 'HVKPXNK0.6RGKD06DQG6DZKQH\5/ ³(IIHFWRI'HSWKRI6LQNLQJRQ7KHUPDO3HUIRUPDQFH of Partially Underground Buildings”, Int. J. Energy Research9ROSS± >@ +DJHQWRIW&( Heat Loss to the Ground from a Building'RFWRUDO'LVVHUWDWLRQ/XQGXQLYHUVLW\RI 7HFKQRORJ\6ZHGHQ >@-DQVVHQ+ ³7KH,QÀXHQFHRI6RLO0RLVWXUH7UDQVIHURQ%XLOGLQJ+HDW/RVVYLDWKH*URXQG´'RFWRUDO 'LVVHUWDWLRQ&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/HXYHQ%HOJLXP >@ -DQVVHQ+&DUPHOLHW-DQG+HQV+ ³7KH,QÀXHQFHRI6RLO0RLVWXUH7UDQVIHURQ%XLOGLQJ+HDW/RVV via the Ground”, Building and Environment9ROSS± >@.UDUWL0 ³)RXQGDWLRQ+HDW7UDQVIHUĆhapter in Advance in Solar Energy9RO(GLWRU@/DEGHY116NDOVND\D,3DQG8À\QG@/DEV.&DUPRG\-6WHUOLQJ56KHQ/+XDQJDQG@6WHUOLQJ 5 DQG 0HL[HO * Review of Underground Heat Transfer Research, Earth Sheltered Performance and Evaluation Proceedings, 6HFRQG 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH (GLWHG E\ / %R\HU SS ± 2NODKRPD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\

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A Statistical Analysis of Solar Radiation Data for India Indira Karakoti* and K.C. Vaghri 6RODU(QHUJ\&HQWUH015(1HZ'HOKL±,QGLD

Abstract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eywords:5HQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRODUUDGLDWLRQFOHDUQHVVLQGH[

Introduction Solar radiation is a perpetual source of natural energy and has great potential for a wide variety of DSSOLFDWLRQV ,W LV DEXQGDQW DFFHVVLEOH DQG SROOXWLRQ IUHH DQG KHQFH FDQ EH XVHG DV D VXSSOHPHQW WR WKHQRQUHQHZDEOHVRXUFHVRIHQHUJ\ZKLFKKDYH¿QLWHGHSOHWLQJVXSSOLHV>@7KHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\ sector depends upon the assessment of resources for planning and marketing their energy production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¿FLHQWRSHUDWLRQRIVRODUHQHUJ\V\VWHPV6HYHUDOVWXGLHVKDYHEHHQPDGHRQVRODUFOLPDWHVRI VSHFL¿FUHJLRQVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVRODUWHFKQRORJLHV>@

&RUUHVSRQGLQJ$XWKRUHPDLOLQGLUDBQWO#\DKRRFRLQ

*

KARAKOTI AND VAGHRI

Long term knowledge of monthly average daily global radiation is needed for the effective conversion DQG XWLOL]DWLRQ RI VRODU HQHUJ\ >@7KLV LV XVXDOO\ GRQH E\ VHWWLQJ XS RI VRODU UDGLDWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ VWDWLRQVDWYDULRXVORFDWLRQV%DVHGRQVXFKPHDVXUHPHQWVWKHVRODUUDGLDWLRQGDWDRQKRUL]RQWDODQG LQFOLQHGVXUIDFHVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGIRU,QGLD>@$EX'KDEL8$(>@/HVRWKR6RXWK$IULFD >@DQGPDQ\RWKHUV'LIIXVHUDGLDWLRQKDVDSSOLFDELOLW\PDLQO\LQHVWLPDWLQJJOREDOUDGLDWLRQRQ WLOWHGVXUIDFHV 7KHFOHDUQHVVLQGH[ZKLFKLVGH¿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¿QHGD\VLVODUJHZKLOHIRUFORXG\GD\VWKHWLOWDQJOHLVNHSWORZ7KH OHYHORIFOHDUQHVVLQGH[DOVRDIIHFWVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIVRODUFROOHFWRUV>@

0HWKRGRORJ\ 7KHPHDQGDLO\FOHDUQHVVLQGH[HT is given by KT

Hg Ho

(1)

where, H g is the monthly average of daily global radiation in kWh/m2, H0 LVWKHPRQWKO\PHDQRIH[WUD terrestrial radiation in kWh/m2 DQGFDQEHREWDLQHGE\XVLQJWKHIROORZLQJUHODWLRQ>@ Ho

I is

24 §24 ¨ ©S

360 n · ·I § ¸Z s sin I sin G cos I cos G sin Z s ¸ Iscsc ¨ 1 0.033 cos 365 ¹ ¹ ©

the latitude of location, G is the declination,

Zs

(3)

is the hour angle corresponding to sunrise or

sunset and I sc LVWKHVRODUFRQVWDQWKDYLQJDYDOXHRIN:KP2 ,QWKHVWXG\WKHH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDRQJOREDOUDGLDWLRQDQGGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQIURPWR>@KDYH EHHQDQDO\]HGIRU,QGLDQVWDWLRQV7KHFOHDUQHVVLQGH[HT LVFRPSXWHGXVLQJ(TIRUHDFKORFDWLRQ Subsequently, global solar radiation Hg, diffuse radiation HdDQGFOHDUQHVVLQGH[HT for the 23 locations DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDUHDQDO\]HGPRQWKZLVHIURP-DQWR'HF 7KHVWXG\RQHg, Hd and HT have been PDGHIRUDOOWKHPRQWKVRIWKH\HDU

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A Statistical Analysis of Solar Radiation Data for India

Fig. 1: Indian Stations Covered in the Study

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KARAKOTI AND VAGHRI

Statistical Parameters 7KHIRXUVWDWLVWLFDOLQGLFDWRUVDYHUDJHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ6' NXUWRVLV.857 DQGVNHZQHVV6.(: haveEHHQXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV Average gives the arithmetic mean of the arguments while standard deviation indicates how widely values DUHGLVSHUVHGIURPWKHDYHUDJHYDOXH.XUWRVLVLVWKHUHODWLYHSHDNHGQHVVRUÀDWQHVVRIDGLVWULEXWLRQ FRPSDUHGWRWKHQRUPDOGLVWULEXWLRQ)RUDQRUPDOFXUYHLWKDVDYDOXHRIDQGWKHFXUYHLVVDLGWREH mesokurticFXUYH7KHFXUYHZKLFKLVÀDWWHUWKDQWKHQRUPDOFXUYHLVNQRZQDVplatykurtic and for such DFXUYHNXUWRVLVLVOHVVWKDQ:KLOHDFXUYHPRUHSHDNHGWKDQWKHQRUPDOFXUYHLVFDOOHGleptokurtic DQGIRUVXFKDFXUYHLWLVJUHDWHUWKDQ 6NHZQHVVUHIHUVWRDODFNRIV\PPHWU\0HDVXUHRIVNHZQHVVKHOSVLQGLVWLQJXLVKLQJEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW W\SHVRIGLVWULEXWLRQV,WJLYHVDQLGHDDERXWWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYDULDQFHRUWKHGHSDUWXUHIURPV\PPHWU\ 3RVLWLYH VNHZQHVV LQGLFDWHV D GLVWULEXWLRQ ZLWK DQ DV\PPHWULF WDLO H[WHQGLQJ WRZDUGV PRUH SRVLWLYH YDOXHV ZKLOH QHJDWLYH 6.(: PHDQV D GLVWULEXWLRQ ZLWK DQ DV\PPHWULF WDLO H[WHQGLQJ WRZDUGV PRUH QHJDWLYHYDOXHV

Fig. 2:0RQWKO\0HDQ9DOXHVRI'DLO\*OREDO5DGLDWLRQ'LIIXVH5DGLDWLRQDQG&OHDUQHVV,QGH[

Results and Discussion $FRPSDULVRQIRUDYHUDJHYDOXHVRIJOREDOUDGLDWLRQGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQDQGFOHDUQHVVLQGH[LQD\HDULV VKRZQLQ)LJIRUWKHYDULRXVORFDWLRQVLQ,QGLD,WLVREYLRXVWKDWFOHDUQHVVLQGH[LVORZLQWKHPRQWKV RI-XQH-XO\DQG$XJXVWDVJOREDOUDGLDWLRQLVORZDQGGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQLVKLJKGXULQJWKHVHPRQWKV 7KHUDLny season and more overcast sky are the main causes for low K7LQ-XO\ $XJXVWZKLOHLQ-XQH LWPD\EHGXHWRGXVWDQGSROOXWLRQLQWKHDWPRVSKHUHDQGDOVRFORXG\GD\VQHDUWKHHQGRIPRQWK7KH

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JOREDOUDGLDWLRQLVOHVVLQWKHZLQWHUPRQWKV-DQXDU\1RYHPEHUDQG'HFHPEHU EXWFOHDUQHVVLQGH[LV KLJKFRPSDUHGWRWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQEHFDXVHRIFORXGOHVVVN\DQGFOHDQDWPRVSKHUHGXULQJZLQWHU7KHUH will be less scattering and absorption in winter months which results increase in direct component and FOHDUQHVVLQGH[

0RQWKO\0HDQ*OREDO5DGLDWLRQ+g

--

Dec

Oct

Sep

Aug

July

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Nov

AVERAGE STDEV KURT SKEW

Global Radiation

Feb

6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0

Jan

Statistical Parameters

7KH VWDWLVWLFDO SDUDPHWHUV YL] DYHUDJH 6' 6.(: DQG .857 IRU JOREDO UDGLDWLRQ DUH WDEXODWHG LQ 7DEOHDQGGHPRQVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH,WLVFOHDUWKDWDYHUDJHYDOXHRIHg for the chosen locations in India LVORZHVWLQ'HFHPEHUN:KP2 DQGKLJKHVWLQWKHPRQWKRI$SULON:KP2 0D\DQG$SULO are the main sumPHUPRQWKVUHFHLYLQJKLJKDQGQHDUO\VDPHDPRXQWRIVRODUUDGLDWLRQ,Q6HS kWh/m2 DQG2FWN:KP2 JOREDOUDGLDWLRQLVPRUHWKDQWKDWRI-XO\N:KP2) and August N:KP2) because in Sep, rainy season is likely to end and in the month of Oct, the sky is relatively FOHDUVRFRPSDUDWLYHO\PRUHUDGLDWLRQFDQEHUHFHLYHG

Months

Fig. 3:5HVXOWVRI$QDO\VLVIRU*OREDO6RODU5DGLDWLRQLQ7HUPVRI6WDWLVWLFDO3DUDPHWHUVD $YHUDJH E 6WDQGDUG'HYLDWLRQ6' F .XUWRVLV.857 G 6NHZQHVV6.(:

7KHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQIRUHg has a minimum value for the month of August representing a less deviation LQJOREDOUDGLDWLRQIRUWKHGLIIHUHQW,QGLDQVWDWLRQV:KLOH6'LVPD[LPXPLQWKHPRQWKRI-DQXDU\ LQGLFDWLQJDFRPSDUDWLYHO\KLJKGHYLDWLRQLQJOREDOUDGLDWLRQRIWKHYDULRXVFLWLHVDVFOHDUIURP¿JXUH .XUWRVLVIRU-DQ)HE0DUDQG1RYLVJUHDWHUWKDQ,WPHDQVLQWKHVHPRQWKVGLVWULEXWLRQRIHg is SHDNHGDQGYDULDQFHLVFRPSDUDWLYHO\KLJK,QWKHPRQWKVRI$SULO0D\$XJXVW6HSWHPEHU2FWREHU DQG'HFHPEHUNXUWRVLVKDVYDOXHVOHVVWKDQLQGLFDWLQJDOHVVYDULDQFHDQGÀDWGLVWULEXWLRQRIJOREDO UDGLDWLRQIRUWKHFKRVHQ,QGLDQVWDWLRQV 6(6,-2851$/

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KARAKOTI AND VAGHRI Table 1:5HVXOWVRI6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVIRU*OREDO5DGLDWLRQ 0RQWKV

Jan )HE Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct 1RY 'HF

Average

SD

KURT

SKEW

7KHVNHZQHVVVKRZVKRZWKHGLVWULEXWLRQLVV\PPHWULFZLWKLWVPHDQYDOXH,WLVREYLRXVIURP¿JXUHWKDW IRU-XQH-XO\DQG$XJXVWLWLVSRVLWLYH+HQFHWKHJOREDOUDGLDWLRQLQULJKWWDLOLVORQJHUDQGWKLVW\SH RIGLVWULEXWLRQLVNQRZQDVULJKWVNHZHG)RUWKHUHPDLQLQJPRQWKVRIWKH\HDUVNHZQHVVLVQHJDWLYH DQGWKHGLVWULEXWLRQLVVDLGWREHOHIWVNHZHG,WKDVDVPDOOHUYDOXHIRU-XQH FRPSDUHGWRWKH other months showing that in this month of the year, distribution of Hg is comparatively symmetrical for ,QGLDQVWDWLRQV

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7DEOHJLYHVWKHVWDWLVWLFDOLQGLFDWRUVIRUGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQ$YHUDJHYDOXHVRIGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQLVIRXQG PD[LPXPN:KP2) iQWKHPRQWKRI-XO\DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ,WKDVYDOXHVRIN:KP2 and N:KP2IRU$XJXVWDQG6HSWHPEHUUHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVKLJKYDOXHRIHd is because of the rainy season DQGFORXG\GD\VLQWKHVHPRQWKV:KLOHIRUWKHPRQWKVRI-XQHN:KP2 0D\N:KP2) and $SULON:KP2 LWPD\EHGXHWRSROOXWLRQDQGDHURVROVSUHVHQWLQWKHDWPRVSKHUH'LIIXVHUDGLDWLRQ KDV D ORZHVW YDOXH LQ WKH PRQWK RI 'HFHPEHU N:KP2) due to less scattering and absorption EHFDXVHRIWKHFOHDUDWPRVSKHUHLQWKLVPRQWK,WLVQHDUO\HTXDOGXULQJ'HFHPEHUN:KP2) and -DQXDU\N:KP2 Table 2: 5HVXOWVRI6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVIRU'LIIXVH6RODU5DGLDWLRQ 0RQWKV Jan )HE Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct 1RY 'HF

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Diffuse radiation

5


4 3 2 1 0 -1

--

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

July

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

-2

Months

Fig. 4:5HVXOWVRI$QDO\VLVIRU'LIIXVH6RODU5DGLDWLRQLQ7HUPVRI6WDWLVWLFDO3DUDPHWHUVD $YHUDJH E 6WDQGDUG'HYLDWLRQ6' F .XUWRVLV.857 G 6NHZQHVV6.(:

.XUWRVLVIRU)HEUXDU\0DUFKDQG1RYHPEHULVJUHDWHUWKDQLQGLFDWLQJDSHDNHGGLVWULEXWLRQRIGLIIXVH UDGLDWLRQ,WPHDQVIRUWKHVHPRQWKVYDULDQFHLQHd YDOXHVRIGLIIHUHQWVWDWLRQVLVKLJK7KURXJKRXWWKH \HDUH[FOXGLQJWKHPRQWKRI)HEUXDU\DQG1RYHPEHUNXUWRVLVLVOHVVWKDQ6RHd KDVDÀDWGLVWULEXWLRQ in India for these months of the year which means that there will be a small difference in the amount of GLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQUHFHLYHGE\WKHFKRVHQFLWLHV Skewness for diffuse radiation in Jan, June, July and August, the distribution of diffuse radiation is SRVLWLYHDQGULJKWVNHZHGVKRZLQJWKDWGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQIRUPDMRULW\RIVWDWLRQVOLHVLQULJKWWDLOZLWK UHVSHFWWRWKHPHDQYDOXH:KLOHIRUWKHRWKHUPRQWKVLWLVQHJDWLYHDQGOHIWVNHZHG

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KARAKOTI AND VAGHRI Table 3: 5HVXOWVRI6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVIRU&OHDUQHVV,QGH[ 0RQWKV

Average

Jan )HE Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct 1RY 'HF

STDEV

KURT

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)LJXUHE VKRZWKDWVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQLQ HT LVPD[LPXPLQ-DQXDU\ DQGLWLVLQWKH PRQWKRI'HFHPEHU6'KDVDPLQLPXPYDOXHIRU$XJXVW LPSO\LQJOHVVYDULDQFHEHWZHHQWKH ZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQW,QGLDQVWDWLRQVLQWKLVPRQWKRIWKH\HDU

12

AVERAGE STDEV KURT SKEW

Clearness index


10 8 6 4 2 0 -2

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

July

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

-4

Months

Fig. 5:5HVXOWVRI$QDO\VLVIRU&OHDUQHVV,QGH[LQ7HUPVRI6WDWLVWLFDO3DUDPHWHUVD $YHUDJH E 6WDQGDUG'HYLDWLRQ6' F .XUWRVLV.857 G 6NHZQHVV6.(:

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Conclusion Based on the statistiFDODQDO\VLVRQWKHGDWDIRUJOREDOUDGLDWLRQGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQDQGFOHDUQHVVLQGH[IRU the 23 locations in India, the conclusions are summarized as below: 7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIPRQWKO\PHDQGDLO\JOREDOUDGLDWLRQIRU,QGLDQVWDWLRQVLVKLJKHVWLQWKHPRQWK RI$SULODQGORZHVWLQWKHPRQWKRI'HFHPEHU)RUWKHPRQWKRI$XJXVWGHYLDWLRQLQ Hg among the different Indian locations is comparatively low and in June, distribution of Hg is symmetrical compared WRWKHRWKHUPRQWKVRIWKH\HDU 'LIIXVHUDGLDWLRQKDVDPLQLPXPDYHUDJHYDOXHIRUWKHPRQWKRI'HFHPEHUDQGPD[LPXPIRUWKHPRQWK RI-XO\'HYLDWLRQLQ Hd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variance is observed in weather conditions of chosen Indian stations but in January variance in clearness LQGH[LVYHU\KLJK

References >@ 5D,*' Solar Energy Utilization.KDQQD3XEOLVKHU1DLVDUDN'HOKLS± >@ .KDOLO6$ ³3DUDPHWHUL]DWLRQ0RGHOVIRU6RODU5DGLDWLRQDQG6RODU7HFKQRORJ\$SSOLFDWLRQVÉnergy &RQYHUVLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW9RO SS± >@ 5LRUGDQ&et al. ( ³6RODU5DGLDWLRQ5HVHDUFKIRU3KRWRYROWDLF$SSOLFDWLRQV´Solar Energy9ROSS ± >@ $ODGDV$UEROHGDV/%DWOOHV)-DQG2OPR) ³6RODU5DGLDWLRQ5HVRXUFH$VVHVVPHQWE\0HDQVRI Silicon Cells”, Solar Energy9RO SS± >@ +LUDWD@ $QWRQLR 3 $QJHOR 6 DQG /XFLDQR 5 ³(IIHFW RI 6RODU ,UUDGLDWLRQ &RQGLWLRQV RQ WKH 2XWGRRU Performance of Photovoltaic Modules”, Opt Commun, 9ROSS± >@ -DFRYLGHV &3 et al. ³&RPSDUDWLYH 6WXG\ RI 9DULRXV &RUUHODWLRQV LQ (VWLPDWLQJ +RXUO\ 'LIIXVH )UDFWLRQRI*OREDO6RODU5DGLDWLRQ´Renewable Energy9ROSS± >@ $O$UXUL6' ³7KH(PSLULFDO5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ*OREDO5DGLDWLRQDQG*OREDO8OWUDYLROHW P6RODU5DGLDWLRQ&RPSRQHQWV´Solar Energy, 9ROSS± >@ .XGLVK$,DQG,DQHW]$ ³$QDO\VLVRI'DLO\&OHDUQHVV,QGH[*OREDODQG%HDP5DGLDWLRQIRU%HHU 6KHYD,VUDHO3DUWLWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWR'D\7\SHDQG6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLV´(QHUJ\&RQYHUVLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW 9ROSS± 6(6,-2851$/

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TiO2 Coated Pebbles for Solar Photocatalytic Treatment of Dyebath Wastewater N.N. Rao*, Vibha Chaturvedi and Nitin Gedam :DVWHZDWHU7HFKQRORJ\'LYLVLRQ 1DWLRQDO(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH &RXQFLORI6FLHQWL¿FDQG,QGXVWULDO5HVHDUFK 1HKUX0DUJ1DJSXU±,QGLD

Abstract: $QRYHOSHEEOHEHGSKRWRUHDFWRU3%35 KDYLQJDQLQFOLQHGWURXJKZLWK7L22FRDWHGVLOLFDULFKZKLWHSHEEOHV¿[HGRQ LWVVXUIDFHZDVXVHGIRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRIDTXHRXVG\HVROXWLRQVDQGV\QWKHWLFG\HZDVWHZDWHUXQGHUVXQOLJKW7KHUHDFWRUZDVXVHG IRUWKHGHFRORXULVDWLRQRIVRPHUHDFWLYHG\HVROXWLRQVDVZHOODVV\QWKHWLFG\HKRXVHHIÀXHQWV7KHGHFRORUL]DWLRQUDWHRIWKHG\HV IROORZHGSVHXGR¿UVWRUGHUNLQHWLFVWKH¿UVWRUGHUUDWHFRQVWDQWRIFRORXUUHPRYDOZDVLQWKHUDQJHIURPWR[ min with PLQHUDOL]DWLRQHI¿FLHQF\N72&/kdye RI6LPXODWHGZDVWHZDWHUVKRZHG%DWFK, DQG%DWFK,, FRORUUHGXFWLRQDQG 7RWDO2UJDQLF&DUERQ72& UHGXFWLRQ7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDW3%35FDQEHVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGIRUWKHGHFRORUL]DWLRQRI G\HVIURPG\HZDVWHZDWHUXQGHUVXQOLJKW

