Status of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in ...

Decentralized WWT in Europe

Status of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Europe: Need, Drivers, Trends and Technologies

Prof. C. Visvanathan Environmental Engineering and Management Program Asian Institute of Technology Thailand email: [email protected] Web: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/ Visu

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Outline  Need  Conventional Sanitation System 

Europe Largest WWTP in Paris

 World Population Distribution  Asia Vs Europe 

Urban Growth Pattern

 Drivers   

Sustainable Sanitation System First Generation Decentralized WWTP Status of MBR in Europe

 Drivers and Trends in Europe  

Case study MBR at the Sant’ Erasmo Island Advance Remote Control System at Venice

 High-tech Vs Low-tech Visu

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Need Europe: 540 Major Cities

Only 79 cities have advanced tertiary sewage treatment 223 have secondary treatment 168 cities have no or an unknown form of treatment of their wastewater No wastewater treatment in, Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal Mehedinti in Romania Visu

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Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment

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Wastewater Treatment by World Regions

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Status of WWTP in Europe  Wastewater treatment in all parts of Europe has improved during the last 15-20 years.

 The percentage of the population connected to wastewater treatment in the Southern, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe has increased over the last ten years.  Latest values of population connected to wastewater treatment in the Eastern and South-Eastern Europe are still relatively low compared to Central and Northern Europe.

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Water supply and sanitation in the European Union

 The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991 concerning discharges of municipal and some industrial waste waters;  The Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 concerning potable water quality;  The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) of 23 October 2000 concerning water resources management.

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EU Directive on Wastewater Treatment    

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The Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) Directive is one of the major water policy tools in Europe, was adopted on 21 May 1991. Directive requires: The Collection and treatment of waste water in all agglomeration of >2000 population equivalents (p.e.) Secondary Treatment of all discharges from agglomerations of > 2000 p.e., and more advanced treatment for agglomerations >10 000 P.e. in designated sensitive areas and their catchments; A requirement for pre-authorisation of all discharges of urban wastewater, of discharges from the food-processing industry and of industrial discharges into urban wastewater collection systems; Monitoring of the performance of treatment plants and receiving waters; and Controls of sewage sludge disposal and re-use, and treated waste water re-use whenever it is appropriate.

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Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) Directive

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Compliance Time Table 

Timetable for the compliance with the UWWT Directive varies for EU15 and for new EU Member States (EU12).

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For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and UK the latest date to fully comply with the Directive was 31/12/2005.

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For the new Member States in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Mediterranean, staged transitional periods have been set within the Accession Treaties; In principle these transitional periods do not exceed the year 2015;

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Only in Romania, smaller agglomerations (with less than 10,000 p.e.) have to comply with the Directive by the end of 2018.

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Compliance of the UWWT Directive 1. Collecting System 

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Most of the EU Member States collect their waste waters at very high levels with an average rate of compliance equal to 94% (up from 92%).

2. Collecting System •

Most of the EU Member States collect their waste waters at very high levels with an average rate of compliance equal to 94% (up from 92%).

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Some 15 Member States even reach compliance of 100%.

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However, five Member States still had compliance rates below 30% in 2009/2010 (BG, CY,EE, LV, SI).

Some 15 Member States even reach compliance of 100%. However, five Member States still had compliance rates below 30% in 2009/2010 (BG, CY, EE, LV, SI).

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Compliance of the UWWT Directive 3. Secondary Treatment 

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In 2009/2010, a total of 82% of the waste waters in the EU received secondary treatment Four Member States reached 100% compliance and another six Member States had levels of compliance of 97% and higher. However, the compliance rates in EU-12 Member States are only 39% of their waste waters receiving appropriate secondary treatment. Only CZ, HU, LT and SK achieved compliance results between 80-100%.

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4. Tertiary Treatment •

There was an overall compliance rate of 77%.

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Four countries reached 100% compliance.

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However in the EU-12 Member States, only 14% of waste waters are treated appropriately.

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Conventional Sanitation System Fertilizer Factory

High water demand Nitrogen Fossil (High energy Potassium Phosphorus Demand)

Waste water Food

Sewage Sludge

Agriculture Farm

Sewerage treatment plant

Landfill

Incineration Treated water

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Accumulation of Phosphorus and nitrogen in surface & groundwater


Europe Largest WWTP in Paris  Seine Aval treats the wastewater generated by over 75% of the population in the Paris  By 2015 aim to achieve full nitrification and denitrification of effluent in Greater Paris area  Treatment capacity is 2.1 million m3/d

Long distance view of new facility with existing primary treatment works on the left Visu

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Grass roof above new sludge treatment works at Seine Aval wastewater treatment plant


1970 – 1980 Urban WWTP has Suspended Solids (SS) and Organic Removal as a primary objective

