Solar Thermoelectric Cooling Technology

Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Energy Engineering Faculty of Energy engineering - Aswan University - Aswan - Egypt December 28-30, 2015

Solar thermoelectric cooling technology M .M.Abo Elmaaref, Ahmed A. Askalany, M. Salem

K. Harby

Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of

Mechanical Power Engineering and Energy Department,

Industrial Education, Sohag University,

Faculty of Engineering, Minia University,

Sohag, 82524, Egypt

Minia 61517, Egypt

In the current scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some negatives. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC’s which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to of existence of earth. So turn the world to discuss the use of nontraditional means such as thermoelectric and thermionic units which could be derived from clean energy from the solar cells have already been used on a small scale in cooling technologies such as a refrigerator emitting there is a trend toward the use of air conditioning, so we ate in this search all what is possible to control the using emitting units to improve the performance of the benefit of technology in refrigeration and air. The present paper also better semi-conductor materials, which consists of thermoelectric, which was given to the best Number. deserved to improve the performance of thermoelectric cooling function, as well as for some uses of thermoelectric refrigeration and air conditioning and access to good results could be improved in the future if we build mutual thermal design and manufacture of better and less thermal resistance Finally, our vision for the future use of clean energy from the solar energy and thermoelectric. Keywords—thermoelectric cooler; Peltier effect; solar cell; Coefficient of performance.

need to double its current generation capacity by 2020. Furthermore, primary energy requirement in Egypt increases by 2.6% every year [4-5]. So clean energy contribute to the creation of a clean environment, so we used for solar cells with thermoelectric air conditioning. The most widely used refrigerators and air conditioning systems are employ the conventional vapor compression cycle due to its high COP. These systems use a liquefiable vapor as the refrigerant and require mechanical power for driving the compressor, which is usually provided electrically. However, these systems are now. less attractive because the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) refrigerants have a high ozone depletion potential (ODP), high global warming potential (GWP), high consumption of electrical energy, which is usually supplied by fossil fuel combustion, producing greenhouse gases and other pollutants [6]. In addition, there are several areas where grid electricity is not available at the moment and is unlikely to be available in the next few decades due to the huge financial outlays involved. These include These include villages, rural areas and remote locations in developing countries. Middle East region, particularly Egypt enjoys the availability of a huge amount of solar energy and long daily sunny hours. Hence, solar powered cooling cooling systems such as thermoelectric cooling systems consider interesting green cooling technology in this region. In these systems, can be achieved using thermoelectric effect, which refrigeration converts electrical energy supplied by photovoltaic cells directly into a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric cooling and heating influenced predominantly by the Peltier effect, James Peltier discovered in 1834. Peltier effect occurs when a direct current (DC) is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials, either heating or cooling occurs at the junction, depending on the direction of the electric current [7]. The conversion of electricity into heat is called thermoelectric cooling, whereas the opposite effect, that is, the conversion of heat into electricity, is called thermoelectric generation. Thermoelectric cooling systems have no mechanical moving parts and do not employ working fluids, which transfer heat from the cold side of the modules to the hot side with consumption of electricity [8]. Due to the advantages such as high reliability, low weight, and

Abstract

I. INTRODUCTION Energy crisis, ozone depletion, and global warming have become more and more serious with the social development. The amount of energy consumed by air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters is increasing rapidly, and occupies about 30% of the total power consumption [1]. Electricity consumption for air conditioning systems has been estimated around 45% for residential and commercial buildings [2]. Because of the rapid growth in world population and economy, the total world energy consumption is projected to increase by about 71% from 2003 to 2030 [3]. In Egypt, the rate of electricity consumption growth more than 7% annually and would