Introduction 5HFHQW VWXGLHV KDYH GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW KHWHURJHQHRXV SKRWRFDWDO\VLV XVLQJ VHPLFRQGXFWRUV VXFK DV WLWDQLXPGLR[LGH7L22) and UV light irradiation can be used to destroy a wide range of organic pollutants GLVVROYHGLQZDWHU>@7KHSRVVLELOLW\RILQWHJUDWLQJSKRWRFDWDO\VLVDQGVRODUWHFKQRORJLHVKDVWULJJHUHG IXUWKHUDWWHQWLRQEHFDXVHRIORZHUWUHDWPHQWFRVWVGXHWRWKHXVHRIUHQHZDEOHVRODUHQHUJ\:HKDYH UHFHQWO\UHSRUWHGWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQGSKRWRDFWLYLW\RI7L22 coated on pebbles and shown that the 7L22FRDWHGSHEEOHVDUHHIIHFWLYHLQWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRIUHDFWLYHG\HVXQGHUVRODUUDGLDWLRQ>@,QWKH SUHVHQWSDSHUDQHZFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIQRQFRQFHQWUDWLQJVRODUSKRWRUHDFWRUDSHEEOHEHGSKRWRUHDFWRU 3%35 LVSURSRVHGIRUWKHGHFRORXULVDWLRQRIFRQWDPLQDWHGZDWHUFRQWDLQLQJUHDFWLYHG\HV7KLVQRYHO W\SHRISKRWRUHDFWRUFRQWDLQV7L22 coated pebbles distributed in an ordered fashion to allow optimal ZDWHUÀRZWKURXJKWKHSHEEOHV([SHULPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWXQGHUGLIIHUHQWRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVZLWK VRODUOLJKWWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RIWKLVQHZW\SHRIUHDFWRUWRWUHDWV\QWKHWLFG\HZDVWHZDWHU

Experimental Preparation of TiO2 Coated Pebbles (TiO2 / Pebbles)

,QLWLDOO\WKHSHEEOHVZHUHZDVKHGXQGHUWDSZDWHUWRUHPRYHWKHGLUWSUHVHQWRQWKHVXUIDFH7KH\ZHUH WKHQVXEMHFWHGWRZDVKLQJZLWKGHLRQL]HGZDWHUDQGOHDFKLQJZLWK0('7$VROXWLRQ:DVKLQJDQG

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RAO, CHATURVEDI AND GEDAM

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Fig. 13HEEOHVEHIRUHDQGDIWHU7L22 Coating

Pebble Bed Photo Reactor

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TiO2 Coated Pebbles for Solar Photocatalytic Treatment of Dyebath Wastewater

7KHSUR¿OHYLHZRIWKHSHEEOHEHGSKRWRUHDFWRU3%35 LVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHSKRWRUHDFWRUFRPSULVHG an inclLQHG WURXJK ZLWK WKH SHEEOHV ¿[HG RQ LWV VXUIDFH 7KH WURXJK OHQJWK FP ZLGWK FP WKLFNQHVV FP ZDV IDEULFDWHG XVLQJ D 3HUVSH[ VKHHW 3HEEOHV ZHUH ¿[HG RQWR WKH VXUIDFH RI WKHWURXJKXVLQJDPL[WXUHRI$UDOGLWH5 DQG06HDO5 7KHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQDSHEEOHDQGLWVQHDUHVW QHLJKERUVLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\FP7KHSHEEOHVZHUHDUUDQJHGLQIRUW\URZVHDFKURZFRQWDLQLQJRQDQ DYHUDJHSHEEOHV7KHHQWLUHEHGDFFRPPRGDWHGDERXWrSHEEOHV7KHHVWLPDWHG7L22 coated VXUIDFHDUHDZDVP2DQGWKHWRWDODPRXQWRI7L22 present on the pebble bed reactor was estimated DVrJ7KHSHEEOHVZHUHSRVLWLRQHGLQDURZIRUPLQJHTXLODWHUDOWULDQJOHVZLWKWKHSHEEOHV LQWKHURZLPPHGLDWHO\DERYH7KLVFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOORZVWKHRSWLPDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHOLTXLGRYHUWKH SHEEOHV7KHWURXJKZDV¿[HGRQWRDJDOYDQL]HGLURQIUDPH7KHPHWDOIUDPHKDGSURYLVLRQVIRUWLOWLQJ WKHWURXJKDWSUHGH¿QHGDQJOHVEHWZHHQDQG,WKDVSURYLVLRQVIRULOOXPLQDWLQJZLWK89OLJKWD KDQJHUZLWKKROGHUIRU89ODPS DQGIRUWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHFRQWDPLQDWHGZDWHURYHUWKHSHEEOHV$Q inlet pipe having closely spaced holes was positioned transversally at the top of the trough to distribute WKHOLTXLGDFURVVWKHSHEEOHVXQLIRUPO\7KHOLTXLGÀRZUDWHZDVFRQWUROOHGE\DSHULVWDOWLFSXPS%DWFK H[SHULPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWZLWKUHFLUFXODWLRQRIWKHOLTXLGEHWZHHQWKHUHDFWRUDQGWKHKROGLQJWDQN 7KHGXUDWLRQRIHDFKH[SHULPHQWZDVK7KHUHDFWRUZDVLUUDGLDWHGZLWKHLWKHUVRODUUDGLDWLRQ6RODU Irradiance (W/m2 GXULQJ1RYHPEHUDW1DJSXU,QGLD1RRQ DW OQP OQP OQP OQP $YHUDJH LQWHQVLW\ IURP QLQH LQGHSHQGHQW PHDVXUHPHQWV DFURVV WKH OHQJWK DQG EUHDGWKRIWKHSHEEOHEHGUHDFWRULVJLYHQ

Results Solar Photocatalytic Decolorization of Simulated Wastewater 6LPXODWHGG\HKRXVHZDVWHZDWHUZDVSUHSDUHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFRWWRQ¿EHUG\HLQJSURFHGXUHW\SLFDOO\ DGRSWHG LQ WKH IDFWRULHV >@ 7KH WZR UHFLSHV YL] %, WKH LQWHJUDWHG SODQW DQG %,, WKH G\H KRXVH PLOO ZHUHXVHG7DEOH %RWKPL[WXUHVZHUHGLOXWHGIROG%DWFK, DQGIROG%DWFK,, EHIRUH SKRWRFDWDO\WLFWUHDWPHQWLQRUGHUWRPLPLFW\SLFDOG\HKRXVHHIÀXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVIURPWKHZDVKLQJ DQGULQVLQJVWDJHVRIWKHIDFWRULHV7KHVHUHFLSHVDUHVXSSRVHGWRUHSUHVHQWFRPSRVLWLRQRIDFWXDOWH[WLOH ZDVWHZDWHUV Table 1: &RPSRVLWLRQRI6LPXODWHG7H[WLOH:DVWHZDWHU%DWFK,DQG%DWFK,, S. No Constituents 5HDFWLYH5HGPJO)

Batch I

Batch II

5HDFWLYH2UDQJHPJO)

5HDFWLYH9LROHWPJO) 5HDFWLYH%ODFNPJO)

100

1D&OJO) 1D2CO3 ( g l) 1D2+JO) Urea ( g l)

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Remarks 'LFKORURWULD]LQHEDVHGELVD]RG\HZLWKIRXU+DFLGIXQFWLRQV 0: ȜPD[ VSOLWSHDN VK QP 9LQ\O VXOSKRQH EDVHG PRQRD]R G\H 0: ȜPD[ QP 'LFKORURWULD]\QHG\HȜPD[ QP 9LQ\OVXOSKRQHEDVHGELVD]RG\H0: ȜPD[ QP 7UDQVIHUVG\HVWXIIWRIDEULF Produces covalent bond between dye and fabric Produces covalent bond between dye and fabric Increases solubility of dyes

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TiO2 Coated Pebbles for Solar Photocatalytic Treatment of Dyebath Wastewater

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Conclusion 7KH SURSRVHG QHZ FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ RI QRQFRQFHQWUDWLQJ VRODU SKRWRUHDFWRU D SHEEOH EHG SKRWRUHDFWRU 3%35 ZRUNV VDWLVIDFWRULO\ IRU WKH GHFRORXULVDWLRQ RI FRQWDPLQDWHG ZDWHU FRQWDLQLQJ UHDFWLYH G\HV 7KHVWXG\VKRZVWKDW

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Acknowledgement 7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN'U65:DWH'LUHFWRU1((5,IRUSHUPLVVLRQDQG'U7DSDV1DQG\ &KLHI6FLHQWLVW::71((5,WRHQFRXUDJHPHQW

References >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

+RIIPDQQ050DUWLQ67&KRL:DQG%DKQHPDQQ': Chem. Rev., 9ROS %DKQHPDQQ': Sol. Energy9ROS %ODQFR*DOYH]-)HUQDQGH],EDQH]3DQG0DODWR5RGULJXH]6 J. Solar Energy Eng., 9ROS ;L:*HLVVHQ68DQG9RJHOSRKO$ Water Sci. Technol., 9RO S 5DR11DQG&KDWXUYHGL9 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.9ROS $UVODQ$%DOFLRJOX,DQG7XKNDQHQ7 Chemosphere9ROS

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Solar Lighting Systems in India: Types, Applications and Performance Assessment 1LYHGLWD7KDNXU$UYLQG6KDUPD3DULPLWD0RKDQW\ K. Rahul Sharma and Piyush Parmar 7KH(QHUJ\DQG5HVRXUFHV,QVWLWXWH,QGLD+DELWDW&HQWHU/RGKL5RDG1HZ'HOKL±,QGLD

Abstract: 7KLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRSURYLGHDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHW\SHVRI6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPVLQFOXGLQJODQWHUQVWDVNOLJKWVVRODU KRPHV\VWHPVDQGWRUFKHVFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHLQWKH,QGLDQPDUNHW7KH6RODU/LJKWLQJ/DERUDWRU\DW7(5,ZLWKWKHVXSSRUWRI 015(KDVEHHQLQYROYHGLQGHVLJQWHVWLQJDQGRQ¿HOGDVVHVVPHQWRIVRODUOLJKWLQJV\VWHPVDQGH[SHULHQFHVIURPWKLVUHVHDUFK have been compiled to provide a broad overview of technologies used in solar lighting device components, selection and testing FULWHULDWHFKQLFDOFKDOOHQJHVDQGTXDOLW\WHVWLQJ7KHVRODUOLJKWLQJPDUNHWLVVDWXUDWHGZLWKDZLGHUDQJHRISURGXFWVGLIIHULQJ LQ VSHFL¿FDWLRQV DQG SHUIRUPDQFH 7KLV SDSHU DLPV WR HVWDEOLVK WKDW DSSURSULDWH TXDOLW\ FRQWURO WKURXJK D WHVWLQJ ODERUDWRU\ RQ¿HOGSHUIRUPDQFHDVVHVVPHQWDQGQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUGHYHORSLQJDUREXVWDQGUHOLDEOHVRODUOLJKWLQJPDUNHW DQGKRZWKHVHSURFHVVHVFDQEHGHYHORSHG:HKDYHSUHVHQWHGRXUDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGWHFKQRORJLHVH[LVWLQJ WHFKQLFDOFKDOOHQJHVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIXVHUVDQG¿HOGWHVWLQJPHWKRGRORJLHVLQDQDWWHPSWWRSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQWRDYDULHW\RI VWDNHKROGHUVZRUNLQJLQWKHVRODUOLJKWLQJ¿HOGWRDVVLVWWKHPLQVFDOLQJXSWKHLUSURJUDPPHV Keywords: Solar, Solar Lighting, Photovoltaics, Solar Lanterns, Lighting

