found in Normandy and another paper (1901) on galls and their causers. .... La Grange at Thionville, or in one of KIEFFER'S friends' communes who helped.
1
Gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) of France Les Cécidomyies de France
Marcela SKUHRAVÁ, Václav SKUHRAVY Bitovska 1227, CZ-140 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Patrick DAUPHIN 6, Place Amédée Larrieu, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
& Rémi COUTIN 20bis, rue Louis Hubert, F-78140 Vélizy, France
Abstract : The present gall midge fauna of France includes 668 species, 581 species (87 %) of which belong to the subfamily Cecidomyiinae, 54 species (8 %) to the subfamily Porricondylinae and 33 species (5 %) to the subfamily Lestremiinae. Cecidomyiinae are predominantly phytophagous (85 %), including gall makers and inquilines, 8 % zoophagous and 2 % mycophagous. Porricondylinae and Lestremiinae are phytosaprophagous and mycophagous. Annotated list of gall midge species is given, the occurrence of each species is shown in the maps (270 maps on Plates I-VIII) and shape of galls of 215 species is shown in Plates IX-XXXII. The frequency is evaluated according to the number, or numbers, of localities at which an individual gall midge species has been found : 340 species (51 %) very scarcely occur in France, 130 species (19 %) scarcely, 85 species (13 %) medium frequently, 56 species (8 %) frequently, 53 species (8 %) very frequently. Dasineura affinis, Iteomyia capreae, Jaapiella veronicae, Macrodiplosis dryobia, Mikiola fagi and Wachtliella rosarum are the most frequent species in France. Vertical occurrence : 8 species were found in the Alpine zone of the Pyrénées at altitudes of 1700-2100 m, 23 species at the altitude of 2000 m a.s.l. and 4 species at the altitude of 2058 m a.s.l. in the Hautes-Alpes. Zoogeography : about 500 species (75 %) are European, 85 species (13 %) Euro-Siberian. Kochiomyia kochiae on Kochia prostrata is the only one representative of Pontic-Pannonian elements occurring in France. Etsuhoa sabinae on Juniperus sabina and Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis on Ephedra distachya are Euro-Asian species with a disjunct type of distribution. 65 species (10 %) are Mediterranean or sub-Mediterranean. 15 species have Holarctic distribution ; most of them are primarily European which were transported to North America with agricultural or forest materials. Janetiela siskiyou on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Dasineura gleditchiae on Gleditsia triacanthos are immigrants from North America, Clinodiplosis cattleyae on Cattleya sp. and Asphondylia buddleia on Buddleia variabilis from Central and South America, Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi on cultivated Chrysanthemum plants from Asia, Stenodiplosis sorghicola on Sorghum from the subtropics and tropics. Economic importance : 40 species were important in agriculture or forestry in the past or still are nowadays ; their occurrence is shown in Figs 4-7. Resseliella quercivora is the pest of young oak trees in France at present. Key words : Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, faunistics, zoogeography, distribution, economic importance, France.
2
Dedication This paper is dedicated to the memory of Abbé J. J. KIEFFER (1857-1925) and Prof. C. HOUARD (1873-1943) for their enormous merits in researches of gall midges and galls in France and for the progress of studies in Europe and in the world. Introduction In this paper, we bring an overview and a critical evaluation of the occurrence and distribution of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) found in France from the beginning of the19th century down to the present time (2004). It is based mainly on faunistic papers, on taxonomic papers only if they give data on occurrence and distribution, and on papers dealing with gall midges which are important in agriculture and forestry. Studies devoted to anatomy, histology and biochemics without data on occurrence are not taken into account. It is the first complete summarization of gall midge knowledge in France since KIEFFER´s time. A partial summarization was given by SKUHRAVÁ (1986) in the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera in which 523 gall midge species were given as occurring in France. Gall midges forming the family Cecidomyiidae are usually very small flies, only 0.5 - 3 mm long, rarely up to 8 mm, and very delicate. They have long antennae, relatively large wings with reduced venation and long legs. The family includes three subfamilies, viz. Lestremiinae, Porricondylinae and Cecidomyiinae. Larvae of the first two subfamilies are mostly mycophagous or saprophagous, larvae of the third subfamily are predominantly phytophagous, some are zoophagous and some mycophagous. Larvae of phytophagous species cause galls (in Latin: cecidium) on various organs of host plants (hence the common name "gall midges“) or live free in flower heads or stems of plants without making galls (SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1984). The level of knowledge about gall midge faunas in Europe is uneven. France is one of the best explored countries due to the activities of many researchers since the beginning of the 19th century and above all, due to the scientific activities of two outstanding personalities, Abbé J. J. KIEFFER and C. HOUARD. Data gathered by many researchers in the course of 200 years are scattered in many papers and journals. That was the reason why we started our work on summarization of scattered data to compile the list of gall midge species occurring in France. Such a list is also important to be able to compare the species richness of the gall midge fauna of France with the faunas of other countries of Europe where such summarizations have been written, as for example in Germany (SCHUMANN et al., 1999), United Kingdom (CHANDLER, 1998), Italy (MINELLI et al., 1995), Switzerland (MERZ et al., 1998), Czech and Slovak Republics (CHVÁLA, 1997), Spain and Portugal (CARLES-TOLRÁ, 2002). The gall midge fauna of Corsica will be elaborated in an independent work. The work is divided into several parts. The first part is devoted to the rich history of research on gall midges in France from the 18th century down to the
3
present time and review of scientific activities of about 80 researchers who contributed to the progress of gall midge studies. In the second part we give an annotated list of all gall midges species recorded in France. In the third part we evaluate results from the point of view of zoogeography and economic importance. These parts are followed by rich references dealing with gall midges of France. Nomenclatural note : SKUHRAVÁ (1986) in the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera listed the genus Rabdophaga WESTWOOD, 1847 (and not Rhabdophaga), as a synonym of the genus Dasineura RONDANI, 1840, based on morphometric studies of SYLVÉN and CARLBÄCKER (1981). The problem of the synonymy was discussed by several specialists for several years. Then SKUHRAVÁ (1997) removed the genus Rabdophaga from the synonymy and placed the species associated with Salix back into the genus Rabdophaga. History of studies On the whole, the beginning of knowledge on galls can be found in Italy in the Antiquity. PLINIUS the Older, who lived in the 1st century B.C. described very briefly in his Naturalis Historia the galls on leaves of Fagus sylvatica which were recognized much later, in the 19th century, to be products of larvae of gall midge Mikiola fagi. In the 17th century Marcello MALPIGHI, an Italian physician and anatomist, described nine galls of gall midges without giving them the names. He was the first to recognized and published that galls are caused by insects. The beginnings of cecidological studies in France can be found in the 18th century. In 1737 the French naturalist historian R. A. F. de RÉAUMUR published a large three-volume book with one chapter devoted to galls : "Des galles des plantes et des arbres et des productions qui leur sont analogues ; des insectes qui habitent ces galles et qui en occasionnent la formation et l´ accroissement “. This chapter is accompanied by 14 plates of excellent figures of various galls. In the 19th century, LATREILLE (1805) established the genus Oligotrophus for the species Tipula juniperina. BOSC (1817) described Cecidomyia poae from galls on Poa nemorensis. MACQUART (1826) in his review of the Diptera of northern France gave the group "Tipulaires gallicoles“ with two genera, viz. Cecidomyia MEIGEN, 1803, and Lestremia MACQUART, 1826 (established by himself), together with 8 species of which four are described in this publication by him as new species. Subsequently, MACQUART (1834) mentioned 25 gall midge species from the territory of France. VALLOT (1827, 1829, 1849) described eight new gall midge species from the vicinity of Dijon. DUFOUR (1837, 1838, 1841, 1846, 1847) described several new gall midge species (Cecidomyia ericaescopariae, C. pinimaritimae and C. saliciperda) and gave additional information about species described by VALLOT. PERRIS (1840) described Cecidomyia urticae. BLANCHARD (1840) and BIGOT (1854) summarized knowledge about the classification of the order Diptera with a review of gall midge species known from France. GÉHIN (1857) described Cecidomyia mosellana. LABOULBÈNE (1873) described gall midge species developing in galls on leaves of Buxus sempervirens like Diplosis buxi (now correctly Monarthropalpus flavus). LIEBEL (1886, 1889 a,b,c, 1892) published
4
three papers on gall midges occurring in Lorraine which were found by KIEFFER. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (1885) published a paper on galls and their causers found in Normandy and another paper (1901) on galls and their causers. After 30 years, when he returned from Tunis and Syria, he continued his research on galls in the Pyrénées at altitudes from 600 to 2100 m a.s.l. FOCKEU (1889 a, b, c) published several papers about the anatomy of some galls from northern France and later investigated occurrence of galls in Provence (FOCKEU 1894). He worked as preparator at the Faculty of Medicine in Lille. GIARD (1893, 1894, 1895) described a gall midge species, Drisina glutinosa, and contributed to the knowledge of Mikiola fagi, Mayetiola destructor and of the genus Octodiplosis. MARCHAL (1895), described Mayetiola avenae. BALLÉ (1890) published a paper on occurrence of galls in the neighbourhood of Vire (Calvados). HIERONYMUS (1890) contributed to the knowledge of galls occurring in the middle of France. MARTEL (1891) reported on occurrence of galls in environs of Elbeuf in northern France (Fig. 1). The scientific activities of two personalities, of J. J. KIEFFER and of C. HOUARD, lasted for many years and influenced the further development and progress of gall midge studies considerably. J. J. KIEFFER (1857-1925) is the most important personality of gall midge studies in France and in the world. He published his scientific papers dealing with various groups of insects over a long period of forty years, from 1885 till 1924. He was a teacher and lecturer at the episcopal College of St. Augustin in Bitch in eastern Lorraine. At first he studied gall-making mites (Acaroidea). From 1880 to1885 he gathered large material of gall midges and their parasitoids and gathered all the collected material of gall midges to R. LIEBEL for publication. This researcher published four papers on the occurrence of plant galls (zoocecidia) in Lorraine and one paper on plant galls of trees and shrubs (LIEBEL 1886, 1889 a,b,c, 1892). We must note that findings of several gall midge species gathered in this period are repeated several times in papers of LIEBEL and KIEFFER. For example, one particular gall is given at first as "Dipterocecidium“ by LIEBEL (1886), then KIEFFER described a causer as a new species, subsequently the same species is given in the paper by LIEBEL (1889c) and finally the same species is given by KIEFFER (1891c) in the paper on “dipterocécidies” of Lorraine. In his paper, KIEFFER (1897b) mentioned that 183 gall midges species were known from Lorraine. As from 1890, KIEFFER studied gall midges in association with their host plant genus or plant family, e.g. gall midges associated with Lotus, Tilia, Sarothamnus, Salix, with Compositae and Salicaceae. Kieffer´s place of work and his "kingdom“ or "domain“ was Lorraine (Lothringen) in north-eastern France on the bounder with Germany (Fig.1). He collected the galls of gall midges at 16 localities and published the results in ten contributions (KIEFFER 1886, 1888 a,b, 1890 c, 1891c,d, 1892 b,c, 1893, 1894 a). The majority - 231 species - he found in surroundings of Bitche (sometimes this locality is written as Bitch or Bitsch). KIEFFER found relatively low number of
5
gall midges at several other localities situated in that area, i.e. 23 species at Boulay, 23 at Metz (Montigny), 17 at La Grange, 12 at Guinkirchen, 8 at Sarreguemines, 7 at Carling, 6 at Siercks, 6 at Sarrebourg, 5 at Thionville, 5 at Château Salins and only one species at eight localities, viz. at Les Étangs, Niederviller, Lemberg, Siersthal, Sarralbe, Volmunster, St. Avold and Rohrbach. KIEFFER only once undertook an expedition to collect galls outside the area of Lorraine : it was the area of Petit-Dalles in Normandy (KIEFFER 1899b). At the same time as J. J. KIEFFER in France, E. H. RÜBSAAMEN (1857-1919) started his gall midge studies in Germany. He worked at first at Weidenau-ander Siegen (Westfalen), and from 1891 he worked at the Museum of Natural Sciences in Berlin. At first, the relations between KIEFFER and RÜBSAAMEN were very friendly, which was expressed in the fact that RÜBSAAMEN (1891) described the species Dasineura kiefferiana in the honour of J. J. KIEFFER, and KIEFFER (1894 e) established a new genus Ruebsaamenia to the honor of E. H. RÜBSAAMEN (at present, this genus is considered to be a synonym of the genus Asynapta). Several years later rivalry between KIEFFER and RÜBSAAMEN developed which changed into discord lasting up to the end of their lives. KIEFFER´s paper published in 1897 "Meine Anwort an den Herrn Zeichenlehrer Rübsaamen und an den Herrn Docenten Dr. F. KARSCH nebst Beschreibung neuer Gallmücken“ is the peak of rivalry between the two scientists. KIEFFER pointed out to that RÜBSAAMEN was not a good observer of morphological characters of gall midges. On the other hand, RÜBSAAMEN criticized KIEFFER for his short, insufficient descriptions of gall midge species often based on the shape of galls only and for establishing many new genera without giving their diagnoses and for many unnecessary taxonomical changes. During his scientific activity, Kieffer found about 240 gall midge species (new species and known species recorded for the first time) in the area of Lorraine. Since 1901, KIEFFER devoted his attention to the study of gall midges occurring in other areas of the world. He described new gall midge species and genera from several extra-European countries, viz. in 1901 from Algeria, in 1905 from Bengal, in 1908 from Asia, in 1909 from Java, in 1911 from the Seychelles Islands, in 1911 from Chile and in 1912 from South Africa, East Africa and Cameroon. During the 1896-1913 period, KIEFFER published his frameworks which were devoted to gall midges, viz. Synopse des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie (KIEFFER 1898 c) ; Suite à la Synopse des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie (KIEFFER 1901a) ; Zoocécidies d´Europe (KIEFFER 1896-1900), Synopsis des Zoocécidies d´Europe (KIEFFER 1901c) ; Contributions à la connaissance des insectes gallicoles (KIEFFER 1909) and the comprehensive book Family Cecidomyidae in WYTSMANN´s "Genera Insectorum“ (KIEFFER 1913) including 2500 species in 340 genera described from all over the world. Before he published the last mentioned book, KIEFFER (1909) gave scientific names to 170 gall midge species the galls of which were described by previous authors ; descriptions are very short, insufficient, usually with only one or two lines, and are based mainly on the shape of the gall on the host plant species and on the colour of the larva. The most interesting work is his Monographie des
6
Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie (KIEFFER 1900) where he summarized the knowledge on gall midges up to that time. KIEFFER may be included among the most important French and European researchers specialized in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is admirable all that he was able to do. He described more than 320 gall midge species and established many new genera occurring in France and many gall midge species and genera from other countries of the world. It is to be regretted that part of species he described were very insufficiently written out according to their larval stage or even on the shape of the gall only. In agreement with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th edition, 2000) the names of species described before 1931, based only on the "work of an animal“ (in our case, gall), or on immature stages, are accepted as valid names with their original author and date. KIEFFER´s collection is considered as being lost. Several subsequent researchers from various countries tried to find the KIEFFER´s collection of insects at Bitch without any success, viz. F. W. EDWARDS from UK, E. MÖHN from Germany and R. GAGNE from the USA. We think there may be a chance to find this collection (or a part of it) in the Episcopal School at Montigny or in La Grange at Thionville, or in one of KIEFFER’S friends’ communes who helped KIEFFER in his faunistic researchers, for example at Bulay, in Thionville or at the College in Moulins where his good friend, Abbé PIERRE, worked and lived. C. HOUARD (1873-1943), the excellent French botanist and cecidologist, has the same importance for the studies of the galls of animal and plant origin as J. J. KIEFFER had for the gall midge studies. He was interested not only in galls of France, but also in galls of Europe, North Africa and other countries of the world. He started his scientific career in 1890, as Professor DAGUILLON’S botanic assistant and then he began to work with Prof. GIARD. In his laboratory he met his future friend and collaborator G. DARBOUX. DARBOUX and HOUARD (1901) published the "Catalogue systématique des Zoocécidies de l´Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen“ which had 544 pages. This work was later complemented by many new data and published by HOUARD (1908-1909) as two-volumes book "Les Zoocécidies des Plantes d´Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée“. It is a fundamental work of cecidology of Europe even nowadays. This work includes 6200 gall-causing species with brief descriptions of the shape of galls, data on distribution, excellent illustrations and rich bibliography. Each gall is assigned with a number which is used by contemporary specialists. It enables us to compare and determine galls. G. DARBOUX’ excellent drawings of galls required a lot of work too. HOUARD got his Ph. D. in 1903 and became a professor in 1913. From 1916 to 1919 he worked as Director of the Institute of Botany and of the Botanical Garden in Caen. From 1919 to 1934 he was Head of the Chair of Botany and of the Institute of Botany at Strasbourg. HOUARD elaborated successively several collections of galls of french collectors from : G. MAYR, J. FAIRMAIRE, P. MARCHAL, E. LEMÉE, M. CORNU and of A. GIRAUD. Later he gathered galls from Africa, Indonesia, India, North and South America. According to GADEAU DE KERVILLE, HOUARD acquired the title "Prince of Cecidologists“ thanks to his extensive and astounding cecidological activities
7
Several gall midge genera and species were named in the honour of researchers who studied galls and gall midges in France, viz. the genera Kiefferia and Kiefferiola after Abbé J. J. KIEFFER, the genus Houardiella after C. HOUARD, the genus Mayetiola after Prof. V. MAYET from Montpellier, Harmandiola after Abbé HARMAND, a teacher at La Malgrange, Putoniella after Dr. A. PUTON from Remiremont, Janetia after M. Ch. JANET from Beauvais, Nouryodiplosis (now correctly Ametrodiplosis) after E. NOURY from Buchy. Similarly the following species were named to the honour mainly of the collectors of gall midge materials, viz. Stefaniola houardi after C. HOUARD, Lestodiplosis frireni and Planetella frireni after abbé FRIREN, J.J. KIEFFER’S teacher in the episcopal College at Montigny, Zeuxidiplosis giardi after Prof. A. GIARD, Janetiella lemeei after E. LEMÉE, Dasineura fairmairei after M. L. FAIRMAIRE, Macrolabis marteli after V. MARTEL and Rabdophaga pierrei and Rabdophaga pierreana after Abbé PIERRE from Moulins. In the 20th century research on gall midges developed in four directions : studies of morphology and biology ; faunistic research; studies on anatomy, histology and ultrastucture of gall midge galls ; studies on gall midges injurious to agriculture and forestry. Studies on morphology, biology and descriptions of new species Only few new gall midge species were described at the time. GOURY and GUIGNON (1905) described Loewiola serratulae, LOISELLE (1912) Perrisia spireae, MESNIL (1934) Phytophaga mimeuri, HUBAULT (1945) Agevillea abietis, COUTIN and RAMBIER (1955) Contarinia pruniflorum, COUTIN (2000) Lasioptera agrostidis and a year later (COUTIN 2001) Lasioptera donacis. BAYLAC (1988 b) established a new genus Tessaradiplosis for the species Cecidomyia entomophila. The biology of gall midges Rhopalomyia millefolii and R. tanaceticola was studied by DAGUILLON (1905, 1907). MOLLIARD (1926) described the dimorphism of galls of Mikiola fagi, RAYMOND (1928) and COUDERC (1933) studied the biology and ethology of Dasineura affinis. LEGER (1936) contributed to the knowledge of Rhopalomyia millefolii, BESSON (1958) to that of Janetiola oenophila. COULON and COUTIN (1963) wrote about the relations between Dasineura brassicae and Ceutorhynchus assimilis. Several researchers recorded gall midge species for the first time in France. VAYSSIÉRE (1928) recorded Contarinia viticola, d´AGUILAR (1946) Giraudiella inclusa. BAYLAC (1980) started his studies with Cryptococcus fagi (Homoptera, Coccoidea) and its predators. Later he tried to solve the problem of speciescomplex of the genus Lestodiplosis by various means of analyses and published results in several papers (BAYLAC 1982, 1985, 1986 a,b, 1987 a,b, 1988a, 1989). DAUPHIN (1996) redescribed the gall of Dasineura dioicae. Faunistic researches Advancement of faunistic investigations in various parts of France in the first half of 20th century was stimulated above all by the scientific activities of C. HOUARD, by his enthusiasm for cecidology. Important for future development of cecidological investigations was his book for indentification of galls (HOUARD 1908-1909) and also the possibility to publish results of investigations in the
8
specialized cecidological journal Marcellia which was founded by Italian entomologist A. TROTTER in 1902. From 1901 to 1938 many papers on occurrence of galls in various parts of France were published. All research activities came to a stop at the beginning of the second world war and new activities to be resumed afterwards. DARBOUX (1902) reported occurrence of galls in the vicinity of Caissargues and Nimes in southern France, LOISELLE (1901, 1903) of galls in the vicinity of Lisieux in Normandy. MARCHAL and CHÂTEAU (1903, 1905), both teachers, the first in Creusot and the second in Antuly, recorded occurrence of galls in the department Saône-et-Loire. MASSALONGO (1906,1908) and CAZIOT (1914) recorded several galls at Nice in southern France. LAMBERTIE (1911, 1921) recorded several galls in environs of Bordeaux in south-western part of France. C. HOUARD collected galls in several parts of France and identified and elaborated galls gathered by other collectors. He collected galls in Brittany (HOUARD, 1905), in Normandy (HOUARD, 1913) and in other parts of France (HOUARD, 1902, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1925). He identified galls from different parts of France which were collected by various other researchers : the collection of galls gathered by Dr. FAIRMAIRE (HOUARD, 1912) ; the collection of P. MARCHAL (HOUARD, 1913); the collection of E. LEMÉE, the landscapegardener and the author of the book "Les ennemis des Plantes“ (HOUARD, 1915) ; the collection of A.GIRAUD (HOUARD, 1918) ; collection of galls of M.CORNU (HOUARD, 1920) ; and his own collection of galls (HOUARD, 1921). All these collections of galls are deposited in the Museum d´Histoire Naturelle in Paris. J. COTTE, the professor of the Faculty of Sciences in Marseilles, is the most important researcher who carried out cecidological studies in south-eastern France. He started his investigations on galls at Clermont (COTTE, 1909). Then he collected galls in Provence (COTTE, 1912, 1917, 1922), in Basses-Alpes (COTTE, 1915), at Castillon (COTTE, 1916), in Alpes-Maritimes (COTTE, 1924) and at Porquerolles (COTTE, 1933). More than 170 gall midges galls were found in this part of France. SALGUES (1934) considered the south-eastern part of France as one of the best-known region of France. BONNE (1929-1930) in her paper reported occurrence of galls of various causers in the Jardin Botanique du Lautaret in Hautes-Alpes where she worked for several years. CHRISTMANN (1934 a), the researcher in the Institute of Botany in Strasbourg, published results of his investigations of occurrence of galls in Alsace, mainly from the neighbourood of Strasbourg. TAVARES (1930) collected galls during his stay near Clermont-Ferrand in the centre of France, VERRIER (1933) in the Puy-de-Dôme in the Massif Central. NOURY (1921,1925, 1926, 1929, 1936, 1937) in his contributions reported the occurrence of galls in Savoy Alps and in Normandy. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (1936) carried out his studies (started in 1885) of the occurrence of galls in the region of Hautes-Pyrénées. GUFFROY (1938) recorded the occurrence of galls in environments of Paris. After the Second World War MEYER (1950) published an article about the occurrence of several new galls of the neighbourhood of Strasbourg, LAMBINON
9
(1960) of Ardennes and NOURY (1956) of Haute-Normandie. After a long pause of about 30 years the results of new investigations of gall-occurence appeared. DAUPHIN (1986,1988, 1993) reported on the occurrence of galls in the region of Bordeaux and in Gironde, ANTONY (1989-1997) in the region of Haute-Saône, GARRIQUE (1994, 1996) in two Natural Reserves in the region of PyrénéesOrientales near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. SKUHRAVA and SKUHRAVY (2004a,b) contributed to faunistic research in the region of Hautes-Alpes and in central part of France and BÉGUINOT (1997-2005) in several other parts of France. DAUPHIN and ANIOTSBÉHÈRE (1993, 1997) published a comprehensive book "Les Galles de France“ including an identification key for galls. It brings a praiseworthy overview of galls in France at a time when the HOUARD’S book (1908-1909) are out of print. In the map (Fig.2) there are shown localities or areas where faunistic researches of gall midges were carried out in the territory of France by various researchers during about 200 years from 1817 till present (2004). Studies on anatomy and histology of galls H. J. MARESQUELLE (1898 - 1977), after the death of C. HOUARD in 1943, got the Head of the Institute of Botany in Strasbourg. He carried on the tradition of HOUARD’S scientific work. Researchers were encouraged to the study anatomy, histology, physiology and gall-ultrastructure. Jean MEYER, the collaborator of H. J. MARESQUELLE, started his cytological studies on galls of Dasineura urticae (MEYER, 1941). He published many papers and taught many students. J. MEYER created a team of scientific workers who were interested in cytological, histochemical and anatomical studies of galls. He is the founder of the school of cytological and anatomical cecidology in France. Many cecidological, histochemical and cytogenetical studies were carried out on the galls of gall midges (as for example BRONNER, 1969 ; BRONNER and MEYER 1972, 1976 ; JAUFRET,1970 and JAUFRET et al.,1970). MEYER and MARESQUELLE (1983) in their book summarized knowledge about the anatomy of galls of various gall-making insects and mites. Later, MEYER (1987) summarized the knowledge about galls and their inducers. ROHFRITSCH (1967, 1971) started her studies on gall midges with the morphogenetic analysis of galls ; later, ROHFRITSCH (1992, 1997) studied the development and relationship between the gall midge species Lasioptera arundinis and a fungus which accompanies it in the galls on Phragmites australis. SHORTHOUSE and ROHFRITSCH (1992) in the book "Biology of Insect Galls“ gave a useful overview of the whole modern cecidology. Research on the economic important gall midge species Studies on gall midges injurious to agriculture and forestry started at the end of the 19th century and continued in the 20th century mainly in the period after the Second World War when several gall midge species injuring cultural plants appeared as pests in several areas of France. Researchers have studied the biology of gall midge species as well as the way to fight them. The
10
main personality of that time was Paul MARCHAL, the Head of the Institut des Recherches Agronomiques in Paris. Investigations on insects injuring cultivated plants carried out at stations in various departments, in Bordeaux, Lyons, Roune, Montargis and Menton (MARCHAL, 1927). R. COUTIN worked at the Station Centrale de Zoologie Agricole in Versailles. He started his studies in 1947 with research about the control of Contarinia pyrivora (GRISON and COUTIN, 1947) and so far present he published more than 30 papers devoted to gall midges injuring various agricultural plants. PUSSARD (1953, 1957), AUDEMARD (1957) and GUENNELON and AUDEMARD (1957) studied the biology of Resseliella lavandulae, d´AGUILAR et al. (1956) Apiomyia bergenstammi, BESSON (1958) Janetiella oenophila, FERRON (1964) and STREBLER (1977 a,b) the biology and parasitoids of Contarinia medicaginis, d´AGUILAR and COUTIN (1967) and MINSSEN and PACQUETEAU (1969) Contarinia lentis, VALLOTON (1969) the biology of Contarinia pisi, CHAMBON et al. (1976) gall midges on cereals. ROQUES (1976) started his studies dealing with the biology of Diptera occurring in forest trees and published results in several papers (ROQUES 1977, 1983, 1993). DORMONT et al. (1996) reported on mortality factors limiting the natural regeneration potential of Pinus cembra. MORELET (1979) and MATHIEU (1994) studied the problem of necroses on trunks of oak trees. France as the area of investigations on gall midges France is a large country with an area of 547 026 km2 in western Europe between the river Rhine in the east and the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay in the west, bordered by Luxembourg and Belgium in the north, by the Pyrenean range and the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Alps in the east. The watershed between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea is situated approximately in the line Vosges, Langres, Côte-d´Or, Cévennes, Montagne Noire. It divides the territory of France into two different parts : westwards from this line the old Hercynian Mountain System spread. It includes the areas of Ardennes, Vosges, Massif Central and Armorique. East of the latter are to be found young ranges : that is the Alps, Jura and the Pyrénées in the south. In the Alps is the highest peak of France Mont Blanc, 4810 m a.s.l. More than one-third of the land is suitable for agriculture. Forests cover approximately one-fourth of the land. Oak and Beech predominate in the north, Pine, Birch and Poplar occur in the central areas and Olive and Fig trees in the south. According to the map of natural vegetation (NOIRFALISE 1987), the territory of France may be divided into the following main zones. In the northern part a large area of Anglo-Norman beechwoods spreads from the Atlantic Ocean as far as Paris. The north-eastern part, the Lorraine, belongs to the Mesotrophic beechwoods and the Oak-Hornbeam woods. Large areas spread southward are the Submontainous-oakwoods and Atlantic beechwoods of the Massif Central. Alpine fir tree forests are situated at the borders with Switzerland and Italy. The southernmost part of France is covered with the Aquitanian
11
oakwoods and the southern part with Provencal oakwoods with Quercus ilex, in the highlands with Quercus ilex and Quercus humilis (= Q. pubescens). From the biogeographical point of view, UDVARDY (1975) divides the territory of France into two biogeographical provinces, viz. the Atlantic Province in the west and the Province of Central European Highlands in the east. Evaluation of results Number of species forming the present fauna The present fauna of gall midges of France includes 668 species the main part of which, 581 species (87 %), belong to the subfamily Cecidomyiinae, 54 species (8 %) to the subfamily Porricondylinae and 33 species (5 %) to the subfamily Lestremiinae. The biology of most species of the subfamily Cecidomyiinae is well known, whereas the biology of species of the remaining two subfamilies is little known or completely unknown – most species were caught as adults in nature and their larval stages are not known. The subfamily Cecidomyiinae is formed predominantly of phytophagous species (85 %). It includes many species which are associated with host plants inducing galls on their organs and inquilines which live in galls caused by other insects. Two other biological groups are not so rich : about 8 % are zoophagous and 2 % mycophagous species. Larvae of zoophagous species attack small larvae of other gall midge species (most species of the genus Lestodiplosis), aphids (species of the genus Aphidoletes) and mites (species of the genus Arthrocnodax and Feltiella). Larvae of mycophagous species are associated with rusts (species of the genus Mycodiplosis) and fungi (Camptodiplosis boleti, Mycocecis ovalis), or develop in decaying plant matter such as larvae of Clinodiplosis cilicrus. The biology of about 30 species (5 %) is completely unknown ; they were caught as adults in nature and their larvae are unknown. We must emphasize again the enormous contribution of J. J. KIEFFER to the knowledge of gall midges of France. KIEFFER described 320 gall midge species of the family Cecidomyiidae, i. e. nearly one half of the species known to occur in France. The fauna of France including 668 species may be evaluated as very rich. France ranks second of gall midge species richness in Europe. Germany with 836 gall midge species ranks first (MEYER and JASCHHOF 1999), British Isles with 620 gall midge species come third (CHANDLER 1998), Czech and Slovak Republics with 538 species come fourth (SKUHRAVÁ 1997). The comparison is also interesting with gall midge species numbers of countries adjacent to France. 229 species are known from Spain (SKUHRAVÁ et al. 2002), 406 species from Italy (SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY1994, 2003, 2004 ; SKUHRAVÁ et al. 2001, 2002), 237 species from Switzerland (SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY 1997) and 140 species from Belgium (GOSSERIES, 1991). No gall midge species is known to occur in Luxembourg.
