than 70% of production with type 304 the most common. The name comes .....
A270. Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel feed water heater tubes.
S&T026
JAN 2013
USERS GUIDE
STAINLESS STEEL
USERS GUIDE
STAINLESS STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL
Contents
What is Stainless Steel.................................................................................. 2 Types Most Commonly Used ......................................................................... 4 Finish Description Sheet and Plate ................................................................ 6 Properties – General Information................................................................... 7 Weights – Sheet and Plate ............................................................................ 8 Weights – Metric Bars, Round, Square .......................................................... 9 Weights – Imperial Bars, Round, Square ..................................................... 10 Weights – Flat Bars, Equal Angles ............................................................... 11 Tolerances – Sheet and Strip ...................................................................... 12 Link Chain – Load Factor ............................................................................ 12 Tolerances – Round, Flat Bar and Angle ...................................................... 13 Schedule Pipe Data..................................................................................... 14 Tube Specifications – ASTM ........................................................................ 15 Tube Conditions and Finishes ...................................................................... 16 Tube – Bursting Pressures .......................................................................... 17 Fastenings – Strength Factor ...................................................................... 18 Screw Thread Pitches ................................................................................. 19 Bolts – Hexagon – Dimensions ................................................................... 20 Nuts – Hexagon – Dimensions .................................................................... 21 Bolts and Screws Comparison Chart ........................................................... 22 Comparison of Thread Sizes........................................................................ 23 Typical Physical Properties- Annealed Condition.......................................... 24 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties ...................................... 25 Equivalent Foreign Standard Designations................................................... 26 Thermal Expansion ..................................................................................... 27 Flange Tables.............................................................................................. 28 Flange Tables.............................................................................................. 29 Micron Tables S/S Woven Wire Mesh ........................................................... 30 British Test Sieve Apertures......................................................................... 31 Cleaning – Recommended Procedures........................................................ 32 Terms ......................................................................................................... 33
PAGE 1
EDITION: 1ST August 2007
What Is Stainless Steel?
Stainless steels are alloys containing iron, relatively low carbon, a minimum 10.5% chromium and up to 30% nickel. However they are typically 18% chromium and 8% nickel. For increased corrosion resistance or for manufacturing requirements in specific applications, chromium may be increased and other elements such as manganese, aluminum, titanium and/or molybdenum may be added as required. Stainless steels are sometimes called corrosion-resisting steels since the terms stainless may suggest non-staining. It does not mean non-staining in all environments, but less staining and more resistant to corrosive attack when compared with steels containing less than 10.5% chromium. What Makes Stainless Steel Resist Corrosion? Chromium [the key element in stainless steels] in excess of about 10.5% forms a tenacious, refractory oxide protective film on any exposed layer, i.e. a corrosion barrier. This relatively impervious film is considered to be selfhealing or self-restoring. It will, if broken, repair itself spontaneously upon re-exposure to an oxidizing agent such as air or nitric acid. Resistance to corrosive attack under specific conditions is enhanced by progressively increasing chromium over 10.5% and/or by the addition of other elements such as nickel, molybdenum and copper. Types of Stainless Steel Stainless steels are grouped according to the metallurgical structure which forms when they are cooled from high temperatures. Four basic types of stainless steel recognised are: • Duplex • Austenitic • Ferritic • Martensitic
PAGE 2
Duplex Stainless Steel Duplex has a structure of approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite. Chromium content varies from 18%-28% and 4.5%-8% nickel, with most grades also containing Molybdenum. features: • High resistance to stress corrosion cracking • Increased level of passivity • Good welding and formability • Higher tensile and yield strengths than austenitic and ferritic grades
What Is Stainless Steel? Continued
Austenitic Stainless Steel [301, 304, 304L, 316, 316L 321, 310]; Basic composition of austenitic stainless steel is 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Austenitic grades are the most commonly used and accounts for more than 70% of production with type 304 the most common. The name comes from their stable metallurgical structure at room temperature, which is a single phase of austenitic. Austenitic stainless steels have the following features; • Can be strengthened by cold working [up to 4 times] • Easily welded • High ductility • Good corrosion resistance • Suitable for high temperatures to [e.g. 310 to 1100°C] • Suitable for low temperatures [including cryogenic applications] • Is non-magnetic Ferritic Stainless Steel [409, 430, 3CR12] These are nickel free stainless steels. Varying chromium content of 12% to 18%, but a lower carbon content. They derive their name from the ferritic metallurgical structure which is stable at room temperature. When compared with austenitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels have the following features; • Less expensive • Lower corrosion resistance • Can be welded, but requires more care • Easily formed [bent, cut, etc.] • Moderate high temperature [up to 800°C for 430] • Slight increases in strength by cold working [up to 50%] • Superior resistance to stress corrosion cracking • Is magnetic Martensitic Stainless Steel These stainless steels are alloys of iron, chromium [12 to 18%] and carbon [up to 1%].
PAGE 3
These stainless steels can be hardened by heat treatment. This type of stainless steel is used where high mechanical strength combined with corrosion resistance is required [e.g. knives].