Introduction 7KH VRODU OLJKWLQJ PDUNHW KDV JURZQ UDSLGO\ LQ UHVSRQVH WR D VWURQJ JOREDO FRPPLWPHQW WRZDUGV SURYLGLQJTXDOLW\OLJKWLQJWRDOOWKHSRSXODWLRQWKDWLVFXUUHQWO\ZLWKRXWDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\7KLVJURZWK has ushered in the participation of many players who have brought in a variety of solar lighting products KDYLQJGLIIHUHQWIHDWXUHVDQGDWWULEXWHV7RGD\WKHUHDUHLQLWLDWLYHVIRUSURYLGLQJDFFHVVWRFOHDQOLJKWLQJ DWUHJLRQDOQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFDOHV>@ZKLFKZLOOQRWMXVWFKDQJHWKHHQHUJ\DFFHVVVFHQDULR EXWDOVRJLYH,QGLD¶VVRODUOLJKWLQJLQGXVWU\WKHLQFHQWLYHWRLQQRYDWHDQGGHYHORSTXDOLW\VROXWLRQVDW WKHOHDVWFRVW$WWKH1DWLRQDOOHYHOWKH0LQLVWU\RI1HZDQG5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\¶V015( -DZDKDUODO 1HKUX1DWLRQDO6RODU0LVVLRQ-1160 KDVDWDUJHWRIPLOOLRQVRODUOLJKWLQJV\VWHPVE\>@ 7KHPDVVLYHRSSRUWXQLW\LQWKLVVHFWRUKDVEHHQUHFRJQL]HGE\ERWKGHYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHVDQGWKHVRODU OLJKWLQJLQGXVWU\LQ,QGLD2YHUWKHODVW¿YH\HDUVDZLGHYDULHW\RI6RODU/LJKWLQJV\VWHPV6/6 ZLWK YDU\LQJVSHFL¿FDWLRQVFRVWVDQGHI¿FLHQFLHVKDYHHQWHUHGWKHPDUNHW5DQJLQJIURPVPDOOVL]HGWDVN OLJKWVIRUVSHFL¿FDSSOLFDWLRQVVXFKDVUHDGLQJWRDPELHQWOLJKWVRUODQWHUQVWRKRPHOLJKWLQJV\VWHPVWKH UDQJHRIOLJKWLQJGHYLFHVDYDLODEOHKDVDOVRLQFUHDVHGSURYLGLQJFXVWRPHUVZLWKDZLGHFKRLFHEDVHGRQ WKHLUUHTXLUHPHQWV$WWKLVVWDJHLWLVFUXFLDOWRDVVHVVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHVHYDULHWLHVRIVRODUOLJKWLQJ SURGXFWVVXLWDEOHIRUYDULRXVHQGXVHDSSOLFDWLRQVVRWKDWDMXGLFLRXVGHFLVLRQFDQEHWDNHQ

Solar Lighting Systems in India: Types, Applications and Performance Assessment

:LWK WKLV HQGHDYRU WKLV SDSHU DWWHPSWV WR DGGUHVV WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV 2QH RI WKH REMHFWLYHV RI WKLV paper is to assess and compare the performance of variety of Solar Lighting Systems in terms of its OLJKW GLVWULEXWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG EULQJ IRUWK VRPH GHVLJQ LVVXHV DIIHFWLQJ WKH VDPH7KH SDSHU LV structured as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of Solar Lighting Systems, their costs and typical DSSOLFDWLRQV7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVRI6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPVDUHGHVFULEHGLQ6HFWLRQZKLOH6HFWLRQ GLVFXVVHV WKH QHHG IRU VHOHFWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ RI DSSURSULDWH WHFKQRORJ\ IRU HQVXULQJ UHOLDEOH TXDOLW\ RI 6RODU /(' /LJKWLQJ 3URGXFWV 6HFWLRQ SUHVHQWV WKH H[SHULPHQWDO VHW XS PHWKRGRORJLHV UHVXOWV DQGGLVFXVVLRQVRQWKHµ/LJKWLQJ6HUYLFHV¶WHVWVFRQGXFWHGRQVRODUODQWHUQVDQGWDVNOLJKWV6HFWLRQ SUHVHQWVWKHFRQFOXVLRQVDQGZD\IRUZDUG

Overview of Solar Lighting Systems-the Case for Solar LED and CFL Lighting Lighting technology is one of the fastest growing technologies that show great promise of providing UHOLDEOH HI¿FLHQW DQG HIIHFWLYH OLJKWLQJ VROXWLRQV IRU YDULRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV )LJ 6LPLODUO\ WKHUH is substantial technological development in solar photovoltaic sector in terms of its performance HQKDQFHPHQWDQGUHGXFWLRQLQSULFH7KHGHFOLQHLQWKHSULFHRIVRODUOLJKWLQJVROXWLRQVLQFRQMXQFWLRQ with technological advancement has made them one of the prime contenders in the recent years in order to provide reliable lighting options globally, particularly as a replacement to conventional the fuel based OLJKWLQJRSWLRQV

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THAKUR, SHARMA, MOHANTY, SHARMA AND PARMAR

Types of Products and Cost Ranges Solar Lighting Systems can be broadly categorized into Solar Lanterns, Solar Home Lighting Systems, 6RODU6WUHHW/LJKWVDQG6RODU7DVN/LJKWV7RUFK/LJKWVHWF7KHVHYDU\LQWHUPVRIWHFKQLFDOGHVFULSWLRQ FRVWDQGDSSOLFDWLRQV:KLOHVRODUODQWHUQVDUHXVHGIRUSDUWLFXODUWDVNVVXFKDVUHDGLQJRUFRRNLQJZKHUH DURRPRUDODUJHDUHDQHHGLOOXPLQDWLRQDQGDUHSRUWDEOHLQQDWXUHVRODUKRPHOLJKWLQJV\VWHPVDUH¿[HG and provide lighting in more than one room of a house and also charging options for mobile phones, UDGLRVRUVPDOO79V0DQ\ODQWHUQVDUHDOVRHTXLSSHGZLWKPRELOHFKDUJLQJRSWLRQVWRLQFUHDVHWKHUDQJH RIVHUYLFHV$JOLPSVHRIWKHYDULHW\RI6RODU/DQWHUQVFDQEHIRXQGLQVXUYH\VOLNHWKHRQHLQ>@7DVN lights are generally smaller than lanterns, may have a unidirectional light beam and are used for more IRFXVHGWDVNV8QOLNHODQWHUQVWKH\DUHJHQHUDOO\QRWXVHGIRUDPELHQWOLJKWLQJ$VPDOOHUGHYLFHLVWKH torch which is mainly used outside the house, and which may be replaced by the low intensity light mode RIDQDPELHQWOLJKWRUODQWHUQ 7KH ODVW IHZ \HDUV KDYH VHHQ D UDSLG HYROXWLRQ RI WKH VRODU OLJKWLQJ PDUNHW ZKLFK KDV PRYHG IURP &)/EDVHGODQWHUQWRSUHGRPLQDQWO\/('EDVHGODQWHUQVKDVLQFRUSRUDWHGQHZIHDWXUHVVXFKDVPRELOH FKDUJLQJDQGGLPPLQJDQGLVVWHDGLO\UHSODFLQJ/HDG$FLGEDWWHULHVZLWK/LWKLXP,RQEDWWHULHV7KLV change is a result of a decline in costs of various lantern components, coupled with a need for higher HI¿FLHQF\ VPDOOHU VL]H DQG ORQJHU OLIH )RU LQVWDQFH DQDO\VLV E\ 'DOEHUJ>@ KDV LQGLFDWHG WKDW VRODU OLJKWLQJV\VWHPFRVWZLOOUHGXFHE\XSWRE\GULYHQE\IDOOLQJSURFHVVRIVRODU39EDWWHU\DQG /('VDVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJ

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7KHVKLIWIURP&)/WR/('VRXUFHVDQG/HDGDFLGWR/LWKLXPLRQEDWWHULHVDUHODUJHO\GULYHQE\UDSLG GHFOLQHLQFRVWVRIWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVRYHUWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVDVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJ7DEOHSURYLGHVD UDQJHRIFRVWVRIWKHYDULRXVVRODUOLJKWLQJSURGXFWVDYDLODEOHLQWKH,QGLDQPDUNHWWRGD\ Table 1:7\SLFDO&RVW5DQJHVRI6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPV Solar Lighting System Type 6RODU/DQWHUQ&)/ 7\SLFDO: 6RODU/DQWHUQ/(' 7\SLFDO: 6RODU+RPH6\VWHPZLWK/('OXPLQDLUHVRI:HDFK 6RODU7DVN/LJKW7\SLFDO: 6RODU7RUFK/LJKW

Cost Range in INR ± ± ± ± 300–800

Applications 6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPVUDQJHIURPODUJHEDWWHU\SDFNVVXSSRUWLQJODPSVPRELOHSKRQHUDGLRDQG 79FKDUJLQJWRVPDOOHUV\VWHPVVXFKDVWRUFKHVDQGWDEOHODPSV6RPHRIWKHVHDUHGHVFULEHGEHORZ

Ambient Light/ Round Lantern 6XFKOLJKWLQJGHYLFHVDUHXVHGWROLJKWXSODUJHDUHDVVXFKDVDURRP,WFDQVXSSRUWVRFLDOJDWKHULQJV VSHFL¿FWDVNVIRUH[DPSOHVWLWFKLQJVHZLQJFRRNLQJUHDGLQJRUOLJKWLQJXSDVKRS7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLF LVWKDWWKHODQWHUQKDVDZLGHEHDPDQGXVXDOO\DEHDPRIGHJUHHV,WLVXVXDOO\OLJKWZHLJKWDQG SRUWDEOHWRHQDEOHWKHXVHUWRFDUU\LWDURXQGHDVLO\,QDGGLWLRQWRWKLVWKHVHOLJKWVDUHXVXDOO\HTXLSSHG ZLWKYDULDEOHOLJKWPRGHVIURPDORZQLJKWPRGHWRPHGLXPWREULJKWPRGHPDNLQJWKHPIXQFWLRQDOIRU ZDONLQJFRRNLQJDQGUHDGLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\)LJVKRZVSKRWRJUDSKVRIVRPH6RODU/DQWHUQV

Fig. 3: Solar Lantern/ Ambient Light

Torch Light $WRUFKRUÀDVKOLJKWLVDVPDOOKDQGKHOGSRUWDEOHOLJKWLQJGHYLFHWKDWKDVDQDUURZDQGVWURQJOLJKWLQJ EHDP ,W LV XVHG DW QLJKW WR PRYH LQVLGH RU RXWVLGH WKH KRXVH RU ZKHQ RQH LV ORRNLQJ IRU VRPHWKLQJ VSHFL¿F

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Fig. 4: 6RODU7DVNDQG7RUFK/LJKWV

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Fig. 5: Solar Home Lighting System

Users usually prefer a certain types of lighting system (lantern, torch, task light or SHLS) depending on WKHLUDELOLW\WRSD\UHTXLUHGSRUWDELOLW\DQGWKHNLQGVRIDFWLYLWLHVWKH\PRVWXVHWKHV\VWHPVIRU