Thus, Centralized Treatment System Advantages

 Easy for management in terms of effluent quality and operation

 Successfully applied in high density population areas Visu

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Disadvantages 

High cost in term of maintenance and operation

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High cost of investment

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Large area requirement

Centralized WWTP is only a part of the solution, and certainly not a sustainable solution…

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World Population Distribution Asia Vs Europe Population Distribution Population Density Map of Asia

Population is concentrated on cities Visu

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Population Density Map of Europe

Cities are outstretched and people are moving away from the city


Urban Growth Pattern in Asia

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Urban Sprawl Spatial Patterns: Europe

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Comparison: Asia Vs Europe

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Urban sprawl spatial patterns

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Urban Growth Pattern Vertical Growth in Asia

Sewer capacity Sewer line length

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Out Structured Growth in Europe

Sewer capacity

Sewer line length

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Drivers As the effluent standards changed “from organic and SS removal to Nutrient removal”  Diversity of wastewaters and specific requirements in each case  i.e.: Toxic industrial wastewaters Vs Domestic wastewater which needs separate treatment technologies

 Difficulties of handling large volumes with specific treatment systems  Reuse: Centralized becomes less attractive due to several reasons  i.e: Reuses someone's waste? Treatment technology became more complex , This complexity demanded new WWTP technologies, making centralized WWTP un-attractive.. Visu

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Sustainable Sanitation System

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First Generation Decentralized WWTP (1- 1000 m3/day)  Septic tank (Commonly used at domestic level)  Waste stabilization ponds  Facultative lagoon  Maturation lagoon

 Land treatment  Constructed wetland  Technology Drivers: Cost Technology Visu

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Cost


Constructed Wetland on Risdal Farm, Bear Creek, Iowa.

Septic Tank in Bulgaria

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Constructed Wetlands at Greenmount Campus, Cafre

Waste Stabilization Ponds in France


Water Reuse  Water-Quality Requirements

 Concerns for emerging pathogenic organisms (e.g., the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium Parvum and Giardia lamblia)

Drivers for MBR  Incompetence of centralized conventional systems to tackle these requirements  Decentralized WWTP with membrane technology is capable of meeting the requirement Visu

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Decentralized Treatment System  Rapid growth of urbanization  The discharge of untreated wastewater into environment

Advantages  Less investment cost  Effective for communities with sparse populations  Suitable for different site conditions

 Allows more flexible community planning

Treatment plant

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is a good option for decentralized systems with meeting Water Reuse standards Visu

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Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Clarifier

Influent

Effluent

Aeration Tank Sludge returned

Excess sludge

Influent

Membrane

unit

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Sludge storage


MBRs in Europe

HUBER MBR, Germany

Oxford wastewater treatment plant Visu

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MBR plant Nordkanal, Germany


Open Wastewater Plant cannot be located in a place where tourists are visiting

Swanage Bay Swanage Pier

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The old pier at Swanage


Swanage Site and Outfall

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Swanage Site and Outfall MCC room, Generator, Extractor fans

Main process flow

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Inlet works screens


Kubota System Layout  0.4 m polyethylene flat sheets welded to backing plate  Situated above diffuser below which air is injected

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Global Overview

 Global MBR market is worth $ 420.9 million in 2006 with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.5%

 European market, continues to be one of the significant markets and accounts for a 21% share of the total MBR market. European Membrane Bioreactor Market-Revenue Share Estimates by Geographic Region (2006)

North Europe, 50%

Easten Europe, 14%

Easten Europe

Southern Europe North Europe

Southern Europe, 36%

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Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan Frost & Sullivan

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Revenue Forecast for Global Membrane Bioreactor Market, 2003-2013 Million $ 1200

1000 800

Revenue($milion) Growth Rate p.a(%)

Annual Growth Rate % 25 20 15

600 400 200

0

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10 5

0

Source: Research conducted by Environment & Building Technologies at Frost & Sullivan


Key Drivers in the Worldwide Market  Legislation to curb water pollution and water scarcity prompting the need for wastewater recycling  Diverse need and application  Water recycling in buildings, municipal wastewater treatment for small communities  Industrial wastewater treatment and landfill leachate treatment

 Treatment of wastes generated from agricultural sources and livestock operations  Wastewater originating from food processing industries, removal of herbicides and pesticides and biological nitrate removal  Sports stadiums, shopping complexes and office blocks are becoming typical end users, especially in areas of water stress.