12
Occurrence of gall midges in French departments In the territory of France no systematic faunistic investigations of gall midges have been made. Data on gall midge occurrence are distributed very unequally over the territory of France as it is shown in the Fig. 2. Also numbers of gall midge species found by individual researcher differs sometimes substantially. Black circles of various size in the Fig. 3 indicate various numbers of gall midge species collected by individual researchers in French departments in period 1890 - 2004. It is connected with the fact that each researcher usually collects galls in areas surrounding his home or his workplace. Only few researchers left their home areas and go to other places with the aim to collect galls in new distant areas. We have analysed data where the particular researcher carried out his investigations and how many gall midge species have been found during his research. Places of research are distributed very unevenly over the territory of France. In the map (Fig. 2) we show in black circles of various size the total numbers of gall midge species found by one researcher in a particular locality (or area) which have been published either in one or in several papers. The following areas belong to the most explored areas of France : the northern part of France from Normandy to Belgium ; Lorraine (the area of investigation of J. J. KIEFFER) ; Alsace, Saône-et-Loire, Savoy, Hautes-Alpes, Basses-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes and Provence, the costal region of southern France and Gironde. Some areas remain unexplored up to now and we hope that investigations carried out there will bring new, interesting results. The high gall midge species number and the high level of gall midges knowledge in France is connected with several facts. First of all, with the extraordinary, enormous scientific activities of Abbé J. J. KIEFFER who discovered and described a large number of gall midges and their galls ; with the scientific activities and personal approach of C. HOUARD to the problem and study of galls and the importance of his book Les zoocécidies des Plantes d´Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée, published in 1908-1909, for the subsequent development of gall studies not only in France but in the whole of Europe. He set an example by collecting galls everywhere, even on the battlefields of the First World War, which stimulated young people to follow him. Very important was also the fact that it was possible to publish results of investigations on galls and their causers in a special cecidological journal Marcellia which was founded by A. TROTTER, HOUARD´s contemporary and his good friend, in Padova (Italy) in 1902. The gall midge species richness in France is also connected with the fact that the territory is formed of interesting types of landscape including changing geographical zones from areas along the coast at sea level up to the highest mountains in the Alps ; most of altitudinal zones are covered with a rich vegetation and is inhabited by a rich fauna. Frequency of occurrence The frequency of gall midge species occurring in France is evaluated according to the number, or numbers, of localities at which the particular species have been found. The method of evaluation of frequency is outlined in
13
the article of SKUHRAVÁ (1994a). We have counted numbers of localities for each species at which it has been found in the whole territory of France and then we arranged all gall midge species into six frequency groups. The type of frequency is given for each species in the annotated list. The first frequency group comprises about 340 gall midge species (51 % of all species found) which occur in France very scarce. Each species have been found only once, that is at only one locality. Many of them were described by KIEFFER (1909) and subsequently they have never been found, as for example Contarinia asperulae and Dasineura pirolae. In this group there belong about 250 species of the subfamily Cecidomyiinae and nearly all species of the subfamily Lestremiinae and Porricondylinae. In the second frequency group there belong about 130 species (19 %) which occur in France scarce. Each of them has been found at 2 and 3 localities, as for example Asphondylia cytisi, Contarinia aconitifloris and C. martagonis. In the third frequency group there are about 85 species (13 %) which occur in France medium frequent. Each of them has been found at 4, 5 or 6 localities, as for example Acodiplosis inulae, Contarinia melanocera, Dasineura spadicea and Semudobia betulae. In the fourth frequency group it belongs 56 species (8 %), which occur in France frequent. Each of them have been found at 7, 8, 9,10 or 11 localities. For example, Asphondylia verbasci, Contarinia craccae, Gephyraulus raphanistri and Rhopalomyia tanaceticola. In the fifth frequency group there are 53 species (8 %) which occur in France very frequent, each of them has been found at 12 to 24 localities, as for example Asphondylia sarothamni, Craneiobia corni, Dasineura crataegi, D. populeti, D. urticae, Geocrypta galii, Hartigiola annulipes, Lasioptera eryngii, Oligotrophus juniperinus, Putoniella pruni, Sackenomyia reaumurii, Spurgia capitigena, Taxomyia taxi, Zeuxidiplosis giardi and Zygiobia carpini. In the sixth frequency group there belong six gall midge species each of them was found in France at more than 24 localities. The following are the most frequent species in France : Dasineura affinis causing galls on leaves of Viola sp. (see Plate III. Fig. 10) ; Iteomyia capreae on leaves of Salix caprea and related species (see Plate V : Fig. 18) ; Jaapiella veronicae on vegetative tips of Veronica chamaedrys (see Plate V. Fig. 28) ; Macrodiplosis dryobia on leaf margins of Quercus robur and related species (see Plate VI : Fig. 9) ; Mikiola fagi on leaves of Fagus sylvatica (see Plate VI : Fig. 23) ; Wachtliella rosarum on leaflets of Rosa canina and related species (see Plate VIII : Fig. 12). Vertical occurrence There are only few data about the occurrence of gall midges in the Alpine zones of France. BONNE (1929-1930), COUTIN (1983, 1993) and SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY (2004) contributed to the knowledge of such gall midges in HautesAlpes and GADEAU DE KERVILLE (1936) to the knowledge of species in the Pyrénées. Eight gall midge species were found in the Alpine zone of Pyrénées
14
at altitudes of 1700-2100 m : Oligotrophus juniperinus, Dasineura populeti, Lasioptera populnea, Mikiola fagi, Hartigiola annulipes, Dasineura urticae, Hygrodiplosis vaccinii and Jaapiella veronicae. SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY (2004a) gave 23 species occurring at the altitude of 2000 m a.s.l. in Hautes Alpes and four species which were found at the altitude of 2058 m a.s.l., viz. Dasineura viciae, Geocrypta galii, Rabdophaga rosaria and Contarinia aconitifloris. Gall midges as members of zoogeographical units of the Palaearctic Region Gall midge species found in France may be divided, according to their overall distribution, into several groups : European, Euro-Siberian, Euro-Asian, Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Holarctic and cosmopolitan. About 500 species (75 %) belong to European species. Their centre of origin and distribution can be found in Europe. Their distribution areas may range from very small to large. In this group there also belong all species found and described by J. J. KIEFFER which have not been found anywhere else. Typical representatives of European species with large distribution areas are Mikiola fagi and Hartigiola annulipes associated with Fagus sylvatica, Macrodiplosis dryobia and M. volvens with Quercus robur and Zygiobia carpini with Carpinus betulus. In France, these species are distributed equally over the whole territory. Some European species occurring in areas along the Atlantic Ocean coast are designated as species with a subatlantic type of distribution, as for example gall midges Asphondylia sarothamni and Dasineura tubicola associated with Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius, Dasineura gallica and Asphondylia ulicis associated with Ulex euroapeus. About 85 species (13 %) may be regarded as Euro-Siberian. They occur in Europe, extend at least to West Siberia and some species reach up to the most eastern part of the Palaearctic Region. Typical representatives of Euro-Siberian species occurring in France are Harmandiola cavernosa associated with Populus tremula, Lasioptera rubi with Rubus spp. and Iteomyia capreae with Salix sp. Kochiomyia kochiae on Kochia prostrata is the only representative of Pontic-Pannonian elements occurring in France. It was found at several localities along the coast of the Black Sea and in Hungary (SKUHRAVÁ et al. 1991, SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY 1999). Etsuhoa sabinae on Juniperus sabina and Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis on Ephedra distachya are Euro-Asian species with a disjunct type of distribution occurring very rare in several localities in Europe and at several localities in western Asia. About 65 species (10 %) may be considered to be Mediterranean or subMediterranean. The true Mediterranean species are associated with Mediterranean host-plant species and occur in areas along the coast or near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Sub-Mediterranean species have wider distribution areas and may reach up to Central Europe which is the usually northermost limit of their distribution area, as for example Apiomyia
15
bergenstammi associated with Pyrus communis, Asphondylia verbasci with Verbascum spp. The following species are typical representatives of Mediterranean fauna : Contarinia ilicis, C. luteola, Dryomyia lichtensteini and Blastodiplosis cocciferae associated with Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera and Q. suber, Braueriella phillyreae and Probruggmanniella phillyreae with Phillyrea angustifolia, Dasineura ericaescopariae and Myricomyia mediterranea associated with Erica scoparia and E. arborea, D. turionum with Asparagus acutifolius, Stefaniella trinacriae with Atriplex halimus, five species of the genus Psectrosema associated with host-plants of the genus Tamarix and seven species of the genus Asphondylia, viz. A. rosmarini associated with Rosmarinus officinalis, A. borzi with Rhamnus alaternus, A. calycotomae with Calicotome spinosa, A. coronillae with Coronilla emerus and C. minima, A. scrophulariae with Scrophularis canina, A. stefanii with Diplotaxis tenuifolia, A. trabutii with Solanum nigrum. Mediterranean gall midge species form nearly 8090 % of all gall midges on the islands of the southern French coast ; and about 15 % in the region of the Massane area in the Pyrenees. About 15 species (2 %) have Holarctic distribution occurring in Europe and in North America. Most of them are species of European origin which have been transported to North America with agricultural or forest materials. Of them, Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana and Mayetiola destructor associated with cereals, Contarinia pyrivora, Dasineura mali and Dasineura pyri associated with fruit trees and Monarthropalpus flavus developing on ornamental shrub Buxus sempervirens are primarily European species which were transported to North America and at present seem to have a Holarctic type of distribution. Some of them were imported into other zoogeographical regions and have today have a cosmopolitan type of distribution. True Holarctic species are members of the phylogenetical old subfamilies Porricondylinae and Lestremiinae. On the other hand, six species which are native in other zoogeographical regions, were imported to Europe and some of them occur in France. The following gall midge species are such immigrants found in France : Janetiela siskiyou developing on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Dasineura gleditchiae on Gleditsia triacanthos from North America, Clinodiplosis cattleyae on Cattleya sp. and Asphondylia buddleia on Buddleia variabilis from Central and South America, Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi associated with cultivated Chrysanthemum plants from Asia. Stenodiplosis sorghicola is a subtropical and tropical gall midge species which was imported to France with its host plant, Sorghum sp. Four gall midge species occurring in France and native to Europe were introduced as agents for biological control in other zoogeographical regions, viz. Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cystiphora schmidti, Feltiella acarisuga and Spurgia capitigena. Comparison of species number of large genera The differences between the southern and northern part of France can be shown by the comparison of the number of Mediterranean species occurring from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic Ocean in the north. In the coastal
16
part of France ten species of the genus Asphondylia belong to Mediterranean species. In the southern half of France they make up about 17 % of all gall midges. Northward and north-eastward the number of Mediterranean species decreases and the number of European species of the genus Asphondylia increases. In northern France and in Normandy only three species of the genus Asphondylia occur (Plate I, Figs 12-26). The species number of the genus Contarinia forms 8 to 9 % of all gall midge species occurring in Gironde and in Provence, 16 % in the Pyrenees, 14 % in northern France and 13 % in the Alps. The highest species number was found in central and north-eastern France where it reaches 20 and 22 % (Plate II, Fig 2- Plate III, Fig. 5). The species number of the genus Dasineura is nearly the same in all parts of France, viz. 30 % in the Pyrénées, 32 % in Gironde, 30 % in Provence, 34 % in the Massif Central, 30 % in northern France and 34 % in north-eastern France (Plate III, Fig. 8 - Plate V, Fig. 2). The species of the genus Harmandiola and three other species living on Populus tremula occur nearly everywhere in France except in the Mediterranean region (Plate V, Fig. 12-14). The species number of the genus Jaapiella amounts to 5 % in the Mediterranean region, 2 - 3 % in Gironde and 2 -3 % in northern France and 78 % in mid-eastern and north-eastern France (Plate V, Figs 19-29). The species number of the genus Macrolabis amounts to 2 % in the southern, south-western France and in the Massif Central and 6-8 % in northeastern France (Plate VI, Figs 11-16). The high species number of genera Contarinia, Dasineura and Rabdophaga gives evidence that species of European and Eurosiberian origin predominate in France. On the other hand, species of the genus Asphondylia, Stefaniella and Psectrosema predominate in southern France. Economic importance Out of 668 gall midge species found in France about fourty had in the past or have in the present some importance in agriculture and forestry. The designation of species as agricultural or forest pests is based on references to their harmfulness in the applied entomological literature. Agricultural pests damage or destroy cultivated plants growing in fields and greenhouses and injure roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, degrade the quality and quantity of plants and cause loss of assimilating surfaces, damage seedlings and cause reduction or loss of yield (DARVAS et al., 2000). Gall midge species are arranged in this chapter according to the agricultural groups and their occurrence is shown in maps (Figs 4-7). Cereal crops (Fig. 4) Mayetiola destructor developing on the lower part of stems of Triticum vulgare was the main harmful agent in Vendée and neighbouring departments (MARCHAL 1896, BROCQ-ROUSEU and GAIN 1910), and in Vienne (COUTIN 1968). Mayetiola avenae which causes similar damage on Avena sativa was
17
noxious in Vendée (MARCHAL 1896). Larvae of Contarinia tritici and Sitodiplosis mosellana develop in ears of wheat and sometimes occur together, sometimes the first or the second species predominates. Their occurrence was high in the late 19th century namely in Tarn, Normandie, Yonne and in the region of Picardie (GÉHIN 1857). GÉHIN described his species as "mosellana“ after material during its heavy occurrence in Moselle. Both species caused high losses in Eure, Loiret and Yvelines in 1968 (COUTIN 1968) and later in Alsace (CHAMBON et al. 1976). In 1956 Stenodiplosis (Contarinia) sorghicola whose larvae cause damage to ears of Sorghum sp. in subtropical and tropical regions was discovered in Vaucluse in southern France (COUTIN 1970). It was probably imported in France from subtropical parts of Europe. Vegetable and fodder crops (Fig. 5) Three gall midge species associated with lucerne occurred as pests in the past. Contarinia medicaginis damaging flower buds of lucerne appeared in large amounts in the vicinity of Paris (FERRON 1964, STREBLER 1977) and in Eure-et-Loir and Hérault in southern France (COUTIN 1962). Dasineura medicaginis (= D. ignorata) damaging leaf buds occurred in 1953 in departments Yvelines and Hérault and Asphondylia miki damaging pods at Yvelines (COUTIN 1962). Contarinia lentis appeared as serious pest on lentil in departments Loir-et-Cher (Minssen and Pasqueteau, 1969) and in Cher, Loireet-Cher and Marne (COUTIN, 1965, 1969, 1977). Contarinia pisi was reported as a pest to Pea in Nord and Pas-de-Calais (VALLOTON 1969). Contarinia nasturtii causing several types of damage on cultivated forms of Brassica was recorded as a harmful agens at Saint-Omer and in Seine-Maritime (MESNIL 1938), Pas-de-Calais and Yvelines (COUTIN and OLART 1951). Dasineura brassicae developing in siliquas of cultivated forms of Brassica and causing loss of seed harvest occurred in central and southern France (COUTIN 1961, COUTIN and RIOM 1970). Fruit shrubs and trees (Fig. 6) Three gall midge species occurred as pests on pear trees : Contarinia pyrivora in Central France (MARCHAL,1907) and in Yvelines (GRISON, COUTIN,1947) ; Dasineura pyri occurred in Yvelines in 1988 and 1993 ; Apiomyia bergenstammi in Bouches-du-Rhône (d´AGUILAR et al.,1956, COUTIN 1994). COUTIN and RAMBIER (1955) discovered a new gall midge species Contarinia pruniflorum whose larvae develop in the flower buds of Prunus spinosa and P. mahaleb. It occurred in Vers (Gard), Yvelines and Orne. Dasineura tetensi causing twisted leaves on terminal shoots of Ribes nigrum and R. grossularia occurred in Ille-et-Vilaine (COUTIN and MISSONIER,1964). Resseliella theobaldi damaging the bark of Rubus idaeus was observed in Yvelines (GRILL, OSTERMANN, 1976), Resseliella oculiperda damaging bud grafts and the stock of roses trees and fruit trees in Gironde and Hérault (COUTIN 1974). Two gall midge species occurred on Vitis vinifera. Contarinia viticola causing swollen flower buds was observed in Champane (VAYSSIÉRE 1928). Janetiella oenophila causing pustule galls on leaves was abundant in 19th century in Tarn, Lyon, Saône-et-Loire, Marne and then disappeared (DERESSE and PERRAUD,1891, TRUCHOT 1900, BESSON 1958).
18
Ornamental plants, shrubs and other herbs (Fig. 6) Damage of Dasineura affinis causing rolled leaves of Viola sp. was observed in Central France, Antibes, Toulon, Yvelines (PICARD, 1919 ; RAYMOND 1928 ; COUDERC 1933). Contarinia quinquenotata developing in flower buds which dry prematurely occurred in Yvelines (COUTIN, 1987). Monarthropalpus flavus causing blister-like galls on leaves of Buxus sempervirens occurred abundantly in the past (Plate VI : 24) and caused damage at some places (COUTIN, 1991). Larvae of Resseliella (Thomasiana) lavandulae causing injury to the bark of lavander were observed in Vaucluse (PUSSARD 1953 ; AUDEMARD 1957 ; GUENNELON and AUDEMARD (1958, 1963). Forest trees (Fig. 7) The significance of gall midges in forestry is usually not so high as it is in agriculture. Forest trees are long-living plants and their buds, after attack in a given year, burst again into new shoots, leaves, flowers and finally may produce fruits and seeds in the following year (SKUHRAVÁ and ROQUES 2000). The most harmful are larvae of those species which develop in seeds in the cones of coniferous trees. Several gall midge species which occurred in France in the past belong to the second degree of the four-degree scale evaluating the harmfulness on dominant trees in Eurasia (SKUHRAVY and SKUHRAVÁ 1996). The occurrence of those species does not lead to the death of the tree, it only causes diminution or restriction of the assimilation surface. Seven species are considered as pests of coniferous trees. Resseliella piceae developing in seeds of cones of Abies alba, Plemeliella abietina and Kaltenbachiola strobi in cones of Picea abies, Resseliella skuhravyorum in cones of Larix decidua and Cecidomyia pini in cones of Pinus cembra were found by ROQUES (1983) during his investigations of cone-inhabiting insects in several localities scattered in France. Some of them may cause injury to developing seeds (DORMONT et al. 1999). Paradiplosis abietis, described by HUBAULT (1945) as Agevillea abietis, developing in needles of Abies alba occurred locally as a pest in only one place, in Ageville in Haute-Marne ; its economical importance is low. Janetiella siskiyou developing in cones of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana introduced from North America was found in Versailles (COUTIN 1976) and several years later in many localities in southern part of France (ROQUES 1983). Five species may be counted as potential pests of broad-leaved trees. Mikiola fagi, Hartigiola annulipes on Fagus sylvatica (Plate VI : 23, V : 15) and Macrodiplosis dryobia and Macrodiplosis volvens (Plate VI : 9, 10) which belong to very frequent species in France were not reported as pests in applied entomological literature. Resseliella quercivora is the causer of cambium necroses (so called oak-cancer) on trunks of young oak trees of Quercus robur and Q. petraea. Larvae develop in fresh-wounded places in bark which were previously done mainly by the bird Dendrocopus major (Picidae, Aves). MORELET (1979) and MATHIEU (1994) found attacked and damaged oak trees in 15 departments of north-eastern France (without known what is the causer of the injury). Prof. K. DENGLER (in 2003, unpublished data) observed injury in
19
central and southern France and identified it as the injury caused by Resseliella quercivora. This species is the pest of young oak trees in France at present. Comments on some taxonomical problems Although France is on the second place in relation to the gall midge species richness in Europe, very much must be done in the future. Many species and genera described by KIEFFER were very insufficiently described. The situation is complicated by the fact that the collection of gall midges of J. J. KIEFFER is lost and the revisions based on his materials are, therefore, not possible. KIEFFER (1909) gave scientific names to 170 gall midge species the galls of which were described by previous authors. His descriptions are very short, usually are given in several words at only one or two lines and are based mainly on the shape of the gall on the host plant species and on the colour of the larval body. It would be necessary to find new material of these galls, as far as it would be possible at the same places where the galls were found in the past, and then carefully to process the material: to put galls, larvae and pupae in 75 % alcohol for future morphological studies and to rear adults from galls for redescriptions of these insufficiently described species. Similar complicated situation is also with the species of the genus Lestodiplosis. It is a large genus which involved 90 species in the Palaearctic Region (SKUHRAVÁ, 1986). Larvae of Lestodiplosis are zoophagous and prey on different host animals. Biology of some species remains unknown. Larvae prey on larvae of other gall midges, on beetles (scolityds), psyllids, butterflies, mites, or attack different insects living on rotten wood. Majority of them, 27 species, were described by BARNES, 21 species by KIEFFER, 9 by WINNERTZ, 8 by RÜBSAAMEN and remaining by other researchers. KIEFFER and his contemporaries have considered that each species of Lestodiplosis is specificly associated with its prey (one species of predator - one species of host). This conception was followed also by BARNES who later never returned to this problem. From France, 34 species were described of which 28 prey in larval stage on larvae of other gall midges, 2 on scolytids, 2 on psyllids and 2 species are associated with wood. BAYLAC (1988a) studied the problem of the species complex of the genus Lestodiplosis and came to an important conclusion that several Lestodiplosis species are morphological identical and that there does not occur so many species as they were desribed. It is to regret that he did not continue to solve this problem. It is necessary to elaborate a revision of this genus according to the morphological characters of each species including the study of variability of morphological characters and study of their host specifity including a transfer to another prey and using other biological experiments. Such comparative studies are in need also in other genera of all subfamilies of Cecidomyiidae. As for example, in the subfamily Porricondylinae SPUNGIS (1989) ranked several species of the genus Camptomyia among "nomina invalida“. Later SPUNGIS (1992) ranked all KIEFFER´s species of the genus Winnertzia to unidentificable species. PANELIUS (1965) wrote that the described shape of morphological characters together with KIEFFER´s pictures (if they exist) should make an identification of these species possible.
20
Many galls of undescribed gall midge species were recorded by various researchers in the territory of France. They are waiting for their discoverers. It is necessary to emphasize that the searching for new gall midge galls and for their causers is something as a detective story: nobody knows who is the causer. Solving these problems will bring many surprises for future researchers.
21
Gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) of France Les Cécidomyies de France
Marcela SKUHRAVÁ, Václav SKUHRAVY Bitovska 1227, CZ-140 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Patrick DAUPHIN 6, Place Amédée Larrieu, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
& Rémi COUTIN 20bis, rue Louis Hubert, F-78140 Vélizy, France
Résumé : La faune des Cécidomyies de France comprend actuellement 668 espèces, dont 581 (87 %) appartiennent à la sous-famille des Cecidomyiinae, 54 (8 %) à la sous-famille des Porricondylinae, et 33 (5 %) à la sous-famille des Lestremiinae. Les Cecidomyiinae sont essentiellement phytophages (85 %) et comprennent des espèces cécidogènes et des espèces inquilines, mais sont aussi des zoophages (8 %) et des mycophages (2 %). Les Porricondylinae et les Lestremiinae sont phytosaprophages et mycophages. Une liste annotée des espèces de Cécidomyies est donnée, ainsi que la répartition de chaque espèce (270 cartes figurent sur les planches I à VIII) et 215 photographies sur les planches IX à XXXII. La fréquence est évaluée en fonction du nombre de localités dans lesquelles une espèce a été trouvée : 340 espèces (51 %) se rencontrent très rarement en France, 130 espèces (19 %) rarement, 85 espèces (13 %) ont une fréquence moyenne, 56 espèces (8 %) sont fréquentes, 53 espèces (8 %) très fréquentes. Dasineura affinis sur Viola spp., Iteomyia capreae sur Salix caprea, Jaapiella veronicae sur Veronica chamaedrys, Macrodiplosis dryobia sur Quercus robur, Mikiola fagi sur Fagus sylvatica et Wachtliella rosarum sur Rosa canina sont les espèces françaises les plus fréquentes. En distribution altitudinale, 8 espèces se rencontrent dans la zone alpine des Pyrénées entre 1700 et 2100 m d’altitude, 23 espèces à 2000 m et 4 espèces à 2058 m dans les Hautes-Alpes. Du point de vue zoogéographique, 500 espèces (75 %) ont une distribution européenne et 85 espèces (13 %) eurosibérienne ; Kochiomyia kochae sur Kochia prostrata est le seul élément pannonienpontique rencontré en France ; Etsuhoa sabinae sur Juniperus sabina et Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis sur Ephedra distachya sont des eurasiatiques à distribution disjointe ; 65 espèces (10 %) sont méditerranéennes ou subméditerranéennes. 15 espèces ont une distribution holarctique ; la plupart sont d’origine européenne et transportées en Amérique du Nord avec des éléments agricoles ou forestiers. Janetiella siskiyou sur Chamaecyparis lawsoniana et Dasineura gleditchiae sur Gleditsia triacanthos sont d’origine nord-américaine, Clinodiplosis cattleyae sur Cattleya sp. et Asphondylia buddleia sur Buddleja variabilis viennent du centre et du sud de l’Amérique, Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi sur les Chrysanthèmes asiatiques cultivés, Stenodiplosis sorghicola sur Sorghum sp. des zones subtropicales et tropicales. Importance économique : 40 espèces ont ou ont eu une importance agricole ou forestière ; leur fréquence est indiquée sur la fig. 4-7. Resseliella quercivora est actuellement nuisible aux jeunes Chênes en France.
22
Dédicace Ce travail est dédié à la mémoire de l’Abbé J.J. KIEFFER (1857-1925) et du Prof. C. HOUARD (1873-1943) en raison de leur contribution considérable aux recherches sur les Cécidomyies et sur les galles en France, et au développement des études en Europe et dans le monde. Introduction Dans ce travail, nous présentons une vue d’ensemble et une évaluation critique de la fréquence et de la répartition des Cécidomyies (Diptera Cecidomyiidae) rencontrées en France depuis le début du XVIIIème siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui (2004). Cette synthèse est principalement basée sur les publications faunistiques et taxonomiques lorsqu’elles comportent des données de fréquence et de distribution, et sur les articles consacrés aux Cécidomyies d’importance agricole et forestière. Les études d’anatomie, d’histologie et de biochimie sans données biogéographiques ne sont pas prises en compte. Il s’agit de la première synthèse complète des connaissances sur les Cécidomyies françaises depuis l’époque de KIEFFER. Une synthèse partielle a été donnée par SKUHRAVA (1986) dans le "Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera", où 523 Cécidomyies sont signalées en France. Les Cécidomyies, formant la famille des Cecidomyiidae, sont généralement de très petites mouches, de 0,5 à 3 mm de long seulement, atteignant rarement 8 mm, et très fragiles.Elles ont de longues antennes, des ailes à nervation réduite relativement grandes et de longues pattes. Cette famille comprend 3 sous-familles, les Lestremiinae, Porricondylinae, et Cecidomyiinae. Les larves des deux premières sont le plus souvent mycophages ou saprophages, celles de la troisième sont essentiellement phytophages, parfois zoophages ou mycophages. Les larves des espèces phytophages forment des galles (cécidies) sur différents organes des planteshôtes (d’où leur nom anglais de "gall midges") ou vivent librement dans les tiges ou les organes floraux sans causer de galle (SKUHRAVA et al., 1984). La connaissance des faunes de Cécidomyies d’Europe est inégale. La France est un des pays les mieux connus à cause des travaux de nombreux chercheurs depuis le début du XIXème siècle, et surtout de l’œuvre scientifique de deux personnalités de premier plan, l’Abbé J.J. KIEFFER et le Prof. C. HOUARD. Les données des nombreux chercheurs des deux derniers siècles sont dispersées dans de nombreux articles et revues. C’est pourquoi nous avons entrepris de les rassembler afin d’établir la liste des espèces de Cécidomyies présentes en France. L’importance d’une telle liste est aussi de permettre de comparer la richesse de la faune des Cécidomyies de France avec celle des autres pays d’Europe où une telle synthèse existe, comme par exemple l’Allemagne ((SCHUMANN et al., 1999), le Royaume-Uni (CHANDLER, 1998), l’Italie (MINELLI et al., 1995), la Suisse (MERZ et al., 1998), les Républiques Tchèque et Slovaque (CHVÁLA, 1997), l’Espagne et le Portugal (CARLES-TOLRÁ, 2002). La faune des Cécidomyies de Corse fera l’objet d’un travail ultérieur.