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Solar Lighting Systems and Various Components $W\SLFDO6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPVFRQVLVWRIWKHIROORZLQJFRPSRQHQWV7KHSHUIRUPDQFHDQGIHDWXUHV RIWKH6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPGHSHQGVXSRQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHVHFRPSRQHQWVDQGWKHTXDOLW\RIHDFK Luminaries (LED,CFL) Battery Electronics PV modules Each of the above components is available in various technologies with each technology having its own advantages and criterion for suitability for particular applications and operating conditions under typical XVDJH7KHEDVLFFRPSRVLWLRQRID6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ Solar Panel

LED Driver

Change Controller

Lighting Load

Battery

Fig. 6: Basic Solar Lighting System

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Table 2:7\SHRI/('V$YDLODEOHLQWKH0DUNHWIRU6RODU/LJKWLQJ$SSOLFDWLRQ S. No. 1 2 3

Type of Light Source

Typical Luminous Power Luminous Flux (lm) Rating (W) (I¿FDF\/XPHQ: PP6XSHUEULJKWZKLWH 18 /(' 6XSHUÀX[ZKLWH/(' 20 3RZHU/(' 103 &)/ Induction lamp 2800 ±

Viewing Angle(°) 120 120

Life(hrs.) 8000 10,000

Fig. 7:&)/DQG9DULRXV7\SHVRI/('V$YDLODEOHLQWKH0DUNHW

Batteries %DWWHULHV DUH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG VWRUDJH GHYLFH WR VWRUH HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWHG E\ VRODU PRGXOH 7KHUH DUH YDULRXVW\SHVRIEDWWHULHVDYDLODEOHLQWKHPDUNHWZLWKGLIIHUHQWDSSOLFDWLRQDQGGLIIHUHQWFKHPLVWU\0RVW widely used batteries for solar lighting systems are as listed below:

/HDGDFLGEDWWHU\99UDWLQJ

/LLRQEDWWHU\/LWKLXPSRO\PHU

1L0+EDWWHU\

1L&GEDWWHU\

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Table 3: Comparison of Batteries Used for Solar Lighting Systems on various Parameters S. No. Parameters Lead Acid 1 1RPLQDO&HOO9ROWDJH9 2 2 Energy density (Wh/kg) 3 (I¿FLHQF\ &RVW:K 6HOIGLVFKDUJHUDWH PRQWK Life Cycles* 2SHUDWLQJ7HPSHUDWXUH UDQJH& & 8 Advantages x ,QH[SHQVLYH and simple to manufacture x /RZVHOIGLVFKDUJH x Low maintenance requirements

'LVDGYDQWDJHV

x Cannot be stored in a discharged condition for long time period x 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ restrictions on ÀRRGHGOHDGDFLG

Ni-cadmium

1L0+

Li-ion

1000

1200

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Usability

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Base Height (cm)

Battery Type (V/Ah)

Total Height (cm)

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Luminous (I¿FDF\ (lm/W)

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No of LEDs

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Type of Light Source

Solar Lantern No.

Table 5: Key Parameters of the Solar Lanterns

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Illuminance at surface with distance from the center of the Solar Lighting System

Illuminance distribution with angle on the base plane of the Solar Lighting System

7KH DERYH WHVWV JHQHUDOO\ LQGLFDWH WKH XVDELOLW\ LQ WHUPV RI VSHFL¿F DSSOLFDWLRQV HJ IRU UHDGLQJ illuminance in one direction is an important parameter to be monitored while for tasks involving seating DURXQGWKH6RODU/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPWKHOLJKWGLVWULEXWLRQLVLPSRUWDQW

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Fig. 12: Illuminance of Lanterns at Horizontal Measurements

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References >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

7KH/XPLQD3URMHFWKWWSOLJKWOEOJRY Lighting Africa: ZZZOLJKWLQJDIULFDRUJ (QOLJKWHQZZZHQOLJKWHQLQLWLDWLYHRUJ Lighting a Billion Lives(LaBL): ODEOWHULLQRUJ -DZDKDUODO1HKUXQDWLRQDO6RODU0LVVVLRQ, ZZZPQUHJRYLQ 0XNHUMHH$. ³&RPSDULVRQRI&)/EDVHGDQG/('EDVHG6RODU/DQWHUQVÉnergy for Sustainable Development9RO;,1R >@ 6HN\HUH&..)RUVRQ).DQG$NXIIR)2 ³7HFKQLFDODQG(FRQRPLF6WXGLHVRQ/LJKWLQJ6\VWHPV $&DVHIRU/('/DQWHUQVDQG&)/VLQ5XUDO*KDQD´Renewable EnergySS± >@ *DXU9DQG7KDNXU1 ³$6XUYH\RQ6RODU/DQWHUQVLQWKH2FWREHU´Solar Quarterly, 7(5, >@ *XSWD* ³2YHUYLHZRI$IULFDQ6RODU3RUWDEOH/LJKWLQJ0DUNHWIRUWKH%DVHRI3\UDPLG´>6KRZQ DW1DLUREL.HQ\D DWLighting Africa, 2nd International Business Conference and Trade Fair, Presented by 'DOEHUJ'HYHORSPHQW$GYLVRUV@ >@ KWWSZZZRVUDPLQGLDFRP >@/(''DWD6KHHW1LFKLD6XSHU)OX[/(' >@ /(''DWD6KHHW:$+:DQJ+ROGLQJ >@ZZZXVDOLJKWLQJSKLOLSVFRPSZFBOLXVBHQFRQQHFWWRROVBOLWHUDWXUHGRZQORDGVSSGI >@265$0/(''DWD6KHHW/8::$0 >@1HZVOHWWHURIWKH/LJKWLQJD%LOOLRQ/LYHVD,QLWLDWLYH9RO,VVXH-XO\

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Abstract: Periodic and intermittent nature of solar radiations needs thermal storage to take care of temporal mismatch of HQHUJ\ VXSSO\ DQG GHPDQG7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH GHVLJQ RI SHEEOH EHG WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH XQLW YLDELOLW\ XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW LQVXODWLRQPDWHULDOVDQGLVVXHVUHODWHGWRLWVLQWHJUDWLRQZLWKDKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVRODUDLUKHDWHU7KHVWXG\GHDOVZLWKRSWLPL]DWLRQ RI EHG GHVLJQ DQG RSHUDWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV YL] SHEEOH VL]H GS EHG VL]H GE DLU PDVV YHORFLW\ *D YRLG IUDFWLRQ İE ÀRZ SKHQRPHQRQ 5H DQG SUHVVXUH GURS ǻS 7UDQVLHQW UHVSRQVH RI VROLG PHGLD EHG KHDW WUDQVIHU DQG DLU SHEEOH WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV ZLWK WLPH DQG ORFDWLRQ LV VWXGLHG DVVXPLQJ WKDW7(6 LV FRXSOHG WR D KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH VRODU DLU KHDWHU GHYHORSHG DW +HDW3XPS/DERUDWRU\,,7%RPED\,QVWRUDJHDQDO\VLVSHEEOHGLDPHWHUDIIHFWVVXUIDFHDUHDDYDLODEOHIRUKHDWWUDQVIHUWUDQVSRUW FRHI¿FLHQWSUHVVXUHGURSDQGEHGWHPSHUDWXUH,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWPDMRUSRUWLRQRIVWRUHGKHDWFDQEHUHFRYHUHGDWWHPSHUDWXUH YHU\ FORVH WR WKH PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH GXH WR WHPSHUDWXUH VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ DORQJ EHG OHQJWK 'HYHORSPHQW FRVW RI WKH WKHUPDO HQHUJ\VWRUDJHXQLWLVHVWLPDWHGZKLFKLVDVPDOOIUDFWLRQRIWKHFRVWRIWKHVRODUFROOHFWRUDQGVRZRXOGEHZRUWKLQWHJUDWLQJ Keywords: 3DFNHGEHGVROLGÀXLGLQWHUIDFHWKHUPDOVWUDWL¿FDWLRQSUHVVXUHGURSVWRUDJHKHDWORVV

Introduction Sun SURYLGHV DEXQGDQW FOHDQ DQG VDIH HQHUJ\ EXW LWV LQWHQVLW\ YDULHV ,QWHUPLWWHQW YDULDEOH DQG unpredictable nature of solar radiation and its mismatch with the rate and time of energy demand QHFHVVLWDWHXVHRIVXLWDEOHWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJH7(6 7(6V\VWHPVWRUHVVRODUHQHUJ\ZKHQFROOHFWLRQ LVLQH[FHVVRIORDGDQGGLVFKDUJHVWKHVDPHDWQRFROOHFWLRQRUVKRUWDJHRIDYDLODEOHHQHUJ\$FFRUGLQJ WR$UFH HW DO >@7(6 UHGXFHV WLPH DQG UDWH RI HQHUJ\ PLVPDWFK ZKLFK FDQ SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH in energy conservation and reduction in CO2 HPLVVLRQV .X]QHWVRY >@ UHSRUWHG WKDW GHYHORSPHQW RI HI¿FLHQWDQGLQH[SHQVLYH7(6LVDVLPSRUWDQWDVGHYHORSLQJDQHZVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\

Corresponding Author HPDLOSPPHHQD#JPDLOFRP#VDUDQJLBUDGKDNDQWD#\DKRRFRLQ**UDQHPY#LLWEDFLQ

88

MEENA, SARANGI AND RANE

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acked bed (PB) is a volume of porous media got by packing the pebbles of selected material in a FRQWDLQHU$FFRUGLQJWR&RXWLHUDQG)DUEHU>@3%B7(6DUHPRVWVXLWDEOHIRUDLUEDVHGVRODUV\VWHPV $WDHU>@UHYLHZHGGLIIHUHQWWHFKQLTXHVDQGDVSHFWVRI3%B7(6V\VWHPVHOHFWLRQDIWHUDFFRXQWLQJIRU PDWHULDOKHDWFDSDFLW\PDVVDSSOLFDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHKHDWUHWHQWLRQWLPHDQGHFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\$OLQH GLDJUDPLVVKRZQLQ)LJZLWKW\SLFDOVRODU7(6V\VWHPDQGXWLOL]DWLRQZLWKDX[LOLDU\KHDWVXSSO\LQJ 7KHUPDO(QHUJ\6WRUDJH

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Design Parameters Performance of pebble bed thermal storage unit depends on packing media characteristics and bed SDUDPHWHUV3DFNLQJPHGLDFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGHVGHQVLW\DQGVSHFL¿FKHDWZKLFKLQÀXHQFHVWKHVWRUDJH GHQVLW\YROXPHDQGFRVWRIWKH7(6VKDSHDQGVL]HLQÀXHQFHVWKHKHDWWUDQVIHUUDWHDQGSUHVVXUHGURS %HGSDUDPHWHUVOLNHWKHVKDSHDQGVL]HLQÀXHQFHVKHDWORVVSUHVVXUHGURSFRVWHWF