1

flexibility in packaging and integration, thermoelectric cooling systems have been widely used in military, aerospace, instrument, and industrial products [9-10] Thermoelectric cooling systems can be powered directly by a photovoltaic (PV) without the help of AC/DC inverter, which greatly reduces the costs. Moreover, these systems are Freon free, causing no harm to the environment. Therefore, the thermoelectric coolers and the solar cells combined technologies are beneficial to solar energy using and environment protection, which fully fulfill the demand of ZEBs [11].. II. WORKING PRINCIPLE The thermoelectric effect is a process of the production of electromotive force out of temperature difference on two conductor- or semiconductor-based electronic components, and backwards-temperature difference obtained by applying a DC power. In the second backward case, heating and cooling are controlled by changing a polarity on the voltage source. The working principle is based on the Seebeck and the Peltier effects as described in the literature [12]. At the elementary level, a thermoelectric unit module has a p-leg and an-leg made of p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, respectively. A thermoelectric module operating as a thermoelectric cooler or heat-pump is shown below in Fig. 1. The direct current (DC) is passed from a negative to positive type semiconductor material. The temperature T L of the interconnecting conductor decreases and heat is absorbed from the environment (cooling effect) by the ‘cold end’ of the thermoelectric module, and transferred or ‘pumped’ through to the ‘hot end’ of the module ‘TH’ due to the Peltier effect. cooling effect occurs, as shown in the Figure, when electrons pass from a low energy level in the positive type material through the interconnecting conductor to a higher energy level in the n-type material [13]. Normally, the ‘hot end’ of the module will be attacehd to a heat sink in order to reject this heat into the atmosphere.

among. solar cooling technologies [17]. The potential uses of this system range from cooling of the electronic components, to domestic refrigerators and air conditioners for cooling/ heating a room space. Thermoelectric refrigeration replaces the three main working parts with: a cold junction, a heat sink and a DC power source. The refrigerant in both liquid and vapor form is replaced by two dissimilar conductors. The cold junction (evaporator surface) becomes cold through absorption of energy by the electrons as they pass from one semiconductor to another, instead of energy absorption by the refrigerant as it changes from liquid to vapor. The compressor is replaced by a DC power source which pumps the electrons from one semiconductor to another. A heat sink replaces the conventional condenser fins, discharging the accumulated heat energy from the system. The difference between two refrigeration methods, then, is that a thermoelectric cooling system refrigerates without use of mechanical devices, except perhaps in the auxiliary sense, and without refrigerant. III SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM Solar thermoelectric refrigerator is a special type of refrigerator which utilizes solar energy instead of conventional electrical energy to power the thermoelectric modules that has been used to cool the refrigeration space. The main components of these systems are the photovoltaic cells and the thermoelectric refrigeration system. The theory of photovoltaic sizing and optimum tilt angle for photovoltaic array is being applied here also; different components should be selected according to the system type, configuration, site location and applications. However, the PV array is the most expensive component in these systems [18]. is shown in schematic diagram Fig. 2,

Fig.2. Schematic of solar-driven thermoelectric refrigeration system. i.COMPONENTS OF THE SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM A normal solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to the system type, configuration, site location and applications. A complete PV cooling system may be consists of the following major components: photovoltaic panels, a solar charge controller, a battery bank Fig.3, an inverter circuit, and an electrical vapor compression AC unit [19].

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a thermoelectric cooling module. [13] Practical thermoelectric devices emerged in the 1960’s and have developed significantly since then with a number of manufacturers now marketing thermoelectric modules for cooling, heating and power generation applications. Nowadays, more ambitious applications are coming out, such as thermoelectric domestic refrigerators [14-15-16]. Thermoelectric method is one of the investigated methods

2

ability to control the semiconductors’ charge carriers, as well as, increase the heat pumping ability. Metals are used to sandwich the semiconductor. Table I Figure shows the merit of each substance used in forming a thermoelectric TABLE1. Figure of Merit for Different Materials [22]