23
Ce travail est divisé en plusieurs parties : la première est consacrée à la riche histoire des recherches sur les Cécidomyies de France depuis le XVIIIème siècle jusqu’à nos jours, et résume l’activité scientifique de 80 chercheurs qui ont contribué aux progrès de l’étude des Cécidomyies ; la seconde est une liste commentée des Cécidomyies connues en France ; dans la troisième partie, nous analysons les résultats du point de vue de la zoogéographie et de l’importance économique ; cette partie est suivie d’une bibliographie étendue concernant les Cécidomyies françaises. Note nomenclaturale : Dans le Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera SKUHRAVÁ (1986) donne le genre Rabdophaga WESTWOOD, 1847 (et non Rhabdophaga), comme synonyme du genre Dasineura RONDANI, 1840, en fonction des études morphométriques de SYLVÉN and CARLBÄCKER (1981). La question de cette synonymie fut discutée en détail par plusieurs spécialistes. Plus tard, SKUHRAVÁ (1997) supprima Rabdophaga en tant que synonyme, et rétablit les espèces inféodées aux Salix dans le genre Rabdophaga. Historique Dans l’ensemble, c’est dans l’Antiquité en Italie qu’a commencé la connaissance des galles. PLINE l’Ancien, qui vivait au Ier siècle après J.C., décrivit très brièvement dans sa "Naturalis Historia" les galles des feuilles de Hêtre qui furent bien plus tard, au XIXème siècle, reconnues comme causées par les larves de la Cécidomyie Mikiola fagi. Au XVIIème siècle, Marcello MALPIGHI, physicien et anatomiste italien, décrivit 9 galles de Cécidomyies sans les nommer. Il fut le premier à comprendre et à écrire que les galles sont causées par des Insectes. Les débuts des travaux cécidologiques en France se situent au XVIIIème siècle. En 1737, le naturaliste français R.A.F. de RÉAUMUR publia un important ouvrage en 3 volumes comprenant un chapitre dévolu aux galles : "Des galles des plantes et des arbres et des productions qui leur sont analogues ; des Insectes qui habitent ces galles et qui en occasionnent la formation et l´accroissement". Ce chapitre est accompagné de 14 planches d’excellents dessins de plusieurs galles. Au XIXème siècle, LATREILLE créa le genre Oligotrophus pour l‘espèce Tipula juniperina. BOSC (1817) décrivit Cecidomyia poae des galles de Poa nemoralis. MACQUART (1826) dans son étude des Diptères du nord de la France définit le groupe "Tipulaires gallicoles", avec deux genres, Cecidomyia MEIGEN 1803 et Lestremia MACQUART 1826 (créé par lui-même), avec 8 espèces dont 4 décrites comme nouvelles dans sa publication. Plus tard, MACQUART (1834) signale 25 espèces de Cécidomyies du territoire français. VALLOT (1827, 1829, 1849) décrivit 8 nouvelles espèces de Cécidomyies des environs de Dijon. DUFOUR (1837, 1838, 1841, 1846, 1847) décrivit plusieurs nouvelles espèces de Cécidomyies (Cecidomyia ericaescopariae, C. pinimaritima et C. saliciperda) et donna des précisions sur les espèces décrites par VALLOT. PERRIS (1840) décrivit Cecidomyia urticae. BLANCHARD (1840) et BIGOT (1854) rassemblèrent les connaissances sur la classification des Diptères, avec une synthèse des espèces de Cécidomyies connues de France. GÉHIN (1857) décrivit Cecidomyia mosellana. LABOULBÈNE (1873) décrivit la
24
Cécidomyie se développant dans les galles foliaires de Buxus sempervirens comme Diplosis buxi (aujourd’hui Monarthropalpus buxi). LIEBEL (1886, 1889 a, b, c, 1892) publia 3 articles sur les Cécidomyies de Lorraine trouvées par KIEFFER. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (1885) publia un article sur les galles de Normandie et leurs responsables, et un second (1901) sur les galles et leurs responsables. Trente ans plus tard, quand il revint de Tunis et de Syrie, il continua ses recherches sur les galles des Pyrénées de 600 m à 1200 m d’altitude. FOCKEU (1889 a, b, c) publia plusieurs articles sur l’anatomie des galles du nord de la France et, ensuite, s’intéressa aux galles de Provence (FOCKEU, 1894). Il travaillait comme préparateur à la Faculté de Médecine de Lille. GIARD (1893, 1894, 1895) décrivit une espèce de Cécidomyie, Drusina glutinosa, et contribua à la connaissance de Mikiola fagi, Mayetiola destructor, et du genre Octodiplosis. MARCHAL (1895) publia un article sur les galles des environs de Vire (Calvados). HIERONYMUS (1890) contribua à la connaissance des galles du centre de la France. MARTEL (1891) publia des données sur les galles des environs d’Elbeuf dans le nord de la France. Les travaux scientifiques de deux personnalités, J.J. KIEFFER et C. HOUARD, eurent une importance considérable sur les progrès des études sur les Cécidomyies. J.J. KIEFFER (1857-1925) reste le plus important spécialiste des Cécidomyies en France et dans le monde. Il publia ses travaux relatifs à divers groupes d’Insectes pendant une longue période d’une quarantaine d’années, de 1885 à 1924. Il fut professeur et lecteur au Collège Épiscopal de SaintAugustin à Bitch, dans l’est de la France. Il étudia d’abord les Acariens producteurs de galles. De 1880 à 1885, il rassembla un important matériel de Cécidomyies et de leurs parasitoïdes et le confia à R. LIEBEL pour publication. Ce chercheur publia 4 articles sur les zoocécidies de Lorraine et un autre sur les galles des arbres et arbustes (LIEBEL, 1886, 1889 a, b, c, 1892). Il faut noter que plusieurs espèces de Cécidomyies récoltées à cette époque furent décrites à plusieurs reprises dans les articles de LIEBEL et de KIEFFER. Par exemple, une galle particulière est d’abord décrite dans "Dipterocecidium" par LIEBEL (1886), puis KIEFFER décrivit son responsable comme espèce nouvelle, et la même espèce fut décrite dans un article de LIEBEL (1889 c) ; finalement cette même espèce est décrite par KIEFFER (1891 c) dans son article sur les Diptérocécidies de Lorraine. KIEFFER (1897 b) signala dans son article que 183 espèces de Cécidomyies étaient connues de Lorraine. À partir de 1890, KIEFFER étudia les Cécidomyies associées à un genre ou à une famille végétale, par exemple à Lotus, Tilia, Sarothamnus, Salix, les Composées ou les Salicacées. Les recherches de KIEFFER se situent dans le domaine géographique de la Lorraine au nord-est de la France, à la frontière avec l’Allemagne (Fig.1). Il récolta des galles et des Cécidomyies dans 16 localités et publia les résultats dans 10 articles (KIEFFER, 1886, 1888 a,b,1890 c, 1891 c,d, 1892 b,c, 1893, 1894 a). La majorité - 231 espèces - furent trouvées aux environs de Bitche (localité parfois orthographiée Bitch ou Bitsch). KIEFFER récolta relativement
25
peu de Cécidomyies dans les autres localités de cette région : 23 espèces à Boulay, 23 à Metz (Montigny), 17 à La Grange, 12 à Guinkirchen, 8 à Sarreguemines, 7 à Carling, 6 à Siercks, 6 à Sarrebourg, 5 à Thionville, 5 à Château-Salins, et seulement une espèce dans 8 localités : Les Étangs, Niederviller, Lemberg, Siersthal, Sarralbe, Volmunster, St. Avold et Rohrbach (Fig. 2). KIEFFER ne réalisa qu’une expédition pour récolter des galles en dehors de la Lorraine : il s’agit de la zone de Petit-Dalles en Normandie (KIEFFER, 1899 b). À peu près à la même époque que KIEFFER en France, E. H. RÜBSAAMEN (1857-1919) commença ses études sur les Cécidomyies en Allemagne. Il travailla d’abord à Weidenau-an-der-Siegen (Wesfalen) et, à partir de 1891 au Muséum de Sciences Naturelles de Berlin. Au début, les relations entre KIEFFER et RÜBSAAMEN furent très amicales, ce qui se traduisit par la description par RÜBSAAMEN (1891) de l’espèce Dasineura kiefferiana en hommage à KIEFFER, et par le nouveau genre décrit par KIEFFER (1894 a) Rubsaamenia en l’honneur de RÜBSAAMEN (genre considéré aujourd’hui comme synonyme du genre Asynapta). Plusieurs années plus tard, une rivalité se développa entre KIEFFER et RÜBSAAMEN et évolua en désaccord qui dura jusqu’à la fin de leur vie. L’article de KIEFFER publié en 1897 "Meine Anwort an den Herrn Zeichenlehrer RÜBSAAMEN und an den Herrn Docenten Dr. F. KARSCH nebst Beschreibung neuer Gallmücken" constitue le sommet de la rivalité entre les deux chercheurs. KIEFFER souligne le fait que RÜBSAAMEN n’est pas un bon observateur des caractères morphologiques des Cécidomyies. D’autre part, RÜBSAAMEN reprocha à KIEFFER ses descriptions courtes et insuffisantes des Cécidomyies, souvent basées uniquement sur la forme des galles, la création de nombreux nouveaux genres sans donner leur diagnose, et de nombreuses modifications taxinomiques inutiles. Durant son activité scientifique, KIEFFER découvrit environ 240 espèces de Cécidomyies (espèces nouvelles, et espèces récoltées pour la première fois) en Lorraine. À partir de 1901, KIEFFER porta son attention sur l’étude des Cécidomyies des autres parties du monde. Il décrivit de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles espèces de Cécidomyies de plusieurs régions en dehors de l’Europe, comme l’Algérie en 1901, le Bengale en 1905, l’Asie en 1908, Java en 1909, les Iles Seychelles en 1911, le Chili en 1911, et l’Afrique du Sud, l’Afrique de l’Est et le Cameroun en 1912. De 1896 à 1913, KIEFFER publia des travaux majeurs sur les Cécidomyies: Synopse des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie (KIEFFER, 1898 c) ; Suite à la Synopse des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie (KIEFFER 1901 a) ; Zoocécidies d´Europe (KIEFFER 1896-1900), Synopsis des Zoocécidies d´Europe (KIEFFER, 1901 c) ; Contributions à la connaissance des insectes gallicoles (KIEFFER, 1909) et l’ouvrage fondamental Family Cecidomyidae (KIEFFER, 1913) dans le "Genera Insectorum" de WYTSMANN, comprenant 2500 espèces dans 340 genres décrits du monde entier. Avant de publier ce dernier ouvrage, KIEFFER (1909) donna un nom scientifique à 170 espèces de Cécidomyies dont les galles avaient été décrites par des auteurs antérieurs ; ses descriptions sont très courtes, insuffisantes, souvent d’une ou deux lignes, et sont principalement basées sur la forme de la galle sur la plante-hôte et sur
26
la couleur de la larve. Son travail le plus intéressant est sa "Monographie des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie" (KIEFFER, 1900) où il rassemble toutes les connaissances de son époque sur le Cécidomyies. KIEFFER peut être considéré comme le plus important spécialiste français et européen des Cecidomyiidae. L’importance de son travail est admirable. Il décrivit plus de 320 espèces de Cécidomyies et beaucoup de nouveaux genres de France, et de nombreux genres et espèces d’autres pays du monde. Il est dommage qu’une partie des espèces qu’il a décrites ne le soient que de manière très insuffisante d’après les stades larvaires ou même seulement la forme de la galle. Selon l’ "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" (4th edition, 2000) les noms des espèces décrites avant 1931, seulement d’après "l’activité de l’animal (dans notre cas, la galle) ou les stades immatures sont acceptés comme valides avec l’auteur et la date originaux". La collection de KIEFFER est considérée comme perdue. Plusieurs chercheurs ultérieurs de divers pays ont essayé sans succès de la retrouver à Bitch, comme F. W. EDWARDS du Royaume-Uni, E. MÖHN d’Allemagne et R. GAGNÉ des EUA. Nous pensons qu’il y a peut-être une chance de retrouver cette collection (ou au moins une partie) à l’Ecole Épiscopale de Montigny ou à La Grange à Thionville, ou dans une des communes des amis de KIEFFER qui l’ont aidé dans ses recherches faunistiques comme à Bulay, à Thionville ou au Collège de Moulins où vécut et travailla son ami l’Abbé PIERRE. C. HOUARD (1873-1943), l’excellent botaniste et cécidologiste français, eut autant d’importance dans l’étude des galles d’origine animale et végétale que KIEFFER dans celle des Cécidomyies. Il s’intéressa non seulement aux galles de France, mais aussi à celles d’Europe, d’Afrique du Nord, et d’autres pays du monde.Sa carrière commença en 1890 comme préparateur de botanique du professeur DAGUILLON, puis il commença à travailler avec le professeur GIARD. C’est dans son laboratoire qu’il rencontra son futur ami et collaborateur G. DARBOUX. DARBOUX et HOUARD publièrent en 1901 le "Catalogue systématique des Zoocécidies de l´Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen" comprenant 544 pages. Ce travail fut ensuite complété par de nombreuses nouvelles données, et publié par HOUARD dans les deux volumes (1908-1909) "Les Zoocécidies des Plantes d´Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée". C’est encore aujourd’hui un ouvrage fondamental pour la cécidologie d’Europe. Il cite 6200 espèces cécidogènes, avec de brèves descriptions des galles, des données de distribution géographique, d’excellentes illustrations et une riche bibliographie. Chaque galle porte un numéro encore utilisé par les spécialistes contemporains. L’ouvrage permet de comparer et d’identifier les galles. Les excellents dessins de galles de G. DARBOUX constituent aussi un énorme travail. HOUARD obtint son doctorat en 1903 et le titre de professeur en 1913. De 1916 à 1919, il travailla comme directeur de l’Institut de Botanique et du Jardin Botanique de Caen. De 1919 à 1934 il dirigea la chaire de botanique de Strasbourg. HOUARD réalisa successivement plusieurs collections de galles provenant de récolteurs français : G. MAYR, J. FAIRMAIRE, P. MARCHAL, E. LEMÉE, M. CORNU et A. GIRAUD. Plus tard, il rassembla des galles d’Afrique, Indonésie, Inde, Amérique du Nord et du Sud. Selon GADEAU de KERVILLE,
27
HOUARD acquit le titre de "Prince des cécidologistes" par ses immenses et fascinantes activités. Plusieurs genres et espèces de Cécidomyies furent dédiés aux spécialistes français des galles et des Cécidomyies: les genres Kiefferia et Kiefferiola pour l’Abbé J.J. KIEFFER, Houardiella pour C. HOUARD, Mayetiola pour le professeur G. MAYET de Montpellier, Harmandiola pour l’Abbé HARMAND, professeur à La Malgrange, Putoniella pour le Dr. A. PUTON de Remiremont, Janetia pour Ch. JANET de Beauvais, Nouryodiplosis (aujourd’hui Ametrodiplosis) pour E . NOURY de Buchy. De même, les espèces suivantes furent dédiées surtout aux récolteurs de Cécidomyies : Stefaniola houardi pour C. HOUARD, Lestodiplosis frireni et Planetella frireni pour l’Abbé FRIREN, le professeur de J.J. KIEFFER au Collège Épiscopal de Montigny, Zeuxidiplosis giardi pour le Prof. A. GIARD, Janetiella lemeei pour E. LEMÉE, Dasineura fairmairei pour M. L. FAIRMAIRE, Macrolabis marteli pour V. MARTEL et Rabdophaga pierrei et Rabdophaga pierreana pour l’Abbé PIERRE de Moulins. Au XXème siècle, les recherches sur les Cécidomyies se développèrent dans quatre directions : les études de morphologie et de biologie, les recherches faunistiques, les études d’anatomie, d’histologie et d’ultrastructure des galles de Cécidomyies, les études des Cécidomyies nuisibles à l’agriculture et aux forêts. Etudes de morphologie, de biologie, et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles Un petit nombre de nouvelles espèces de Cécidomyies seulement furent décrites durant cette période. GOURY et GUIGNON (1905) décrivirent Loewiola serratulae, LOISELLE (1912) Perrisia spireae, MESNIL (1934) Phytophaga mimeuri, HUBAULT (1945) Agevillea abietis, COUTIN et RAMBIER (1955) Contarinia pruniflorum, COUTIN (2000) Lasioptera agrostidis et une année plus tard (COUTIN 2001) Lasioptera donacis. BAYLAC (1988 b) établit le nouveau genre Tessaradiplosis pour l’espèce Cecidomyia entomophila. La biologie des Cécidomyies Rhopalomyia millefolii et R. tanaceticola fut étudiée par DAGUILLON (1905, 1907). MOLLIARD décrivit (1926) le dimorphisme des galles de Mikiola fagi, COUTIN et RIOM explicitèrent ce dimorphisme (1967), RAYMOND (1928) et COUDERC (1933) étudièrent la biologie et l’éthologie de Dasineura affinis. LÉGER (1936) contribua à la connaissance de Rhopalomyia millefolii, BESSON (1958) à celle de Janetiella oenophila. COULON et COUTIN (1963) travaillèrent sur les relations entre Dasineura brassicae et Ceutorhynchus assimilis. Plusieurs chercheurs découvrirent des Cécidomyies nouvelles pour la France : VAYSSIÉRE (1928) Contarinia viticola, d´AGUILAR (1946) Giraudiella inclusa. BAYLAC (1978) commença ses travaux sur le complexe du genre Lestodiplosis par plusieurs méthodes d’analyse et publia ses résultats dans divers articles (BAYLAC, 1982, 1985,1986 a,b, 1987 a,b, 1988 a, 1989). DAUPHIN (1996) redécrivit l’espèce Dasineura dioicae.
28
Recherches faunistiques Les progrès des connaissances faunistiques dans plusieurs régions de France durant la première moitié du XXème siècle sont essentiellement liés à l’activité de C. HOUARD et à son enthousiasme pour la cécidologie. Son ouvrage d’identification des galles (HOUARD 1908-1909) fut très important pour les recherches ultérieures, de même que la publication de ses travaux dans la revue cécidologique spécialisée Marcellia, fondée par l’entomologiste italien TROTTER en 1902. De 1901 à 1938, de nombreux articles sur la présence de galles dans diverses régions de France furent publiés. Tous ces travaux s’interrompirent au début de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et reprirent ensuite. DARBOUX (1902) publia ses observations de galles dans les environs de Caissargues et Nîmes au sud de la France, et LOISELLE (1901-1903) dans les environs de Lisieux en Normandie. MARCHAL et CHÂTEAU (1903, 1905), tous deux professeurs, le premier au Creusot et le second à Antuly, notèrent les galles de Saône-et-Loire. MASSALONGO (1906, 1908) et CAZIOT (1914) citèrent plusieurs galles de Nice en France méridionale. LAMBERTIE (1911, 1921) nota plusieurs galles des environs de Bordeaux et du sud-ouest de la France. C. HOUARD récolta des galles de plusieurs régions françaises, identifia et rassembla des galles provenant d’autres récolteurs. Il collecta des galles en Bretagne (HOUARD, 1905), en Normandie (HOUARD, 1913) et dans d’autres régions (HOUARD, 1902, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1925). Il rassembla des galles de différentes régions collectées par de nombreux autres chercheurs : la collection de galles du Dr. FAIRMAIRE (HOUARD, 1912), celle de P. MARCHAL (HOUARD, 1913), de E. LEMÉE, architecte-paysagiste et auteur du livre "Les Ennemis des Plantes" (Houard, 1915), celle de A. GIRAUD (HOUARD, 1918), de M. CORNU (HOUARD, 1920) et sa propre collection (HOUARD, 1921). Toutes ces collections sont déposées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. J. COTTE, professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Marseille est le plus important des chercheurs ayant mené à bien des travaux cécidologiques dans le sud-est de la France. Il commença ses recherches de galles à Clermont (COTTE, 1909). Puis il récolta des galles en Provence (COTTE, 1912, 1917, 1922), dans les Basses-Alpes (COTTE, 1915), à Castillon (COTTE, 1916), dans les Alpes-Maritimes (COTTE, 1924) et à Porquerolles (COTTE, 1933). Plus de 170 galles de Cécidomyies furent citées de cette région. SALGUES (1934) considère que le sud-est est une des régions les mieux connues de France. BONNE (1929-1930) publia la liste des galles de diverses origines dans le Jardin Botanique du Lautaret dans les Hautes-Alpes où elle travailla plusieurs années. CHRISTMANN (1934 a), chercheur à l’Institut de Botanique de Strasbourg, publia les résultats de ses recherches de galles en Alsace, surtout aux environs de Strasbourg. TAVARES (1930) récolta des galles durant son séjour à Clermont-Ferrand dans le centre de la France, et VERRIER (1933) dans le Puy-de-Dôme dans le Massif Central. NOURY (1921,1925, 1926, 1929, 1936, 1937) travailla sur les galles de Savoie et de Normandie. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (1936) continua ses travaux (commencés en 1885) sur les galles des Hautes-Pyrénées. GUFFROY (1938) travailla sur les galles des environs de Paris.
29
Après la seconde guerre mondiale, MEYER (1950) publia un article sur plusieurs nouvelles galles des environs de Strasbourg, LAMBINON (1960) sur les Ardennes et NOURY (1956) sur la Haute-Normandie. DAUPHIN (1986,1988, 1993) publia les galles des environs de Bordeaux et de Gironde, ANTONY (1989-1997) de la région de Haute-Saône, GARRIQUE (1994, 1996) de deux Réserves des Pyrénées-Orientales, et SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY (2004a,b) de la région des Hautes-Alpes et la région du Loiret en France centrale. BÉGUINOT (1997-2005) contribua à ces études faunistiques en recherchant des galles dans plusieurs régions de France. DAUPHIN and ANIOTSTBÉHÈRE (1993, 1997) réalisèrent un ouvrage d’ensemble, "Les Galles de France" à une époque où les manuels de Houard sont épuisés. Sur la carte de la Fig. 2 figurent les localités et les régions où divers auteurs réalisèrent des recherches faunistiques en France durant environ deux siècles, depuis 1817 jusqu’à l’époque présente (2004). Études d’anatomie et d’histologie des galles Après le décès de C. HOUARD en 1943, H. J. MARESQUELLE (1898 -1977), prit la tête de l’Institut de Botanique de Strasbourg. Il continua la tradition des travaux scientifiques de HOUARD. Les chercheurs furent encouragés à étudier l’anatomie, l’histologie, la physiologie et l’ultrastructure des galles. MEYER, collaborateur de Maresquelle, commença ses études cytologiques sur les galles de Dasineura urticae (MEYER, 1941). Il publia de nombreux articles et forma beaucoup d’étudiants. J. MEYER créa une équipe de chercheurs intéressés par la cytologie, l’histochimie et l’anatomie des galles. Il est le fondateur de l’école française d’anatomie et de cytologie cécidologique. Beaucoup d’études histochimiques et cytogénétiques concernèrent les galles de Cecidomyiidae (par exemple BRONNER, 1969 ; BRONNER et MEYER 1972, 1976 ; JAUFRET, 1970 et JAUFRET et al., 1970). Un ouvrage de MEYER et MARESQUELLE (1983) résume les connaissances sur l’anatomie des galles produites par divers Insectes et Acariens cécidogènes. Plus tard, MEYER (1987) résuma les connaissances sur les galles et leurs inducteurs. ROHFRITSCH (1967, 1971) commença ses études sur les Cécidomyies par l’analyse morphogénétique des galles, puis (1992, 1997) étudia le développement de la galle et les interactions entre la Cécidomyie Lasioptera arundinis et un champignon avec lequel elle est associée sur Phragmites australis. L’ouvrage de SHORTHOUSE et ROHFRITSCH (1992) donne un précieux panorama global de la cécidologie moderne. Malheureusement, le Laboratoire de Cécidologie de Strasbourg ferma définitivement ses portes au début des années 1990. Recherches sur les Cécidomyies d’importance économique Les études sur les Cécidomyies nuisibles à l’agriculture et aux forêts commencèrent à la fin du XIXème siècle et se poursuivirent au XXème, surtout après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale quand plusieurs espèces de Cécidomyies nuisibles aux plantes cultivées se montrèrent dangereuses dans diverses
30
régions de France. Les chercheurs étudièrent la biologie de ces espèces ainsi que les moyens de lutte. Paul MARCHAL, à la tête de l’Institut de Recherches Agronomiques de Paris, fut la principale personnalité de cette époque. Les travaux sur les Insectes nuisibles aux plantes cultivées furent menés en plusieurs endroits, dans plusieurs départements, à Bordeaux, Lyon, Roune, Montargis et Menton (MARCHAL, 1927). Remi COUTIN travailla à la Station Centrale de Zoologie Agricole de Versailles ; il commença ses travaux en 1947 avec l’étude du contrôle de Contarinia pyrivora (GRISON et COUTIN, 1947) et publia plus de 30 articles jusquà aujourd’hui, concernant les Cécidomyies nuisibles à différentes plantes cultivées. PUSSARD (1953, 1957), AUDEMARD (1957) et GUENNELON et AUDEMARD (1957) étudièrent la biologie de Resseliella lavandulae, d´AGUILAR et al. (1956) Apiomyia bergenstammi, BESSON (1958) Janetiella oenophila, FERRON (1964) et STREBLER (1977a,b) la biologie et les parasitoïdes de Contarinia medicaginis, d´AGUILAR et COUTIN (1967) et MINSSEN et PACQUETEAU (1969) Contarinia lentis, VALLOTON (1969) la biologie de Contarinia pisi, CHAMBON et al. (1976) les Cécidomyies des Céréales. ROQUES (1976) commença ses travaux sur la biologie des Diptères forestiers et publia ses résultats dans différents articles (ROQUES, 1977, 1983, 1993). DORMONT et al. (1996) étudièrent les facteurs limitant la régénération naturelle de Pinus cembra. MORELET (1979) et MATHIEU (1994) étudièrent le problème des nécroses des troncs de Chênes. L’étude des Cécidomyies en France La France est un grand pays d’Europe occidentale, de 547 026 km2 de surface, entre le Rhin à l’est, et la Manche, l’Océan Atlantique et la baie de Biscaye à l’ouest, bordée au nord par le Luxembourg et la Belgique, au sud par la chaîne des Pyrénées et par la Mer Méditerranée, et à l’est par les Alpes. La ligne de séparation des eaux entre l’Océan Atlantique et la Mer Méditerranée se situe à peu près sur une ligne passant par les Vosges, Langres, la Côte d’Or, les Cévennes, la Montagne Noire. Elle divise la France en deux parties différentes : à l’ouest de cette ligne s’étendent les vieux massifs hercyniens comprenant les Ardennes, les Vosges, le Massif Central et l’Armorique. À l’est de la ligne ci-dessus se trouvent des chaînes jeunes comme les Alpes, le Jura, et les Pyrénées au sud. Le point le plus élevé de France, le Mont Blanc, culmine dans les Alpes à 4810 m. Plus d’un tiers du territoire est propice à l’agriculture. Les forêts couvrent environ un quart de la surface. Les Chênes et les Bouleaux dominent au nord, le Pin, le Charme et les Peupliers dans les zones centrales, l’Olivier et le Figuier au sud. Selon la carte de la végétation naturelle (NOIRFALISE, 1987), le pays peut être divisé en deux zones principales. Au Nord, une vaste zone de hêtraies anglonormandes s’étendent de l’Océan Atlantique jusqu’à Paris. La partie la plus septentrionale, la Lorraine, correspond à des charmaies et à des chênaies. De vastes zones vers le Sud sont des chênaies submontagnardes et des hêtraies dans le Massif Central. Les forêts alpines de Sapins se situent aux frontières avec la Suisse et l’Italie. Le sud-ouest est couvert par les chênaies aquitaines et la partie la plus méridionale par des chênaies
31
provençales (avec Quercus ilex), et, dans les régions hautes, Quercus ilex et Q. pubescens. Du point de vue biogéographique, UDVARDY (1975) divise la France en deux provinces biogéographiques, la province atlantique à l’ouest et la province des montagnes centro-européennes à l’est. Discussion des résultats Nombre d’espèces La faune française de Cécidomyies comprend actuellement 668 espèces, dont la plus grande partie, 581 espèces (87 %) appartiennent à la sous-famille des Cecidomyiinae, 54 espèces (8 %) à la sous-famille des Porricondylinae, et 33 espèces (5 %) à la sous-famille des Lestremiinae. La biologie de la plupart des espèces de Cecidomyiinae est bien connue, mais celle des espèces des deux autres sous-familles est peu ou pas connue - la plupart des espèces étant capturées dans la nature à l’état adulte, et les stades larvaires inconnus. La sous-famille des Cecidomyiinae est essentiellement composée d’espèces phytophages (85 %). Elle comprend beaucoup d’espèces associées à des plantes-hôtes sur les organes desquelles elles produisent des galles, et des inquilines vivant dans des galles produites par d’autres Insectes. Deux autres groupes biologiques sont moins riches : environ 8 % des espèces sont zoophages et 2 % mycophages. Les larves des espèces zoophages attaquent de petites larves d’autres Cécidomyies (la plupart des espèces du genre Lestodiplosis), des pucerons (espèces du genre Aphidoletes) et des acariens (espèces des genres Arthrocnodax et Feltiella). Les larves des espèces mycophages sont associées avec des rouilles (espèces du genre Mycodiplosis) et d’autres champignons (Camptodiplosis boleti, Mycocecis ovalis) ou se développent dans les matières végétales décomposées comme les larves de Clinodiplosis cilicrus. La biologie d’une trentaine d’espèces (5 %) est complètement inconnue, car elles ont été capturées dans la nature à l’état adulte et leurs larves ne sont pas connues. Il faut encore insister ici sur l’énorme contribution de J.J. KIEFFER à la connaissance des Cécidomyies de France. KIEFFER décrivit 320 espèces de Cécidomyies, c’est-à-dire la moitié des espèces connues en France. Comprenant 668 espèces, la faune de France peut être considérée comme très riche. Elle est au deuxième rang pour la richesse des Cécidomyies en Europe. L’Allemagne, avec 836 espèces de Cécidomyies, est à la première place (MEYER et JASCHHOF, 1999), les Îles Britanniques à la troisième avec 620 espèces (CHANDLER, 1998), et les Républiques Tchèque et Slovaque à la quatrième avec 538 espèces (SKUHRAVÁ, 1997). La comparaison avec les nombres d’espèces de Cécidomyies des pays voisins de la France est également intéressante : 229 espèces sont connues d’Espagne (SKUHRAVÁ et al., 2002), 406 espèces d’Italie (SKUHRAVÁ et SKUHRAVY, 1994, 2003, 2004 ; SKUHRAVÁ et al., 2001, 2002), et 140 espèces de Belgique (GOSSERIES, 1991). Aucune espèce de Cécidomyie n’est connue du Luxembourg.