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Status of MBR in Europe < 100 membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems installed in 2000 Boasts over 350 employed in municipal and industrial wastewater applications

Projected annual market growth of 7.9%

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Drivers and Trends European MBR market @ $100 million in 2010

One key trend driving this growth is increasing use of MBR systems for decentralized treatment and water reuse Characterized by medium- and small-sized municipal and industrial MBR systems Market Share of Various Membrane Separation Process in Europe UltraFiltration30 %

Reverse Osmosis 50%

Microfiltration 10% Other 10%

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Revenue Forecast for European Membrane Bioreactor Market 2003-2013 Million $ 200

Revenue($million) Growth Rate p.a(%)

Annual Growth 25.0 Rate (%) 20.0

150

15.0

100 10.0

50

5.0

0

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Trends

Since 1999, Companies such as Zenon and Kubota have been leading the implementation of large- and medium-scale MBRs for municipal wastewater treatment in the UK, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain among other countries

Traditionally, although Scandinavia has been the home of advanced wastewater and sludge treatment systems, acceptance of MBR has lagged with virtually zero penetration in this region. Apart from a few small systems installed by Kubota, The Northern European MBR market is dominated by activity in the municipal sector

• first full-scale commercial MBR was installed in Hungary in 2003 • There are now 10 MBR plants in Hungary, four of them municipal plants • Poland is a growing market that only came online with MBR systems since 2006. More demand for MBR systems from the industrial sector, This region dominates the overall European MBR market with a revenue share of 50%. The dominant driver for this region is water scarcity prompting a need for wastewater recycling.

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Trends cont.  Accession to the European Union also has catalyzed MBR opportunities in countries such as Cyprus  Cyprus which has recently joined and is the focus of significant investment in water and wastewater treatment infrastructure upgrades  Among the Alpine countries of Austria and Switzerland, mostly the focus is on medium-sized industrial and municipal MBR systems  There are limited opportunities in this saturated market unless demand arises for small household wastewater treatment systems in remote areas.

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Drivers  Number of discrete and small systems are growing and this trend is expected to be driven by the following factors:  Experience gained with pilot/small-scale projects  Drastic decrease in the cost of membranes  Availability of subsidies  Small footprint and small reactor volume  Development of guarantees on membrane life spans and of maintenance contracts. Visu

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Other Drivers  MBR markets have received a huge boost in the municipal segment with legislative drivers such as the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) requiring lower nutrient discharge limits  Implementation of Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC) policies have catalyzed growth of the MBR markets for the industrial sector  The ceiling for discharge is even more severe in the designated “Sensitive Areas” and improvements in membrane performance have resulted in high treatment efficiencies with MBR use  MBR also gains an edge over conventional systems with its ability to substantially reduce the amount of sludge generated

The largest industrial MBR system in Europe in terms of installed capacity is currently installed at a petrochemical facility in Italy, with a capacity of 47,420 m3/day. Also there’s an increasing trend toward use of MBRs to treat difficult wastewater such as landfill leachate treatment applications.

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MBR at the Sant’ Erasmo Island  Plant collects wastewater by means of a vacuum wastewater piping system.  Can treat up to 1000 m3/d of wastewater  Has 2 lines of full treatment (denitrification, nitrification, oxidation) each one independent from the other  Has 5 stages of 7 membranes modules each the treatment basins are underground.

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Remote Control System of the Treatment Plants of the Venice  The remote control system (SisTeMAV) allows to control the state of operation of each plant within Venice and the islands in lagoon  Electrical, analogical and digital signals from each equipment and instrumentation of the plants are monitored and transmitted by GSM network Venice

Burano

Sant’ Erasmo

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Monitoring all plants through GSM


Need of Decentralized Plant for Small Islands Venice

Difficult to implement gravity flow sewer lines Visu

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High-tech Vs Low-tech High-tech

MBR Concept

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Low-tech

EcoSanitation

Still Popular in Europe


Ecology Sanitation Eco Save water  Recycle local nutrient

 Extract energy  Open sustainable options for all both in rich

and poor countries

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Advantages of Eco-San 

Reduce the cost for pipe lines

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Can provide sustainable sanitary system at an affordable cost

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Flexible

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Increase health and dignity by introducing new method to handle fecal matter

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Recycling and saving resources

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Water saving by using water saving toilets and reuse grey water

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Technologies Composting Toilets

Urine Diversion Toilets

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Sweden  Urine diversion is using in several urban houses such as,

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Palsternackan(50 apartment)

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Understenshojden(44 apartment)

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Geber(30 apartment)

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Newest Kullan(250 apartment)

 Black water and household organic waste are used for Biogas production  Grey water is treated in a natural system

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Norway  In Bergen, second largest city, 42 condominiums collect black water using one liter flush vacuum toilets and have onsite grey water treatment.

 Liquid composting provides a sanitized mixture of organic household waste and black water  The grey water treatment system are compacted (1-2 m2 per person) Visu

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Toilet in City Centrum with a view… And they constitute a substantially small package of world inhabitants

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Toilet with a View and Natural AC Raw Practices in Rural

Smile please….

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Cool.. Stuff…

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A Bit Ahead…

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