Material Pb – Te Pb – Se Pb2 – Te3 Bi2 – Te3 (BiSb)2 – Te3

The form of the section is intended to charge the battery from solar cells Fig.3  PV module: produce electricity by converting light energy (from the sun) into DC electrical energy.  Solar charge controller: regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life. Inverter: is an electrical circuit that converts DC output of PV panels or battery into a clean AC current and then delivers the electrical energy to the AC load.  Battery: stores energy (DC voltages) at a charging mode when sunlight is available for supplying DC electrical energy to electrical appliances when there is a demand or absence of daylight.  The vapor compression AC or DC unit: is actually a conventional cooling or refrigeration system that is run by the power received from the inverter or directly from the battery. ii. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP) Using solar energy to power the thermoelectric devices (DC current) is thought to be an attractive way to serve the needs for thermoelectric refrigeration system, since the TECs consume a large amount of electricity, this meet demand for energy conservation and environment protection. According to the energy efficiency of a thermoelectric device, operating in a cooling or refrigeration mode, is based on the amount of heat that it removes compared to the amount of work that it requires. This value is referred to as coefficient of performance, COP. [20] COPTE=

      

Figure of merit 1.2 x 10-3 1.2 x 10-3 1.2 x 10-3 1.3 x 10-3 3.3 x 10-3

V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PELTIER EFFECT As any technology, Peltier effect has both advantages and disadvantages. They are valuable and have to be estimated in each area where Peltier effect is going to be integrated. It allows previewing if the technology is reasonable to be used, or some alternative is relevant to be found. However, the main drawbacks and benefits have to be mentioned at this point to understand the main problems to deal with. Sumup its shortcomings in several score:[23]. Peltier element takes a large amount of current and power, while the heat production is not huge. Condensation is obvious when cooling of one side of the element is strong, while the other side becomes excessively hot. Thermoelectric emitting no possibility of mechanical. Able to dissipate limited amount of heat flux. Lower coefficient of performance than vapor-compression systems. Relegated to low heat flux applications. More total heat to remove than without a TEC. The advantages of thermoelectric: There is no by moving mechanical parts and therefore does not have the votes of the need not to passage of a boat cooling pipes inside this be installed simple small size. VI. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICALSTUDY OF RECENT LITERATURE REVIEWS

For the solar-driven thermoelectric systems, the performance of whole system (Ƞsystem) can be written as the product of the performance of the thermoelectric refrigeration system (COPTE) and the PV efficiency (ȠPV), that is, Ƞsystem= COPTH × ȠPV

A. COOLING SYSTEM There are several studies on the thermoelectric cooling Models where he presented each of Abdullah et al.[24] have carried out an experimental study on cooling performance of a developed hybrid Solar Thermoelectric- Adsorption cooling system. The developed system produced cooling via the Peltier effect during the day, by means of thermoelectric elements, and through adsorption (activated carbonmethanol) process at night. They evaluate the coefficient of performance by using derived equations, the average COP values of the hybrid cooling system were found about 0.152 for thermoelectric system and about 0.131 for adsorption. Riffat et al. [25] compared the performance of three types of domestic air-conditioners, namely the vapor compression air Conditioner, the absorption air-conditioner

The COPTE of the thermoelectric refrigeration system reported is usually less than 0.6, and the ȠPV average 10%, so the Ƞsystem of a solar-driven thermoelectric system is usually less than 0.06. [21] IV. THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS Semiconductors are the optimum choice of material to sandwich between two metal conductors because of the