32
Distribution des Cécidomyies dans les départements français Il n’existe pas d’investigation faunistique systématique des Cécidomyies sur le territoire français. Les données faunistiques sont réparties de manière très inégale sur le territoire comme le montre le nombre d’espèces relevées par chaque chercheur selon les divers départements (Fig. 3). Cela est lié au fait que chaque chercheur récolte généralement les galles dans des zones proches de son domicile ou de son lieu de travail. Peu de chercheurs se rendent dans d’autres régions dans le but de récolter des galles de provenance nouvelle et éloignée. Nous avons analysé les données rassemblées par chaque chercheur et combien d’espèces de Cécidomyies ont été trouvées durant la ou les recherches. La localisation des recherches est distribuée de manière très inégale sur le territoire français. La carte montre le nombre total d’espèces de Cécidomyies trouvées par chaque chercheur dans une localité ou une zone particulière, et publiées dans un ou plusieurs articles. Les zones suivantes sont les mieux explorées : le nord de la France de la Normandie à la Belgique ; la Lorraine (région des investigfations de J.J. KIEFFER) ; l’Alsace, la Saône-et-Loire, les Alpes (Savoie, Hautes-Alpes, AlpesMaritimes) et la Provence, le littoral de la France méridionale et la Gironde. Quelques zones restent encore inexplorées et nous espérons que les recherches qui y seront menées apporteront des résultats nouveaux et intéressants. Le grand nombre d’espèces de Cécidomyies et la qualité de leur connaissance en France résultent de plusieurs facteurs. Tout d’abord l’énorme et extraordinaire activité scientifique de l’Abbé J.J. KIEFFER qui découvrit et décrivit un grand nombre de Cécidomyies et de leurs galles ; les activités scientifiques et l’approche personnelle de C. HOUARD, et l’importance de son ouvrage "Les zoocécidies des Plantes d´Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée", publié en 1908-1909 pour le développement ultérieur de l’étude des galles non seulement en France mais dans toute l’Europe ; l’exemple qu’il donna de récolter des galles partout, jusque sur les champs de bataille de la Première Guerre Mondiale, entraîna beaucoup de jeunes gens à l’imiter ; la possiblité de publier les résultats des travaux sur les galles et leurs inducteurs dans une revue cécidologique spécialisée, Marcellia, fondée par A. TROTTER, contemporain et bon ami de HOUARD, à Padova (Italie) en 1902, fut aussi très importante. La richesse des espèces de Cécidomyies en France est aussi liée au fait que le territoire comprend des paysages intéressants dans des zones géographiques variées depuis le littoral au niveau de la mer jusqu’aux hautes montagnes des Alpes, la plupart couvertes d’une riche végétation et abritant une riche faune. Fréquence La fréquence des espèces de Cécidomyies française est évaluée par le nombre de localités où chaque espèce a été rencontrée. La méthode d’évaluation de fréquence est exposée dans l’article de SKUHRAVÁ (1994 a). Nous avons compté le nombre de localités pour chaque espèce trouvée sur l’ensemble du territoire français, et nous avons classé chaque espèce de
33
Cécidomyies selon six groupes de fréquence. La liste annotée comporte pour chaque espèce le type de fréquence ainsi défini. Le premier groupe de fréquence comprend 340 espèces de Cécidomyies (environ 51 % du total) qui sembles très rares en France. Chacune d’entre elles n’a été trouvée qu’une fois, c’est-à-dire dans une localité seulement. Beaucoup d’entre elles furent décrites par KIEFFER (1909) mais n’ont jamais été retrouvées, comme par exemple Contarinia asperulae et Dasineura pirolae). Ce groupe comprend 250 espèces de la sous-famille des Cecidomyiidae, et toutes les espèces des sous-familles Lestremiinae et Porricondylinae. Le deuxième groupe de fréquence comprend 130 espèces (19 %) qui paraissent rares en France. Chacune d’entre elles a été trouvée dans deux ou trois localités. Par exemple, Asphondylia cytisi, Contarinia aconitifloris et C. martagonis. Le troisième groupe de fréquence comprend 85 espèces (13 %) qui semblent assez communes en France. Chacune d’entre elles a été trouvée dans 4, 5 ou 6 localités. Par exemple, Acodiplosis inulae, Contarinia melanocera, Dasineura spadicea et Semudobia betulae. Le quatrième groupe de fréquence comprend 56 espèces (8 %) qui paraissent communes en France. Chacune d’entre elles a été trouvée dans 7, 8, 9, 10 ou 11 localités. Par exemple, chacune des espèces suivantes : Asphondylia verbasci, Contarinia craccae, Gephyraulus raphanistri et Rhopalomyia tanaceticola. Le cinquième groupe comprend 53 espèces (8 %) paraissant très communes en France, chacune d’entre elles a été trouvée dans 12 à 24 localités. Par exemple, Asphondylia sarothamni, Craneiobia corni, Dasineura crataegi, D. populeti, D. urticae, Geocrypta galii, Hartigiola annulipes, Lasioptera eryngii, Oligotrophus juniperinus, Putoniella pruni, Sackenomyia reaumurii, Spurgia capitigena, Taxomyia taxi, Zeuxidiplosis giardi and Zygiobia carpini. Le sixième groupe de fréquence comprend six espèces trouvées dans plus de 24 localités françaises. Ce sont les espèces les plus communes en France. Dasineura affinis sur Viola sp. (voir Plate III : 10) ; Iteomyia capreae sur Salix caprea (voir Plate V : 18) ; Jaapiella veronicae sur Veronica chamaedrys (voir Plate V : 28) ; Macrodiplosis dryobia sur Quercus robur (voir Plate VI : 9) ; Mikiola fagi sur Fagus sylvatica (voir Plate VI : 23) ; Wachtliella rosarum sur Rosa canina (voir Plate VIII : 12). Distribution verticale Il n’y a que peu de travaux sur la distribution des Cécidomyies dans les zones alpines de France. BONNE (1929-1930), COUTIN (1983, 1993) et SKUHRAVÁ et SKUHRAVY (2004) ont contribué à la connaissance de ces Cécidomyies dans les Hautes-Alpes et GADEAU DE KERVILLE (1936) dans les Pyrénées. Huit espèces de Cécidomyies furent trouvées dans la zone alpine des Pyrénées de 1700 à 2100 m d’altitude : Oligotrophus juniperinus,
34
Dasineura populeti, Lasioptera populnea, Mikiola fagi, Hartigiola annulipes, Dasineura urticae, Hygrodiplosis vaccinii et Jaapiella veronicae. SKUHRAVÁ et SKUHRAVY (2004) citent 23 espèces des Hautes-Alpes à 2000 m d’altitude, et 4 espèces à 2058 m : Dasineura viciae, Geocrypta galii, Rabdophaga rosaria and Contarinia aconitifloris. Les Cécidomyies et les unités zoogéographiques paléarctiques : Les Cécidomyies trouvées en France peuvent être classées en plusieurs groupes selon leur distribution globale : Européennes, Eurosibériennes, Euroasiatiques, Méditerranéennes, Sudméditerranéennes, Holarctiques et Cosmopolites. 500 espèces environ (75 %) sont des espèces Européennes. Leur centre d’origine et de dispersion se trouve en Europe. Leur aire de distribution est de très petite à très grande. Ce groupe comprend toutes les espèces trouvées et décrites par J.J. KIEFFER, qui n’ont jamais été trouvées nulle part ailleurs. Les représentants typiques d’espèces Européennes à large distribution sont Mikiola fagi et Hartigiola annulipes associées à Fagus sylvatica, Macrodiplosis dryobia et M. volvens sur Quercus robur et Zygiobia carpini sur Carpinus betulus. En France, ces espèces dont régulièrement réparties sur tout le territoire. Certaines espèces Européennes se rencontrant le long de la côte atlantique sont dites Subatlantiques, comme Asphondylia sarothamni et Dasineura tubicola associées à Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius, Dasineura gallica et Asphondylia ulicis sur Ulex europaeus. 85 espèces environ (13 %) peuvent être considérées comme Eurosibériennes. Elles se rencontrent en Europe et au moins jusqu’à la Sibérie occidentale, quelques-unes atteignant la partie la plus orientale de la zone paléarctique. Les représentants typiques d’espèces françaises Eurosibériennes sont Harmandiola cavernosa sur Populus tremula, Lasioptera rubi sur Rubus spp. et Iteomyia capreae sur Salix spp. Kochiomyia kochiae sur Kochia prostrata est le seul représentant du groupe Pannonien-Pontique se trouvant en France. Elle a été trouvée dans plusieurs localités des côtes de la Mer Noire et en Hongrie (SKUHRAVÁ et al. 1991, SKUHRAVÁ et SKUHRAVY 1999). Etsuhoa sabinae sur Juniperus sabina et Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis sur Ephedra distachya sont des espèces Euro-Asiatiques à répartition disjointe, paraissant très rares, de plusieurs localités d’Europe et d’Asie occidentale. 65 espèces environ (10 %) peuvent être considérées comme Méditerranéennes ou Subméditerranéennes. Les espèces véritablement Méditerranéennes sont associées à des plantes-hôtes méditerranéennes et se rencontrent sur le littoral méditerranéen ou au voisinage. Les espèces Subméditerranéennes ont une répartition plus large et peuvent atteindre l’Europe Centrale où elles atteignent généralement la limite nord de leur aire de distribution, comme Apiomyia bergenstammi sur Pyrus communis, Asphondylia verbasci sur Verbascum spp. Les espèces suivantes sont des représentants typiques de la faune méditerranéenne : Contarinia ilicis, C. luteola, Dryomyia lichtensteini et Blastodiplosis cocciferae sur Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera et Q.
35
suber, Braueriella phillyreae et Probruggmanniella phillyreae sur Phillyrea angustifolia, Dasineura ericaescopariae et Myricomyia mediterranea sur Erica scoparia et E. arborea, D. turionum sur Asparagus acutifolius, Stefaniella trinacriae sur Atriplex halimus, 5 espèces du genre Psectrosema sur des plantes-hôtes du genreTamarix et 7 espèces du genre Asphondylia, comme A. rosmarini sur Rosmarinus officinalis, A. borzi sur Rhamnus alaternus, A. calycotomae sur Calicotome spinosa, A. coronillae sur Coronilla emerus et C. minima, A. scrophulariae sur Scrophularis canina, A. stefanii sur Diplotaxis tenuifolia, A. trabutii sur Solanum nigrum. Les espèces méditerranéennes forment 80 à 90 % de la totalité des Cécidomyies des îles proches de la côte méridionale française, et environ 15 % de celles de la région de la Massane, dans les Pyrénées. Environ 15 espèces (2 %) ont une distribution holarctique en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. La plupart sont des espèces d’origine européenne transportées en Amérique du Nord avec des matériaux agricoles ou forestiers. Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana et Mayetiola destructor associées aux céréales, Contarinia pyrivora, Dasineura mali et Dasineura pyri associées aux arbres fruitiers et Monarthropalpus flavus qui se développe sur l’arbuste ornemental Buxus sempervirens sont des espèces primitivement européennes transportées en Amérique du Nord et qui paraissent aujourd’hui présenter une distribution holarctique. Quelques-unes furent importées dans d’autres régions zoogéographiques et ont aujourd’hui une distribution cosmopolite. Les véritables espèces holarctiques sont des membres des familles Porricondylinae et Lestremiinae phylogénétiquement anciennes. D’un autre côté, six espèces originaires d’autres régions furent importées en Europe, et certaines d’entre elles se trouvent en France. Les espèces suivantes sont de tels immigrants : Janetiela siskiyou se développant sur Chamaecyparis lawsoniana et Dasineura gleditschiae sur Gleditsia triacanthos d’Amérique du Nord, Clinodiplosis cattleyae sur Cattleya sp. et Asphondylia buddleia sur Buddleia variabilis d’Amérique Tropicale et Centrale, Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi associée aux espèces asiatiques de Chrysanthemum. Stenodiplosis sorghicola est une Cécidomyie Tropicale et Subtropicale importée en France avec sa plante hôte, Sorghum sp. Quatre espèces de Cécidomyies françaises d’origine européenne furent introduites dans d’autres régions comme agents de lutte biologique : Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cystiphora schmidti, Feltiella acarisuga et Spurgia capitigena. Comparaison de la richesse spécifique des genres La différence entre la partie sud et la partie nord de la France peut être montrée en comparant le nombre d’espèces méditerranéennes se trouvant de la côte méditerranéenne à l’Océan Atlantique vers le nord. Sur la région littorale française, 10 espèces du genre Asphondylia sont méditerranéennes. Dans la partie sud de la France, elles forment environ 17 % de l’ensemble des Cécidomyies. Vers le nord et le nord-est, le nombre d’espèces Méditerranéennes diminue et le nombre d’espèces Européennes
36
d’Asphondylia augmente. Dans le nord de la France et en Normandie, on ne trouve plus que 3 espèces d’Asphondylia (Panche I, Fig. 12-26). Les espèces du genre Contarinia forment 8 à 9 % des Cécidomyies de Gironde et de Provence, 16 % de celles Pyrénées, 14 % dans le nord de la France et 13 % dans les Alpes. Le nombre d’espèces le plus élevé se rencontre dans le centre et le nord-est de la France où il atteint 20 et 22 % (Planche II, Fig 2 - Planche III, Fig. 5). Le nombre d’espèces de Dasineura est à peu près le même dans toutes les régions : 30 % dans les Pyrénées, 32 % en Gironde, 30 % en Provence, 34 % dans le Massif Central, 30 % dans le nord et 34 % dans le nord-est de la France (Planche III, Fig. 8– Planche V, Fig. 2). L’espèce du genre Harmandiola et trois autres espèces vivant sur Populus tremula se trouvent à peu près partout en France sauf dans la zone méditerranéenne (Planche V, Fig. 12-14). Le nombre d’espèces de Jaapiella est de 5 % dans la région méditerranéenne, 2 à 3 % en Gironde, 2 à 3 % dans le nord et 7 à 8 % dans le centre est et le nord-est (Planche V, Fig. 19-29). Le nombre d’espèces de Macrolabis est de 2 % dans le sud, le sud-ouest et le Massif Central, et 6 à 8 % dans le nord-est (Planche VI, Fig. 11-16). Le nombre d’espèces des genres Contarinia, Dasineura et Rabdophaga montre qu’en France prédominent les espèces Européennes et Eurosibériennes. D’un autre côté, les espèces des genres Asphondylia, Stefaniella et Psectrosema prédominent dans le sud de la France. Importance économique Sur les 668 espèces de Cécidomyies de France, 40 environ ont, ou ont eu, une importance agricole ou forestière. Le caractère de ravageur agricole ou forestier des espèces dépend de leur nocivité selon les publications d’entomologie appliquée. Les ravageurs agricoles détruisent ou affaiblissent les plantes cultivées dans les champs et les serres enattaquant les racines, les tiges, les bourgeons, les feuilles, les fleurs, les fruits ou les graines, ils abaissent la qualité et la quantité des plantes et diminuent la surface d’assimilation, perturbent les semences et diminuent la production (DARVAS et al., 2000). Dans ce chapitre les espèces de Cécidomyies sont classées selon leur catégorie agricole, et leur répartition figure sur les cartes correspondantes (Fig. 4-7). Cultures céréalières (Fig. 4) : Mayetiola destructor se développe à la partie inférieure des tiges de Triticum vulgare et fut le principal agent destructeur dans le département de la Vendée et dans les départements voisins (MARCHAL, 1896, BROCQ-ROUSEU et GAIN, 1910), et dans le département de la Vienne (COUTIN, 1968). Mayetiola avenae qui cause des dégâts semblables sur Avena sativa fut nuisible en Vendée (MARCHAL, 1896). Les larves de Contarinia tritici et de Sitodiplosis mosellana se développent dans les gaines du Blé et coexistent parfois, mais l’une ou l’autre espèce peut prédominer. Elles furent abondantes à la fin du
37
XIXème siècle en particulier dans le Tarn, la Normandie, l’Yonne et la Picardie (GÉHIN, 1857). GÉHIN décrivit cette espèce sous le nom de "mosellana" à partir de matériel provenant de pullulations en Moselle. Les deux espèces causèrent des dégâts importants dans l’Eure, le Loiret, et les Yvelines en 1968 (COUTIN, 1968), et plus tard en Alsace (CHAMBON et al.,1976). En 1956, les larves de Stenodiplosis (Contarinia) sorghicola qui causent des dégâts aux gaines de Sorghum sp. dans les régions Tropicales et Subtropicales furent découvertes dans le Vaucluse, en France méridionale (COUTIN, 1970). Elles étaient probablement importées en France depuis les zones subtropicales. Cultures légumières et fourragères (Fig. 5) Trois espèces de Cécidomyies associées à la luzerne se montrèrent nuisibles dans le passé. Contarinia medicaginis qui s’attaque aux bourgeons floraux apparut en grand nombre aux environs de Paris (FERRON, 1964, STREBLER, 1977) et en Eure-et-Loir, et dans l’Hérault en France méridionale (COUTIN, 1962). Dasineura medicaginis (= D. ignorata) qui s’attaque aux bourgeons foliaires pullula en 1953 dans les Yvelines et dans l’Hérault, et Asphondylia miki qui endommage les gousses dans les Yvelines (COUTIN, 1962). Contarinia lentis se montra très nuisible aux lentilles dans le Loir-etCher (MINSSEN et PACQUETEAU, 1969) et dans le Cher, le Loir-et-Cher, la Marne (COUTIN, 1965, 1969, 1977). Contarinia pisi fut signalée comme nuisible au Pois dans le Nord et le Pas-de-Calais (VALLOTON, 1969). Contarinia nasturtii qui est responsable de plusieurs types de dégâts sur différentes formes cultivées de Brassica sp. fut signalée comme dangereuse à Saint-Omer et en Seine-Maritime (MESNIL 1938), dans le Pas-de-Calais et les Yvelines (COUTIN et OLART, 1951). Dasineura brassicae qui se développe dans les siliques de plusieurs Brassica sp. cultivées se montra nuisible aux récoltes de graines en France centrale et méridionale (COUTIN, 1961, COUTIN et RIOM, 1970). Arbres et arbustes fruitiers (Fig. 6) Trois espèces de Cécidomyies furent citées comme ennemies du Poirier : Contarinia pyrivora dans le centre de la France (MARCHAL,1907) et dans les Yvelines (GRISON, COUTIN,1947) ; Dasineura pyri dans les Yvelines en 1988 et 1993 ; Apiomyia bergenstammi dans les Bouches-du-Rhône (d´AGUILAR et al.,1956 ; COUTIN, 1994). COUTIN and RAMBIER (1955) découvrirent une nouvelle espèce de Cécidomyie, Contarinia pruniflorum dont les larves se développent dans les bourgeons floraux de Prunus spinosa et de P. mahaleb. Elle fut observée à Vers (Gard), dans les Yvelines et dans l’Orne. Dasineura tetensi qui détermine des torsions foliaires à l’extrémité des tiges de Ribes nigrum et de R. grossulariae fut rencontrée en Ille-et-Villaine (COUTIN et MISSONNIER,1964). Resseliella theobaldi qui affecte l’écorce de Rubus idaeus fut notée en Ille-et-Vilaine (COUTIN et MISSONIER,1964). Resseliella oculiperda nuisible aux tiges greffées des rosiers et arbres fruitiers en Gironde et dans l’Hérault (COUTIN, 1974). Deux espèces de Cécidomyies se développent sur Vitis vinifera. Contarinia viticola qui provoque le gonflement des bourgeons floraux fut signalée en Champagne (VAYSSIÉRE, 1928). Janetiella oenophila formant des galles foliaires pustuleuses se montra abondante au XIXème siècle dans le Tarn, à Lyon, en Saône-et-Loire, dans la Marne, puis disparut (DERESSE and PERRAUD,1891, TRUCHOT, 1900, BESSON, 1958).
38
Cultures horticoles Des dégâts de Dasineura affinis qui cause l’enroulement des feuilles de Viola sp. furent observés en France à Antibes, Toulon, dans les Yvelines (PICARD, 1919 ; RAYMOND, 1928 ; COUDERC, 1933). Contarinia quinquenotata se développant dans les bourgeons floraux qui sèchent prématurément fut observée dans les Yvelines (COUTIN, 1987). Monarthropalpus flavus formant des pustules sur les feuilles de Buxus sempervirens fut jadis abondant (planche VI : 24) et localement nuisible (COUTIN, 1991). Les larves de Resseliella (Thomasiana) lavandulae qui endommagent l’écorce des lavandes furent observées dans le Vaucluse (PUSSARD, 1953 ; AUDEMARD, 1957 ; GUENNELON et AUDEMARD, 1958, 1963). Arbres forestiers (Fig. 6) : L’incidence des Cécidomyies pour les forêts est généralement plus faible que pour l’agriculture. Les arbres forestiers sont des plantes à longue durée de vie, et leurs bourgeons, attaqués une année donnée, peuvent encore se développer en nouvelles tiges, feuilles ou fleurs, et finalement donner des fruits et des graines l’année suivante (SKUHRAVÁ et ROQUES, 2000). Les larves des espèces qui se développent dans les graines des cônes des Conifères sont les plus gênantes. Plusieurs espèces de Cécidomyies signalées en France dans le passé se placent au deuxième degré de l’échelle à quatre niveaux qui évalue l’impact sur les arbres dominants d’Eurasie (SKUHRAVY et SKUHRAVÁ, 1996). La présence de ces espèces n’entraîne pas la mort de l’arbre mais seulement une diminution de la surface d’assimilation. Sept espèces sont considérées comme nuisibles aux Conifères. Resseliella piceae qui se développe dans les cônes d’Abies alba, Plemeliella abietina et Kaltenbachiola strobi dans les cônes de Picea abies, Resseliella skuhravyorum dans les cônes de Larix decidua et Cecidomyia pini dans les cônes de Pinus cembra furent observées par ROQUES (1983) au cours de ses recherches sur les insectes parasites des cônes dans plusieurs localités de France. Certaines d’entre elles peuvent causer des dommages aux graines en développement (DORMONT et al., 1999). Paradiplosis abietis, décrit par HUBAULT (1945) comme Agevillea abietis, se développant dans les aiguilles d’ Abies alba dans plusieurs localités n’est nuisible qu’en un endroit, à Ageville en Haute-Marne ; son importance économique est faible. Janetiella siskiyou se développant dans les cônes de Chamaecyparis lawsoniana introduit d’Amérique du Nord fut trouvée à Versailles (COUTIN, 1976) et plusieurs années plus tard dans diverses localités du sud de la France (ROQUES, 1983). Cinq espèces peuvent être considérées comme potentiellement nuisibles aux arbres à feuilles larges. Mikiola fagi, Hartigiola annulipes sur Fagus sylvatica (planche VI : 23, V : 15) et Macrodiplosis dryobia et Macrodiplosis volvens sur Quercus sp. (Planche VI : 9, 10) qui font partie des espèces très communes en France ne sont pas considérées comme nuisibles dans les ouvrages d’entomologie appliquée. Resseliella quercivora cause des nécroses cambiales (dites cancer du chêne) sur le tronc des jeunes chênes Quercus robur et Q. petraea. Les larves se développent dans les blessures récentes de l’écorce principalement causées par l‘oiseau Dendrocopos major (Picidae, =
39
Pic-Épeiche). MORELET (1979) et MATHIEU (1994) trouvèrent des arbres attaqués et endommagés dans 15 départements du nord-est de la France (sans connaître la cause des blessures). Le Prof. DENGLER (2003, travail non publié) observa des dégâts dans le centre et le sud de la France, qu’il identifia comme causés par Resseliella quercivora. Cette espèce est maintenant nuisible aux jeunes chênes en France. Sur quelques problèmes taxinomiques Bien que la France se trouve, en Europe, au deuxième rang pour la richesse en Cécidomyies, il y a encore beaucoup à faire. Beaucoup de genres et d’espèces décrits par KIEFFER ont été très insuffisamment décrits. La perte de la collection de Cécidomyies de KIEFFER complique encore les choses, et il n’est pas possible de réaliser de révisions à partir de ce matériel. KIEFFER (1909) donna un nom scientifique à 170 espèces de Cécidomyies dont les galles avaient été décrites par des auteurs antérieurs. Ses descriptions sont très courtes, généralement en une ou deux lignes de quelques mots et sont principalement basées sur la forme de la galle sur la plante-hôte et sur la couleur de la larve. Il serait nécessaire de trouver du nouveau matériel de ces galles, autant que possible provenant des mêmes endroits que les premières, et de l’étudier soigneusement : placer les galles, les larves et les nymphes dans l’alcool à 75 % pour de futures études morphologiques, et élever les adultes provenant des galles pour redécrire ces espèces insuffisamment décrites. Des difficultés semblables concernent les espèces du genre Lestodiplosis. C’est un vaste genre qui comprend 90 espèces dans la région Paléarctique (SKUHRAVÁ, 1986). Les larves des Lestodiplosis sont zoophages et se nourrissent de différents arthropodes. La biologie de certaines espèces reste inconnue. Les larves se nourrissent de larves d’autres Cécidomyies, de Coléoptères (Scolytes), de Psylles, de Papillons, d’Acariens, ou s’attaquent à divers Insectes du bois pourri. La majorité d’entre elles, 27 espèces, furent décrites par BARNES, 21 espèces par KIEFFER, 9 par WINNERTZ, 8 par RÜBSAAMEN et les autres par divers chercheurs. KIEFFER et ses contemporains considéraient que chaque espèce de Lestodiplosis était associée à une proie (une espèce de prédateur - une espèce d’hôte). Cette conception était aussi celle de BARNES qui, ensuite, ne revint jamais sur cette idée. En France, 34 espèces furent décrites dont 28 se nourrissent des stades larvaires d’autres Cécidomyies, 2 de Scolytes, 2 de Psylles, et 2 sont associées au bois. BAYLAC (1988 a) étudia la question du complexe d’espèces de Lestodiplosis et aboutit à la conclusion importante que plusieurs espèces de Lestodiplosis sont morphologiquement identiques, et qu’il ne doit pas exister autant d’espèces qu’il en a été décrites. Il est dommage qu’il n’ait pas continué à résoudre ce problème. Il est nécessaire de réaliser une révision de ce genre en tenant compte des caractères morphologiques de chaque espèce, en étudiant la variabilité des caractères morphologiques, la spécificité de l’hôte et le transfert vers d’autres proies, et en réalisant d’autres expérimentations biologiques. De telles études comparatives sont également nécessaires pour d’autres genres de l’ensemble des sous-familles de Cecidomyiidae. Par exemple, dans
40
la sous-famille Porricondylinae, SPUNGIS (1989) montra que plusieurs espèces du genre Camptomyia étaient "nomina invalida“. Plus tard, SPUNGIS (1992) montra que toutes les espèces de KIEFFER du genre Winnertzia n’étaieni pas identifiables. PANELIUS (1965) écrit que la comparaison des caractères morphologiques avec les figures de KIEFFER (quand elles existent) pourrait permettre une identification. Beaucoup de galles provenant de Cécidomyies non décrites ont été signalées en France par divers chercheurs. Elles attendent leur descripteur. Il faut souligner que la recherche de nouvelles galles de Cécidomyies et de leurs inducteurs a quelque chose de la recherche d’un détective : personne ne connaît le coupable. Résoudre ces problèmes réservera bien des surprises aux futurs chercheurs.
41
Annotated list of gall midge species All papers of researchers dealing with gall midge species published in the period 1805 till present were compiled to obtain data on species number and their occurrence in the territory of France. The list includes all species the occurrence of which in France is confirmed in papers of researchers or by recent collection of galls or by rearings of adults. For each species the following data are given : the species name, author and date of description, synonyms (if they exist) ; short description of the gall, host plant species, plant family and comments on taxonomical problems ; occurrence in France and its frequency (very scarce, scarce, medium frequent, frequent, very frequent, most frequent) with the reference to the number of the plate and figure showing the occurrence in France in the map (Plate I – VIII) (excluding species of the genus Lestodiplosis and species of subfamilies Lestremiinae and Porricondylinae) ; reference to Plates IX – XXXII where the shape of galls are shown in photos ; reference (or references) to author´s papers where the localities are given ; distribution and its type in the Palaearctic Region. Tous les articles traitant des cécidomyies de tous les auteurs depuis 1805 ont été exploités pour rassembler les données sur le nombre d’espèces et leur répartition en France. Cette liste comprend toutes les espèces dont la présence en France est indiquée par les auteurs ou par les collections récentes de galles ou par l’élevage des adultes. Chaque espèce est accompagnée des précisions suivantes : le nom de l’espèce, son auteur et la date de la description, les synonymes (s’ils existent) ; une courte description de la galle, les plantes-hôtes et leur famille, des commentaires taxinomiques ; la répartition en France et la fréquence (très rare, rare, assez commune, commune, très commune), le numéro de référence de la planche et de la figure de la carte de répartition en France (planche I - VIII) (sauf pour les espèces du genre Lestodiplosis, et celles des sous-familles Lestremiinae et Porricondylinae) ; le numéro de référence des planches IX – XXXII montrant les photographies des galles ; la ou les références des auteurs ayant donné les localités ; le type de distribution dans la région paléarctique.
42
43
Subfamily : Cecidomyiinae Acodiplosis inulae (LOEW, 1847) Globular galls on stems, leaf buds or flower heads of Inula britannica L., I. ensifolia L. and I. salicina L. (Asteraceae). Each gall with one chamber including one larva. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig.1, Plate IX : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1895, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002c, 2004b. Distribution : European. Ametrodiplosis crassinerva (KIEFFER, 1901) White larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Stachys sylvatica L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1901, 1902. Distribution : European. Ametrodiplosis duclosii (TAVARES, 1930) (Nouryodiplosis duclosii TAVARES, 1930) Buds in leaf axils or at shoot tip of Stellaria graminea L. (Caryophyllaceae) are swollen, inside with a chamber where one larva develops. STELTER (1961) transferred this species to the genus Ametrodiplosis. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 2). References : TAVARES 1930, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Anabremia bellevoyei (KIEFFER, 1896) Red larvae develop in rolled leaf margins of Lathyrus pratensis L. and L. latifolius L. (Fabaceae). STELTER (1992) redescribed this species. Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1896b, 1899, 1902, HOUARD 1914, 1915, 1919, 1925, COTTE 1924, DAUPHIN 1986. Distribution : European. Anabremia viciae KIEFFER, 1913 (as nomen novum for Clinodiplosis longiventris KIEFFER, 1909) Orange coloured larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Vicia sepium L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1909, 1913. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Anisostephus betulinus (KIEFFER, 1889) Whitish larvae cause parenchymous galls on leaves of Betula pubescens EHRH. and B. pendula ROTH. (Betulaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 3, Plate IX : Fig. 10). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1890, 1899, LIEBEL 1886, 1889, MARTEL 1893, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
44
Anthodiplosis rudimentalis KIEFFER, 1901 Yellow-orange larvae develop in swollen, globular flower bud galls in inflorescence of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) ; each gall inside with a large chamber including one larva. STELTER (1989) redescribed this species. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 4). Reference : KIEFFER 1901. Distribution : European. Antichiridium caricis (KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae develop under leaf sheaths on the stem of Carex stellulata L. (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1898, 1913. Distribution : European. Aphidoletes abietis (KIEFFER, 1896) Larvae prey on Adelges abietis L. (= Sacchiphantes abietis L.) (Aphidae, Homoptera) on Picea abies (L.) KARSTEN (= P. excelsa (LAM.) LINK. (Pinaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 5). Reference : KIEFFER 1896b. Distribution : European. Aphidoletes aphidimyza (RONDANI, 1847) (Bremia sonchi KIEFFER, 1896 ; Bremia impatientis KIEFFER, 1901 ; Phaenobremia cardui KIEFFER, 1913 ; Phaenobremia vacunae KIEFFER, 1913) Larvae are predators of many species of aphids (Aphidae, Homoptera). This species is used for biological control of aphids. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1892, 1896, 1901, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Holarctic, secondarily cosmopolitan. Aphidoletes urticariae (KIEFFER, 1895) Larvae are predators of aphids Aphis urticata GMEL. (Aphidae, Homoptera) on Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 6). Reference : KIEFFER 1895. Distribution : Holarctic. Apiomyia bergenstammi (WACHTL, 1882) Larvae cause woody plurilocular galls on twigs, usually terminal, of Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 6, Plate IX : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1912, d´AGUILAR et al. 1956. Distribution : Mediterranean. Arceuthomyia valerii (TAVARES, 1904) Larvae cause pear-shaped, pointed bud galls on Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae), formed by two whorls of needles. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 7). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, GARRIQUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2003a. Distribution : Mediterranean.
45
Arnoldiola dryophila (KIEFFER, 1909) KIEFFER (1909) described very briefly the gall and larva only. Red larvae live gregariously in swollen leaf bud, up to 10 mm long, on Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce ; this species has not been reported since the time of description (Plate I : Fig. 7). Distribution : European. Arnoldiola gemmae (RÜBSAAMEN,1891) White larvae develop as inquilines in galls of Andricus fecundatrix HARTIG (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Occurrence : very scarce ; females were reared by G. STONE (without giving detailed data), det. M. SKUHRAVA (Plate I : Fig. 8). Distribution : European. Arnoldiola libera (KIEFFER, 1909) (Perrisia libera KIEFFER, 1909) Small elevation on the upper side of leaves of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATT.) LIEB. (Fagaceae). The gall is circular. SYLVÉN (1981) reared adults from this kind of galls and transferred the species to the genus Arnoldiola. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 8, Plate IX : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1899,1909, SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Arnoldiola quercus (BINNIE,1877) (A. quercicola KIEFFER,1909) Larvae feed gregariously in leaf buds and among young leaves of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATT.) LIEB. (Fagaceae). According to NEF et PERRIN (1999) it is a primary pest of young oak in forest nurseries. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 9). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European. Arnoldiola sambuci (KIEFFER, 1901) White larvae develop together with larvae of Placochela nigripes (F. LÖW) in swollen flower buds of Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae). They are probably inquilines. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 9). Distribution : European. Arnoldiola tympanifex (KIEFFER, 1909) KIEFFER (1909) described the gall only on the leaf of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). It is a circular parenchyme blister, 3,5 mm in diameter, with a small nipple above and below. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 10). Reference : COTTE 1912. Distribution : European. Arthrocnodax fagi KIEFFER, 1900 Larvae feed predaciously on mites Eriophyes sp. on Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce ; it has not been reported since the time of description (Plate I : Fig. 10). Distribution : European.