Types Most Commonly Used
PAGE 4
AUSTENITIC GRADE
APPLICATION
PROPERTIES
304
Architecture [exterior & interior]; food processing; handling and serving equipment; saucepans; hospital equipment; rainwater goods; household appliances; domestic sinks and laundry troughs, general deep drawing applications; brewing and dairy equipment; evaporators; drums; barrels; heat exchangers and refrigerator parts.
A general purpose austenitic corrosion resistant steel. Excellent deep drawing and cold forming qualities in the annealed condition. Can be polished to a high finish. Readily weldable for use in moderate corrosion resistant applications. Using appropriate techniques, 304 can be welded in thickness up to 12mm without subsequent heat treatment unless it is required for stress purposes.
304L
Chemical plant; food processing equipment; and for use in coal and petroleum industry.
An extra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel, with general corrosion resistance similar to 304, but with greater resistance to inter granular corrosion. Can be welded in greater thickness than 304, or heated for appreciable periods of time above 500°C without the need for subsequent solution heat treatment. Recommended when fabricating thickness in excess of 12mm, or where high heat input methods are used and subsequent solution heat treatment cannot be performed.
310
Furnace parts and equipment, baffles; heat treatment; boxes; retorts; furnace linings; heat exchangers.
Austenitic 25/20 chromium nickel steel offering excellent resistance to scaling at high temperatures. Mechanical properties in the higher temperature ranges are superior to other standard heat resisting steels. Can be employed for continuous service in the temperature range 900/950°C to 1100°C
Types Most Commonly Used Continued
AUSTENITIC GRADE
APPLICATION
PROPERTIES
316
Exterior applications subject to severe industrial or marine atmospheres; chemical; textile; photographic and paper making equipment; wine vats.
More resistant to certain corrosive conditions than the standard nonmolybdenum bearing austenitic stainless steel. Suitable where protection is required from highly corrosive non-oxidising acids. Is used for plant and equipment in chemical manufacture. Has moderate deep drawing and cold forming properties. Able to be welded in thickness up to 12mm without subsequent heat treatment for most applications.
316L
Chemical plant and food processing equipment.
An extra low carbon modification for 316, with similar corrosion resistance. Intended for heavier sheet or plate fabrication where welding without subsequent heat treatment is required. Can be welded in heavy sections without the risk of inter-granular corrosion [weld decay] in the as-welded condition and also in the stress relieved condition under most circumstances. Suitable for polishing to a bright finish.
FERRITIC APPLICATION
PROPERTIES
409
Automotive exhaust components.
Ferritic heat resistant chromium steel. Good workability, formability and moderate resistance to corrosion.
430
Interior architecture and automotive trim; domestic appliances; restaurant equipment; stove and heater components.
A 17% chromium stainless steel. Good resistance to normal atmospheric corrosive conditions. Can be used with various chemicals, such as nitric acid, caustic soda, ammonia, detergents and alkalis. Moderate ductility for forming and drawing operations. Not as suitable for welding as austenitic grades, as welds tend to be brittle. Satisfactory for resistance to scale and oxidation up to approximately 800°C.
PAGE 5
GRADE
Finish Description For Sheet & Plate Stainless Steel Strip, Sheet & Plate A. MILL FINISHES FINISH No.
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
Hot rolled, annealed and pickled. (HRAP)
Generally used when smoothness and uniformity of finish are not important.
2D
Cold-rolled, softened and de scaled.
A uniform, matt finish.
2B
Cold-rolled, softened, de scaled and lightly rolled on polished rolls.
A smooth finish for general applications. A brighter finish than 2D.
BA
Bright Annealed.
A cold-rolled reflective finish retained through annealing.
1
B. MECHANICALLY POLISHED FINISHES
PAGE 6
FINISH No.
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
3
Ground.
A uniform finish generally obtained with 100-180 grit size.
4
Polished with 120-240 grit. “Brushed”.
Has a grained texture, not highly reflective, which is suitable for general purposes. Meets international 3A standard of hygiene.
8
Polished. Mirror finished for reflectiveness.
Has a bright reflective finish with a medium degree of image clarity.
PAGE 7
Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic
Martensitic
Martensitic
Ferritic
Martensitic
302 303 304L 304 310 316L 316 317L 317 321
410
420
430
432
Not Recommended
Good
Good
Good
Not Generally Recommended
Fair - Welds Brittle
Good
Fair Excellent Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
MACHINING PROPERTIES
Poor - Welds Brittle
Good* Fair* Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Excellent
WELDING PROPERTIES
Poor
Fair
Poor
Fair
Good Fair Excellent Very Good Good Good Good Good Good Good
COLD PRESSING PROPERTIES
* But only recommended for applications involving mildly corroding conditions ** Where heat resistance is the only requirement. Otherwise max. service temperature 400°C. • Austenitic stainless steels [300 Series] are generally classed as non-magnetic, though cold working can sometimes induce slight magnetism. Both martensitic and ferritic types are magnetic.