3

and the thermoelectric air-conditioner. It was concluded that that solar thermal-driven air-conditioning systems are attractive in many regions due to the increase of the cooling demand, lightweight, fast start-up, noiseless, environmental friendly (completely CFC free), simple, reliable, and easy control and wide operating temperature (-40 to -70oC). But it still very expensive at present, because the use of PV. Hongxia Xi et al. [26] presented an overview of the development solar-based thermoelectric technology (i.e., solar-driven refrigeration and solar-driven thermoelectric power generation) and their applications. They concluded that the solar-driven thermoelectric technologies could be used in a wide variety of fields. They are attractive technologies that not only can serve the needs for refrigeration, air-conditioning applications and power generation, consideration.Wei et al. [27] presented experimental study on a thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar cell. The system consists of solar cells, experimental room which is installed with thermoelectric device, heat exchanger and storage tank. As shown fig.4,The experiments have been done in a model room whose volume is 0.125 m3, in summer condition, using solar panel whose area is 0.5 m2. The minimum temperature 17˚C was achieved, with COP of the thermoelectric device higher than 0.45. The temperature of water in the storage tank with a volume of 18.5 L has raised about 9 oC. It concluded that COP of the system is higher than 0.45, the thermal efficiency was 12.06%, and electrical efficiency 10.27%. The energy saving system is acoustically silent, environmentally friendly, and can reduce cooling and heating load in room.

Fig. 5, Schematic of solar cell driven, thermoelectric refrigerator (prototype). Mengetal et al [29] conducted numerical studies of the cooling load and coefficient of performance of a commercial water-cooling thermoelectric refrigerator with a maximum cooling load of 2.33 W and a maximum COP of 0.54. The results demonstrated that the heat convection of the heat exchanger and the heat leakage through the air gap are the main factors that can cause irreversibility and decrease the performance of the system .In the past years. Ewert et al [30] designed and developed an affordable solar thermoelectric refrigerator for the desert people living in Oman where electricity is not available. In this study, 10 thermoelectric modules were used in the design of the refrigerator. The PV solar cells used in this study had the efficiency of 14%. The experimental results indicated that the temperature of the refrigeration was reduced from 27oC to 5oC in approximately 44 min under outdoor conditions Wahab et al. [31]. The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator was calculated and found to be about 0.16. The system performance was strongly dependent on the intensity of solar insulation and the temperature difference of hot and cold sides between the thermoelectric modules. Mei et al. [32] studied a solar-assisted automobile thermoelectric airconditioner and other studies related to solar thermoelectric refrigerators have been reported. (Dai et al [33]. The research of thermoelectric device combined with the solar energy is expanding Xia et al [34]. The solar energy is convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible. In the past years, a lot of work has been reported on thermoelectric cooling. Van Sark et al [35] reported the performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules. Hara researched a solar cell driven thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear for outside personal cooling Hara et al [36]. Atta studied solar water condensation by using thermoelectric coolers [37]. Their research on solar thermoelectric cooling has provided a wealth of valuable data and analysis. B. Thermoelectric air conditioning system The research of thermoelectric device combined with the solar energy is expanding Xia et al [38]. The solar energy is convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible. In the past years, a lot of work has been reported on thermoelectric cooling. Van Sark et al [39] reported the performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules. Hara researched a solar cell. TABLE 2 . Summary of the main results on the level of previous studies to use thermoelectric cooler.Content of the

Fig.4. Experimental investigation and simulation on a thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar. Dai et al. [28] developed a thermoelectric refrigeration system powered by solar cells and carried out experimental investigation and analysis to meet the needs for outdoor use (2-3 persons). Two solar cell panels. They can turn 13% of the total energy received from solar radiation into electric power. For each panel, the area is 0.4 m2. The thermoelectric refrigerator consists of a thermoelectric cooling module, whose specific input power is 45 W, and specific voltage is 12 V. the experiment set-up. It is concluded that the studied refrigerator can maintain the temperature in refrigerated space at 5-10 °C, and has a COP about 0.3 under given conditions As shown in Fig.5,.