46
Arthrocnodax gemmarum KIEFFER, 1895 Larvae feed predaciously on mites Aceria (Eriophyes) stenaspis (NAL.) on Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 11). Reference : KIEFFER 1895. Distribution : European. Arthrocnodax sp. Zoophagous larvae attack mites Aceria kiefferi (NALEPA, 1891) (Eriophyidae, Acarina) in flower galls on Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 11). Reference : SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution: European. Aschistonyx carpinicolus Rübsaamen, 1917 Larvae develop in irregularly deformed and folded leaves at the vegetative tip of Carpinus betulus L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 11, Plate IX : Fig. 5). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Asphondylia baudysi VIMMER,1937 Larvae cause swellings of the pod of Securigera varia (L.) LASSEN (= Coronilla varia L.) (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 12, Plate IX : Fig. 7). References : DARBOUX et HOUARD 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, BÉGUINOT 2002e, 2003b, 2004c, 2005b. Distribution : European. Asphondylia bitensis KIEFFER,1888 Larva cause swelling of the pod of Genista sagittalis L. Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 12). References : KIEFFER 1888, LIEBEL 1889, 1892, HOUARD 1902, 1915, 1918, 1919, CHRISTMANN 1934, BÉGUINOT 2002e, 2003b, 2004c, 2005b, 2003b, 2005b. Galls found by TAVARES (1930) on Sarothamnus grandiflorus were probably caused by A. sarothamni. Distribution : European, Subatlantic. Asphondylia borzi (STEFANI, 1898) Larvae cause galls on flower buds of Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 13, Plate IX : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1900, COTTE 1912, 1924. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia buddleia FELT,1935 Larvae develop in aborted flower buds of Buddleja variabilis HEMSEY (Loganiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 13). References : BÉGUINOT 1999, 2000. This species is known from Texas in North America (GAGNÉ, 1989). Probably it was transported with seedlings to Europe. Distribution : Nearctic, imported into Europa.
47
Asphondylia calaminthae KIEFFER, 1909 Solitary larvae develop in swollen buds of Calamintha alpina (= Satureja alpina), C. nepeta SAV. and C. nepetoides JARD. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 14). References : COTTE 1902,1917, 1924, HOUARD 1917. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia calycotomae KIEFFER, 1912 Larvae develop in swollen pod of Calycotome intermedia L. and C. spinosa L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 14, Plate IX : Fig. 9). References : COTTE 1912, 1924. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia capparis RÜBSAAMEN, 1893 Larvae develop in swollen flower bud of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 15, Plate IX : Fig. 8). The record at Monte Carlo is the most western occurrence of A. capparis (known till present) although its host plant is distributed as far as to Rhône. Reference : COTTE 1926. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia coronillae (VALLOT,1829) Larvae develop in swollen bud of Coronilla minima L. and C. emerus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate I : Fig. 15). References : HOUARD 1902,1914, 1917, 1919, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, CHÂTEAU et CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1912, 1916, 1924, NOURY 1939, BÉGUINOT 2002a,e, 2003a,b, 2004a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia cytisi FRAUENFELD, 1873 Larvae develop in bud galls on Cytisus austriacus L. and related species (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 16, Plate X : Fig. 1). References : BÉGUINOT 2002f, g, 2005 b (on Cytisus decumbens (DURANDE) SPACH). Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Asphondylia dorycnii (MÜLLER, 1870) Larvae develop in swollen terminal or axial buds of Dorycnium suffruticosum L. and other species (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 16, Plate IX : Fig. 3). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, HOUARD 1917. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia ervi RÜBSAAMEN, 1896 Larvae develop in swollen pods of Vicia hirsuta (L.) GRAY (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 16). Reference : HOUARD 1925. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
48
Asphondylia genistae LOEW,1850 Larvae develop in swollen buds and in axis of leaves of Genista germanica L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 17, Plate X : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1888b, 1891c, 1892, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911. Distribution : European. Asphondylia hornigi WACHTL, 1880 Larvae develop in swollen fruits of Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 17). References : COTTE 1924, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Asphondylia lupulinae KIEFFER, 1909 Swollen axil bud of Medicago lupulina L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 18). References : KIEFFER 1909,1913. Distribution : European. Asphondylia melanopus KIEFFER, 1890 Larvae develop in swollen pod of Lotus corniculatus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 18, Plate X : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1890, HOUARD 1902, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1912, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2002e, 2004b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a . Distribution : European. Asphondylia menthae PIERRE, in KIEFFER,1901 Swollen flower bud of Mentha pulegium L. and other species of Mentha (Lamiaceae), SKUHRAVÁ, 1989). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 19). Reference : KIEFFER 1901. Distribution : Submediterranean. Asphondylia miki WACHTL, 1880 Larvae develope in swollen pods of Medicago sativa L. and M. falcata L. Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 19, Plate X : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891c,d, MARTEL 1891, CHÂTEAU , CHASSIGNOL 1911, HOUARD 1925, NOURY 1956, COUTIN 1962. Distribution : Euro-Siberian (Holarctic). Asphondylia ononidis F. LÖW, 1873 Larvae develop in swollen buds of Ononis spinosa L. and other Ononis spp. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 20, Plate X : Fig. 5). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c, 1909, MARCHAL & CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, 1916, 1917, 1924, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2002e,g, 2003b, 2004a, 2005b. Distribution : Submediterranean. Asphondylia pilosa KIEFFER, 1898 Small galls on pods of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius (L.) LINK. (Fabaceae).
49
Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 20). References : KIEFFER 1898, HOUARD 1902, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2004b. SKUHRAVÁ (1986, 1989) listed this species as a synonym under Asphondylia sarothamni. HARRIS (2002) found that A. pilosa is a valid species based on the shape of spatula sternalis. Distribution : European. Asphondylia pruniperda RONDANI, 1867 (= A. prunorum WACHTL, 1888) Larvae develope in swollen leaf and flower buds of Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 21, Plate X : Fig. 7). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891c, 1892, COTTE 1912, 1913. Distribution : European. Asphondylia punica MARCHAL, 1897 Galls on Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 21). Reference : HOUARD 1905. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia rosmarini KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae develop in small galls on the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 22). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, SALQUES 1934, COUTIN 1962, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.). Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia sarothamni LOEW, 1850 (= A. mayeri LIEBEL,1889) Larvae of the overwintering generation develop in swollen buds, larvae of the summer generation cause swellings on pods of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius (L.) LINK. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate I : Fig. 22, Plate X : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, 1892 , KIEFFER 1890, 1891, 1899, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, HOUARD 1915, MARTEL 1894, COTTE 1924, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, SKUHRAVY (Rennes, 1966, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2001, 2004b,c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b, GARRIGUE (Massane, unpubl.). Distribution : European, Subatlantic. Asphondylia scrophulariae SCHINER, 1856 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Scrophularia canina L. and other species of the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 23, Plate X : Fig. 8). References : COTTE 1902, 1912, 1917, 1924, CAZIOT 1914, GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia serpylli KIEFFER, 1898 (= A. thymi KIEFFER, 1898, A. proxima KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 23).
50
References : COTTE 1912, 1924, KIEFFER 1892a (incorrectly as Asphondylia origani). Distribution : European. Asphondylia stefanii KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae develop in swollen fruits of Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. (Brassicaceae). Occurrence : medium frequnt (Plate I : Fig. 24). References : HOUARD 1902, MASSALONGO 1906, COTTE 1917, 1924. The finding of A. stefanii by GUFFROY near Paris belongs probably to the species Dasineura sisymbrii. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia suaedae KIEFFER, 1909 Larvae develop in globular gall on the terminal part of the stem of Suaeda vermiculata L. (Chenopodiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 24). Reference : KIEFFER (1909) did not give the name of locality, galls were probably found in southern France. Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia trabutii MARCHAL 1896 Larvae cause gall on fruits of Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 25). Reference : GARRIGUE (Banyuls, 23.4.1996, unpubl.). Distribution : Mediterranean. Asphondylia ulicis TRAIL,1873 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 25). Reference : DAUPHIN 1986. Distribution : West-European, Sub-Atlantic ; introduced to New Zeeland for biological control of Ulex (BARNES, 1946). Asphondylia verbasci (VALLOT, 1897) (= A. dufouri KIEFFER, 1902) Larvae develop in swollen flower bud of various Verbascum spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 26, Plate X : Fig. 9). References : DUFOUR 1846, HIERONYMUS,1890, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, MASSALONGO 1906, CHÂTEAU , CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1925, CHRISTMANN 1934, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1996, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Submediterranean. Atrichosema aceris KIEFFER, 1904 White larvae cause spindle-shaped swelling on the petiole or the main vein of Acer campestre L. (Aceraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 26). References : Kieffer 1904, MARTEL 1893, CHRISTMANN 1934, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002a,f, 2005b. Distribution : European.
51
Baldratia salicorniae KIEFFER, 1897 Larvae cause swellings on stems of Arthrocnemum fruticosum (L.) MOQ. (Chenopodiaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 27, Plate XI : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1897, 1912, MÖHN 1961-1971, HOUARD 1905, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.). Distribution : Mediterranean. Bayeriola buhri MÖHN, 1958 Larvae develop in bud galls at the vegetative tip or in axillary buds on Gypsophila repens L. (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 27). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution: European. Bayeriola erysimi (RÜBSAAMEN, 1914) Larvae cause swelling of the stem of Erysimum virgatum ROTH. and related species of Erysimum (Brassicaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 27). Reference : CHRISTMANN 1934 (as Janetiella fortiana on Erysimum cheiranthoides L.). – Note. B. erysimi is probably identical with Janetiella fortiana TROTTER, 1901. Distribution : European. Bayeriola salicariae (KIEFFER,1888) Larvae cause galls on lateral leaf- and flower buds of Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 28, Plate XI : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1888a, 1889, MARTEL 1894, HOUARD 1909, 1915, 1921, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Bayeriola thymicola (KIEFFER, 1888) Larvae develop inside rosette of leaves of Thymus serpyllum L. and T. praecox OPIZ (Lamiaceae). Leaves are densely white haired. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate I : Fig. 28, Plate XI : Fig. 7). References : KIEFFER 1888a, 1891c, 1899, LIEBEL 1889, FOCKEU 1894, MARTEL 1891, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1913, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2003a,b, 2004a, 2005b. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Blastodiplosis artemisiae (KIEFFER, 1901) Yellow larva develops in swollen flower head of Artemisia vulgaris L. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 29, Plate XI : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1901a, 1902. Distribution : European. Blastodiplosis cocciferae (TAVARES , 1902) Larvae develop in cone-shaped galls on twigs of Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L. and Q. coccifera L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 29, Plate XI : Fig. 5).
52
References : MASSALONGO 1906, HOUARD 1914, CAZIOT 1914, COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, GARRIGUE 1994, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2003a. Distribution : Mediterranean. Blastomyia origani (TAVARES, 1901) Red larvae live gregariously in bud galls on Origanum virens HOFFG. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 30). Reference : KIEFFER 1913. Distribution. Submediterranean. Brachineura minima (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. Only male has been caught by KIEFFER (1904). Since that time it has not been recorded. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 30). Distribution : European. Brachineura squamata (KIEFFER, 1904) Kieffer described male and female which he caught on wood. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 31). Since 1904 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Brachineura squamigera (WINNERTZ, 1853) Biology unknown. References : KIEFFER 1890, 1904. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 31). Since 1904 it has not been in France recorded. Distribution : European. Braueriella phillyreae (F. LÖW, 1877) Yellow larvae develop in blister galls on leaves of Phillyrea media L. and Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 32, Plate XI : Fig. 3). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, CAZIOT 1914, SALQUES 1934. Distribution : Mediterranean. Bremia bifurcata KIEFFER, 1904 Only male is known. KIEFFER found it on beech logs. Probably it is xylophilous. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 32). Distribution : European, known only from Latvia and from Slovakian caves (SKUHRAVÁ, KOYEL 1995). Distribution : European. Bremia ciliata KIEFFER, 1904 Xylophilous species. KIEFFER caught a male on beech log. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 33). Distribution : European, known from Far East, European Russia and Latvia. Bremia longicornis KIEFFER, 1901 Xylophilous species. KIEFFER caught a male on oak log in August. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 33). Since 1901 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European.
53
Bremia longipes KIEFFER, 1901 Xylophilous species. KIEFFER caught males and females on freshly cut oak and on beech log in 1901, 1902 and 1904. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate I : Fig. 34). Since that time it has not been found. Distribution : European. Bremiola onobrychidis (BREMI, 1847) White larvae live gregariously in folded leaflets of Onobrychis viciifolia SCOP. (= O. sativa LAM.) (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 34). References : FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1915, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European (large area). Camptodiplosis boleti ( KIEFFER, 1901) Larvae develop in various fungi. Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 35). Reference : KIEFFER 1901a. Distribution : European. Cecidomyia pini (DE GEER, 1776) (= Cecidomyia pinimaritimae (DUFOUR, 1838) Free-living larvae are associated with resin masses on Pinus sylvestris L. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate I : Fig. 35, Plate XI : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1904, 1905, DUFOUR 1841, ROQUES 1983, DORMONT et al.1996. Distribution : European. Chelobremia sublevis (KIEFFER, 1909) (= Ch. insignis KIEFFER 1912) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate I : Fig. 36). References : KIEFFER 1909, 1912. Distribution : European. Clinodiplosis botularia (WINNERTZ, 1853) Reddish larvae develop in swollen midrib of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) together with larvae of Dasineura fraxini. Occurrence : frequent (Plate I : Fig. 36). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, 1891d, MARTEL 1891, DERESSE 1891, FOCKEU 1894. Distribution : European. Clinodiplosis cattleyae (MOLLIARD, 1902) (= Parallelodiplosis cattleyae MOLLIARD, 1902) Larvae cause root swellings of Cattleya sp. (Orchidaceae) which originated from Brazil. Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 1). Reference : KIEFFER 1913. Distribution : Nearctic, it has been introduced into Europe.
54
Clinodiplosis cilicrus (KIEFFER, 1889) (= Diplosis pallescens KIEFFER, 1890 ; Clinodiplosis coriscii KIEFFER, 1896 ; C. impatientis KIEFFER, 1901; C. sarothamni KIEFFER, 1902 ; C. urticae KIEFFER, 1902 ; C. breviseta KIEFFER, 1909 ; C. betonicae KIEFFER, 1909 ; C. biorrhizae KIEFFER, 1909 ; C. crassistigma KIEFFER, 1909 ; C. spinulosa KIEFFER, 1909 ; C. strobi KIEFFER, 1909 ; C. tetrahit KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae are phytosaprophagous and develop in decaying plant matter of various plant species (SKUHRAVÁ 1973). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1896, 1901, 1902a,b, 1909. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia acerplicans (KIEFFER, 1889) Larvae cause blood-red leaf folds and downward marginal leaf roll on Acer pseudoplatanus L. and other species of Acer (Aceraceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 2, Plate XI : Fig. 9). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891, COTTE 1912, DAUPHIN 1986, ANTONY 1991, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002f, 2003a, 2004a, 2005b. Distribution : European. Contarinia acetosellae (RÜBSAAMEN, 1891) Larvae develop in deformed flower buds of Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1901a, 1906. Distribution : European introduced into North America (GAGNÉ 1989).
L.
Contarinia aconitifloris STELTER, 1962 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Aconitum napellus L. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 3, Plate XI : Fig. 1). References : GARRIGUE 1998, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia aequalis KIEFFER, 1898 Yellow larvae cause galls on leaf buds of Senecio nemorensis L. ssp. fuchsii (GMEL.) DAR. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequnt (Plate II : Fig. 3, Plate XII : Fig. 1). References : CHRISTMANN 1934, VERRIER 1936, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia anthobia (F. LÖW, 1877) Yellow larvae cause galls on flower buds of Crataegus oxyacantha L. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 4). Reference : CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911. Distribution : European. Contarinia anthonoma (KIEFFER, 1890) White jumping larvae develop in deformed flower buds of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius (L.) LINK. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 4).
55
References : KIEFFER 1890b, LIEBEL 1892, MARTEL 1894, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, HOUARD 1915, BÉGUINOT 2003a. Distribution : European. Contarinia aprilina (KIEFFER, 1901) KIEFFER (1901) described this species based on specimens sitting on oak trunk. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 5). Since that time it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Contarinia arrhenatheri KIEFFER, 1901 Yellow larvae develop in inflorescences of Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) PRESL (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 5). Distribution : European. Contarinia asperulae KIEFFER, 1909 Only gall and larva are described. Orange coloured larvae cause galls on Asperula tinctoria L. (Rubiaceae). Attacked leaves are enlarged forming a gall of the size 5-6 mm. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 6). Distribution : European. Contarinia avenae KIEFFER, 1901 Yellow larvae develop in swollen flowers of Avena pubescens (HUDS.) OPIZ. (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 6). Distribution : European, known only from France and Russia. Contarinia baeri (PRELL, 1931) Yellow larvae develop on the basis of needles of Pinus sylvestris L. and other species (Pinaceae). Larvae suck at the base of needles. After attack the needles bent and precociously fall off. Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 7, Plate XII : Fig. 3). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia ballotae KIEFFER, 1898 Yellow larvae develop in leaf and flower buds of Ballota nigra L.(Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Distribution : European. Contarinia barbichei (KIEFFER, 1890) Whitish jumping larvae develop in leaf bud gall at the tip of shoot of Lotus corniculatus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891d, 1891c, 1899, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, VERRIER 1936, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2004a, 2005b. Distribution : European. Contarinia bitensis KIEFFER, 1909 Specimens were caught in forest.
56
Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 8). Since 1909 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Contarinia brizae KIEFFER, 1896 Red larvae develop in inflorescences of Briza media L. (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 9). Distribution : European. Contarinia campanulae (KIEFFER, 1895) White jumping larvae live gregariously in swollen flower buds of Campanula rapunculoides L. (Campanulaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 9, Plate XII : Fig. 2). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European. Contarinia camphorosmae (TAVARES, 1920) Larvae cause galls on axial and terminsal leaf buds of Camphorosma monspeliaca L. (Chenopodiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (at Banyuls, 1997, leg. J. GARRIQUE, unpubl.) (Plate II : Fig. 10). Reference : HOUARD 1925. Distribution : Mediterranean. Contarinia carpini KIEFFER, 1897 Larvae develop in galls formed by lateral folds on leaves of Carpinus betulus L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 10, Plate XII : Fig. 4). Reference : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b, BÉGUINOT 2004b,c, 2005b. Distribution : European. Contarinia chrysanthemi (KIEFFER, 1895) Yellow larvae develop among achenes in flower buds of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 11). References : KIEFFER 1895, 1897b. Distribution : European. Contarinia coryli (KALTENBACH, 1859) (= Diplosis corylina F. LÖW, 1878) Yellow larvae develop in swollen catkins of Corylus avellana L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate II : Fig. 11, Plate XII : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, 1901a, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1915, 1919, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1937, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 1997, 2002c,d,f, 2004b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian, large area spread up to China. Contarinia craccae KIEFFER, 1897 Whitish jumping larvae change into galls flower buds of Vicia cracca L. (Fabaceae).
57
Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 12, Plate XII : Fig. 7). References : KIEFFER 1897, HOUARD 1902, 1919, MASSALONGO 1907, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, DAUPHIN 1986, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia crispans KIEFFER, 1909 White larvae develop in rolled and folded leaves of Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 12). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distributon: European. Contarinia cybelae GAGNÉ, 1972 (as a new name for Contarinia coryli KIEFFER, 1909) Jumping white larvae develop in folded and crumpled leaves of Corylus avellana L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 13). Reference : COTTE, 1924, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Contarinia echii (KIEFFER, 1895) Yellow larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Echium vulgare L. (Boraginaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 13, Plate XII : Fig. 9). References : MARTEL 1891, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia erigeronis KIEFFER, 1909 Swollen flower bud of Erigeron acer L. (Asteraceae) inside with yellow jumping larvae; no more data are known. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 14). Distribution : European. Contarinia fagi RÜBSAAMEN, 1921 Leaf bud of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae) is damaged, young leaves are deformed and slightly thickned, inside with whitish larvae. It is a pest of seedlings in forest nurseries. Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 14, Plate XII : Fig. 5). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Contarinia galeobdolontis KIEFFER, 1909 Gall formed by two terminal leaves at the vegetative top of Lamium galeobdolon L. (Lamiaceae), inside with white larvae. Adults have not been described. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 15). Distribution : European.
58
Contarinia galii KiEffer, 1909 Only gall and larva were described. Gall is formed of deformation of the stem on Galium lucidum ALL. (Rubiaceae). According to BUHR (1964-1965) the gall is similar to the gall caused by Contarinia acrocecis STELTER, 1962. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 15). Distribution : European. Contarinia gei KIEFFER 1909 (= C. geicola RÜBSAAMEN, 1917) KIEFFER (1909) described only the gall, RÜBSAAMEN (1917) described adults, larva and biology. Whitish larvae cause leaf galls on Geum urbanum L. and on other species of Geum (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 16, Plate XII : Fig. 10). Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia helianthemi (HARDY, 1850) Galls on Helianthemum grandiflorum DC and H. vulgare GAERTN. (Cistaceae). Leaves on the tip of shoot are thickened, very hairy, forming an artichoke gall. Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 16, Plate XIII : Fig. 1). References : LIEBEL 1884, KIEFFER 1896, COTTE 1912, 1924. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Contarinia heraclei (Rübsaamen, 1889) Whitish larvae develop in small depressions on the under side of leaf blades of Heracleum sphondylium L. (Apiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 16). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution: European. Contarinia hyperici Barnes, 1952 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 16, Plate XII : Fig. 8). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia ilicis KIEFFER, 1898 Small galls on the leaf of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) with opening on small pipe on the lower part of leaves. Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 17). References : KIEFFER 1898, CAZIOT 1914, LAMBERTIE 1921, COTTE 1924, 1933, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2003a. Distribution : Mediterranean. Contarinia jacobaeae (LOEW, 1850) Larvae live among aborted achenes in flower heads of Senecio jacobaea L. and other species of Senecio (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 17, Plate XIII : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1899, CHRISTMANN 1934, ANTONY 1989, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b, BÉGUINOT 2004c. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
59
Contarinia lamii KIEFFER, 1909 Larvae cause deformation of leaves of Lamium maculatum L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 18). Reference : COTTE 1924. Distribution : Mediterranean. Contarinia lathyri KIEFFER, 1909 Whitish or lemon coloured larvae live in swollen flower buds of Lathyrus pratensis L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 18). Distribution : European. Contarinia lentis ACZÉL, 1942 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Lens culinaris MED. (Fabaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 19, Plate XIII : Fig. 4). References : COUTIN 1965-1967, 1977. Distribution : Mediterranean, central France. Contarinia loti (DE GEER, 1776) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Lotus corniculatus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate II : Fig. 19, Plate XIII : Fig. 3). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1889, FOCKEU 1890, 1894, MARTEL 1894, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1924, HOUARD 1915, VERRIER 1936, MEYER 1950, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002e, 2004a,b, 2004c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (large area). Contarinia luteola TAVARES, 1902 Yellowish larvae cause small cone-shaped galls on bark of young shoots and leaf petioles of Quercus ilex L., Q. suber L. and Q. coccifera L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 20). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, CAZIOT 1914, GARRIGUE 1996, BÉGUINOT 2003a. Distribution : Mediterranean. Contarinia lysimachiae (RÜBSAAMEN, 1893) Yellow larvae cause flower bud galls on Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Primulaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 20, Plate XIII : Fig. 5). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Contarinia marchali KIEFFER, 1896 Yellow larvae develop in swollen fruits of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 21). Reference : KIEFFER 1896b. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Contarinia martagonis KIEFFER, 1909 Only gall and larva were described. Deformation of flower buds of Lilium martagon L. (Liliaceae).
60
Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 21, Plate XIII : Fig. 7). References : COTTE 1912, BONNE 1929-1930, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Contarinia medicaginis KIEFFER, 1895 Larvae change into galls flower buds of Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) which are swollen and remain closed. Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate II : Fig. 22, Plate XIII : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1895, 1896a, CHÂTEAU -CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1915, GUFFROY 1938, MEYER 1950, NOURY 1956, COUTIN 1962, STREBLER 1967, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002d, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia melanocera KIEFFER, 1904 Larvae cause fleshy swelling at tip of stem on Genista tinctoria L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 22, Plate XIII : Fig. 9). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1904, HOUARD 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934. Distribution : European. Contarinia molluginis (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) Larvae cause an artichoke gall at the vegetative tip of Galium mollugo L. (Rubiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 23). References : COTTE 1924. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia nasturtii (KIEFFER, 1888) (= Diplosis ruderalis KIEFFER, 1890) Yellowish white, later yellow larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Brassica spp. (Brassicaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 23, Plate XIII : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1888b, 1891,1897, LIEBEL 1889, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, COUTIN 1952, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.). Distribution : European (large area up to Turkey). Contarinia nikolayi (RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) White larvae live in deformed flower buds of Heracleum sphondylium (Apiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 24, Plate XIV : Fig. 2). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia nubilipennis KIEFFER, 1889 KIEFFER caught females with apparently black wings on window of his working room in January and described them as a new species. The description of the female with very long ovipositor reminds females of Xylodiplosis nigritarsis ZETT. and also the date of emergence of females (winter) corresponds to occurrence of X. nigritarsis. Probably both species are identical. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 24). Distribution : European.
61
Contarinia onobrychidis KIEFFER 1895 Yellow jumping larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Onobrychis viciifolia SCOP. (= O. sativa LAM. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 25, Plate XIV : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1895, LIEBEL 1886, HOUARD, 1915, 1919, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia ononidis KIEFFER, 1899 Yellow larvae develop in deformed stem tips of Ononis repens L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 25). Distribution : European. Contarinia petioli KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae cause globular, hard galls on petiole of the leaves of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate II : Fig. 26, Plate XIV : Fig. 4). References : HIERONYMUS 1890, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, 1919, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1939, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002a,c, 2003b, 2004a,b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia picridis (KIEFFER, 1912) Larvae develop in galls formed by haired leaves of Picris hieracioides L. (Asteracae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 26). References : KIEFFER, 1912, COTTE, 1912. Distribution : European. Contarinia pilosellae ( KIEFFER, 1896). Yellow larvae develop in swollen leaf buds of Hieracium pilosella L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 27). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Contarinia pisi (WINNERTZ, 1854) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds and in young pods of Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 27). References : VALLOTON 1969, DAUPHIN 1986. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia polygonati Rübsaamen, 1921 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds and deformed fruits of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (Liliaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 27, Plate XIV : Fig. 10). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European.
62
Contarinia populi (Rübsaamen, 1917) Larvae develop in small globular leaf galls on Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae) with rounded opening. Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 28, Plate XIV : Fig. 9). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia pruniflorum COUTIN et RAMBIER, 1955 Larvae develop in flower buds of Prunus spinosa L. and P. mahaleb L. (Rosaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 28). References : COUTIN et RAMBIER 1955. Important damage on Prunus armeniaca was observed 1999-2001 by E. PIERRE in Dép. Drôme (det. M. SKUHRAVÁ). Distribution : European (with tendency to south). Contarinia pulchripes KIEFFER, 1890) Larvae develop in pods of Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) and Genista pilosa L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 28). References : KIEFFER 1890b, 1891d, 1899, LIEBEL 1892, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia pyrivora (RILEY, 1886) Larvae develop in young fruits of pears Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 29, Plate XIV : Fig. 3). References : MARCHAL 1907, GISON, COUTIN 1947, COUTIN 1949, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European, secondarily Holarctic and cosmopolitan. Contarinia quercina (RÜBSAAMEN, 1890) (= Diplosis dryophila KIEFFER, 1890) Larvae cause leaf bud galls on Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATT.) LIEBEL (Fagaceae). It is a pest of young oak in forest nurseries occurring together with Arnoldiola quercus. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 29, Plate XIV : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891, LIEBEL 1892, TAVARES 1930, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia quinquenotata (F. LÖW, 1888) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Hemerocallis fulva L. (Liliaceae). It is a pest of this ornamental plant species. Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarcely observed but probably rather frequent in gardens (Plate II : Fig. 30, Plate XIV : Fig. 7). Reference : COUTIN 1987, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia ribis KIEFFER, 1909 Whitish larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Ribes uva-crispa L. (=Ribes grossularia L.) (Grossulariaceae).
63
Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 30). References : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1903, 1905, KIEFFER 1909, BÉGUINOT 2005b. Distribution : European. Contarinia rubicola KIEFFER, 1909 White jumping larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Rubus caesius L. and other Rubus spp. (Rosaceae). RÜBSAAMEN (1910) described adults. Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 31, Plate XIV : Fig. 11). Distribution : European. Contarinia rumicina (TAVARES, 1919) Larvae develop in male flower buds of Rumex acetosella L. (Polygonaceae). Occurrence : very scarce; nobody except TAVARES found this gall (Plate II : Fig. 31). Reference : TAVARES, 1930. Distribution : European. Contarinia rumicis LOEW, 1850 Yellow larvae develop in swollen flower buds of various Rumex spp. (Polygonaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 32). References : GIARD 1889, TAVARES 1930. – Note : HARRIS (2003) called attention to the problem of gall midges developing in flower buds and fruit galls of the genus Rumex. Their systematic position need revision. Distribution : European, introduced into North America (GAGNÉ 1989). Contarinia sambuci KALTENBACH, 1873 (= Diplosis lonicerearum F. LÖW, 1877) Yellow jumping larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Sambucus nigra L., Sambucus ebulus L. and Lonicera xylosteum L. (Caprifoliaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 32). References : KIEFFER 1888, 1891, LIEBEL 1889, HOUARD 1905, 1915, COTTE 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, BÉGUINOT 2002f,g, 2003b. Distribution : European. Contarinia scabiosae KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Scabiosa columbaria L. (Dipsacaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate II : Fig. 33). Distribution : European. Contarinia schlechtendaliana (RÜBSAAMEN, 1893) (= Contarinia sonchi KIEFFER, 1896) Yellow larvae develop in swollen flower heads of Sonchus arvensis L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate II : Fig. 33). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1896b. Distribution : European. Contarinia scoparii (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) Larva develop in a chamber of swollen terminal bud of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius L. LINK (Fabaceae). Galls occur also on stem, vein, leaf and flower stalks.