Pebble Parameters 0DWKFDGVLPXODWLRQSURJUDPPHZDVGHYHORSHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI3%B7(6V\VWHP3HEEOHV DUHDVVXPHGWREHVPRRWKDQGVSKHULFDOLQVKDSH6LQFHWKH%LRWQXPEHU%LVLPSOL¿HGOXPSHGKHDW WUDQVIHUFDOFXODWLRQVDUHSHUIRUPHGWRRSWLPL]HWKHJHRPHWULFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHSHEEOHDQGEHG3HEEOH VL]HLVYDULHGEHWZHHQWRPP9DULRXVSHEEOHSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHH[SUHVVHGXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJEDVLF HTXDWLRQV6XUIDFHDUHDRIDVSKHULFDOSHEEOHLVJLYHQE\ asp ʌGp2

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(1)

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Volume of a pebble is given by, S

vol p

6

.d p

3

(2)

Mass of a pebble can be calculated by, mp YROpîȡp

(3)

where, ȡp density of a pebble, kg/m3

Bed Parameters %HGSDUDPHWHUVYL]VROLGPDVVSRURVLW\YROXPHGLDPHWHUDQGKHLJKWDUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQDPRXQWRI KHDWWREHVWRUHG&RQWDLQHUYROXPHLVDVVXPHGWREHH[WUDPRUHWKDQWKHEHGYROXPHWRDFFRPPRGDWH free spaces at bottom and top of the bed to ensure uniform distribution of air throughout the cylindrical EHGFURVVVHFWLRQ7KHGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUVRIDSHEEOHEHG7(6XQLWDUHJLYHQKHUHDIWHU 7RWDOPDVVRISHEEOHVPs, needed to store desired amount of heat is given by, ms

TSC c pS (tbf tbi )

where, 76& EHGWKHUPDOVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\Ncps

SHEEOHVSHFL¿FKHDWFDSDFLW\N-NJ.

tbf

bed saturation temperature, oC

tbi

bed initial temperature, oC

,QQHUZDOORIFRQWDLQHULVDVVXPHGWREHWKLQWRDYRLGD[LDOFRQGXFWLRQ7KXVLWVWKHUPDOPDVVLVQHJOHFWHG 7RWDOYROXPHRISHEEOHEHGYROs, in storage unit is calculated by, vols

ms .

Up

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9RLGIUDFWLRQRUEHGSRURVLW\İb) is calculated using equation, volb vols volb 1VRIRUDQG*HRUJH>@

Hb

where, volb total volume of porous bed, m3 7RWDOYROXPHRISRURXVEHGFDQEHJLYHQE\ vol s (1 H b )

volb

Since volume is known, therefore height (lb) of cylindrical bed can be calculated by,

lb

4vol b

Sd b 2

(8)

7DNLQJYHVVHOYROXPHH[WUDWREHGYROXPH WKHKHLJKWRIF\OLQGULFDOVKHOOLVFDOFXODWHGDV l sv

4Vol sv

Sd b 2

where, volsv storage vessel volume, m3 7RWDOVXUIDFHDUHDRIWKHSDUWLFOHV$pt in porous bed can be given by, Apt

(1 H b )

6S 2 d b lb dp

(10)

7RWDOVXUIDFHDUHDRIKHDWH[FKDQJHLQF\OLQGULFDOEHG$KHEKOVXEMHFWHGWREHGKHDWORVVLVJLYHQE\

Ahe.b.bl

Sd b lb 2

Sd b 2 4

(11)

7RWDOVXUIDFHDUHDRIF\OLQGULFDOYHVVHO$KHF\VXEMHFWHGWRVXUURXQGLQJKHDWORVVLVJLYHQE\

Ahe.cy

Sd sv l sv 2

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Heat storage vessel surface area to bed volume ratio can be given by

ratiocy.bs.vol

Ahe.cy volb

(13)

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System Description 'HVLJQGHWDLls of a pebble bed thermal energy storage unit are listed in Table 1. Main components of XQLWDUHDQLQVXODWHGF\OLQGULFDOFRQWDLQHUZLWKVPRRWKVSKHULFDOSHEEOHVEHLQJXVHGDVVWRUDJHPHGLD 3HUIRUPDQFHRIDF\OLQGULFDOSHEEOHEHGRIYROXPHORIPPGbîPPOb was selected as LWZDVIRXQGWREHDGHTXDWHWRVWRUH0-RIVRODUKHDW6LPXODWLRQZDVGRQHWRHVWLPDWHLWVVWRUDJH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG SHUIRUPDQFH &\OLQGULFDO JHRPHWU\ RI YHVVHO LV VHOHFWHG LQVSLWH RI KDYLQJ KLJKHU surface area to volume ratio compared to a spherical vessel because of convenience of manufacturing, SRVVLELOLW\RIXVLQJWKLQYHVVHOZDOOVWRPLQLPL]HD[LDOFRQGXFWLRQLQWKHEHGGXHWRWKHZDOODQGVPDOOHU IRRWSULQW3HEEOHVDUHVXSSRUWHGE\ZLUHPHVKZHOGHGDWSOHQXPKHLJKWIURPERWWRPRIWKHFRQWDLQHU Pebble size variation from 1 to 10 mm diameter was investigated to investigate the effect of size selection RQKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQWKHDWWUDQVIHUDUHDDQGEHGSUHVVXUHGURS7KLVDQDO\VLVZDVXVHGWRLGHQWLI\ WKHRSWLPDOSHEEOHVL]H +HDW WUDQVIHU UDWHV ZLWK XQLIRUP SHEEOHV RI VL]H PP GLDPHWHU KDYLQJ FRQVWDQW WKHUPDO SURSHUWLHV YL]GHQVLW\RINJP3DQGVSHFL¿FKHDWRI-NJ.ZHUHDVVXPHGLQWKHVHFDOFXODWLRQV9DULRXV LQVXODWLRQVZHUHVWXGLHGIRUWKHLUHIIHFWRQKHDWORVVGXULQJDKVWRUDJHSHULRG 0D[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHRIKRWDLUFRPLQJIURPHYDFXDWHGJODVVWXEHVRODUDLUKHDWHUFROOHFWRUZDVo& ,WZDVFRQVLGHUHGWRSDVVWKURXJKWKH7(6XQLWDVVKRZQLQFig. 2 (a) XQLWVFKHPDWLFGLDJUDP At the YHVVHOLQOHWDYHQWXULPHWHUDQGPDJQHKHOLFSUHVVXUHJDXJHUDQJHWRPPB+2O) were installed for DLUÀRZUDWHVDQGSUHVVXUHGURSPHDVXUHPHQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\$LUÀRZUHYHUVDOFDQEHDFFRPSOLVKHGE\ WXUQLQJDWKUHHZD\FRFNDQGVZLWFKLQJRQDQDX[LOLDU\DLUEORZHUIRUVWRUDJHKHDWUHFRYHU\IURPWKH KRWSHEEOHVEHGXQLW7RPHDVXUHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQWKHVHWXSZDVHTXLSSHGZLWKFDOLEUDWHG.W\SH WKHUPRFRXSOHVUDQJLQJIURPWRo&DQGPRXQWHGDWD[LDODQGUDGLDOORFDWLRQVLQEHGFROXPQ 6\VWHPVWRWDOFRVWZDVHVWLPDWHGE\DGGLQJFRVWVRILQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWVLQWKH3%B7(6XQLWZKLFK DGGVXSWRDERXW,1586 IRU0-KHDWVWRUDJHRU,150-86'0-

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MEENA, SARANGI AND RANE Table 1: 'HVLJQ'HWDLOVDQG+HDW7UDQVIHU3DUDPHWHUVRID3%B7(6 8QLW

Sr. No.

Particulars

Symbol

Bed Parameters D 7KHUPDO6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\ 76& E Mass mb F 'LDPHWHU db G Length (height) lb H Porosity İb I Surface area (cylindrical) AVIEF\ J +HDWH[FKDQJHVXUIDFHDUHD AKHE K Volume of pebbles (solids) volsb L Bulk volume (porous bed) volpb 2. Pebble Parameters D 'LDPHWHU dp E 'HQVLW\ ȡp F 7KHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ kp G 6SHFL¿FKHDW cpp H Spherecity ĳp I Mass mp J Surface area AKHVS K Pebble volume volp 3. Storage Vessel Parameters D MOC: Stainless Steel 66 E 7KLFNQHVV thksv F Outside diameter dVYR G Inside diameter dVYL H Vessel height lsv I 'HQVLW\ ȡsv J Heat loss surface Area AVVY K Clearance/ plenum cl 4. ,QVXODWLRQ0DWHULDO3DUDPHWHUV D 02&)LEHU*ODVV:RRO E 7KLFNQHVV thkins G 7KHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ kp H 'HQVLW\ ȡins I Insulation height lins J 'HQVLW\ ȡsv K Heat loss surface Area AVVY 5. Vessel Cover D MOC: Stainless Steel 66 E 7KLFNQHVV thkcov F Outside diameter dFRYR H Inside diameter dFRYL I 'HQVLW\ ȡcov J Heat loss surface area AVFRY 6 Storage unit Total Weight mtot *parameters at, tai oC, tavg oC, tamb oC, Volfavg OSP

Dimension/ Value

1.

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0a NJ PP PP P2 P2 P3/ P3 / PP 2300 kg/m3 :P. -NJ. JP [ m2 [ m3

PP PP PP PP NJP3 P2 PP

PP :P. NJP3 PP NJP3 P2

PP PP PP NJP3 P2 95.63 kg

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Hot Air Inlet

1 2 Pebble Bed

N-1 N

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2: D 6FKHPDWLF'LDJUDPRID3HEEOH%HG7KHUPDO(QHUJ\6WRUDJH8QLW E +HDW7UDQVIHULQ3HEEOH%HG

Performance Analysis 7KH3%B7(6V\VWHPDQDO\VLVLVEDVHGRQOXPSPHWKRG)RUDQDO\VLVLWLVDVVXPHGWKDWSHEEOHV Are small enough, have high thermal diffusivity and a lump is at uniform temperature at any LQVWDQW &RQGXFWLRQUHVLVWDQFHWRKHDWWUDQVIHULQÀXLGRUVROLGLVQHJOLJLEOH 5DWHRIKHDWWUDQVIHUÀXLGWRVROLGRUYLFHYHUVDDWDQ\SRLQWLQQthVHJPHQWLVSURSRUWLRQDOWR DYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQÀRZLQJÀXLGDQGVROLG &KDQJHLQYROXPHRIÀXLGVROLGGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLVQHJOLJLEOHDQG 7KHUPDOFRQVWDQWVDUHLQGHSHQGHQWRIWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKHDWWUDQVIHUUDWHEHWZHHQÀXLGDQGVROLG EHG 7KHEHGSHUIRUPDQFHGXULQJFKDUJLQJLVDQDO\VHGIRUDQH[SHULPHQWDOO\PHDVXUHGWLPHYDU\LQJLQFLGHQW VRODU ÀX[ DQG FRUUHVSRQGLQJ KRW DLU WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ IURP DQ DOO JODVV HYDFXDWHG JODVV WXEH FROOHFWRU7KHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLVLVFDUULHGRXWE\GLYLGLQJWKHZKROHSHEEOHEHGLQWR1VHJPHQWV RIHTXDOVL]H