4

table reference and cold side temperatureAnd hot side temperature (ₒC) and coefficient of performance,Cooling capacity (w). Ref

Thot

Tcold

COP

Pw

cooling capacity

44 45 46 47 48 49

60 40 56 45 42 44

02 15 25 18 20

0.34 0.8 1.81 0.52 2.6 1.8

134.6 140 56 54 165.3 9122

29.2 022 01 53-74.5 430 4222

4

The objective of this review is to identify the best standards to use solar energy with technological system for refrigeration and air conditioning such as thermoelectric and thermionic for application on a large scale because its performance arrived at least 30% this is very promising for use in climate of Egypt. A thermoelectric air-condition was designed and built which can be used for personal cooling & heating. Four TECs were used for achieving the cooling with a DC power supply through external power supply. After we had earlier studies the importance of thermoelectric in refrigeration and airconditioning, especially after their integration with clean energy, where derive their energies of solar cells feeding DC and then the assessment of thermoelectric performance labs, as was the best wineries of the performance of a large cooling capacity at 430 W was 2.6 thermoelectric technology also witnessed great development, use the water to cool and absorb heat from the hot side to improve efficiency and proved its worthiness reliability high so I see in the future to improve the And we have worked on this review in order to work on the stand toward the best of the hand cooling technologies, unconventional and found that the energy consumption of thermoelectric and thermionic solar energy less than conventional energy, which caused damage environment so Abdul review found that the coefficient of thermoelectric and thermionic performance can be improved through good design thermal exchanges and improve Articles semi-connected configuration in thermoelectric and thermionic as well as availability of solar energy in our Arab Republic of Egypt, which facilitates the use of thermoelectric and thermionic to take advantage of them in refrigeration and air-conditioning in remote areas. REFERANCES [1] Jahangeer KA, Andrew AO., Raisul. Md ,2011. Numerical investigation of transfer coefficients of an evaporatively cooled condenser. Appl Therm Eng;31:165516. [2] Kalkan N, Young EA, Celiktas A 2012. Solar thermal air conditioning technology reducing the footprint of solar thermal air conditioning. Renew Sust Energ Rev;16:635263. [3] Wimolsiri P. Solar cooling and sustainable refrigeration, http://www.egi.kth.se/proj/courses/4A1623/files/ARHPTSus tainRefrig2005WP .pdf. Prof. N. B. Totala, Prof. V. P. Desa2, Rahul K. N. Singh et al August 2014) Study and Fabrication of Thermoelectric Air Cooling and Heating System, International Journal of Engineering Inventions eISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491 Volume 4, Issue 2 (PP: 20-30 [4-5] Elsafty A. Al-Daini A. 2002, Economical comparison between a solar-powered vapor absorption air-conditioning system and a vapour compression system in the Middle, East Renewable Energy; 25:569-58 [6] A. M. Abu-Zour, S. B. Riffat, 2007. Solar-Driven AirConditioning Cycles: A Review, the Journal of Engineering Research Vol. 4, No. 48-63

Driven thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear for outside personal cooling Hara et al [40]. Atta studied solar water condensation by using thermoelectric coolers Lert et al [41]. Their research on solar thermoelectric cooling has provided a wealth of valuable data and analysis. Investigated the cooling performance and thermal comfort of a TE ceiling cooling panel (TE-CCP) system. Thermal acceptability assessment was performed to determine whether the indoor environment met the ASHRAE Standard-55¢s 80% acceptability criteria.8 A suitable condition occurred at 1 A of current low with a corresponding cooling capacity of 201W, giving a COP o0.82 with 27ₒC average indoor temperature and 0.8 m/s indoor air velocity.The aim of the investigation described herein is to evaluate the thermal comfort and find the optimum COP of a compact TE air conditioner. The effects of electrical current supplied to the TE modules and air velocity on thermal comfort are discussed. Liu et al. [42] presented theoretical and experimental investigations of a novel solar thermoelectric air conditioner with hot water supply. From this study, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system can be about 2.59 in cooling mode and 3.01 in heating mode. Yazeed-Alomair et al [43] .studied the use of thermoelectric and thermionic to cool water, and then the through coil air access to the file to take advantage of cooling using The solar- thermoelectric liquid chiller system is composed of an array of six thermoelectric module.fig.6,

Fig. 6, shows the experimental phase of the study on the air conditioning thermoelectric. VII.