STRUCTURE
A.I.S.I STAINLESS GRADE
650°C
800°C
750°C
750°C
800°C** 800°C** 800°C** 800°C** 1100°C 800°C** 800°C** 800°C 800°C 800°C
MAXIMUM SERVICE TEMP
Properties - General Information
PAGE 8
Average Weights For Stainless Steel Sheet & Plate
THICKNESS [mm]
WEIGHT [kg/m2]
0.45 0.55 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
3.60 4.40 5.60 7.20 8.00 9.60 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 32.00 40.00 48.00 64.00 80.00 96.00 128.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 320.00 400.00
APPROX. APPROX. WEIGHT FOR WEIGHT FOR 1220 x 2440 [kg] 1500 x 3000 [kg]
10.72 13.10 16.67 21.43 23.81 28.57 35.72 47.63 59.54 71.44 95.26 119.07 142.89 190.52 238.14 285.77 381.03 476.29 595.36 714.43 952.58 1190.72
16.20 19.80 25.20 32.40 36.00 43.20 54.00 72.00 90.00 108.00 144.00 180.00 216.00 288.00 360.00 432.00 576.00 720.00 900.00 1080.00 1440.00 1800.00
SIZE [mm]
ROUND
SQUARE
3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 250 300
0.06 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.40 0.63 0.90 1.23 1.61 2.03 2.51 3.04 3.62 3.93 5.65 7.69 10.05 12.72 15.70 19.00 22.61 26.53 30.77 35.33 40.19 50.87 62.80 75.99 90.43 106.13 123.09 141.30 160.77 181.49 203.47 226.71 251.20 303.95 392.50 565.20
0.20 0.29 0.51 0.80 1.15 1.57 2.05 2.59 3.20 3.87 4.61 5.00 7.20 9.80 12.80 16.20 20.00 24.20 28.80 33.80 39.20 45.00 -
PAGE 9
Average Weights For Stainless Steel Bars - Metric
Average Weights For Steel Bars - Imperial
PAGE 10
In Kilograms per metre SIZE [IN]
ROUND
SQUARE
1/8 1/5 1/4 1/3 3/8 4/9 1/2 4/7 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 2 2 1/4 2 3/8 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/4 3 1/2 3 3/4 4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 6 1/2 7 8 9 10 12
0.06 0.14 0.25 0.40 0.57 0.78 1.01 1.28 1.58 2.28 3.10 4.05 5.13 6.33 7.66 9.12 10.70 12.41 16.21 20.51 22.85 25.32 30.64 36.46 42.80 49.63 56.98 64.83 82.04 101.29 122.56 145.86 171.18 198.53 259.30 328.18 405.16 583.43
0.08 0.18 0.32 0.50 0.73 0.99 1.29 1.63 2.02 2.90 3.95 5.16 6.30 8.06 9.76 11.61 13.63 15.81 20.65 26.13 29.11 32.26 39.03 46.45 -
Average Weights For Stainless Steel Flat Bars
In Kilograms per metre SIZE [mm]
KGS / M
SIZE [mm]
KGS / M
13 x 3 20 x 3 25 x 3 38 x 3 40 x 3 50 x 3 20 x 5 25 x 5 30 x 5 32 x 5 38 x 5 40 x 5 50 x 5 75 x 5 100 x 5 20 x 6 25 x 6 30 x 6 40 x 6 50 x 6 65 x 6 75 x 6 100 x 6 150 x 6
0.31 0.48 0.60 0.91 0.96 1.20 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.28 1.52 1.60 2.00 3.00 4.00 0.96 1.20 1.44 1.92 2.40 3.12 3.60 4.80 7.20
50 x 9 25 x 10 30 x 10 40 x 10 50 x 10 65 x 10 75 x 10 100 x 10 150 x 10 25 x 12 40 x 12 50 x 12 65 x 12 75 x 12 100 x 12 150 x 12 50 x 16 75 x 16 50 x 19 100 x 19 100 x 20 50 x 25 75 x 25 100 x 25
3.60 2.00 2.40 3.20 4.00 5.20 6.00 8.00 12.00 2.40 3.84 4.80 6.24 7.20 9.60 14.40 6.40 9.60 7.60 15.20 16.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
SIZE [mm]
KGS / M
SIZE [mm]
KGS / M
20 x 20 x 3 25 x 25 x 3 25 x 25 x 5 30 x 30 x 3 30 x 30 x 5 40 x 40 x 3 40 x 40 x 5 50 x 50 x 3
0.89 1.13 1.80 1.36 2.20 1.85 2.98 2.30
50 x 50 x 5 50 x 50 x 6 65 x 65 x 6 75 x 75 x 6 100 x 100 x 6 75 x 75 x 9 100 x 100 x 10 -
3.80 4.46 5.85 6.88 9.10 10.00 15.00 PAGE 11
AVERAGE WEIGHTS FOR STAINLESS STEEL EQUAL ANGLE
Tolerance On Thickness Of Cold Rolled Sheet/Strip
SPECIFIED THICKNESS OVER
UP TO AND INCLUDING + OR -
THICKNESS TOLERANCES FOR WIDTHS OF UP TO 450mm + OR -
450mm TO 1250mm + OR -
OVER 1250mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
0.40 0.80 1.00 1.60 2.00 2.50
0.40 0.80 1.00 1.60 2.00 2.50 3.00
0.025 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.065 0.075 0.075
0.030 0.050 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.110 0.120
0.190 0.200 0.220
[BS 1449 Part 2:1975]
STAINLESS STEEL LINK CHAIN AISI 316/DIN 763 ,
.