Heat Transfer 'XULQJ EHG FKDUJLQJ KRW DLU FRPLQJ IURP VRODU FROOHFWRU HQWHUV WKH VWRUDJH YHVVHO IURP WRS SDVVHV through a series of pebbles in bed segments as shown in Fig. 2 (b)$LUVWDUWVWUDQVIHUULQJKHDWWRSHEEOHV IURPWRSRIWKHEHGDQGLQVXFFHVVLYHOD\HUV,GHDOO\DLUWHPSHUDWXUHVKRXOGJRRQGHFUHDVLQJUDSLGO\ 6(6,-2851$/

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DQG UHDFK WKH PLQLPXP VKRXOG EH HTXDO WR ODVW OD\HUV WHPSHUDWXUH ZKLOH ¿QDOO\ H[LWLQJ WKH VWRUDJH As the bed temperature rises in the entrance region and becomes equal to the entering hot air, the WHPSHUDWXUHZDYHIURQWVWDUWVPRYLQJWKURXJKWKHEHG$VWKHWHPSHUDWXUHZDYHIURQWPRYHVDKHDGKRW DLUPD\H[LWWKHEHGZLWKRXWIXOO\GHOLYHULQJLWVKHDWWRWKHEHG7KLVUHSUHVHQWVDORVVGXHWRKRWDLUH[LW ZLWKRXWFRPSOHWHKHDWWUDQVIHUWREHG7KLVORVVFDQEHPLQLPL]HGE\NHHSLQJWKHOHQJWKRIWKHZDYH IURQWVKRUW7KLVWHPSRUDORXWOHWÀXLGWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQHVWDEOLVKHVDWKHUPRFOLQHLQEHGFROXPQ ZLWKPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHDWWRSDQGPLQLPXPDWERWWRP7KHVWRUDJHKHDWWUDQVIHUFDQEHJLYHQE\ following fundamental equations: 7KHXSVWUHDPLQHPSW\WXEH DLUYHORFLW\Ya can be calculated by equation, va

m fa

U a S / 4d b 2

where, mfaPDVVÀRZUDWHRIKRWDLUIURPWKHVRODUFROOHFWRUHQWHULQJWKHEHGP3/s 5H\QROG¶VQXPEHU5HZKLFKGHVFULEHVWKHÀXLGÀRZFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVWUXFWXUHLVJLYHQE\UHODWLRQ Re

U a d p va Pa

where, va Air velocity, m/s ȝa'\QDPLFYLVFRVLW\RIDLU1VP2 3UDQGWO¶VQXPEHUFDQEHJLYHQE\WKHHTXDWLRQ Pr

Pa c pa ka

where, ka Air thermal conductivity, W/m2K cpa6SHFL¿FKHDWRIDLUN-NJ. 6WDQWRQ¶VQXPEHUFDQEHJLYHQE\

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0RGL¿HG5H\QROGVRU&KLOWRQ&ROEXUQ$QDORJ\IRUKHDWWUDQVIHUFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV MH 6W3U2/3 &f/2 3U

where, MH 6W3U2/3&ROEXUQMIDFWRUIRUKHDWWUDQVIHU %HGSRURVLW\DQG&ROEXUQMIDFWRUFDQEHFRUUHODWHGDV İb MH 5H'XI¿HDQG%HFNPDQ>@

&RQYHFWLRQKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQWFDQEHJLYHQE\ İb MH İb St Pr2/3 5H

(20)

1XVVHOW¶V1XPEHUIRUSHEEOHEHGFDQEHJLYHQE\ ha d p

Nu= ka

(21)

%LRW1XPEHU%LFDQEHH[SUHVVHGE\ %L Kadp / Np

(22)

)RXULHU1XPEHULVFDOFXODWHGE\ )R Dp time / Lc2

(23)

where, Lc Up/3 Characteristic length for spherical pebble, m Įp 7KHUPDOGLIIXVLYLW\RISDUWLFOHP2/m3K 7LPH%HGFKDUJLQJWLPHVSDQV 7KHDLURXWOHWSDUWLFOHLQEHGVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHFDQEHHVWLPDWHGE\HTXDWLRQ tao tbt tai tbt

ª h A time º exp « a pt » ¬« U s va Acbc ps ¼»

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Where, Acb&URVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKHEHGP2 va8SVWUHDPVXSHU¿FLDOYHORFLW\RIDLUDWEHGLQOHWPV 7LPHUHTXLUHGWRIXOO\FKDUJHWKHEHGIURPDPELHQWWRVDWXUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHLVJLYHQE\ m s c ps

time

ha A pt

ln

t ai t amb t bf t amb

Heat transfer rate, qr to the storage bed can be computed by equation, qr Ka Aptǻ7lm

Where, și WaiWbi Initial temperature difference, oC șo WaoWbi Initial temperature difference, oC ǻ7lm șișo OQșișo) thermal time constant, oC $PRXQWRIKHDWVWRUHGDIWHUµWLPH¶SHULRGWRFKDUJHVWRUDJHIURPDPELHQWWRVDWXUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHLV Qstr

ª § time ·º ¸¸» (ms c ps )T i «1 exp¨¨ © W t ¹¼ ¬

where, și WaiWbi Initial temperature difference, oC Ĳt Pscps /haApt7KHUPDOWLPHFRQVWDQWV 7KHKHDWORVVUDWHIURPLQVXODWHGVWRUDJHYHVVHOLVJLYHQE\ q loss

t bf t amb Rth

(28)

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7RWDOKHDWORVVLQWKIURPWKHVWRUDJHYHVVHOLVJLYHQE\ Qloss.t

qloss time

Pressure drop in cylindrical pebble bed can be given by Ergun equation, 'p

ª150(1 H b 2 ) P a va 1.75(1 H b ) U a va 2 º « »lb 2 2 3 I p d pH b 3 «¬ I p d p H b »¼ (UJXQ>@

where, ĳp3DUWLFOHVSKHULFLW\ ([SHULPHQWDO WHVW GDWD >@ UHFRUGHG IURP (*7B6$+ WHVWLQJ RI DSHUWXUH DUHD P2 VLQJOH D[LV VHDVRQDOO\ WUDFNHG (DVW:HVW RULHQWDWHG WURXJKV PRXQWHG DW WLOW DQJOH ȕ DUH UHFRUGHG LQ Table 2. 7KH FROOHFWRU ZHLJKHG DYHUDJH DLU RXWOHW WHPSHUDWXUH VKRZQ LQ Fig. 3 or bed inlet temperatures varied in response to variation in incident solar radiation during the day when the bed was considered WREHFKDUJHG 350

1000

2500

100

2250

90

2000

80

1750

70

1500

60

1250

50

Ig 315

900

ta.ow 280

800

245

700

Qi

Qsc

500

hsc,%

175

600

Ig , W/m2

tamb, taw.o,oC

210

Qsc, Qi, W

hsc

40

140

400

1000

105

300

750

30

70

200

500

20

35

100

250

10

0

0

0

0

tamb

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

time, h

Fig. 3:(YDFXDWHG*ODVV7XEH6RODU$LU+HDWHU6DPSOH7HVW'DWD

6LPXODWHGSHEEOHEHGFKDUJLQJWHPSHUDWXUHSUR¿OHVDUHSORWWHGZLWKDERYHDFWXDOPHDVXUHGGDWDIURP VRODUFROOHFWRUZKLFKLVVXEMHFWHGWREHLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHVWRUDJHDVVKRZQ in Fig. 4$VKRWDLUÀRZ WKURXJKWKHEHGFROXPQLWVWDUWVUHOHDVLQJKHDWWRSHEEOHVDQGEHGWHPSHUDWXUHVJRRQLQFUHDVLQJ7KLV

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113 282 208

118 183 216 235 260 282 288 291 291 290 283 259 244

C

o

tRXW C

o

tRXW C

o

tRXW

17.30

28.3

123 221 283

222 302

183

121 231 280 280 211

0.5

404 921

162

160

238

232 462 321

dpsc dppt dppt1 dppt2 dppt3 dpSW PVP Ig volfa PPB PPB PPB PPB PPB PPB W W/m2 lpm H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

&ROOHFWRU&RYHUHGZLWK33VKHHWXSWR$0&OHDUVN\

C

o

tRXW W

Qcol W

Qi kJ

kJ

QFROB QLB

ҢVFZ

5HPDUN

0680 1247 1233 1030

1202 1832 1812 1100

2011 1223

60.4 60.4

61.6

3328 2882

MS

PCC PCC MS MS MS

&ROOHFWRUXQFRYHUHGDW$0)DQVZLWFKHG RQDW$0

g/s

ma

0263 0310 AvgK 280 +HDW'HOLYHUHGLQKN:KP2 3.0 4.86 61.6% AvgK 228 +HDW'HOLYHUHGLQKN:KP2 5.86 60.3% 27877 46338 7RWDO+HDW( kJ) 7.74 12.87 7RWDO+HDW(kWh) tDRZ and dppt variation in the four tubes may be due to slight variation due to manual fabrication, if automatic machines are used temperature might be closer to each other 3&&SDUWLDOFORXGVFRYHURYHUFROOHFWRU 06PLON\VN\

20.8 32.6

8.30

C

o

o

C

tDRZ

tamb

H

7LPH

Table 2: Sample Data and Performance Analysis: 2.1 m2(*7B6$+ZLWK(:2ULHQWHG7URXJKVȕ o) [31]

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VKRZVWKDWKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQWSURGXFHVDWHPSHUDWXUHZDYHIURQWWKDWPDUFKHVIURPLQOHWRIWKH SDFNHGEHGWRLWVRXWOHW$IWHUDERXWWRKWKHKHDWIURQWUHDFKHVWKHERWWRPDQGH[LWIURPEHG 'XULQJUHVWRIWKHFKDUJLQJWLPHWKHEHGVWRUHVKHDWSDUWRIWKHKHDWEURXJKWLQE\KRWDLUEXWORVHVUHVW RIWKHKHDWDVDLUOHDYHVWKHEHGDWWHPSHUDWXUHVVLJQL¿FDQWO\KLJKHUWKDQDPELHQW7KLVFDQEHVHHQIURP WKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVSUHVHQWDWLRQ Fig. 4VKRZVWKDWWKHRYHUDOOWHPSHUDWXUHZDYHIURQWLVQRWYHU\VKDUS7KHWRSKDOIRIWKHZDYHIURQWLV URXQGHGZKLOHWKHODWWHUKDOIRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHZDYHIURQWIURPDERXWWRRIWKHWRWDOWHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJH LV IDLUO\ VKDUS ,QLWLDO URXQGHG SUR¿OH LV GXH WR WKH LQFUHDVLQJ KRW DLU GHOLYHU\ WHPSHUDWXUHV GXULQJWKHHDUO\SDUWRIWKHVRODUGD\,IWKHEHGZHUHWREHFKDUJHGZLWKFRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUHKRWDLU WKHSUR¿OHZLOOEHDVVWHHSDVWKDWREVHUYHGGXULQJWKHWRUDQJHZKLFKLVDERXWoC change in WHPSHUDWXUHLQDEHGKHLJKWRIPP7KXVDoC to 30oC temperature drop can be achieved in about PPEHGGHSWKDVFRPSDUHGWRWKHWRWDOEHGGHSWKRIPP7KLVUHSUHVHQWVDEHGWHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHRIo&PPEHGGHSWK$VFDQEHVHHQLQFig. 5KHDWVWRUHGLQWKHEHGLQFUHDVHVWLOOKDQG WKHUHDIWHULWUHGXFHG7KLVLVEHFDXVHKRWDLULQOHWWRWKHEHGIURPWKHRXWOHWRIWKHVRODUFROOHFWRUGURSV below the peak temperature in the bed and the temperature of the outgoing air temperature from the bed LVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHDLUHQWHULQJWKHEHG,WZRXOGEHEHWWHUWRVWRSWKHÀRZRIDLUWKURXJKWKHEHG EH\RQGWKLVWLPH 350