CONCLUSIONS

5

.

[7] Rowe DM. Thermoelectrics handbook macro to nano. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2006.

[22] Prof P.s Desai "Refrigeration and air condition for engneers " khama publishers pp 313-322.

[8] Tie SF, Tan CW, 2013 A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev ; 20: 82–102

[23] Simons, R. E. and Chu, R. C. (2000) Application of thermoelectric cooling to electronic equipment: A review and analysis. Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium,. pp1-9. . [24] Abdullah M. O., Ngui J. L., Hamid K. Abd., Leo S. L., , Cooling Performance of a Combined 0229 & Tie S. H. Solar Thermoelectric-Adsorption Cooling System: An Experimental Study, Energy Fuels, 23, 5677-5683.

[9] Ullah KR, Saidur R, Ping HW, Akikur RK, Shuvo NH 2013; A review of solar thermal refrigeration and cooling methods, Renew Sustain Energy Rev 24: 499–513. [10] Mei VC, Chen FC, Mathiprakasam B, Heenan P ,1993. Study of solar-assisted thermoelectric technology for automobile air conditioning. J Sol Energy Eng, Trans ASME;115(4):200–5 . [11] DiSalvo F 1999.Thermoelectric cooling and power generation. Science; 285(5428):703–6 . [12]Rowe, D.M.,1995. CRC Handbook of thermoelectric, 1st ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton Florida

[25] Riffat SB, Guoquan Qiu 2004. Comparative investigation of thermoelectric air-conditioners versus vapour compression and adsorption air-conditioners. Appl Therm Eng;24:1979–93. [26] Hongxia Xia, Lingai Luob, Gilles Fraisseb11 (2007), Development and applications of solar-based thermoelectric technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 923-936 .

[13] Riffat SB, Xiaoli MA 2003.Thermoelectri: a review present and potential applications.Appl Therm Eng;23:913–35. [14] Min G, Rowe DM 2006. Experimental evaluation f prototype thermoelectric domestic-refrigerators. Appl Energ;83:133-52 [15] Abdul-Wahab SA, Elkamel A, Al-Damkhi AM, IhAAlHabsi, Al-Rubai'ey HS, Al-Battashi AK, etal 2009. Design and experimental investigation of portable solar thermoelectric refrigerator, Renew Energy; 34:30-4. [16] Uken EA. “Solar domestic refrigerator using Peltier effect”. Manufacturing in Southern Africa, Cape Town, 22-26 August 1994 . [17] Anyanwu EE (2003). Review of solid adsorption solar refrigerator I: an overview of the refrigeration cycle. Energy Conversion Manage., 44: 301-312. [18] Hongxia Xia, Lingai Luob, Gilles Fraisseb 11 (2007), Development and applications of solar-based thermoelectric technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 923-936 . 19] Pedersen PH, Poulsen S, Katic I (2004). SolarChill-a solar PV refrigerator without battery, EuroSun 2004 5th ISES Solar- Thermoelectric Liquid-Chiller System International Journal of Refrigeration ,doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.01.003. [20] Rowe, D.M. (2006). General Principles and Basic Considerations, In: Thermoelectrics Handbook – Macro to Nano, D.M. Rowe (Ed.), pp. 1–14, CRC Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 0-8493-2264-2, Boca Raton, Florida [21] Wang RZ, Dai YJ. Solar thermoelectric refrigerator. Patent No. 01239142, 2001; 5, China.