PAGE 12
-
/
SIZE
A
B
C
D
S.W.L
WEIGHT
mm ø
mm
mm
mm
mm
kg
KG / M
1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
12 22 26 32 35 42 52 56
4 4 6 8 10 12 16 20
15 26 32 40 45 54 68 76
7 8 12 16 20 24 32 40
20 40 90 170 260 380 670 1040
0.038 0.060 0.150 0.270 0.430 0.630 1.100 1.750
Tolerances On Bars [in millimetres] DIAMETER
ISO h.9
ISO h.11
0-3 3-6 6 - 10 10 - 18 18 - 30 30 - 50 50 - 80 80 - 120
-0.025 -0.030 -0.036 -0.043 -0.052 -0.074 -0.074 -0.087
-0.060 -0.075 -0.090 -0.110 -0.130 -0.160 -0.190 -0.220
C.F - Cold Formed with smooth satin finish and square edge. H.R.A.P - Hot Rolled Annealed and Pickled (304 & 316). S.R.E - Slit Rolled Edge. C.F and S.R.E carried in thicknesses 3mm, 5mm & 6mm (304 & 316). All flat bar thicknesses 9mm and over carried in H.R.A.P. SIZE TOLERANCES ON FLAT BAR C.F
Width Thickness
+ or + or -
0.2mm 0.1mm
+ or + or + or + or -
0.75 1.00 1.50 0.50
H.R.A.P
Width
Thickness
10 - 35mm 38 - 75mm 80 - 100mm 5 - 20mm
SIZE TOLERANCES ON EQUAL ANGLE C.F
Width Thickness
+ or + or -
0.2mm 0.1mm
+ or + or + or + or -
1.5mm 2.0mm 3.0mm 0.5mm
Thickness
20 - 40mm 50mm 60 - 100mm 5 - 20mm
PAGE 13
H.R.A.P
Width
PAGE 14
IN
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Nominal BORE mm
6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
10.29 13.72 17.15 21.34 26.67 33.40 42.16 48.26 60.33 73.03 88.90 114.30 141.30 168.28 219.08 273.05 323.85 355.60 406.40 457.20 508.00
Nominal O.D mm
1.24 1.65 1.65 2.11 2.11 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.40 3.40 3.76 4.19 4.57 4.78 4.78 4.78 5.54
mm
0.277 0.491 0.631 1.000 1.280 2.090 2.690 3.110 3.930 5.260 6.460 8.370 11.600 13.300 20.000 27.800 36.000 41.400 47.300 53.300 68.600
KG / M
125139 124450 99629 102214 81702 85839 67913 59295 47401 43092 35508 27579 24993 21029 17754 15857 14651 13967 12238 10859 11204
kPa*
WEIGHT PRESSURE
SCHEDULE 10S
WALL
0.365 0.634 0.845 1.270 1.680 2.500 3.390 4.050 5.440 8.640 11.300 16.100 21.800 28.300 42.500 60.300 73.800
KG / M
173575 168576 139446 134275 111350 104628 87218 78945 67224 73084 63776 54468 47918 43782 38610 35163 30337
kPa*
2.41 3.02 3.20 3.73 3.91 4.55 4.85 5.08 5.54 7.01 7.62 8.56 9.52 10.97 12.70 12.70 12.70
mm
0.468 0.797 1.100 1.620 2.190 3.240 4.460 5.410 7.490 11.400 15.300 22.300 30.900 42.600 64.600 81.500 97.400
KG / M
D
P = 2ST
242523 227871 193053 180987 151684 140825 118934 108937 94975 99284 88646 77452 69678 67418 59974 48102 40557
kPa*
WEIGHT PRESSURE
SCHEDULE 80S WALL
*Theoretical internal bursting pressure calculated using formula
1.73 2.24 2.31 2.77 2.87 3.38 3.56 3.68 3.91 5.16 5.49 6.02 6.55 7.11 8.18 9.27 9.52
mm
WEIGHT PRESSURE
SCHEDULE 40S WALL
Stainless Steel Pipe Size Metric Conversion
ASTM - A312 Specification
ASTM Tube Specifications [American Society for Testing & Materials] SPEC.
DESCRIPTION
A249
Welded austenitic S/S boiler, superheater, heat exchanger and condenser tubes.
For superheaters and heat exchangers.
APPLICATIONS
A268
Seamless and welded ferritic stainless tubing for general service.
For general corrosion resistance and high temperature service.
A269
Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service.
For general corrosion resistance and low or high temperature service.
A270
Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel feed water heater tubes.
For use in food and dairy industry.
A554
Welded stainless steel mechanical tubing.
For mechanical applications where appearance, mechanical properties or corrosion resistance is needed.
A789
Seamless and welded ferritic/ austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service.
For general service with particular emphasis on resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
9688
Welded austenitic stainless steel feed water heater tubes.
For feed water heater tubes, including those bent, if specified, into the form of U-tubes.
PAGE 15
ASTM and ASME tube users may find reference to some of the above specifications numbers prefixed by an ‘S’ e.g. ‘SA249’.
Stainless Steel Tube Conditions
AW [As welded]
As welded tube receives no further treatment after forming and welding. It is used where limited manipulation is to be carried out. It has a smooth matt finish.