64
Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 34). References : KIEFFER 1890c, 1891c, LIEBEL 1892, MARTEL 1894, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, CHRISTMANN 1934, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (Atlantic). Contarinia scrophulariae KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae in swollen flower buds of different Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 34, Plate XV : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1896, HOUARD 1919, COTTE 1924 (on Scrophularia aquatica L.), CHRISTMANN, 1934, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004b. Distribution : European. Contarinia silvestris KIEFFER, 1897 Larvae develop in deformed pods of Lathyrus sylvestris L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce, since 1897 it has not been found (Plate II : Fig. 35). Distribution : European. Contarinia solani (RÜBSAAMEN, 1891) Whitish larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 35, Plate XIV : Fig. 8). References : LOISELLE 1903, SKUHRAVY (1966, Rennes, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Contarinia sorbi KIEFFER, 1896 White larvae develop in folded leaflets of Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate II : Fig. 36, Plate XIV : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1889, 1892, KIEFFER 1896, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, BONNE 1929-1930, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Contarinia steini (KARSCH, 1881) Larvae in swollen buds of Silene pratensis (RAFN.) Godr. (= Melandrium album (MILL.) GARCKE (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate II : Fig. 36, Plate XV : Fig. 3). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1891, MARTEL 1891, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, TAVARES 1930, GUFFROY 1938, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia subulifex KIEFFER, 1897 Larvae develop in pointed galls on the upper side of the leaf of Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 1, Plate XV : Fig. 6). References : MASSALONGO 1908, COTTE 1912. Distribution : Mediterranean. Contarinia symphyti KIEFFER, 1909 Larvae develop in swollen flower L.(Borraginaceae).
buds
of
Symphytum
officinale
65
Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1909, HOUARD 1918. Distribution : European. Contarinia tiliarum (KIEFFER, 1890) Yellow larvae cause globular galls on flower stalks, petioles, on young stems of various species of Tilia (Tiliaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 2, Plate XV : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1890d, MARTEL 1891, LIEBEL 1892, LOISELLE 1901, COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1915, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 191, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, BÉGUINOT 1997, 2002g, 2004b,C, 2005,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Contarinia tragopogonis KIEFFER, 1909 (= Contarinia tragopogonis BARNES, 1927) Larvae develop in swollen flower heads of Tragopogon officinalis L. and T. pratensis L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 2). Distribution : European. Contarinia tremulae KIEFFER, 1909 White jumping larvae develop in rolled leaf margin of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae) which is smooth and brillant. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1909, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002a, 2004a. Distribution : European. Contarinia tritici (KIRBY, 1798) Yellow larvae develop gregariously in the spikelets of Triticum aestivum L. (= T. vulgare VILL., T. sativum LAM.) (Poaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 3, Plate XV : Fig. 8). Serious pest of wheat in Europe. References : GÉHIN, 1857, KIEFFER 1888b, COUTIN 1968, 1969, 1977. Distribution : European, secondarily Holarctic and cosmopolitan. Contarinia trotteri KIEFFER, 1909 Swollen leaf bud of Carpinus betulus L. (Corylaceae) inside with yellow larvae. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 4). Distribution : European. Contarinia viburnorum KIEFFER, 1913 (= C. viburni KIEFFER, 1912) Yellow larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Viburnum lantana L. and V. opulus L. (Caprifoliaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 4, Plate XV : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1912, 1913, MARTEL 1894, CHRISTMANN 1934 ( as C. lonicerearum on Viburnum lantana), BÉGUINOT 2005b (as C. sambuci). Distribution : European.
66
Contarinia viticola RÜBSAAMEN, 1906 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 5). Reference : VAYSSIÈRE 1928. Distribution : European. Craneiobia corni GIRAUD, 1863 Orange- yellow larvae cause hard, woody galls on the leaves of Cornus mas L. and C. sanguinea L. (Cornaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 5, Plate XV : Fig. 1). References : FOCKEU 1889, BALLÉ 1890, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1893, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1939, 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, ASKEW (2003, Dordogne, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002e,f, 2003a,b, 2004a, 2005a,b. Distribution : European - Submediterranean. Cystiphora sanguinea (BREMI, 1847) (= Cecidomyia hieracii F. LÖW, 1874, Cystiphora pilosellae KIEFFER, 1892) Whitish yellow larvae cause pustule galls on Hieracium murorum L., H. umbellatum L. and H. pilosella L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1891c, 1892a, 1897b, BALLÉ 1890, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1912, 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, VERRIER 1936, BÉGUINOT 2003a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European (large area). Cystiphora schmidti (RÜBSAAMEN, 1914) Orange coloured larvae cause blister galls on leaves of Chondrilla juncea L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 7). References : COUTIN 1980, GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : Mediterranean; this species has been introduced into Australia for biological control of weed. Cystiphora scorzonerae KIEFFER, 1909 Larvae cause blister galls on leaves of Scorzonera humilis L. ( Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 7). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European, galls were found also in Germany and Hungary. Cystiphora sonchi (BREMI , 1847) Yellowish larvae cause pustule galls on leaves of Sonchus oleraceus L. and S. arvensis L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 8, Plate XV : Fig. 9). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889a, DERESSE 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, 1915, 1924, GUFFROY 1938, MEYER 1950, NOURY 1956, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1996, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
67
Cystiphora taraxaci KIEFFER, 1888 Orange-yellow larvae cause pustule galls on Taraxacum officinale WEB. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 6, Plate XV : Fig. 7). References : KIEFFER 1888a, 1889, 1899, 1910, LIEBEL 1889, LOISELLE 1901, CHRISTMANN 1934, DAUPHIN 1986, ANTONY 1996, BÉGUINOT 2002a,c,f,g, 2004a,b, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura abietiperda (HENSCHEL, 1880) (= Cecidomyia piceae HARTIG, 1893) Orange-yellow larvae cause small rounded swellings in bark of current years shoot of Picea abies (L.) KARST. (Pinaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1900, 1901. Distribution : European; this species seems to be now extincted. Dasineura acrophila (WINNERTZ, 1853) White larvae live gregariously and produce galls on leaflets of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 9, Plate XVI : Fig. 1). References : LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1905, MASSALONGO 1900, COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2003a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Dasineura affinis KIEFFER, 1886 Orange coloured larvae produce galls on young leaves of Viola reichenbachiana JORD. (= V. sylvatica FRIES (Violaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : one of the six most frequent species occurring in France (Plate III : Fig. 10, Plate XVI : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1886, MARTEL 1891, HIERONYMUS 1890, LOISELLE 1901, HOUARD 1913, 1915, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, RAYMOND 1928, TAVARES 1930, GUFFROY 1938, MEYER 1950, NOURY 1956, COUTIN 1974, DAUPHIN 1986, ANTONY 1991, BÉGUINOT 1997, 2002f, 2004c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Dasineura airae (KIEFFER, 1897) Larvae live in the spikelets of Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) TRIN. (= Aira flexuosa L.) (Poaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 10). Since 1897 it has not been found. Distribution : European. Dasineura alpestris ( KIEFFER, 1909) (= D. schneideri RÜBSAAMEN 1917) Red larvae cause rosette leaf bud galls on Arabis alpina L. and A. hirsuta ( L.) SCOP. (Brassicaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 11, Plate XVI : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1909, COUTIN 1962. Distribution : European.
68
Dasineura aparines (KIEFFER, 1889) Yellow larvae live gregariously in large galls on growing tip of Galium aparine L. (Rubiaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate III : Fig. 11). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1991c, HOUARD 1905, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, GARRIGUE 1996, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002g, 2003a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Dasineura asperulae (F. LÖW, 1875) (= Perrisia asperularum KIEFFER,1909) Orange-reddish larva cause globular white gall on the stem of Asperula tinctoria L. and A. cynanchica L. (Rubiaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate III : Fig. 12, Plate XVI : Fig. 7). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1901, 1909, COTTE 1912, 1916, 1924, HOUARD 1917, GARRIGUE 1994. Distribution : European. Dasineura astragalorum (KIEFFER, 1909) Gregarious larvae cause a swelling of the stem of Astragalus arenarius L. and A. glycyphyllos L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 12). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Dasineura aucupariae (KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae live in swollen flower buds of Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 13). Distribution : European. Dasineura auricomi (KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae live gregariously at the base of swollen fruits of Ranunculus auricomus L. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 13). Reference : NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Dasineura auritae (RÜBSAAMEN, 1915) Yellow larvae cause marginal leaf rolls on Salix aurita L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Rouen, 1966, leg. V. SKUHRAVY, unpubl.) (Plate III : Fig. 14, Plate XVI : Fig. 2). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Dasineura axillaris KIEFFER, 1896 Red larvae cause swollen leaf bud galls in axils of the stem of Trifolium medium L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 14). References : KIEFFER 1896, COTTE 1912. Distribution : European.
69
Dasineura berberidis (KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae cause galls on young leaves at the vegetative tip of Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae). Leaf margin is rolled. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 15, Plate XVI : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER, 1909, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1924, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura betuleti ( KIEFFER, 1886 ) White larvae live gregariously between two youngest leaves at the vegetative tip of Betula pendula ROTH. (= B. alba L.) (Betulaceae). They are probably inquilines in the galls of Plemeliella betulicola. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 15). Since 1886 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Dasineura bistortae (KIEFFER, 1909) (= Perrisia polygoni RÜBSAAMEN, 1921) Larvae cause galls on Polygonum bistorta L. (Polygonaceae). The leaf margin is rolled. Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 16). References : BONNE 1929-1930 (gall on P. viviparum L., det. as Perrisia persicariae), VERRIER 1936, BÉGUINOT 2002a (as Wachtliella persicariae), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura brassicae (WINNERTZ, 1853) Whitish coloured larvae live gregariously in deformed siliquas of Brassica napus L. and B. oleracea L. (Brassicaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 16, Plate XVI : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1891c,d, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COUTIN 1961, COUTIN, RIOM 1970, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (large area). Dasineura broteri (TAVARES, 1902) Red larvae live in bud leaf galls of Erica ciliaris L. (Ericaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 17). Reference : DAUPHIN 1986. Distribution : Subatlantic, Mediterranean. Dasineura brunellae (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described gall and larva only on Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae). The gall is formed by terminal pair of shortened leaves; red larvae among leaves. TAVARES (1920) described a female. Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 17). Reference : COTTE 1912. Distribution : European. Dasineura bursifex (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described the gall only. Leaflets are pod-like folded along the vein on Cytisus ratisbonensis SCHAEFF. (= C. biflorus) (Fabaceae).
70
Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 18). Since 1909 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Dasineura campanulae Rübsaamen, 1914 White larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Campanula rotundifolia L. (Campanulaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 18). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura campanularum (KIEFFER, 1909) Yellow larvae cause leaf bud gall on Campanula glomerata L. (Campanulaceae). The gall is globular, 12 mm in diameter; outside leaves are enlarged, inside leaves are densely haired. Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 18). References : KIEFFER 1909, COTTE 1912. Distribution : European. Dasineura capsulae KIEFFER, 1901 Orange coloured larvae live gregariously in hard galls at the vegetative tip of Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Euphorbiaceae). Inside the gall is one large chamber. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 19, Plate XVI : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1901, 1902, HOUARD 1906, 1919, COTTE 1924, ASKEW ( unpubl.). Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Dasineura cardaminis (WINNERTZ, 1853) Red larvae in swollen flower buds of Cardamine pratensis L. ( Brassicaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 19, Plate XVI : Fig. 9). References : LIEBEL 1886, GIARD 1890, KIEFFER 1909c, CHRISTMANN 1934, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1988. Distribution : European. Dasineura caricis (KIEFFER, 1901) ( = Perrisia caricina KIEFFER,1913) Larva develops between leaves of various Carex-species (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 20). Since 1901 it has not been recorded and nobody gave the description of the gall. Distribution : European. Dasineura carpesii (KIEFFER,1909) Only gall has been described. It is a deformation on shoot of Carpesium cernuum L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 20). Since 1909 it has not been recorded. Distribution : south-European. Dasineura centaureae (Kieffer, 1909) Galls at the vegetative tip of Centaurea montana L. (Asteraceae) are formed of two small, densely haired leaves. Kieffer described only the gall. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 21).
71
Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a (on Centaurea jacea L.). Distribution : European. Dasineura cerastii (BINNIE, 1877) Orange larvae cause leaf bud galls at shoot tip of Cerastium glomeratum THUILL. (= C. viscosum auct.) (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 21). Reference : KIEFFER 1899. Distribution : European. Dasineura columnae (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described a gall and larva only. Leaflets of Ononis pusilla L. (= O. columnae ALL.) (Fabaceae) are folded, a little swollen. Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 21). References : KIEFFER 1909, COTTE 1912. Distribution : Mediterranean. Dasineura crataegi (WINNERTZ, 1853) Larvae live gregariously among shortened leaves in terminal rosette on Crataegus laevigata POIRET DC. (= C. oxyacantha L.) and C. monogyna JACQ. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 22, Plate XVI : Fig. 10). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1890, 1894, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, LOISELLE 1901, MASSALONGO 1907, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1915, 1914, 1915, LAMBERTIE 1920, TAVARES, 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1939, 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002d,e,f,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (large area). Dasineura cytisi (KIEFFER, 1909) KIEFFER described a gall and larva only. White larvae live in the gall at vegetation tip of non-flowering shoots of Genista sagittalis L.(= Cytisus sagittalis (L). KOCH) (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 23, Plate XVII : Fig. 2). Distribution : south- European. Dasineura daphnes (KIEFFER, 1901) White larvae develop in galls at the vegetative tip of Daphne cneorum L. (Thymelaeaceae). The gall is formed of several leaves which are inrolled. Occurrence : frequent (Plate III : Fig. 23). References : KIEFFER 1901a, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1905, COTTE 1912, NOURY 1939, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2002a,e,f, 2003b, 2004c, 2005a,b. Distribution : European. Dasineura dianthi (KIEFFER, 1909) Only the gall have been described. Flowers of Dianthus carthusianorum L. (Caryophyllaceae) are swollen and hardened. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 24). Distribution : European.
72
Dasineura dioicae (RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) Yellowish white larvae cause galls on Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). Leaf margin is slightly thickened and curled upwards. Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 24). Reference : COTTE 1924, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1996, BÉGUINOT 2002b,d,g, 2004b,c. Distribution : European. Dasineura engstfeldi (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) Larvae live in depressions on the lower surface of the leaf of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) MAXIM. (Rosaceae). Elongate swellings are on the upper part. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 25). References : KIEFFER 1909, COTTE 1909, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1939, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura epilobii ( F. Löw, 1889) Red larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Chamaenerion (= Epilobium) angustifolium (L.) SCOP. (Onagraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 25, Plate XVII : Fig. 9). References : HOUARD 1905, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, NOURY 1956, COUTIN 1993, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, GARRIGUE (unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura ericaescopariae (DUFOUR, 1837) Larvae cause galls at the vegetative tip of Erica scoparia L. and other species of Erica (Ericaceae). Each gall contains many larvae. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 26, Plate XVII : Fig. 8). References : DUFOUR 1837, HOUARD 1914, LEMÉE 1914, COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, SALQUES 1934, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1994, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Mediterranean, Subatlantic. Dasineura euphorbiarum (KIEFFER, 1909) Only the gall has been described. The fruit of Euphorbia cyparissias (L.) (Euphorbiaceae) is deformed, ovoid, pea-size. No more is known. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 26). Distribution : European. Dasineura excavans (KIEFFER, 1909) Only the gall has been described. It is a small depression of l mm in diammeter on leaves of Lonicera xylosteum L. (Caprifoliaceae) which is surrounded with yellowish zone 5-7 mm. Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 27, Plate XVII : Fig. 4). References : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a, 2005b. Distribution : European. Dasineura fairmairei (KIEFFER 1896) Red larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Lathyrus sylvestris L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 27). Reference : KIEFFER 1897a.
73
Distribution : European. Dasineura filicina (KIEFFER, 1889) Orange larva develop in swollen rolled leaf margin of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) KUHN (Hypolepidiaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 28, Plate XVII : Fig. 5). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1889, 1891c, MARTEL 1894, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, HOUARD, 1905, 1915, LAMBERTIE 1921, NOURY 1929, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2004b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura filipendulae (KIEFFER, 1909) Only the gall has been described : swollen unopened flower buds of Filipendula vulgaris MOENCH (= Spiraea filipendula L.) (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 28). Distribution : European. Dasineura fraxinea (KIEFFER, 1907) Solitary whitish or yellow larvae cause circular flattened blisters on leaflets of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate III : Fig. 29, Plate XVII : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1899, 1907, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b, BÉGUINOT 2004a,b,c. Distribution : European; very common. Dasineura fraxini (BREMI, 1847) Larvae cause pouch galls on midvein of leaflets of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Slit opening is on the upper side; only one orange larva develops in each gall. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 29, Plate XVII : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886, LOISELLE 1903, KIEFFER 1897a, 1899, HOUARD 1905, 1915, MARCHAL 1915, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, ANTONY 1993, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 1997, 2001, 2002a,d,f,g, 2003a, 2004a,b,c, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Dasineura fructicola (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described the gall and larva only. Fruits of Myosotis scorpioides L. (= M. palustris (L.) HILL.) (Boraginaceae) are swollen, brown coloured, each with yellow larva. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 30). It has not been recorded since 1909. Distribution : European. Dasineura galeopsis (KIEFFER, 1897) Only gall has been described. Flower buds of Galeopsis tetrahit L. (Lamiacae) are slightly swollen and unopened. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 30). It has not been recorded since 1897. Distribution : European.
74
Dasineura galiicola (F. LÖW, 1880) Orange yellow larvae form an artichoke-shaped, spongy gall at the growing tip of Galium uliginosum L. (Rubiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 31, Plate XVII : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1891c, GARRIGUE (on Galium cometorhizon, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002a,g, 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura gallica (KIEFFER 1909) KIEFFER (1909) described only the gall on Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) as unopened swollen flowers. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 31). Reference : KIEFFER (1909). Distribution : west-European, Subatlantic. Galls were found only in France and England (REDFERN & SHIRLEY, 2002). Dasineura geranii (KIEFFER, 1907) According to KIEFFER (1907) larvae develop gregariously in flowers and fruits of Geranium cicutarium L. Later KIEFFER (1912) corrected this information that D. geranii develops only on G. sanguineum L. (Geraniaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 32, Plate XVII : Fig. 7). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura glechomae (KIEFFER, 1889) White larvae develop in galls on growing tip of Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae). The gall is formed of two reduced leaves which are pressed together. Occurrence : frequent (Plate III : Fig. 32, Plate XVIII : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1888, 1889, 1899, LIEBEL 1889, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1905, 1915, NOURY 1939, 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (large area). Dasineura gleditchiae (OSTEN SACKEN 1886) Larvae develop gregariously in folded leaflets of Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Fabaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 33, Plate XVIII : Fig. 3). Reference : DAUPHIN 1991, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b, GARRIGUE (2002, unpubl.). Distribution : Nearctic, introduced into Europe (SIMOVA-TOSIC, SKUHRAVÁ 1995). Dasineura glyciphylli (RÜBSAAMEN, 1912) Yellow-white larvae live gregariously in swollen folded leaflets of Astragalus glycyphyllos L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 33). Reference : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, BÉGUINOT 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European.
75
Dasineura holosteae (KIEFFER,1909) KIEFFER described the larva and gall on Stellaria holostea L. (Caryophyllaceae). Seed capsule is shorter than normal and swollen with one white larva. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate III : Fig. 34). Distribution : European. Dasineura hygrophila (MIK, 1883) Pale yellow larvae develop in globular galls on the growing tip of Galium palustre L. (Rubiaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate III : Fig. 34, Plate XVIII : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura hyperici (BREMI, 1847) Orange yellow larvae develop in a gall on the growing tip of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 35, Plate XVIII : Fig. 2). References : HIERONYMUS 1890, MARTEL 1893, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, b, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2004a,c, 2005b. Distribution : European (large area). Dasineura irregularis (BREMI, 1847) (= Cecidomyia acercrispans KIEFFER, 1888) White larvae cause leaf galls on Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate III : Fig. 35, Plate XVIII : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1888, 1891c, FOCKEU 1890, LIEBEL 1892, 1889, MARTEL 1893, HOUARD 1915, COTTE 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2002a,d,e,f,g, 2003a (on Acer monspessulanum and A. opalus), 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (large area). Dasineura kellneri (HENSCHEL, 1875) (= Cecidomyia laricis F. LÖW, 1878) Solitary orange larva develop in a gall formed by lateral leaf bud or flower bud of Larix decidua MILL. (= L. europaea DC.) (Pinaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 36, Plate XVIII : Fig.4). References : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European (very common in Central Europe). Dasineura kiefferi (MARCHAL, 1896) Whitish larvae develop in slightly swollen flower bud of Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate III : Fig. 36). References : MARCHAL 1896, COTTE 1916. Distribution : European. Dasineura kiefferiana (RÜBSAAMEN, 1891) Larvae live in leaf rolled margins of Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) SCOP. (Onagraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 1).
76
References : KIEFFER 1891c, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian (very common in Central Europe). Dasineura lamii (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described the gall only. It is a swollen flower bud of Lamium maculatum L. (Lamiaceae) including white larvae. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 1, Plate XVIII : Fig. 7). Reference : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905. Distribution : European. Dasineura lamiicola (MIK, 1888) Larvae cause rounded pea-size gall at shoot tip or at axillary buds of Lamium maculatum L. (Lamiaceae) which is densely covered with hairs. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 2). Reference : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905. Distribution : European. Dasineura lathyri (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described the larva and gall only. Leaflets of Lathyrus pratensis L. (Fabaceae) are slightly swollen and folded, forming a soft discoloured pod; inside white larvae. Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1909, COTTE 1912. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura lathyricola (RÜBSAAMEN, 1890) Red larvae live gregariously in leaf bud galls on Lathyrus pratensis L. (Fabaceae). Galls are formed by two terminal discolored stiples including shortened shoot. Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1891c, COTTE 1909. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura leguminicola (LINTNER, 1879) Salmon yellow or pink larvae feed within the flowers of Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae). It is a pest of clover in central and northern Europe and is widespread in North America (DARVAS et al. 2000). GAGNÉ (1989) supposes that it is an immigrant from Europe. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1890c 1891c,d. Distribution : European, secondarily Holarctic. Dasineura linosyridis MÖHN, 1958 Larvae cause leaf galls on Aster linosyris (L.) BERNH. (Asteraceae) which are formed by swollen midweins. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 4). Reference : DAUPHIN 1994. Distribution : European.
77
Dasineura lithospermi (LOEW, 1850) Larvae develop in gall formed by hairy thickened deformed leaves at the growing tip or axillary bud of Lithospermum officinale L. (Borraginaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 4, Plate XVIII : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1891c,d, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, NOURY 1939, MEYER 1950, BÉGUINOT 2005a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura loewii (MIK, 1882) Larvae live in faded, purse shaped folded leaves of the shoot tip of Euphorbia seguieriana NECK. (= E. gerardiana JACQ.) (Euphorbiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 5). Reference : KIEFFER 1897. Distribution : European. Dasineura lotharingiae (KIEFFER, 1888) Orange red larvae cause egg-shaped galls at shoot tip and swollen flower buds of Cerastium glomeratum THUILL., C. holosteoides FRIES, C. triviale LK. and C. arvense L. (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1886, 1888a, 1891c, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Dasineura lupulinae (KIEFFER 1891) Onion-shaped bud galls in leaf axils, covered with white hairs on Medicago lupulina L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891c, d, COTTE 1924. Distribution : European. Dasineura mali (KIEFFER, 1904) First whitish, later red larvae develop in rolled leaf margins of Malus sylvestris MILL. (Rosaceae). It can occur as a pest. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 6, Plate XIX : Fig. 1). References : LIEBEL 1895, MARTEL 1894, KIEFFER 1904, HOUARD 1905, 1912, 1914, 1915, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European, secondarily Holarctic. Dasineura medicaginis (BREMI, 1847) (= Cecidomyia ignorata WACHTL, 1884) Reddish-yellow to orange larvae develop onion-shaped leaf bud galls on Medicago sativa L. and M. falcata L. (Fabaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 7, Plate XIX : Fig. 2). References : LIEBEL 1889, HIERONYMUS 1890, KIEFFER 1891c, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, MEYER 1950, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, b, BÉGUINOT 2002f, 2005b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura myosotidis (KIEFFER, 1902) Whitish larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Myosotis scorpioides L. (= M. palustris (L.) HILL. (Boraginaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 7).
78
Reference : KIEFFER, 1902. Distribution : European. Dasineura nervicola (KIEFFER, 1909) KIEFFER (1909) described the gall only. It is formed of egg-shaped swelling on midrib of leaf of Hieracium lactucella WALLR. (= H. auricula L.) and H. pilosella L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 8). References : HOUARD 1914, 1919. Distribution : European. Dasineura oleae (F. Löw, 1885) Larvae cause slight indefinite, elongate swellings on the leaves of Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 8, Plate XIX : Fig. 3). References : COUTIN, KATLABI 1986. Distribution : Mediterranean. Dasineura panteli (Kieffer, 1909) Larvae live between folded leaves of very young trees of Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae) which grew from seed in the spring of this year. Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 9). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution: European. Dasineura papaveris (WINNERTZ, 1853) Reddish larvae live gregariously in seed capsules of Papaver rhoeas L. and P. dubium L. ( Papaveraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 9). Reference : HOUARD 1905, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2001. Distribution : European, common in Central Europe. Dasineura periclymeni (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) Larvae live in fleshy, thickened leaf rolled margins on Lonicera periclymenum L. (Caprifoliaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 9, Plate XIX : Fig. 10). References : COTTE, 1912 (on Lonicera etrusca L.), GARRIGUE 1996, BÉGUINOT 2002f, 2003a,b, 2004a,b, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Dasineura phyteumatis (F. LÖW, 1885) Orange larvae live in swollen flower buds of Phyteuma orbiculare L. and P. spicatum L. (Campanulaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 10, Plate XIX : Fig. 4). References : HOUARD 1902, 1916, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, BONNE 19291930, COUTIN 1993, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura pirolae (KIEFFER, 1909) Kieffer described only larva and gall. White larvae develop in swollen flowers of Pyrola minor L. (Pyrolaceae).
79
Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 10). Since 1909 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Dasineura plicatrix (LOEW, 1850) White larvae live gregariously in contorted and twisted leaves on growing shoots of Rubus caesius L. and other Rubus species (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 11, Plate XIX : Fig. 5). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, LOISELLE 1903, COTTE 1912, 1924, TAVARES 1930, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2001, 2002c,d,f,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (up to North Africa). Dasineura populeti (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) White larvae live gregariously in upwards rolled leaf margins of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 11, Plate XIX : Fig. 7). References : RÜBSAAMEN 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, HIERONYMUS 1890, LIEBEL 1892, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002a,c,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura populnea (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall was described. It is a slightly swollen leaf bud of Populus alba L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 12). Distribution : European. Dasineura pratensis (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall was described. Inflorescences of Lathyrus pratensis L. (Fabaceae ) are changed into a round mass with white larvae. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 12). Distribution : European. Dasineura praticola (KIEFFER, 1892) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Silene (Lychnis) flos-cuculi (L.) GR. & BURDET (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 13). Distribution : European. Dasineura pteridicola (KIEFFER, 1901) Whitish larvae cause galls on margins of leaflets of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) KUHN (Hypolepidiaceae). The galled part is bent, not swollen, and is discoloured. Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 13, Plate XIX : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1888, 1901a, HOUARD 1915, NOURY 1929, 1956, GARRIQUE (unpubl.), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European.
80
Dasineura pulsatillae (KIEFFER, 1894) Red larvae develop inside fruits of Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) MILL. and P. vulgaris MILL. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 14). References : KIEFFER 1890c, 1891c, 1892b, 1894, 1896. Distribution : European. Dasineura pustulans (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) White larva lives in a shallow, circular depression on the lower surface of the leaf of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) MAXIM. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 14). References : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002c,d,g, 2004b,c, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura pyri (BOUCHÉ, 1847) White larvae develop in curled and rolled leaf margins of Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae). Occasionally a serious pest, especially on young trees (DARVAS et al. 2000). See the part : Economic importance. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 15, Plate XIX : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, FOCKEU 1894, LOISELLE 1901, HOUARD 1915, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European, secondarily Holarctic. Dasineura ranunculi (BREMI, 1847) Orange-yellow larvae develop gregariously in cornet- shaped leaves of Ranunculus bulbosus L. and R. acris L. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 15, Plate XIX : Fig. 11). References : FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1891c, MARTEL 1891, HOUARD 1905, MARCHAL 1905, LOISELLE 1903, COTTE 1909, NOURY 1939, 1956, BÉGUINOT 2004a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura rapunculi (KIEFFER, 1906) Redish larvae develop in a gall at growing tip of the stem and in swollen flower buds of Campanula rapunculus L. (Campanulaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 16). References : KIEFFER 1906, 1913. Distribution : European. Dasineura rhododendri (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall was described. Enlarged leaves form a large bud on the shoot of Rhododendron ferrugineum L. (Ericaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 16). Distribution : European. Dasineura rosmarini TAVARES, 1902) Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 17). References : COTTE, 1912, GARRIGUE (unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2003a.
81
Distribution : Mediterranean. Dasineura rubella (KIEFFER, 1896) Whitish and whitish-pink larvae live gregariously in wrinkled, curled and rolled very young leaves of Acer campestre (L.) (Aceraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 17, Plate XIX : Fig. 9). References : LOISELLE 1903, HOUARD 1915, COTTE 1924, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2003a, 2004a (as D. irregularis on Acer campestre), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura ruebsaameni (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. Small circular parenchymous galls on the leaves of Carpinus betulus L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 18). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Dasineura salviae (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. Red larvae live in swollen flower buds of Salvia pratensis L. (Lamiaceae). STELTER (1969) described a male, female, larva and biology. Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 18). References : KIEFFER 1909, COTTE 1912. Distribution : European. Dasineura sampaina (TAVARES, 1902) Artichoke gall at tip of shoot of Linum bienne MILLER (= L. angustifolium HUDSON) (Linaceae) is formed of broadened leaves; each gall with only one white larva in the centre. Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 19). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1925, COUTIN, LAPEYRONIE 1960 (reported as a pest), DAUPHIN 1990, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a (on Linum alpinum JACQ.). Distribution : Mediterranean and Submediterranean. Dasineura saxifragae (KIEFFER, 1891) Yellow larvae live in swollen flower buds of Saxifraga granulata L. (Saxifragaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 19). References : KIEFFER 1891a,c,d. Distribution : European. Dasineura schulzei RÜBSAAMEN, 1917) Red larva develops in deformed leaves on the shoot tip of Euphorbia palustris L. (Euphorbiaceae).The gall is up to 30 mm long. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 20). Reference : DAUPHIN 1994. Distribution : European.
82
Dasineura scirpi (KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae live gregariously under the sheaths of underground parts of Scirpus sylvaticus L. (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 20). It has not been recorded since 1898. Distribution : European. Dasineura scorpii (KIEFFER, 1909) (= Perrisia rosifex KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. Axillar or terminal shoots of Genista scorpius DC. (Fabaceae) are changed into a globular gall. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 21). References : KIEFFER 1909, 1913. Distribution : Mediterranean. Dasineura serotina (WINNERTZ, 1853) White larvae develop gregariously in small leaf bud on the growing top of Hypericum humifusum L. (Hypericaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 21). References : KIEFFER 1886, 1891c, 1897b, 1899, GIARD 1889, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, MASSALONGO 1907, COTTE 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1917, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2003a. Distribution : European. Dasineura silvestris (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall and larva have been described. Red larvae live in swollen flowers of Lathyrus sylvestris L. (Fabaceae). According to REDFERN et al. (2002), D. silvestris and D. fairmairei are identical and D. silvestris is probably a synonym of D. fairmairei. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 22). Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura similis (F. LÖW, 1877) Orange yellow larvae develop in terminal leaf bud galls at the growing tip or in swollen flower buds of Veronica scutellata L. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 22). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891c. Distribution : European. Dasineura sisymbrii (SCHRANK, 1803) Orange larvae develop in spongy galls of various shape on Rorippa palustris L. BESSER (= Sisymbrium palustre L.) and related species and genera of Brassicaceae. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 23, Plate XX : Fig. 1). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c, 1892a, 1895, DERESSE, PERRAUD 1891, MARTEL 1891, 1893, COTTE 1902, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU, 1905, CHRISTMANN 1934, DAUPHIN 1986, 1988, COUTIN, NAIM 1984, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Dasineura socialis (KIEFFER, 1909)
83
Only gall and larva have been described. Red larvae develop in swollen flower heads of Erigeron acer L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 23). Distribution : European. Dasineura spadicea (RÜBSAAMEN, 1917) Yellow larvae develop in pod-like folded leaflets of Vicia cracca L. (Fabaceae). STELTER (1992) redescribed this species. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 24). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1915, 1919, BÉGUINOT 2003b, 2005b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura spireae (LOISELLE, 1912) Red larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) MAXIM. (= Spiraea ulmaria L) (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 24). Reference : LOISELLE, 1912. Distribution : European. Dasineura stellariae (RÜBSAAMEN, 1915) White larvae live in egg-shaped, brown coloured gall at the vegetative tip of stem of Stellaria holostea L. (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 25). References : KIEFFER 1891, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.). Distribution : European. Dasineura strumosa (BREMI, 1847) (= Cecidomyia galeobdolontis WINNERTZ, 1853) Whitish or yellow larvae develop in swollen underground leaf buds on young shoots of Lamium galeobdolon L. (= G. luteum HUD.) (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 25, Plate XX : Fig. 2). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, KIEFFER 1886b, 1891, LIEBEL 1889, MARTEL 1905, CHRISTMANN 1934. Distribution : European. Dasineura subpatula (BREMI, 1847) (= Cecidomyia euphorbiae LOEW,1850) Several whitish or whitish-green larvae develop in loose cluster of shortened leaves at the shoot tip of Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Euphorbiaceae). GAGNÉ (1990) based on the revision of original material in BREMI´s collection considered D. subpatula to be identical with Spurgia capitigena. It seems to be not quite correct because larvae which develop in galls differ substantially by colour of the body. Probably gall midges reared from other species of Euphorbia belong to other undescribed species. Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 26). References : FOCKEU 1889 (E. cyparissias), KIEFFER 1891c, HOUARD 1905,1919, COTTE 1912, 1916, 1924 (E. amygdaloides L., E. dulcis L.), NOURY 1939 (E. stricta L. and E. verrucosa L.), BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European.