300

5.5 h 5.0 h 4.5 h 4.0 h

250 3.5 h

tb,oC

200

3.0 h

2.5 h

150 2.0 h 1.5 h

1.0 h

100 0.5 h

50 0.0 h

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

lb, mm

Fig. 4:%HG7HPSHUDWXUH3UR¿OHVZKHQ+RW$LUIURP(*7B6$+LVXVHGIRU&KDUJLQJ +RW$LU7HPSHUDWXUH9DULDWLRQLVEDVHGRQ6DPSOH7HVW'DWD

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Qstr 12000

Qstr, Qlos.b.chg,Qlos.xt.a,Qslos.comlt, kJ

10000

8000

6000

Qlos.xt.a Qlos.comlt

4000

2000

Qlos.b.chg 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Time, h

Fig. 5: Variation of Heat Stored in the Bed and Heat Losses during Charging 200

220

40000

0.05

20

1400

180

198

36000

0.045

18

1260

0.04

16

1120

0.035

14

980

24000

0.03

12

840

20000

0.025

10

Bi

160

176

32000

140

154

28000

80

110

88

Re

16000

dp, Pa

100

Bi

hb, W/m K

132 2

Ahe.b, W/m2 K

120

Ahe.b x hb, W/K

Re

700

0.02

8

560

0.015

6

420

0.01

4

280

0.005

2

140

0

0

0

ha 60

66

12000

40

44

8000

Ahe.b Ahe.b x hb

20

22

0

0

4000

1p 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

dp, mm

Fig. 6: (IIHFWRI3HEEOH'LDPHWHURQ¨SKa, AKHE, AKHE[Ka,%LDQG5H )RU9ROfaOSPDWWavgoC and dbPP

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AmbienWDLUFDQEHSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHEHGWRH[WUDFWWKHVWRUHGKHDWZKHQQHHGHG6LQFHWKHWHPSHUDWXUH ZDYHIURQWLVVKDUSWKLVUHVXOWHGLQFRQVWDQWKHDWH[WUDFWLRQUDWHDQGRXWOHWWHPSHUDWXUHIRUDERXW >PP±PP PP @RIWKHWRWDOVWRUHGKHDW$IWHUWKLVDPRXQWRIKHDWH[WUDFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH RIWKHKRWDLUH[WUDFWHGZLOOGHFUHDVHWLOOWKHEHGJHWVIXOO\GLVFKDUJHG 7KHUPDOGLIIXVLRQDQGD[LDOFRQGXFWLRQGHJUDGHVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHSUR¿OHLQEHG8VLQJVPDOOSHEEOHVL]H ZRXOGUHVXOWLQEHGWRSDUWLFOHGLDPHWHUUDWLRWREHODUJHHQRXJKIRUDPPSHEEOHVL]HDQG PPEHGGLDPHWHU7KXVZDOOHIIHFWVRQYRLGIUDFWLRQYDULDWLRQDFURVVWKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHEHGFDQEH neglecteG Analysis of the effect of pebble diameter or bed porosity on heat transfer and pressure drop for a container packed with different pebble sizes, in the range of 1 to 10 mm, is graphically presented in Fig. 6,WLV FOHDUWKDWVHOHFWHGSHEEOHVL]HRIPPGLDPHWHUIRUEHGVLPXODWLRQLVRSWLPXPIRUUHDVRQDEOHSUHVVXUH drop which results in reasonable fan power requirement without compromising much on the bed heat WUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQW7KHKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQWDQGSUHVVXUHGURSJRRQGHFUHDVLQJIURPWR W/m2.DQGWR3DUHVSHFWLYHO\DVSHEEOHVL]HJRRQLQFUHDVLQJIURPWRPP+HDW WUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQWEHWZHHQDLUDQGVROLGVLVKLJKHUIRUVPDOOVL]HSHEEOHVGXHWRPRUHVXUIDFHDUHDLQ FRQWDFWZLWKDLULQUHVWULFWHGÀRZSDWKZKLFKIXUWKHUSURPRWHVWKHGHJUHHRIWKHUPDOVWUDWL¿FDWLRQ%XW the bed pressure drop is high with small size pebbles due to more path obstruction in comparison to large SDUWLFOHVUHVXOWHGLQLQFUHDVHGSXPSLQJSRZHU7KH%LRWQXPEHUDQG5H\QROGVQXPEHULQFUHDVHVIURP WRDQGWRUHVSHFWLYHO\ZLWKLQFUHDVHLQSHEEOHGLDPHWHUIURPWRPP Heat loss from a constant temperature, 320oC, cylindrical storage container is listed in Table 3 for four VHOHFWHGLQVXODWLRQPDWHULDOV,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWVWRUDJHKHDWORVVXVLQJJODVVZRROSHUOLWHSHUOLWHZLWK CO2DWEDUDQGSHUOLWHLQYDFXXPDOORIPPOD\HUWKLFNQHVVZDV2.6DQG0-LQK Use of perlite powder with 1 bar CO2 seems to be a good option simple to integrate, low in cost and easy WRPDLQWDLQ+HUHWKHVWRUDJHKHDWORVVDQDO\VLVLVGRQHIRUPD[LPXPFRQVWDQW WHPSHUDWXUHIRUKEXW in actual practice the storage temperature is continuously decreasing with time due to continuous heat ORVVIURPWKHYHVVHO&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHDFWXDOORVVHVZLOOEHORZHUWKDQWKRVHHVWLPDWHV&22¿OOHGSHUOLWH LQVXODWLRQZRXOGRIIHUVWRUDJHHI¿FLHQF\RYHUDKVWRUDJHSHULRG Table 3: Summary of Heat Loss and Vessel Insulation for Cylindrical Storage Vessel

S. No.

Name of Insulation the 0DWHULDOV )LEHU*ODVV Perlite (at 1 bar) Perlite+CO2 (at 1 bar) Perlite (in vacuum)

Thermal Conductivity k W/mK

Amount of Heat Loss from Insulated Thermal Storage Unit ,QVXODWLRQ7KLFNQHVV PP ,QVXODWLRQ7KLFNQHVV PP loss @ in 12 h in 24 h loss @ in 12 h in 24 h W 00W 00 3.95 2.61

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Conclusion 3HUIRUPDQFH RI SDFNHG EHG WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ VWRUH 3%B7(6 XQLW LV DQDO\VHG E\ LQWHJUDWLQJ LW ZLWK SUHYLRXVO\GHYHORSHGHYDFXDWHGJODVVWXEHVRODUFROOHFWRUIRUDLUKHDWLQJ(*7B6$++RWDLURXWOHWIRUP (*7B6$+LVIHHGLQWRSHEEOHEHGIRUVRODUWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJHGXULQJFKDUJLQJSKDVHDQGDPELHQW DLULVKHDWHGGXULQJWKHKHDWH[WUDFWLRQSKDVH7KHFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZLQJV %HGWHPSHUDWXUHVWDUWULVLQJZLWKKRWDLUHQWUDQFHDQGKHDWZDYHIURQWUHDFKHVWKHERWWRPLQ WRK 7KHWRSKDOIRIZDYHIURQWLVURXQGEXWODWHUWRLVVWHHSIRUoC change in 30 mm length and 300oC to 30o&WHPSHUDWXUHGURSFDQEHREVHUYHGLQPPGHSWKRIWKHEHG %LQXPEHULQFUHDVHVIURPWRDQG5HIURPWRIRUSHEEOHVRIVL]HVWR PP +HDWWUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQWLQFUHDVHVIURPWR:P2.DQGSUHVVXUHGURSIURPWR 3DZLWKGHFUHDVHLQSHEEOHVL]HIURPPPWRPPGLDPHWHUVRSHEEOHGLDPHWHURI PPLVRSWLPXPIRUUHDVRQDEOHEHGSUHVVXUHGURSIDQSRZHUZLWKRXWFRPSURPLVLQJPXFKRQ KHDWWUDQVIHU 6PDOOSHEEOHVUHGXFHWKHHIIHFWRIFRQWDLQHUZDOODQGDOVRUHGXFHD[LDOFRQGXFWLRQ QstrLQFUHDVHVXSWRKDQGGHFUHDVHVRQIXUWKHUKHDWLQJWKHEHGGXHWRKLJKHUDLUH[LWWHPSHUDWXUH WKDQWKHDLUWHPSHUDWXUHHQWHULQJWKHEHGLQWKHODWWHUKDOIRIWKHVRODUGD\ RIVWRUHGKHDWFDQEHUHFRYHUHGDWFRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHUHVWDWORZHUWHPSHUDWXUH CO2¿OOHGSHUOLWHLQVXODWLRQRIPPWKLFNQHVVKDVKHDWORVVRI0-LQK 7RWDOFRVWLQXQLWGHYHORSPHQWPDWHULDOVSOXVFRQWDLQHU LVDERXW,150-860- IRU 0-768

Nomenclature A

Area, m2

Bi

Biot number

cp

6SHFL¿FKHDWN-NJ.

G

'LDPHWHUP

)R

)RXULHUQXPEHU

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G

Mass velocity, kg/m2s

K

&RQYHFWLYHKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHI¿FLHQW:P2 K

N

7KHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\:P.

l

Length, m

L

Characteristic length, m

P

0DVVÀRZUDWHNJV

1X 1XVVHOWQXPEHU ǻS 3UHVVXUHGURS3DPPB+2O Pr

Pandtl number

q

Heat transfer rate, W/m2

5H

5H\QROGVQXPEHU

St

Stanton number

t

Local temperature, o&

WLPH 7LPHVSDQV 7

$EVROXWHWHPSHUDWXUH.

76& 7KHUPDOVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\NY

)OXLGYHORFLW\PV

Greek Symbols D

7KHUPDOGLIIXVLYLW\P2/s,

I

Particle sphericity,

İ

%HGSRURVLW\

T

7HPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHo&PDQRPHWHULQFOLQDWLRQDQJOHGHJ

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MEENA, SARANGI AND RANE P

'\QDPLFYLVFRVLW\1VP2

U

'HQVLW\NJP3

K

6\VWHPHI¿FLHQF\

Subscripts a

Air

amb Ambient avg Average b

Pebble bed

FV

&URVVVHFWLRQ

I

)OXLGIXHOIULFWLRQIDFWRU

KH

+HDWH[FKDQJH

i

Inlet, initial, inner

M

)LQDOQH[W

ins

Insulation

o

Outer, outlet

p

Particle / pebble

s

Solid particle

str

Storage

sv

Storage vessel

W

7RWDO

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