AWA [As Welded Annealed]
Bright annealing after welding increases corrosion resistance and softens the tube for severe manipulations such as bending, expanding and forming.
CW & CWA [Cold Worked] &[Cold Worked Annealed]
For applications requiring a smooth internal surface, high corrosion resistance and compliance with specifications such as ASTM A249. Tube is available in cold worked annealed [CWA] condition. In both conditions the weld area is subject to a mechanical forging process for grain refinement. CWA tube is then bright annealed, an economical alternative to fully welded drawn tube.
WD & WDA [Welded Drawn] & [Welded Drawn Annealed]
By cold drawing tube in AWA or CWA conditions, fine dimensional tolerances are achieved, having excellent uniformity of wall thickness and concentricity, uniform grain structure and hardness. For maximum corrosion resistance this tube is supplied in the annealed [WDA] condition.
S [Seamless]
Cold drawn from seamless hollows annealed and pickled to ASTM A269 specification. Suitable for high pressure lines.
SURFACE FINISHES
PAGE 16
The natural metallic lustre of stainless steel, which remains during its extremely prolonged lifespan, can be further enhanced by polishing and buffing. This applies particularly in applications for decorative purposes. A number of polished finishes are available. MF [Mill Finish]
An off-the-mill finish; roll forming marks are retained and an indication of the weld may be visible.
BP [Buff Polish]
Bright finishes with varying degrees of lustre. Available in 240, 400 and 600 Grit finish.
PAGE 17
Pressure shown is in PSI metric conversion The figures above are based on Barrow’s formula:
33,600 16,800 11,200 8,400 6,725 5,600 -
58,800 29,400 19,600 14,700 11,750 9,800 8,400 7,350 5,875 4,900 4,200 3,675 2,950 2,450 -
39,000 26,000 19,500 16,600 13,000 11,150 9,750 7,800 6,500 5,575 4,875 3,900 3,250 2,425
.065" 16
24,900 19.952 13,600 14,225 12,450 9,950 8,300 7,125 6,225 4,975 4,150 3,100
.083" 14
Where P = Bursting pressure in PSI; D = Outside diameter of tube in inches; S = Fibre stress in PSI (75,000 PSI was used in the figures above)
42,000 21,000 14,000 10,500 8,400 7,000 6,000 5.250 4,200 3,500 3,000 2,650 -
WALL THICKNESS - INCHES & B.W.G .028" .035" .049" 22 20 18
1lb/in2 = 6.89kPa P = 2ST D
26,400 13,200 8,800 6,600 5,300 4,400 -
3.20mm 6.40mm 9.52mm 12.70mm 16.00mm 19.00mm 22.20mm 25.40mm 31.80mm 38.10mm 44.45mm 50.80mm 63.50mm 76.20mm 101.60mm
[1/8"] [1/4"] [3/8"] [1/2"] [5/8"] [3/4"] [7/8"] [1"] [1 1/4"] [1 1/2"] [1 3/4"] [2"] [2 1/2"] [3"] [4"]
.022" 24
O.D
20,100 16,075 13,400 11,475 10,050 8,050 6,700 5,025
.134" 10
Theoretical Internal Bursting Pressure For S/S Tubes
Stainless Steel Fasteners The Strength Factor The method by which A2 [18/8] and A4 [18.10/Mo] stainless steel fasteners are made - cold forging and thread rolling greatly increases their strength. This ‘work hardening’ makes them so much stronger than similar products made from mild steel and plated - an important consideration in the selection of load bearing fasteners. The International Organisation for Standardisation [ISO] published in May 1979 a specification [Standard 3506] for stainless steel fasteners. This defined a four digit product designation: The first digit indicates the general classification of the steel: A = austenitic. The second digit indicates the type of alloying elements: A2 = austenitic 18/8 type [not free-machining types] [T304] A4 = austenitic 18/10/3 type [T316] The third and fourth digits indicate the strength [mechanical property] class and represent one tenth of the tensile strength expressed in newtons per millimetre squared [N/mm2]: 50 = lowest strength class which is usually for products of softened steel and with machined thread 70 = higher strength class resulting from cold forging and thread rolling 80 = highest strength - attained by mainly cold forged, extruded thread rolled parts and when specially drawn cold bars are used. Thus: A2-70 = austenitic 18/8 class 70 cold forged with minimum 700N/mm2 tensile strength.
Class 80 Class 70 Class 50
TENSILE STRENGTH
YIELD STRENGTH
800MPa min. 700MPa min. 500MPa min.
600 MPa min. 450 MPa min. 210 MPa Min.
PAGE 18
HANDY CONVERSION FIGURES: Nm - 1 lb ft multiply by 0.737562 mm2 - in2 multiply by 0.001550 N - lbf multiply by 0.224809 MPa - PSI multiply by 145
Screw Thread Pitches
THREADS PER INCH
DIA. IN
DIA.
PITCH
INCHES
BSW
BSF
UNC
UNF
5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 48
0.80 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 5.00
3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4
24 20 18 16 14 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 5
32 26 22 20 18 16 16 14 12 11 10 9 9 8 8 8 7
24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 -
32 28 24 24 20 20 18 18 16 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 -
PAGE 19
METRIC
Stainless Steel Bolts - Dimensions
Hexagon Head Bolts
/^ V
O 2
Metric threads, dimensions [mm] [DIN 931/933] THREAD d
M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M 10 M 12 M 14 M 16 M 20 M 22 M 24 M 27 M 30
Ds
NOM. MAX.NOM. MAX.