84
Dasineura subterranea (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. Underground bud of Silene vulgaris (MOENCH) GARCKE (= Silene inflata L). (Caryophyllaceae) is swollen, globular, pea-sized, fleshy. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 26). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European (rare), found in France and England only. Dasineura symphyti (RÜBSAAMEN, 1891) Yellowish larvae live gregariously in swollen flower buds of Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 27, Plate XX : Fig. 3). Reference : CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Dasineura tetensi (RÜBSAAMEN 1891) (= Perrisia ribicola KIEFFER, 1909) Yellowish larvae live between folded and twisted leaves on terminal shoots of Ribes nigrum L.and Ribes uva-crispa L. (= R. grossularia L.) (Grossulariaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 27, Plate XX : Fig. 4). References : Coutin, MISSONNIER 1964, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura tetrahit (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall and larva were described. White larvae live in swollen flower bud of Galeopsis tetrahit L. (Lamiaceae). It is probably the second description of the species D. galeopsis KIEFFER, 1897. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 28). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European. Dasineura teucrii (TAVARES, 1903) (= Perrisia teucriicola KIEFFER, 1909) Red larvae live gregariously in deformed buds of Teucrium chamaedrys L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 28). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : Submediterranean. Dasineura thomasi (KIEFFER, 1909) (= D. thomasi RÜBSAAMEN, 1912) KIEFFER (1909) described the gall only based on the finding of THOMAS (1892) on Campanula cochleariifolia LAM. (= C. pusilla HAENKE) (Campanulaceae). Red larvae live in rolled leaf margin. Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 29). References : BONNE 1929-1930, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a (both records in the Alps). Distribution : European. Dasineura thomasiana (KIEFFER, 1881) (= Perrisia tiliae KIEFFER 1909, P. tiliarum KIEFFER 1913) Larvae develop inside leaf buds and among young leaves of Tilia platyphyllos SCOP. and T. cordata MILL. (Tiliaceae).
85
Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 29, Plate XX : Fig. 5). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, 1892, KIEFFER 1888a, 1890, LOISELLE 1903, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Dasineura tiliae (SCHRANK, 1803) (= Cecidomyia tiliamvolvens RÜBSAAMEN,1889) Yellowish red larvae develop inside a rolled leaf margin of Tilia platyphyllos SCOP. and T. cordata MILL. (Tiliaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 30, Plate XX : Fig. 9). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, KIEFFER 1890, 1891c, MARTEL 1894, LOISELLE 1903, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, HOUARD 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002d,g, 2003a, 2004a,b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura tortilis ( BREMI 1847) (= Cecidomyia alni F. LÖW, 1877) Orange red larvae change small terminal leaves of Alnus glutinosa (L.) and A. incana (L.) MOENCH. (Betulaceae). Attacked leaf is folded upwards and the midvein and bases of lateral veins are thickened. Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 31, Plate XX : Fig. 7). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, KIEFFER 1891c, 1893, 1894b, HOUARD 1905, COTTE 1909, 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVY (Rouen, 1966, unpubl.), DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Dasineura tortrix (F. LÖW, 1877) White larvae live gregariously among young leaves at the vegetative tip of Prunus spinosa L. and other species of the genus Prunus (Rosaceae). The gall is fusiform, terminal leaves are rolled. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 32, Plate XX : Fig. 8). References : COTTE 1912, 1913, 1924, VERRIER 1936, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Dasineura traili (Kieffer, 1909) Swollen flower buds of Ranunculus acris L. and R. repens L. (Ranunculaceae). Only gall was described. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 32). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2004a (on Ranunculus aduncus, R. nemorosus DC., R. platanifolius L.). Distribution : European. Dasineura trifolii (F. LÖW, 1874) Orange red larvae live in pod-like folded leaflets of Trifolium repens L. and other Trifolium species (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 32, Plate XX : Fig. 6).
86
References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1890, 1891c, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, 1924, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian, Holarctic. Dasineura tubicola (KIEFFER, 1889) Larvae cause tubular galls from leaf buds on stems of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius (L.) LINK (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 33, Plate XXI : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1889,1891, 1899, LIEBEL 1889, 1892, HOUARD 1902, 1905, 1915, TAVARES 1930, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European, Subatlantic. Dasineura turionum (KIEFFER et TROTTER, 1904) Solitary red larva develops in swollen leaves on deformed stem of Asparagus acutifolius L. (Liliaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 33, Plate XXI : Fig. 2). References : MASSALONGO 1907, COTTE 1912, 1924, SALGUES 1934, GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : Mediterranean. Dasineura tympani (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. It is a pale blister on the leaf of Acer campestre L. (Aceraceae), 4-8 mm in diameter, with an elevation on the underside. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 34, Plate XXI : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1909, HOUARD 1915, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European. Dasineura ulicis (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. It is artichoke-shaped and is situated at the shoot tip of Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 34). References : MARCHAL 1905, KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : West- European, Subatlantic. Dasineura ulmaria (BREMI, 1847) Solitary pale-yellow larvae cause galls on leaves on Filipendula ulmaria (L.) MAXIM. (Rosaceae). The gall is hemispherical on the upper part and cylindrical on the lower part. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 35, Plate XXI : Fig. 5). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1888, 1891c, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, HOUARD 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, LAMBINON 1960, BÉGUINOT 2002c,d,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, GARRIGUE (unpubl.). Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
87
Dasineura ulmicola (KIEFFER, 1909) Only gall has been described. It is a small elevation on the upper side of the leaf of Ulmus minor MILL. (= U. campestris L.) (Ulmaceae) which is surrounded by a little lighter zone. White larva leaves the gall by opening on the lower side. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 35). Distribution : European. Dasineura urticae (PERRIS, 1840) Whitish-orange larvae cause irregular galls on leaves, stems and flower stalks of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate IV : Fig. 36, Plate XXI : Fig. 8). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1890, BALLÉ 1890, DERESSE, PERRAUD 1891, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c,d, LOISELLE 1901, DARBOUX 1902b, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1905, 1915, COTTE 1912, 1924, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1939, 1956, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002c,d,f,g, 2004a,b,c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura verbasci (KIEFFER, 1909) KIEFFER described the gall only. Red larvae live gregariously in flower buds of Verbascum lychnitis L. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate IV : Fig. 36). Distribution : European. Dasineura viciae (KIEFFER, 1888) White larvae live gregariously in pod-like folded and hypertrophied leaflets of Vicia sepium L., V. angustifolia L. and V. sativa L. (Fabaceae). STELTER (1992) redescribed this species and contributed to its biology. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 1, Plate XXI : Fig. 7). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1888a, 1891, 1892, 1899, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1901, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1936, 1937, 1956, GUFFROY 1938, LAMBINON 1960, GARRIGUE 1996, BÉGUINOT 2002a,c,f, 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Dasineura violae (F. LÖW, 1880) Pale orange-red larvae live gregariously in rosette leaf galls on Viola tricolor L. ssp. arvensis MURR. (Violaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 1, Plate XXI : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c, MARTEL 1891, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Dasineura virgaeaureae (LiebEl, 1889) First white, later yellowish larvae develop in leaf bud galls on growing tip of Solidago virgaurea L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate V : Fig. 2). References : KIEFFER 1888, 1891c, 1899, LIEBEL 1889, COTTE 1916, VERRIER 1936, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2003a, 2005b.
88
Distribution : European. Dasineura zimmermanni (TAVARES, 1902) Solitary red larva develops in small terminal bud of Erica arborea L. (Ericaceae). The gall is formed of two whorls of leaves. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 2). Reference : COTTE 1924 (on Erica scoparia L.). Distribution : Mediterranean, Subatlantic. Dicrodiplosis fasciata KIEFFER, 1895 A female has been caught on rotten wood. Later KIEFFER (1898) add the information that it was on rotten wood where larvae of Campylomyza and mites occurred. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 3). Since 1895 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Didymomyia tiliacea (BREMI, 1847) (Hormomyia reaumuriana F. LÖW, 1878) Solitary whitish or pale yellow larvae produce hard woody galls on the leaves of Tilia platyphyllos SCOP. and T. cordata MILL. (Tiliaceae). The gall is visible on both sides of leaf. In autumn the inner part of the gall separates from the rest and falls to the soil. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 3, Plate XXI : Fig. 1). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889, KIEFFER 1890, 1891c, BALLÉ 1890, MARTEL 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, HOUARD 1914, 1915, BONNE 1929-1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2002e,g, 2004c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Diodaulus linariae (WINNERTZ, 1853) White larvae cause leaf rosette galls on the vegetative tip of the stem of Linaria vulgaris MILL. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 4). References : GIARD 1890, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1899, HOUARD 1915, ANTONY 1996. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Diodaulus traili ( KIEFFER, 1889) Yellow jumping larvae live in swollen flower buds of Pimpinella saxifraga L. (Apiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891c, 1899. Distribution : European. Drisina glutinosa GIARD, 1893 (= Massalongia aceris RÜBSAAMEN, 1921) A solitary white larva live in a small depression on the lower surface of the leaf of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae). The larva is surrounded by a drop of liquid. Occurrence : frequent (Plate V : Fig. 5, Plate XXII : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1891c, GIARD 1893, MARTEL 1893, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2004a,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b.
89
Distribution : European. Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. LÖW, 1878) A solitary larva causes leaf gall on Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). Egg-like swelling is on the lower side, slit opening on the upper side. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 5, Plate XXII : Fig. 2). References : HIERONYMUS 1890, DARBOUX 1902b, COTTE 1912, 1924, 1933, CAZIOT 1914, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2003a. Distribution : Mediterranean. Endaphis perfidus KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae are endoparasites of aphids Drepanosiphum platanoides SCHRANK (Aphidae, Homoptera) on Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 6). Reference : KIEFFER 1896. Distribution : European. Etsuhoa sabinae (KIEFFER, 1898) (= Oligotrophus sabinae KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae cause globular galls on shoot tips of Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae). Each gall is formed of 3-5 whorls of swollen needles. Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 6). Reference : ANTONY, 1994, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a (as Oligotrophus sabinae), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Asiatic with disjunct area in Europe and Kazakhstan. Feltiella acarisuga (VALLOT 1827) (= Therodiplosis persicae KIEFFER 1912, Arthrocnodax acarisuga VALLOT, 1827) GAGNÉ (1955) revized species of the genus Feltiella and established the synonymy. Larvae feed exclusively on spider mites (Tetranychidae, Acarina). Larvae of F. acarisuga are used in biological control of Tetranychus urticae KOCH in greenhouses. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 7). Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Distribution : Cosmopolitan. Geocrypta braueri (HANDLIRSCH, 1884) (= Geocrypta hypericina TAVARES 1919) Larva develop in underground axillary bud galls of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 7, Plate XXII : Fig. 6). References : HOUARD 1925, TAVARES 1930, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Geocrypta galii (LOEW, 1850) Reddish-yellow larvae cause round bladder swellings on stems and flower stalks of Galium mollugo L., G. verum L. and other species of Rubiaceae. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 8, Plate XXII : Fig. 1). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1884, FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1891c, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1916, 1924, HOUARD 1915, 1917, BONNE 1929-1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, VERRIER 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1939, 1956, LAMBINON 1960, BÉGUINOT 2001,
90
2002a,g, 2003a,b, 2004a,b, 2005b ((Galium asperum Schreber, G. boreale L., G. mollugo L., G. verum L.), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Geocrypta trachelii (WACHTL, 1885) Red larvae cause onion-shaped galls of terminal or axillary buds of Campanula rotundifolia L. (Campanulaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 8, Plate XXII : Fig. 7, 8). References : MARTEL 1891, CHRISTMANN 1934, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European. Geodiplosis ranunculi KIEFFER, 1909 Larvae live underground between stem and petioles of root leaves or inside root of Ranunculus acer L. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 9). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European. Gephyraulus raphanistri (KIEFFER, 1896) White larvae live gregariously in unopened, swollen flower bud of Raphanus raphanistrum L.and other species of Brassicaceae. Occurrence : frequent (Plate V : Fig. 9, Plate XXII : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1886, 1888b, 1890c, 1891c, 1896, LIEBEL 1886, 1889, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1919, COTTE 1912, 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, DAUPHIN 1988, COUTIN, 1993, GARRIGUE 1996, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Gillotiella carnea KIEFFER, 1924 Biology unknown; a single female was caught on window in May. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 10). Since 1924 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Giraudiella inclusa (FRAUENFELD, 1862) Solitary whitish or slightly pink coloured larvae produce cor-like hard woody galls inside the stem of Phragmites australis (CAV.) TRIN. (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 10, Plate XXII : Fig. 3). Reference : d´AGUILAR (1946), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Guignonia potentillae KIEFFER, 1912 (Guignonia potentillarum KIEFFER, 1913) Solitary yellow larva causes a small leaf rosette on the stem of Potentilla neumanniana RCHB. (= P. verna L.) (Rosaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 11). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2000, 2005b. Species has not been found out of France. Distribution : European. Hadrobremia longiventris (KIEFFER, 1909) (= Clinodiplosis trifolii KIEFFER 1909) Yellow larvae develop in swollen flower bud of Trifolium medium L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 11).
91
References : KIEFFER 1902, 1909. Distribution : European. Haplodiplosis marginata (VON ROSER, 1840) (= Diplosis equestris WAGNER, 1871) Red larvae develop in saddle-shaped depressions (galls) on stems of Triticum aestivum L. (= T. vulgare VILL., Hordeum sativum L. and other species and genera of wild Poaceae. Pest in Central Europe. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 12, Plate XXIII : Fig. 4). References : NOURY 1921, 1936, 1956, COUTIN 1962. Distribution : European. Harmandiola cavernosa (RÜBSAAMEN, 1899) Solitary orange-red larvae produce large, thick walled galls on the leaves of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae) with opening on the upper side. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 12, Plate XXII : Fig. 9). References : LOISELLE 1903, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1939, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002a, 2003b, 2004a,b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Harmandiola globuli (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) Solitary yellow larvae produce small, unilocular, globular, hard but thin-walled galls on the upper side of leaves of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 13, Plate XXIII : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1891c,d, LIEBEL 1892, MARTEL 1894, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1924, HOUARD 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934, GUFFROY 1938, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002a, 2004a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Harmandiola populi (Rübsaamen, 1917) Larvae develop in small, thin-walled galls on the lower surface of the leaf Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 13, Plate XXIII : Fig. 3). References : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Harmandiola pustulans (KIEFFER, 1909) First yellow, later red larva causes a minute, pustule-like gall with thin walls on the leaf of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 13). References : KIEFFER 1909, 1912, BÉGUINOT 2002a,c, 2004a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Harmandiola tremulae (WINNERTZ, 1853) (Diplosis loewi RÜBSAAMEN, 1892) Solitary red larvae cause large, globular, very hard and thick-walled galls on the upper surface of the leaf of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae) with an opening on the lower surface. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 14, Plate XXIII : Fig. 2).
92
References: LIEBEL 1886,1892, FOCKEU 1889, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, COTTE 1909, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1936, GUFFROY 1938, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002a,d, 2003b, 2004a,b, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (up to Kazakhstan). Harrisomyia vitrina (KIEFFER, 1909) (= Perrisia vitrina KIEFFER, 1909) White larva develops in a round pustule gall on the leaf of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae). The gall is visible on both sides of the leaf and has a translucent membrane on the lower side. SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY (1986) redescribed this species. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 14, Plate XXIII : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1909, BONNE 1929-1930, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European. Hartigiola annulipes (HARTIG, 1839) (= Oligotrophus fagineus KIEFFER 1909), Solitary white larva produces a cylindrical hairy or bare gall on the upper side of the leaf of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 15, Plate XXIII : Fig. 5). References : FOCKEU 1889a, BALLÉ 1890, LIEBEL 1892, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1905, 1915, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, COTTE 1909, 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, LAMBINON 1960, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 1997, 2001, 2002c,g, 2004a,b, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (up to Turkey). Holobremia fallacicornis (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. A single male was caught on old oak wood. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 15). References : KIEFFER 1904, 1909. Distribution : European, known only from France and Russia. Holobremia lignicola KIEFFER, 1913 Biology unknown. A single male was caught on wood of an old oak tree. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 16). Distributon : European, known from France, Russia and Poland. Homobremia emarginata (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. A male and female were caugt on wood. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 16). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1904. Distribution : known only from France. European. Hybolasioptera fasciata (KIEFFER, 1904) (= Lasioptera cerealis var. fasciata KIEFFER,1904) One or two orange coloured larvae develop in small depression on stem under leaf sheats on host plants of various species and genera of Poaceae. GAGNÉ (in lit.) considered H. fasciata as a valid name for H. cerealis (LINDEMAN, 1881). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 17). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1904. Distribution : European.
93
Hygrodiplosis vaccinii (KIEFFER 1897) Yellow or redish larvae cause gall on Vaccinium uliginosum L. (Ericaceae). The leaf margin is rolled downwards and thickened. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 17, Plate XXIII : Fig. 10). References : KIEFFER 1891c, 1892b, LIEBEL 1892, BONNE 1929-1930, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Holarctic; it is an Arcto-Alpine species. European. Iteomyia capreae (WINNERTZ, 1853) Larvae produce small hemisphaerical galls on the leaves of Salix caprea L. and S. aurita L. (Salicaceae). Each gall with only one larva and with opening on the lower side. Occurrence : one of the six most frequent species occurring in France (Plate V : Fig. 18, Plate XXIII : Fig. 7,9). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, FOCKEU 1889, HIERONYMUS 1890, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, 1918, BONNE 1929-1930, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1939, GUFFROY 1938, LAMBINON 1961, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002c,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Iteomyia major (KIEFFER, 1898) Irregular large swelling on the leaf vein of Salix caprea L. and S. cinerea L. (Salicaceae). NIJVELDT and YUKAWA (l982) synonymized this species under I. caprea. SKUHRAVÁ (1986) followed their conception. REDFERN and ASKEW (1992) consider it as valid species. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 19, Plate XXIII : Fig. 8). References : KIEFFER 1898, HOUARD 1902, 1908, 1915, 1918, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, NOURY 1956, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE (unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002c,g, 2004a,b,c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Jaapiella bryoniae (BOUCHÉ, 1847) White larvae cause large leaf bud galls on the tip of Bryonia alba L. and B. dioica JACQ. (Cucurbitaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 19, Plate XXIV : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891, COTTE 1901, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, b, BÉGUINOT 2004c, 2005b. Distribution : European. Jaapiella cirsiicola (RÜBSAAMEN, 1915) Red larvae live in poorly developed heads of Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 20). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
94
Jaapiella compositarum (KIEFFER, 1888) Yellowish up reddish white larvae live in large amount in flower heads of various species and genera of Asteraceae without making deformations. KIEFFER (1888) bred adults from Hypochoeris glabra L, Hieracium pilosella L. and H. murorum L. SYLVÉN and LINDBERG (1998) consider the name J. compositarum as „nomen dubium“. We use this name for gall midge species larvae of which develop in flower heads of species of the genus Hypochoeris. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 20). Distribution : European. Jaapiella cucubali (KIEFFER 1919) (= Perrisia cucubalina TAVARES, 1919, Jaapiella cucubali RÜBSAAMEN, 1921) White larvae live gregariously in swollen, inopened flower buds of Cucubalus baccifer L. (Caryophyllaceae) which are covered with white hair. Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 21). References : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1903, 1905. Distribution : Submediterranean. Jaapiella dittrichi (RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) Red larvae develop on upper surface of folded leaflets of Silaum silaus (L.) SCH. et TH. (= S. pratensis BESS.) (Apiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 21). Reference : KIEFFER, 1891. Distribution : European. Jaapiella floriperda (F. LÖW, 1888) (= Cecidomyia bergrotiana MIK 1889) Reddish larvae live gregariously in swollen flower buds of Silene vulgaris (MOENCH) GARCKE = S. inflata SM) ( Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate V : Fig. 22, Plate XXIV : Fig. 2). References : COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, HOUARD 1918, 1919, VERRIER 1936, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : European. Jaapiella genistamtorquens (KIEFFER, 1888) Pink larvae live gregariously in leaf bud galls on stem of Genista pilosa L (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 22). References : KIEFFER 1888, 1891c, LIEBEL 1989, 1892, COTTE 1912, 1924, CHRISTMANN 1934, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl), BÉGUINOT 2002f,g, 2003b, 2005a,b (as J. genisticola). Distribution : European, Subatlantic species reaching up to Czech Republic where it belongs to disappearing and endangered species (SKUHRAVÁ 1994). Jaapiella genisticola (F. LÖW, 1877) First white, later pink larvae live gregariously in artichoke galls at shoot tip of Genista tinctoria L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate V : Fig. 23, Plate XXIV : Fig. 4). References : LIEBEL 1885, 1892, KIEFFER 1888b, 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, MASSALONGO 1907, COTTE 1909, HOUARD 1915, NOURY 1929, LAMBINON 1960, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2004b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b.
95
Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Jaapiella jaapiana (RÜBSAAMEN, 1914) White or pale yellow larvae develop in pod -like folded leaflets of Medicago lupulina L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 23). References : NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1994, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Jaapiella loticola (RBSAAMEN, 1889) Reddish or orange larvae develop in leaf bud gall at the tip of shoot of Lotus corniculatus L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 24). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891c,d, HOUARD 1902, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Jaapiella medicaginis (WACHTL, 1883) One or more whitish up orange larvae develop in pod-like folded leaflets of Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 24). References : MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Jaapiella moraviae WACHTL, 1883) Yellow-red larvae live gregariously in swollen flower buds of Silene viscaria (L.) JESSEN (= Viscaria vulgaris BERNH.; V. viscosa (SCOP.) ARCH.; Lychnis viscaria L.) (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 25). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c. Distribution : European. Jaapiella parvula (LIEBEL, 1889) White larvae live in slightly swollen flower buds of Bryonia dioica JASQ. (Cucurbitaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 25). References : LIEBEL 1888, KIEFFER 1891a, HOUARD 1905, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905. Distribution : European. Jaapiella scabiosae (KIEFFER, 1888) Whitish larvae live in galls on the vegetative tip of Scabiosa columbaria L. (Dipsacaceae) among densely haired leaves. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 26). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, KIEFFER 1888, HOUARD 1921. Distribution : European. Jaapiella schmidti (RÜBSAAMEN, 1912) Red larvae develop in seed capsules of (Plantaginaceae) and feed by sucking the seed. Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 26).
Plantago
lanceolata
L.
96
References : GARRIGUE 1996, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Jaapiella thalictri (RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) Red larvae develop among leaf bud galls at shoot tips of Thalictrum flavum L. (Ranunculaceae) or in swollen flower buds which remain closed. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 27, Plate XXIV : Fig. 3). Reference : HOUARD 1918. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Jaapiella vacciniorum (KIEFFER, 1913) (as a new name for Dichelomyia vaccinii RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) Red larvae develop among deformed leaves at the shoot tip of Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaeae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 27). Reference : KIEFFER 1891c, BÉGUINOT 2002a. Distribution : European. Jaapiella veronicae (VALLOT, 1827) Orange red larvae live gregariously among deformed, densely white haired leaves of shoot tip of Veronica chamaedrys L. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : one of the six most frequent species occurring in France (Plate V : Fig. 28, Plate XXIV : Fig. 6). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1883, LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1886, 1891c, 1899, FOCKEU 1889, BALLÉ 1890, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1901, 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1924, HOUARD 1905, 1915, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, GUFFROY 1938, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, ANTONY 1989, ASKEW (2003, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002f,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Jaapiella viscariae (KIEFFER, 1886) Red larvae live gregariously between deformed leaves at shoot tip of Silene viscaria (L.) JESSEN (= Lychnis viscaria L.) (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 29). References : KIEFFER 1886, 1890c, 1891c, LIEBEL 1886. Distribution : European. Janetiella glechomae TAVARES 1930 Larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 29). Reference : NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Janetiella lemei (KIEFFER, 1904) Solitary yellow larvae produce small galls on the leaves of Ulmus minor MILL. and U. glabra HUDS. (Ulmaceae). Each swelling has a short tube on the lower side with an opening. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 30, Plate XXIV : Fig. 7). References : MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1904, HOUARD 1915, 1919, GUFFROY 1938, MEYER 1950, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2004c. Distribution: European.
97
Janetiella oenophila (HAIMHOFEN, 1875) Round yellowish or red galls, about 3 mm in diameter, visible on both sides of the leaf of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) ; each gall with solitary pink larva. Galls of this species were abundant during the period 1875-1920 and then disappeared, with exception of restricted occurrence in 1958. Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : medium frequent in the past (Plate V : Fig. 30, Plate XXIV : Fig. 5). References : MAYET 1880, MARCHAL 1900, DERESSE and PERRAUD,1891, TRUCHOT 1900, COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1914, 1919, BESSON 1958. Distribution : Mediterranean. Janetiella siskiyou FELT, 1917 Larvae live among the scales of the cone Chamaecyparis lawsoniana MURRAY (Cupressaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 31). References : COUTIN 1976, ROQUES 1983. Distribution : Nearctic, introduced into Europe from North America. Janetiella thymi (KIEFFER, 1888) A solitary yellow larva or two larvae live in small, smooth gall at the shoot tip of Thymus serpyllum L. and T. pulegoides L. (= T. chamaedrys L.) ( Lamiaceae). The gall is formed of two pairs of leaves. Occurrence : frequent (Plate V : Fig. 31). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1888, FOCKEU 1894, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1915, 1919, CHRISTMANN 1934, VERRIER 1936, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Janetiella tuberculi (RÜBSAAMEN, 1889) Orange red larva causes a small swelling (2 mm long) on the stem of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius (L.) LINK (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 32). References : KIEFFER 1891c, 1892, LIEBEL 1892, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2003a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European, Subatlantic. Kaltenbachiola strobi (WINNERTZ, 1853) Solitary orange larva develops in slight swelling on the scale in the cones of Picea abies (L.) KARSTEN (Pinaceae) where it pupates in white cocoon. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate V : Fig. 32). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1913, 1920, NOURY 1925, TAVARES 1926, 1930, NOURY 1956, Ros et al.1993, ROQUES 1983. Distribution : European. Karschomyia ramosa (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. Adults were caught on oak Quercus sp. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 33). Reference : KIEFFER 1904. Distribution : European.
98
Kiefferia pericarpiicola (BREMI, 1847) (= Asphondylia pimpinellae F. LÖW, 1874) Red larvae develop inside swollen fruits of Pimpinella saxifraga L., Daucus carota L. and other species and genera of Apiaceae. No seed is formed as a result of infestation. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 33, Plate XXIV : Fig. 8). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, MARTEL 1894, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1916, 1924, HOUARD 1917, 1918, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, NOURY 1937, 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.). Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Kiefferiola panteli (KIEFFER, 1909) Solitary white larva causes a circular blister on the leaf of Quercus lusitanica LAM. var. faginea LINK. (Fagaceae); it is about 3 mm in diameter, on lower side with a nipple. Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 34). References : TAVARES 1930, BÉGUINOT 2000. Distribution : Mediterranean. Kochiomyia kochiae (KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae in globular bud galls on Kochia prostrata L. (Chenopodiaceae), densely covered with white hairs. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 34). References : GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : European, Pontic-Pannonian. Lamprodiplosis rhopalothrix (KIEFFER, 1904) Larva live together with larvae of Contarinia acetosellae and C. rumicis in swollen flower buds of Rumex acetosella L. (Polygonaceae); they are probably inquilines or predators. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate V : Fig. 35). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1904. Distribution : European. Lasioptera arundinis SCHINER, 1854 Whitish larvae live gregariously in swollen lateral shoots of Phragmites australis (CAV.) Steudel (P. communis TRIN.) (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 35, Plate XXV : Fig. 1). References : NOURY 1939, ROHFRITSCH 1993. Distribution : European. Lasioptera calamagrostidis RÜBSAAMEN, 1893 (= L. graminicola KIEFFER, 1898) Orange coloured larvae live under the leaf sheaths of Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) ROTH (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate V : Fig. 36). Reference : KIEFFER 1897. Distribution : European.
99
Lasioptera carophila (F. LÖW, 1874) A solitary orange coloured larva causes a swelling at the point of insertion of umbellules in inflorescence of many species and genera of Apiaceae. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate V : Fig. 36, Plate XXV : Fig. 3). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c, 1892, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1916, 1924, 1933, 1934, HOUARD 1917, 1918, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1956, MÖHN 1966-1971, DAUPHIN 1986, ASKEW (2003, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Lasioptera donacis COUTIN, 2001 (Lasioptera donacis COUTIN et FAIVREAMIOT, 1981, nomen nudum) Larva develop in a corridor made of an undetermined fly (Diptera) in the stem of Arundo donax L. (Poaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 1). Reference : COUTIN 2001. Distribution : Mediterranean. Lasioptera eryngii (VALLOT, 1829) Orange coloured larvae cause plurilocular swellings of stems and leaf petioles of Eryngium campestre L. and E. maritimum L. (Apiaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 1, Plate XXV : Fig. 2). References : DUFOUR 1846, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1926, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, MÖHN 1961-1971, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1996, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2003a,b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Submediterranean. Lasioptera francoisi (KIEFFER 1901) (= L. niveocincta KIEFFER, 1904) Larvae cause flat spindle-shaped swellings on midribs and leaflets of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) ; each gall with only one larva. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 2). Distribution : European. Lasioptera longipes KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown. A male and female were caught on window. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 2). Since 1904 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Lasioptera populnea WACHTL, 1883 Orange larvae live as inqilines in galls of Contarinia populi (RÜBSAAMEN) and Harmandiola tremulae (WINNERTZ) on the leaves of Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1902, HOUARD 1905, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936. Distribution : European. Lasioptera rubi (SCHRANK, 1803) Orange larvae develop gregariously in hard woody swellings on stems of Rubus idaeus L., R. caesius L. and other Rubus species (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 3, Plate XXV : Fig. 5,6).