[27] Wei He, Jinzhi Zhou, Jingxin Hou, Chi Chen, Jie Ji 2013, Theoretical and experimental investigation on a thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar, Applied Energy 107 89-97. [28] Dai YJ, Wang RZ, NiL2003, Experimental investigation on a thermoelectric refrigerator driven by solar cells, Renew Energy .28:949–59. . [29] Meng F, Chen L, Sun F. Performance prediction and irreversibility analysis of a thermoelectric refrigerator with finned heat exchanger. Acta Phys Pol A 2011;120:397–406. [30] Ewert, Michael K. Terrestrial and Aerospace Solar Heat Pump Development: past, present and future, ASME paper at Solar ‘98, Albuquerque, NM; 1998 . [31] Abdul-Wahab Sabah A., Elkamel A., Al-Damkhi Ali M., Al-Habsi Is'haq A., Al-Rubai'ey' Hilal S., Al-Battashi Abdulaziz K., Al-Tamimi Ali R., Al-Mamari Khamis H. & Chutani Muhammad U., Design and experimental investigation of portable solar thermoelectric refrigerator, Renewable Energy, 34(1), 2009, 30-34. [32] Mei VC, Chen FC, Mathiprakasam B, Heenan P. Study of solar-assisted thermoelectric technology for automobile air conditioning. J Sol Energy Eng, Trans ASME 1993;115(4):200–5 . [33] Dai YJ, Wang RZ, NiL, Experimental investigation on a thermoelectric refrigerator driven by solar cells, Renew Energy 2003;28:949–59. [34] Hongxia Xia, Lingai Luob, Gilles Fraisseb, Development and applications of solar-based thermoelectric

6

technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (2007) 923-936 [35] van Sark WGJHM. Feasibility of photovoltaic thermoelectric hybrid modules. Appl Energy 2011;88:2785– 90. [36] Hara T, Azum H. Cooling performance of solar cell driven, thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear. Appl Therm Eng 1998;18:1159–69. [37] Wang RZ, Dai YJ. Solar thermoelectric refrigerator. Patent No. 01239142, 2001; 5, China [38] Hongxia Xia, Lingai Luob, Gilles Fraisseb, Development and applications of solar-based thermoelectric technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (2007) 923-936 [39] van Sark WGJHM. Feasibility of photovoltaic thermoelectric hybrid modules. Appl Energy 2011;88:2785– 90 [40] Hara T, Azum H. Cooling performance of solar cell driven, thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear. Appl Therm Eng 1998;18:1159–69 [41] 2-. C. Lertsatitthanakorn, L. Wiset, and S. Atthajariyakul, J. Electron. Mater. 38, 1472 (2009). [42] Zhong Bing Liu, Ling Zhang, GuangCai Gong, YongQiang Luo, FangFang Meng Experimental study and performance analysis of a solarthermoelectric air conditioner with hot water supply. Energy and Buildings 86 (2015) 619–625. [43] Yazeed Alomair, Muath Alomair, Shohel Mahmud.2015 Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of SolarThermoelectric Liquid-Chiller System International Journal of Refrigeration ,doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.01.003. [44] S. Maneewan W. TipsaenpromI,and C. Lertsatitthanakorn 2010, Thermal Comfort Study of a Compact Thermoelectric Air Conditioner Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 39, No. 9, DOI: 10.1007/s11664010-1239-8 – TMS . [45] ystem Zhong Bing Liu, Ling Zhang2014, Experimental evaluation of a solar thermoelectric cooled ceiling combined with displacement ventilation system, GuangCai Gong Energy Conversion and Management 87559–565. [46] Rehab Noor Mohammed Al-Kaby.,Study of thermal Performance of Thermoelectri cooling system

[47]-supplyZhong Bing Liu, Ling Zhang∗, GuangCai Gong, YongQiang Luo, FangFang Meng College 2015, Experimental study and performance analysis of a solarthermoelectric air conditioner with hot water supplyZhong Energy and Buildings 86 - 619–625. [48] Cooling System Journal of Electronic materials Vol. 41, No. 6, 2012 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-012-1909-MS [49]-Yazeed Alomair, Muath Alomair, Shohel Mahmud, Hussein A. Abdullah 2015, Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Solar-Thermoelectric LiquidChiller System International Journal of Refrigeration , doi

7

10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.01.003