3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 22 24 27 30
e
k
MAX.
NOM.
G L≤125mm NOM. MIN.
6.01 7.66 8.79 10.95 14.26 18.74 20.91 24.49 26.51 33.23 35.72 39.63 45.20 50.85
2.0 2.8 3.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.0 8.8 10.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 17.0 18.7
12 14 16 18 22 26 30 34 38 46 50 54 60 66
s
5.5 7.0 8.0 10.0 13.0 17.0 19.0 22.0 24.0 30.0 32.0 36.0 41.0 46.0
UNC threads, dimensions [mm] [ANSI B18.2] THREAD d
PAGE 20
1/4 - 20 5/16 - 18 3/8 - 16 1/2 - 13 5/8 - 11 3/4 - 10 7/8 - 9 1-8
Ds
s
NOM. MAX.NOM. MAX.
6.35 7.94 9.53 12.70 15.88 19.05 22.23 25.40
11.11 12.70 14.29 19.05 23.81 28.58 33.34 38.10
e
k
MAX.
NOM.
G L≤152mm NOM. MIN.
12.4 14.1 16.0 21.3 26.7 31.9 37.2 42.5
4.0 5.2 6.0 7.9 9.9 11.9 13.9 15.5
19 22 25 32 38 44 51 57
Stainless Steel Nuts - Dimensions
Hexagon Nuts ^
V
P /
Metric threads, dimensions [mm] [DIN934] THREAD
s
e
k
D
NOM. MAX.
MIN.
NOM.
M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M 10 M 12 M 14 M 16 M 20 M 22 M 24 M 27 M 30
5.5 7 8 10 13 17 19 22 24 30 32 36 41 46
6.01 7.66 8.79 10.95 14.26 18.74 20.91 24.49 26.51 33.23 35.03 39.63 45.2 50.85
2.4 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 10.0 11.0 13.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 22.0 24.0
THREAD
s
e
k
D
NOM. MAX.
MIN.
NOM.
1/4 - 20 5/16 - 18 3/8 - 16 1/2 - 13 5/8 - 11 3/4 - 10 7/8 - 9 1-8
11.11 12.70 14.29 19.05 23.81 28.58 33.34 38.10
12.4 14.1 16.0 21.3 26.7 31.5 36.8 42.0
5.74 6.93 8.56 11.38 14.20 16.89 19.71 22.53 PAGE 21
UNC threads, dimensions [mm] [ANSI B18.2]
Bolts & Screws Diameter Comparison Chart
PAGE 22
ISO METRIC
SCREW S/TAP
DIAMETER
COARSE
mm
INCH
UNIFIED
GAUGE
M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 -
2.50 3.00 3.18 3.51 3.97 4.00 4.17 4.76 4.83 5.00 5.49 6.00 6.15 6.35 7.94 8.00 9.53 10.00 11.11 12.00 12.70 14.29 15.88 16.00 19.05 20.00 22.23 24.00 25.40
0.0980 0.1181 0.1250 0.1380 0.1562 0.1574 0.1640 0.1875 0.1900 0.1968 0.2160 0.2362 0.2420 0.2500 0.3125 0.3149 0.3750 0.3937 0.4375 0.4724 0.5000 0.5625 0.6250 0.6299 0.7500 0.7874 0.8750 0.9448 1.0000
#3 #5 #6 #8 #10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
4 5 6 8 10 12 14 -
PAGE 23
M1.4 M1.6 M2.0 M2.5 M3 M3.5 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M42 M48
SIZE
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
0.055 0.063 0.079 0.098 0.118 0.138 0.157 0.197 0.236 0.315 0.394 0.472 0.551 0.630 0.708 0.787 0.866 0.945 1.063 1.181 1.299 1.417 1.654 1.890
METRIC THREAD MAJOR PITCH DIA. INCH
73.0 64.0 55.0 51.0 36.0 32.0 25.0 20.0 17.0 14.5 12.5 12.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.50 8.50 7.30 7.30 6.40 5.60 -
T.P.I
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #8 #10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/2 1 3/4 2
SIZE
56.0 48.0 40.0 40.0 32.0 32.0 24.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.5
80 72 64 56 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 24 20 20 18 18 16 14 12 12 12 12 12 -
UNIFIED T.P.I UNC UNF 0.060 0.073 0.086 0.099 0.112 0.125 0.138 0.164 0.190 0.250 0.313 0.375 0.483 0.500 0.562 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000
MAJOR DIA. INCH 8BA 6BA 1/8 5BA 4BA 5/32 3BA 3/16 2BA 1BA 1/4 OBA 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE 40.0 32.0 24.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 4.5
32 26 22 20 18 16 16 14 12 12 10 9 9 8 7
0.087 0.110 0.125 0.126 0.142 0.156 0.161 0.187 0.185 0.209 0.250 0.236 0.313 0.375 0.438 0.500 0.562 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.500 2.000
BRITISH T.P.I MAJOR BSW BSF DIA. INCH 59.1 47.9 43.1 38.5 34.8 31.3 28.2 25.4 -
T.P.I BA
Comparison Of Thread Sizes
PAGE 24
S30100 S30400 S30403 S31008 S31600 S31603 S32100 S40900 S41000 S43000
1.4310 1.4301 1.4307 1.4845 1.4401 1.4404 1.4541 1.4512 1.4006 1.4016
EURONORM GRADE NO.
7900 7900 7900 7900 8000 8000 7900 7700 7700 7700
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 220 215 220
16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 10.5 10.5 10.0
17.0 17.0 17.0 16.2 17.0 17.0 17.0 11.5 11.5 10.5
18.0 18.0 18.0 17.2 18.0 18.0 18.0 12.0 30.0 11.0
MEAN CO-EFFICIENT OF THERMAL DENSITY ELASTIC EXPANSION (b) KG/M3 MODULUS AT 20-100˚C 20-300˚C 20-500˚C 20˚C µm/m/˚C µm/m/˚C µm/m/˚C Gpa (a)
Notes: (a) 1 Gpa = 1000 Mpa (b) µm/m/˚000C = 10-6/˚C These properties are approximate and intended for guidance only.
301 304 304L 310 316 316L 321 409 410 430
COMMON UNS NAME NUMBER
15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 25.0 30.0 25.0
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AT 100˚C W / m.k
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 460 460 460
730 730 730 850 750 750 730 600 600 600
SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY HEAT AT 20˚C 0-20˚C n m
Typical Physical Properties - Annealed Condition
PAGE 25
C Ni
Magnetic. Cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
Ferritic
-
Essentially non-magnetic in softened condition but show varying degrees of magnetism when cold worked. Cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
Austenitic
Carbon Nickel
CHARACTERISTICS
CLASSIFICATION
0.07 13.0 19.0
0.06 10.0 18.0
317
321
Chromium Molybdenum
-
0.03 12.0 17.0
316L
0.08
0.06 12.0 17.0
316
0.04
0.13 20.0 25.0
310
430
0.03 10.0 18.5
304L
409
0.06
304
-
-
9.0
17.0
11.5
18.5
18.0
0.12
9.0
0.08
18.0
Cr
Cr Mo
-
-
-
3.2
2.2
2.2
-
-
-
-
-
Mo
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ti
-
0.4
0.5
TYPICAL ANALYSIS
9.0
Ni
303
C
302
STAINLESS GRADE
Titanium Sulphur
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.2
-
S
-
310
250
250
310
230
260
310
220
260
260
260
YP
540
450
580
620
560
600
620
560
600
600
600
TS MPa
Ti S
30
25
45
45
50
50
45
50
50
50
50
% ON 50mm
ELONGATION
170
140
160
170
145
155
170
145
160
160
160
HB
TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical Composition & Mechanical Properties
PAGE 26
AFNOR GRADE
WERKSTOFF NO.
1.4306 1.4301 1.4833 1.4845 1.4404 1.4435 1.4401 1.4436 1.4438 1.4571 1.4573 1.4541 1.4500
ASTM AISI GRADE
304L 304 309S 309 310S 310 316L 316 317L 317 321 347
Z2 CN 18-10 Z6 CN 18-09 Z15 CN 24-13 Z12 CN 25-20 Z2 CND 17-12 Z2 CND 17-13 Z6 CND 17-11 Z6 CND 17-12 Z2 CND 19-15 Z6 CHDT 17-12 Z6 CHDT 17-13 Z6 CNT 18-10 Z6 CNNb 18-10
FRANCE
GERMANY
U.S.A
X2CrNi 18 11 X5CrNi 18 10 X16CrNi 23 14 X6CrNi 25 20 X22CrNi 25 20 X2CrNiMo 17 12 X2CrNiMo 17 13 X5CrNiMo 17 12 X5CrNiMo 17 13 X2CrNiMo 18 16 X6CrNiMoTi 17 12 X6CrNiMoTi 17 13 X6CrNiTi 18 11 X6CrNiNb 18 11
UNI GRADE
ITALY
304S 12 304S 15 309S 24 310S 24 316S 12 316S 16 317S 12 317S 16 320S 17 321S 12 347S 17
BS DESIGNATION
BRITAIN
14 2352 14 2332 14 2333 14 2361 14 2348 14 2353 14 2347 14 2343 14 2367 14 2366 14 2350 14 2337 14 2338
SIS GRADE
SWEDEN
SUS 304L SUS 304 SUS 309S SUS 309 SUS 310S SUS 310 SUS 316L SUS 316 SUS 317L SUS 317 SUS 321 SUS 347
JIS GRADE
JAPAN
Equivalent Foreign Standard Designations
PAGE 27
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LENGTH [mtrs]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0
5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0
6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 1 1
8 7 6 6 5 4 3 2 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
EXPANSION [mm]
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 3 2 1
13 12 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 1
15 13 12 10 9 7 6 4 3 1
16 15 13 11 10 8 6 5 3 2
Approximate amount of thermal expansion that occurs in types 316 and 304 stainless steels subjected to temperature changes in the range 0-100˚. [GUIDE ONLY]
Thermal Expansion
PAGE 28
ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS 10 ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS 10 ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS 10 ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS10 ANSI B16.5 BS4504 BS 10
25mm/1"
65mm/2.5"
50mm/2"
40mm/1.5"
32mm/1.25"
FLANGE SPECIFICATION
NOM. PIPE SIZE
CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE
PRESSURE RATING
108 115 114 117 140 120 127 150 133 152 165 152 178 185 165
FLANGE DIAMETER mm
11.5 18.0 9.0 13.0 18.0 12.0 14.5 18.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 14.0 17.5 18.0 14.0
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
FLANGE NUMBER OF THICKNESS BOLTS mm
16 14 14 16 18 14 16 18 14 20 18 17 20 18 17
DRILLING
79.4 85.0 82.0 88.9 100.0 87.0 98.4 110.0 98.0 120.6 125.0 114.0 139.7 145.0 127.0
BOLT PCD
Flange Tables
PAGE 29
ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS 10 ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS 10 ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS 10 ANSI B16.5 BS 4504 BS10 ANSI B16.5 BS4504 BS 10
80mm/3"
250mm/10"
200mm/8"
150mm/6"
100mm/4"
FLANGE SPECIFICATION
NOM. PIPE SIZE
CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE CL 150 NP10 TE
PRESSURE RATING
191 200 184 229 220 216 279 285 279 343 340 336 406 395 406
FLANGE DIAMETER
19.5 20.0 14.0 24.0 20.0 17.0 25.5 22.0 17.0 29.0 24.0 19.0 30.5 26.0 22.0
4 8 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12
FLANGE NUMBER OF THICKNESS BOLTS mm mm
20 18 17 20 18 17 23 22 22 23 22 22 26 22 22
DRILLING
152.4 160.0 146.0 190.5 180.0 178.0 241.3 240.0 235.0 298.4 295.0 292.0 361.9 350.0 355.0
BOLT PCD
Flange Tables Continued
PAGE 30
INCHES
.00003937 .00007874 .00011810 .00015740 .00019680 .00023620 .00027560 .00031490 .00035430
MICRON
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
MICRON
.000433 .000472 .000512 .000551 .000591 .000630 .000669 .000709 .000748
INCHES
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
MICRON
.000827 .000866 .000906 .000945 .000984 .001024 .001063 .001102 .001142
INCHES
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200
MICRON
.001575 .001969 .002362 .002756 .003150 .003543 .003937 .005906 .007874
INCHES
A micron is 1/1000mm [0.00003937"]. To the average naked eye only particle sizes as small as 40 microns [0.0057"] are visible. When extremely fine woven cloth, covering a range from about 40 to 2 microns [nominal], is woven the number of holes per square inch may be upward of 1 million. These fine meshes are used predominantly for filter elements employed in fluid power systems for the purpose of removing any impurities. Because of its hard working properties and also its corrosion resistance, Stainless Steel Woven Wire is generally used.
Micron Tables For S/S Woven Wire Mesh
British Test Sieve Apertures
NOMINAL MESH NUMBER
4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 22 25 30 36 44 52 60 72 85 100 120 150 170 200 240 300 350
NOMINAL WIDTH OF APERTURE mm
MICRONS
4.000 3.250 2.800 2.360 2.000 1.700 1.400 1.180 1.000 0.850 0.710 0.600 0.500 0.435 0.355 0.300 0.250 0.212 0.180 0.150 0.125 0.100 0.090 0.075 0.063 0.053 0.045
4000 3350 2800 2360 2000 1700 1400 1180 1000 850 710 600 500 425 355 300 250 212 180 150 125 100 90 75 63 53 45
PAGE 31
Excerpts from Standard 410: 1969 Table 3 for Fine Wire Cloth in Test Sieves.
PAGE 32
Soap. Liquid detergents. Powder detergents. Hose pipe jet.
Domestic cleaning powders. Recommended stainless steel cleaners such as Autosol.
[a] Organic solvents such as acetone, methylated spirits, Xylol, Benzene. [b] Caustic soda or tri sodium phosphate solution [5 to 10%].
[a] Oxalic acid, sulphamic acid [10%] [b] Abrasive cleaning paste. [c] Nitric acid.
Dilute phosphoric acid with detergent.
10 to 15% by volume nitric acid with 1 to 2% by volume hydrofluoric acid up to 50°C for up to 15 mins.
Citric acid solution. Tartaric acid solution. Up to 10% W/v hot versene may be added.
Non-washable deposits.
Oil and greasy deposits.
Rust stains from external sources.
Finger Prints.
Welding scale. Heat tint.
Water ‘scale’ - calcium/magnesium salt deposits.
CLEANING AGENTS
Readily removed stains. Construction dirt. Routine cleaning.
CONDITION
Wash with detergent and warm water. Wipe dry.
As for nitric acid.
Rinse thoroughly and wipe dry.
Avoid scratching. Rinse thoroughly with water and detergent. Wipe dry.
Final wash with detergent and clean water. Wipe dry. Care is required with flammable solvents.
Do not use steel wool. Stainless steel wool may be used. Rub in straight lines along the polish pattern. Avoid scratching.
Avoid scratching. Do not use cleaners containing bleaching agents. Rinse with clean water to remove residual cleaning compounds.
PRECAUTIONS
Cleaning - Recommended Procedures
Terms
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S&T026