100
References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, FOCKEU 1890, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, 1892, 1899, LOISELLE 1901, DARBOUX 1902, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1915, TAVARES 1930, VERRIER 1936, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, NOURY 1939, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1994, 1996, ASKEW (2003, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002c,f,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Lasioptera rufa KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown. A single male was caught on window. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 4). Since 1904 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Lasioptera thapsiae KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae cause plurilocular swelling on the stem of Thapsia sp. (Apiaceae) of a size of a walnut. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 4). Reference : COTTE 1912. Distribution : Mediterranean ; known from Algeria, Italy, France, Portugal. Lathyromyza schlechtendali (KIEFFER, 1886) White larvae live gregariously in rolled leaves of Lathyrus linifolius REICH. (BASSL.) (= Orobus montanus BERNH. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1886, 1891c, HOUARD 1915, COTTE 1924, VERRIER 1936, NOURY 1939. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Lauthia divisa (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. Adults were caught on a log; they are probably xylophilous. It has not been recorded since 1904. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 5). Distribution : European. Ledomyia acerina (GIRAUD, 1863) Larvae live freely on the leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae) among galls of Pediaspis aceris GMEL. (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Since 1863 it has not been recorded. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 6). Distribution : European. Ledomyia cardui KIEFFER, 1904 Adults were reared from galls of Urophora cardui (L.) (Diptera, Tephritidae) on Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 6). Distribution : European ; known from France and England. Ledomyia connata KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown. KIEFFER (1094) caught females on a piece of wood. Since 1904 it has not been found. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 7).
101
Distribution : European. Ledomyia lineata KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown. A female was caught on rotten log. Since 1904 it has not been caught. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 7). Distribution : European. Ledomyia lugens (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop inside rotten wood. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 7). Distribution : European, known from France and England. Ledomyia obscuripennis KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown. Females were caught on wood. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 7). Distribution : European, known from France, Russia and Latvia. Lestodiplosis affinis BARNES, 1928 Larvae attack and feed on larvae of Dasineura affinis (KIEFFER) on Viola sp. (Violaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis alternans KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae feed on larvae of Winnertzia sp. on rotten wood. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898, 1912. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis chrysanthemi KIEFFER, 1912 Larvae feed on larvae of Contarinia chrysanthemi which live freely in flower heads of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis corticalis KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae attack larvae of Asynapta sp. on bark of Fagus sylvatica L.( Fagaceae). Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis cruenta KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae attack larvae of Winnertzia sp. which live under the bark of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis cryphali (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae attack larvae of bark beetle Ernoparicus fagi (FABR.) (= Cryphalus fagi, Scolytidae, Coleoptera) in galleries on Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae).
102
WICHMANN (1958) recorded larvae of L. cryphali also at other species of bark beetles. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1901. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis fratricida KIEFFER, 1895 Larvae attack larvae of Mycodiplosis tremulae KIEFFER on Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1895, 1912, BAYLAC 1988 (on mycophagous larvae on Salix caprea L.). Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis frireni (KIEFFER, 1888) Larvae attack larvae of Contarinia ramicola (Rudow) causing galls on twigs of Tilia platyphyllos SCOP. (Tiliaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis giardi KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae attack larvae of Contarinia jacobae (LOEW) on Senecio jacobae L. The species L. jacobaeae BARNES, 1928 is probably identical with L. giardi. Occurrence : very scarce. References : KIEFFER 1896b,e, BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis heterobiae BARNES, 1928 Larvae attack larvae of Rabdophaga heterobia (LOEW) on Salix sp. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : BayLac 1988. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis holstei KIEFFER, 1920 Larvae attack larvae of Kaltenbachiola strobi (WINNERTZ) under the scales of cones of Picea abies (L.) KARSTEN (Pinaeae). Occurrence : scarce. References : KIEFFER 1920, Ros et al. 1993. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis inclusae KIEFFER 1909 Larvae attack larvae of Giraudiella inclusa (FRFLD) on Phragmites australis (CAV.) STEUDEL (Poaceae). Lestodiplosis gracilis NIJVELDT is probably identical with L. inclusae. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis inermis KIEFFER, 1912 Larvae attack larvae of other cecidomyids on rotten wood. Occurrence : very scarce.
103
Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis lineata KIEFFER, 1898 KIEFFER observed a female on wood which was inhabited by larvae of lestremiids. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis liviae RÜBSAAMEN, 1901 Larvae attack larvae of Livia juncorum (Psyllidae, Homoptera) on Juncus lamprocarpus EHRH. (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis longifilis (KIEFFER, 1901) Larvae attack larvae of Camptodiplosis boleti (KIEFFER) on mushrooms. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1902. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis miastoris KIEFFER 1912 Larvae attack larvae of Miastor. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis miki BARNES, 1928 Larvae attack larvae of Dasineura miki (KIEFFER) developing in flower head of Centaurea scabiosa L. (Asteraceae). BAYLAC (1988a) observed larvae in flower heads of Cirsium, Carduus and Arctium lappa L. associated with larvae of Clinodiplosis cilicrus KIEFFER. Occurrence : medium frequent. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis mirabilis (KIEFFER, 1898) Only male has been described. It was sitting on rotten wood. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis necans (RÜBSAAMEN, 1891) Larvae attack larvae of Arnoldiola gemmae (RÜBSAAMEN) living in the galls of Andricus fecundator HT. (Cynipidae, Hymenoptera). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis pallidicornis KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae attack larvae of Dasineura leguminicola (LINTNER) in flower heads of Trifolium medium L. (Fabaceae). (See Lestodiplosis trifolii). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Distribution : European, recorded in several European countries.
104
Lestodiplosis pictipennis (PERRIS, 1870) (= L. septemguttata KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae live gregariously in galleries of Pityophthorus pubescens MAR. (= Tomicus ramorum P.) (Scolytidae, Coleoptera) under the bark of Pinus maritima KOCH (Pinaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898, 1912. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis plicatricis BARNES, 1928 Larvae attack larvae of Dasineura plicatrix (LOEW) in galls on leaves of Rubus spp. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis ranunculi KIEFFER, 1909 KIEFFER (1909) described this species under the genus Lestodiplosis and mentioned that larvae live as parasites in galls of Geodiplosis ranunculi KIEFFER on Ranunculus acer L. (Ranunculaceae). GAGNÉ (1973) transferred this species to the genus Resseliella which was followed by SKUHRAVÁ (1986). Here the species is removed from Resseliella and placed in the genus Lestodiplosis because of morphological character of larva and its predacious mode of life. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : known only from France and Great Britain. Lestodiplosis rosarum BARNES, 1928 Larvae attack larvae of Wachtliella rosarum (HARDY) in leaf galls on Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis rosea KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae predacious on larvae of Peromyia aurantiaca (KIEFFER) on rotten wood of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1912. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis tetrachaeta (KIEFFER, 1912) Biology unknown, only male was described. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis trifolii BARNES, 1928 Larvae attack larvae of Dasineura trifolii (F. LÖW) in galls on Trifolium repens L and larvae of D. leguminicola (LINTNER) developing in flower heads of Trifolium medium (L.) (Fabaceae). (See Lestodiplosis pallidicornis). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European.
105
Lestodiplosis urticae NIJVELDT, 1951 Larvae attack larvae of Dasineura urticae (PERRIS) in galls of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988a. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis variegata (MACQUART, 1826) Biology unknown ; larvae probably attack other cecidomyiid larvae. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis winnertziae KIEFFER, 1909 Larvae attack larvae of Winnertzia sp. on withered branch of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). (See L. cruenta ). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis sp. ROSKAM (1979) described male, female and immature stages without giving a specific name. Larvae prey on larvae of all gall midge species associated with fruit catkins of Betula spp. (Betulaceae) ; no preference of Lestodiplosis was observed for any of these species. Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1988. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis sp. Larvae attack larvae of Cryptococcus fagi (BAER.) (Homoptera, Coccoidea) on Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : BAYLAC 1980, 1988. Distribution : European. Lestodiplosis sp. BAYLAC (1988) obtained 3 larvae of Lestodiplosis from 386 galls of Jaapiella veronicae (VALLOT) on Veronica sp. (Scrophulariaceae). Occurrence : scarce. Distribution : European. Loewiola centaureae (F. LÖW, 1875) Yellow larvae cause blister-like galls on leaves of Centaurea scabiosa L. and C. jacea L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 8, Plate XXV : Fig. 4). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, MARTEL 1893, HOUARD 1915, BÉGUINOT 2002a,f, 2005b. Distribution : European. Loewiola serratulae KIEFFER, 1905 A single larva develop in swelling on the midwein of Serratula tinctoria L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 8).
106
Distribution : European. Macrodiplosis dryobia (F. LÖW, 1877) First white, later red-yellow larvae cause galls on leaf margin of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATT.) LIEBEL (Fagaceae). Occurrence : one of the six most frequent species occurring in France (Plate VI : Fig. 9, Plate XXVI : Fig. 1). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, 1892, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, 1895, HOUARD 1905, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1916, 1924, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, CAZIOT 1914, LAMBINON 1921, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, NOURY 1939, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002c,d,e,f,g, 2003a, 2004a,b,c, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Macrodiplosis volvens KIEFFER, 1895 First whitish, later orange-yellow larvae cause leaf marginal rolls on Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATT.) LIEBEL (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 10, Plate XXVI : Fig. 2). References : LIEBEL 1886, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1895, 1899, 1904, HOUARD 1905, 1915, LOISELLE 1903, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, TAVARES 1930, NOURY 1939, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE 1994, BÉGUINOT 2002c,f,g, 2003a, 2004a,b,c, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European (up to Kazakhstan). Macrolabis aquilegiae (KIEFFER, 1909) Red larvae develop in swollen flower buds of Aquilegia vulgaris L. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 11). Distribution : European. Macrolabis buhri Stelter, 1956 Larvae cause ovoid leaf bud galls at the vegetative tips of Stellaria nemorum L. (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 11, Plate XXVI : Fig. 5). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Macrolabis cirsii (RÜBSAAMEN, 1890) Yellow larvae develop in flower heads of Cirsium arvense (L.) (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 11). References : KIEFFER 1899. Distribution : European. Macrolabis heraclei (KALTENBACH, 1862) (= Macrolabis corrugans F.LÖW, 1877) White larvae live gregariously in crinckled, remaining folded and unopened leaves of Heracleum sphondylium L. (Apiaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 12, Plate XXVI : Fig. 4). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVY (Dieppe, 1966, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002c,d,f,g, 2004a,b,c, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
107
Macrolabis hieracii RÜBSAAMEN, 1917 Yellow larvae develop in gall at the shoot tip of Hieracium murorum L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 12, Plate XXVI : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1886. Distribution : European. Macrolabis hippocrepidis KIEFFER,1898 Larvae live gregariously in folded and swollen leaflets of Hippocrepis comosa L. (Fabaceae). RÜBSAAMEN (1915) considered larvae of Dasineura comosae RÜBS. to be gall-causer and larvae of M. hippocrepidis to be inquilines. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 13). References : BÉGUINOT 2000, 2005b. Distribution : Mediterranean and south-European. Macrolabis holosteae RÜBSAAMEN, 1917 Whitish-yellow larvae live in galls formed of a terminal pair of leaves on stem tip of Stellaria holostea L. (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 12). Reference : NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Macrolabis jaapi RÜBSAAMEN, 1915 Larvae live in galls on stem of Galium aparine L. (Rubiaceae). It is not sure if they cause galls or live as inquilines in galls caused by Dasineura aparines (KIEFFER). STELTER (1994) observed that larvae of M. jaapi may cause the death of larvae of D. aparines. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 13). Reference : NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Macrolabis lamii RÜBSAAMEN, 1915 Whitish larvae live in leaf galls at the stem tip of Lamium album L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 14). Reference : NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Macrolabis lonicerae Rübsaamen, 1912 Larvae live in rolled leaf margins of Lonicera xylosteum L. (Caprifoliaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 13). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Macrolabis luceti KIEFFER, 1899 White larvae are inquilines in leaf galls of Wachtliella rosarum (HARDY) on Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 13). References : KIEFFER 1899, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Macrolabis marteli KIEFFER, 1892 White larvae develop in rolled leaf of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae).
108
Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 14). References : KIEFFER 1892a, MARTEL 1893, MARCHAL CHÂTEAU 1903, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Macrolabis orobi (F. LÖW, 1877) Yellow larvae cause galls on Lathyrus vernus L. (Fabaceae). The gall is formed of rolled leaf margins. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 14). Reference : NOURY 1937. Distribution : European. Macrolabis pavida (WINNERTZ, 1853) White larvae live as inquilines in leaf galls of Dasineura acrophila on Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 15). Reference : NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Macrolabis pilosellae (BINNIE, 1877) Yellowish larvae develop gregariously in rosette leaf bud gall on Hieracium pilosella L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 15). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, KIEFFER 1888, HOUARD 1919, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2005b. Distribution : European. Macrolabis ruebsaameni HEDICKE in RÜBSAAMEN- HEDICKE, 1938 Solitary slightly yellow larvae develop between deformed leaves at shoot tip of Prunella grandiflora (L.) SCHOLLER (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 15, Plate XXVI : Fig. 7). References : COTTE, 1924, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Macrolabis stellariae (LIEBEL, 1889) Bright lemon yellow larvae develop gregariously between thickened leaves of terminal pair on Stellaria media (L.) (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 16, Plate XXVI : Fig. 3). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1891c,d, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Massalongia rubra (KIEFFER,1890) First white, later red larvae cause swellings on the midrib of the leaf of Betula alba L. and B. pubescens EHRH. (Betulaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 16, Plate XXVI : Fig. 8). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1891c, 1899, COTTE 1924, BÉGUINOT 2002c, 2004b. Distribution : European (up to Kazakhstan). Mayetiola agrostidis ERTEL, 1975 (= Mayetiola agrostidis COUTIN, 2000) Several larvae develop at the base of the shoot of Agrostis stolonifera L. (Poaceae).
109
Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 17). Reference : COUTIN 2000. Distribution : European. Mayetiola avenae (MARCHAL, 1895) Whitish larvae develop in onion-shaped galls on stem of Avena sativa L. (Poaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 17). References : MARCHAL 1895, BROCQ-ROUSSEU, GAIN, 1910, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911. Distribution : European. Mayetiola bimaculata (RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) (= M. calamagrostidis KIEFFER, 1909, M. spinulosa KIEFFER 1909; synonyms according to ERTEL, 1975). Larvae with simple pointed spatula sternalis develop in saddle-formed galls on stem of Calamagrostis canescens (WEB.) ROTH. (= C. lanceolata ROTH.) (Poaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 18). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European. Mayetiola clavata (KIEFFER, 1901) Biology unknown. KIEFFER caught only a male. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 18). Since 1901 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Mayetiola dactylidis KIEFFER, 1896 White larvae live on stems of Dactylis glomerata L. (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 19). References : KIEFFER 1896c, KIEFFER 1897b. Distribution : European. Mayetiola destructor SAY, 1817 White larvae cause swellings on the lower part of the stem on Triticum aestivum L. (T. vulgare VILL.), Secale cereale L. and occasionally also on various species of weed grasses (Poaceae). At present, it is a minor pest in Europe but the main pest of cereals in North America (DARVAS et al. 2000) where it was introduced in XVIII century with horse fodder of Hesse army. See the part : Economic importance. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 19, Plate XXVII : Fig. 2). References : MARCHAL 1896, KIEFFER 1897, HOUARD 1914. Distribution : Holarctic. Mayetola hellwigi (RÜBSAAMEN, 1912) White larvae develop in depressions on stem of Brachypodium sylvaticum (HUDS.) (Poaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 20). Reference : HOUARD 1908 (as Diptère). Distribution : European. Mayetiola holci KIEFFER, 1896
110
White larvae develop in swellings on stem of Holcus mollis L. and Holcus lanatus L. (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 20). References : KIEFFER 1896, 1897b, 1899. Distribution : European. Mayetiola hordei KIEFFER, 1909 KIEFFER (1909) described this species very briefly as a saddle-formed gall under the sheath of Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), without giving a locality. BARNES (1956) involved this species under possible synonym of M. destructor which was followed by SKUHRAVÁ (1986). GAGNÉ et al. (1991) demonstrated that it is an independent species. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 21). Distribution : European up to North Africa. Mayetiola joannisi KIEFFER, 1896 White larva lives at the base of the stem of Poa nemoralis L. (Poaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 21). References : KIEFFER 1896, 1897b. Distribution : European. Mayetiola poae (BOSC, 1817) White larvae cause swelling on the stem of Poa nemoralis L. (Poaceae). The stem is covered with many rootles regularly placed along a longitudinal line. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 22, Plate XXVII : Fig. 3). References : BOSC 1817, LIEBEL 1886, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1886, FOCKEU 1890, HIERONYMUS 1890, BALLÉ 1890, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, HOUARD 1912, 1914, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a. Distribution : European. Microlasioptera flexuosa (WINNERTZ, 1853) Larvae develop in terminal part of unflowering stems of Phragmites australis (CAV.) STEUDEL (Poaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 22). References : KIEFFER 1902. Distribution : European. Microperrisia brachypsectra (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. Single male was caught on beech log. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 23). Since 1904 it has not been recorded. Reference : KIEFFER 1904. Distribution : European. Mikiola fagi (HaRtig, 1891) A solitary white larva produced a hairless gall, pointed at the tip, on the leaf of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : one of the six most frequent species occurring in France (Plate VI : Fig. 23, Plate XXVII : Fig. 1). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1889, BALLÉ 1890, FOCKEU 1890, MARTEL 1981, LOISELLE 1901, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, MARCHAL 1905, HOUARD 1915,
111
BONNE 1929-1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, VERRIER 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1939, 1956, LAMBINON 1960, COUTIN 1967, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 1997, 2001, 2002c,g, 2004a,b, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European (up to Caucasus). Mikomya coryli (KIEFFER, 1901) (= Oligotrophus tympanifex KIEFFER, 1909) A solitary hyaline larva develops in a small circular depression on the lower part of the leaf of Corylus avellana L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 24, Plate XXVII : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1901, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Monarthropalpus flavus (SCHRANK, 1776) (= Diplosis buxi LABOULBÉNE, 1873) One yellow-green larva develops in blister leaf gall on Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 24, Plate XXVII : Fig. 7). References : HOUARD 1911, 1915, COTTE 1912, 1924, LAMBERTI 1921, GUFFROI 1938, MEYER 1950, DAUPHIN 1986, BAYLAC 1986, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002f, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Holarctic. Monobremia subterranea (KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae prey on aphids developing on roots of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 25). Reference : KIEFFER 1903. Distribution : European. Monodiplosis liebeli (KIEFFER, 1889) Pale orange coloured larvae live as inquilines in galls of Macrodiplosis dryobia (F. LÖW) and M. volvens (KIEFFER) on leaves of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 25). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891c, LIEBEL 1897. Distribution : European. Mycetodiplosis boleti (KIEFFER, 1909) Larvae develop in fungus Albatrellus confluens FR. (Fungi, Polyporaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 26). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European. Mycocecis ovalis EDWARDS, 1922 Larvae develop in galls on Hypochnus rubiginosum and H. juliani (Fungi, Basidiomycetes) on bark of Salix sp. and Cornus sp. (RIMONT, 2001, leg. J. FOURNIER, det. M. SKUHRAVÁ). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 26). Reference : SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY 2004. Distribution : European.
112
Mycodiplosis coniophaga (WINNERTZ, 1853) (= M. reaumuri KIEFFER, 1901) Whitish larvae develop on leaves of Rosa sp. which are infested by the rust Phragmidium mucronatum (PERS.) SCHLECHT. (Fungi, Basidiomycetes). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 27). References : KIEFFER 1901, 1902. Distribution : European. Mycodiplosis gymnosporangii KIEFFER, 1904 Red larvae live gregariously in deformities on branches of Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae) caused by the rust Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (JASQ. ex PERS.) D.C. (Fungi, Basidiomycetes). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 27). Distribution : European. Mycodiplosis pulsatillae (KIEFFER, 1888) Red larvae live on fruits of Pulsatilla vulgaris MILL. and P. vernalis (L.) MILL. (Ranunculaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 28). Reference : KIEFFER, 1890. Distribution : European. Mycodiplosis saundersi BARNES, 1927 Red larvae develop on rust Puccinia suaveolens (PERS.) ROSTR. (Fungi, Basidiomycetes) on leaves of Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 28). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Mycodiplosis tremulae KIEFFER, 1895 Red larvae develop on leaves of Populus tremula L. covered with rust Melampsora tremulae TAL. (Fungi, Basidiomycetes). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 29). Reference : GRASSÉ 1932. Distribution : European. Mycodiplosis tussilaginis KIEFFER, 1895 KIEFFER (1895) described this species as M. tussilaginis and later corrected the name in M. tussilaginis (KIEFFER, 1898). Larvae develop in „Aecidium tussilaginis“ which is probably the rust Coleosporium tussilaginis (PERS.) LÉV. It develops on leaves of Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 29). It has not been recorded since 1895. Distribution : European. Myricomyia mediterranea (F. LÖW, 1885) Orange larvae cause small rose-formed galls on shoots of Erica arborea L. and other Erica sp. (Ericaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 30). References : COTTE, 1912, 1924, 1933, SALGUES 1934, GARRIQUE 1994, DUPAIN, DAUPHIN 1997. Distribution : Mediterranean.
113
Neomikiella beckiana (MIK, 1895) Yellow red larvae live in leaf bud galls on Inula conyza DC. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 30, Plate XXVII : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1892, MARCHAL 1905, COTTE 1912, 1924, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2003b, 2005b. Distribution : Submediterranean. Neomikiella lychnidis (HEYDEN, 1861) Whitish larvae develop in large, densely haired leaf bud galls on Silene pratensis (RAFN.) GODR. (= Melandrium album (MILL.) GARCKE) (Caryophyllaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 31). References : LIEBEL 1886, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002d. Distribution : Submediterranean. Odontodiplosis longiforceps (KIEFFER,1904) (= Ischnodiplosis longiforceps KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. KIEFFER (1904) found a single male and described it as Coprodiplosis longiforceps. Later transferred it into the genus Ischnodiplosis. SZADZIEWSKI (1990) transferred this species into the genus Odontodiplosis. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 31). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1904. Distribution : European. Oligotrophus juniperinus (LINNÉ, 1758) Orange larva lives solitary in a gall on Juniperus communis L. ( Cupressaceae). The gall is slender, with tips of outer needles recurved. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 32, Plate XXVII : Fig. 10). References : COTTE 1909, 1912, 1916, 1924, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002a,e,f,g, 2003a, 2004a, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Oligotrophus panteli KIEFFER, 1898 Orange larva lives solitary in a gall on Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 32, Plate XXVII : Fig. 8,9). References : COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1915, 1919, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002a,e,f,g, 2003a,b, 2004a, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Oligotrophus schmidti Rübsaamen, 1914 Small gall formed of one whorl of needles of Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 32). References : BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2004a, 2005b. Distribution : European. Orseolia cynodontis KIEFFER et MASSALONGO, 1902 Oval gall on Cynodon dactylon (L.) PERS. (Poaceae) consists of malformed leaves massed together at the extremity of the shoot. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 33, Plate XXVII : Fig. 5).
114
References : HOUARD 1902, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, 1911, COTTE 1912. Distribution : south-European (Mediterranean), Africa and India (subtropical, or tropical ?) Ozirhincus longicollis RONDANI, 1840 (= Clinorrhyncha leucanthemi KIEFFER, 1898) Solitary orange larva develop in achene of Leucanthemum vulgare LAM. (Asteraceae) and other related species (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 33). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891c,d, 1892, MÖHN 1966. Distribution : European. Ozirhincus millefolii (WACHTL, 1884) Solitary orange larva develop in achene of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 34). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1890e, 1891c, MÖHN 1968. Distribution : Euro-Siberian, Holarctic. Ozirhincus tanaceti (KIEFFER , 1889) Solitary orange larva develops in swollen achene of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 34). References : KIEFFER 1891c, MÖHN 1968. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Paradiplosis abietis (HUBAULT, 1945) (= Agevillea abietis HUBAULT, 1945) Orange larvae live in the parenchyme of the needles of Abies alba MILL. (Pinaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 35, Plate XXVIII : Fig. 1). Distribution : European. Paralellodiplosis bupleuri (RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) Yellowish larva develops inside fruits of Bupleurum falcatum L. (Apiaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VI : Fig. 35). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2005b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Parallelodiplosis galliperda (F. LÖW, 1889) Orange yellow larva lives as inquiline under the galls of Neuroterus quercusbaccarum L. (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) on lower side of leaves of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATT.) LIEBEL (Fagaceae). Löw obtained material for description from KIEFFER who found galls in Lorraine. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 36). References: BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002c,d,e, 2004b,c, 2005b. Distribution : European. Phegomyia fagicola KIEFFER, 1901) Reddish larvae cause leaf fold along lateral veins on Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VI : Fig. 36, Plate XXVIII : Fig. 2). References : LIEBEL 1886, MARTEL 1893, KIEFFER 1901a, COTTE 1909, 1912, HOUARD 1915, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002g, 2004b.
115
Distribution : European. Physemocecis hartigi (LIEBEL, 1892) White larva develops in rounded parenchymous gall of 5 mm in diameter on leaves of Tilia platyphyllos L. and T. cordata MILL. (Tiliaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 1, Plate XXVIII : Fig. 5). References : LIEBEL 1892, LOISELLE 1903, ROHFRITSCH 1999, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2003a, 2004c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European. Physemocecis ulmi (KIEFFER, 1909) Solitary white larva develops in small blister on the leaf of Ulmus minor MILL. (= U. campestris L.) (Ulmaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 1, Plate XXVIII : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1909, SKUHRAVY (1966, Dieppe, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2002f, 2004c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution: European. Placochela ligustri (RÜBSAAMEN, 1899) Solitary orange larva develops in slightly swollen, unopened flower bud of Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 2, Plate XXVIII : Fig. 3). References : LIEBEL 1892 (as Dipterocecidium), KIEFFER 1892, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Placochela nigripes (F. LÖW, 1877) Yellow larva develops in swollen flower buds of Sambucus nigra L. and S. ebulus L. (Caprifoliaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 2, Plate XXVIII : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1892a, LIEBEL 1892, CHRISTMANN 1934, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Planetella arenariae (RÜBSAAMEN, 1899) Larvae live in small galls on leaves and stems of Carex arenaria L. (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 3). Reference : DAUPHIN 1994. Distribution : European. Planetella billoti (KIEFFER, 1909) White larva develops in a gall at the base of stem of Carex davalliana SM. (Cyperaceae) ; inside gall one chamber. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1897, 1909, HOUARD 1904. Distribution : European. Planetella cornifex (KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae live in underground horn-shaped galls on Carex pallescens L. and C. elata (Cyperaceae). The development of the shoot is stopped and the whole shoot is changed into a gall.
116
Occurrence : Biscarosse (Landes, 20.9.1999, leg. M. DUPAIN, det. M. SKUHRAVÁ; the horn-shaped gall is 30 mm long, brown coloured) ; scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 4). Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Planetella frireni (KIEFFER, 1909) A solitary white larva develops in swollen, unilateral and elongated base of leaves, situated underground, on Carex pallescens L. and C. elata ALL. (C. stricta GOOD.) (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1900, 1909, HOUARD 1908. Distribution : European. Planetella gallarum (RÜBSAAMEN, 1899) A solitary white larva develops inside brown coloured and glossy gall appended to leaves or stems of Carex glauca L. (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 5). Reference : NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Planetella granifex (KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae develop in brown corn-like galls at the base of the stem of Carex echinata MURR.(C. stellulata GOOD.), C. pallescens L. and C. elata ALL. (C. stricta GOOD.) (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1898, 1913. Distribution : European. Planetella kneuckeri (KIEFFER, 1909) Only the gall has been described. It is egg-shaped, pointed, with one chamber at the base of the stem of Carex echinata MURR. (C. stellulata GOOD) (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1900,1909, HOUARD 1908. Distribution : European. Planetella lambertoni ( KIEFFER, 1901) Biology unknown. A male was caught on window of KIEFFER´s laboratory in Bitch. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 6). Distribution : European (France, Russia). Plemeliella abietina SEITNER 1908 Yellow larvae develop inside the seed of Picea abies (L.) KARST. (Pinaceae). The development lasts 3 years. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 6, Plate XXIX : Fig. 3). Reference : ROQUES 1983. Distribution : European.
117
Plemeliella betulicola (Kieffer, 1889) Yellowish-white larvae develop among the youngest terminal leaves on shoot tips of Betula pubescens EHRH. and B. pendula ROTH. (Betulaeae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 7, Plate XXIX : Fig. 1). References : LIEBEL 1886, KIEFFER 1890, 1891c, 1899, MARTEL 1893, GUFFROY 1938, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Polystepha malpighii (KIEFFER, 1909) The gall is a circular blister on the leaf of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATTUSCH.) LIEBL. (Fagaceae). Kieffer described the gall only. SYLVÉN (1975) reared adults and transferred this species from the genus Dasineura (Perrisia) in the genus Polystepha. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 7, Plate XXIX : Fig. 6). References : KIEFFER 1909, COTTE 1909, 1912, HOUARD 1915, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002e,f, 2003a, 2004c, 2005b. Distribution : European. Polystepha quercus KIEFFER 1897 Only male was described by KIEFFER (1897) with his note that the biology is not known. KIEFFER (1898) mentioned only: „on oak“. It seems that only one gall midge species cause parenchymous galls on leaves of Quercus spp. (Fagaceae). P. quercus and P. malpighii seems to be identical. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 8). Distribution : European. Probruggmanniella phillyreae (TAVARES, 1907) Larvae develop in the ovary of flowers of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 8). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, MÖHN 1961, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.). Distribution : Mediterranean. Psectrosema acuticorne GAGNÉ, 1996 Adults were reared from slight swellings on twigs of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 9). Reference : GAGNÉ et al. 1996. Distribution : Mediterranean. Psectrosema album GAGNÉ 1996 Adults were reared from swellings on twigs of Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 9). Reference : GAGNÉ et al. 1996. Distribution : Mediterranean. Psectrosema nigrum GAGNÉ, 1996 Adults were reared from slight swellings on twigs of Tamarix parviflora DC., T. gallica L. and T. ramosissima LEDEB. (Tamaricaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 10). Reference : GAGNÉ et al. 1996. Distribution : Mediterranean.
118
Psectrosema provinciale KIEFFER, 1912 Solitary red larva causes a spindle swelling on young branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 10). References : KIEFFER 1912, COTTE 1912. Distribution : Mediterranean. Psectrosema tamaricis (STEFANI, 1902) Yellow larvae live gregariously in fusiform swelling on young branches of Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 11). Reference : GARRIGUE 1996 (as Psectrosema tamaricum). Distribution : Mediterranean. Putoniella pruni (KALTENBACH, 1872) (= Diplosis marsupialis F. LÖW, 1889) Orange yellow to orange red larvae live gregariously in pocked-shaped swellings, usually along the midwein on leaves of Prunus spinosa L and other Prunus sp. (Rosaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 11, Plate XXIX : Fig. 2). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002f, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga albipennis (LOEW, 1850) For the synonymies of this genus (Dasineura, Rhabdophaga), see the end of introduction. Orange larva develops in slight swelling on young twig below the bud of Salix alba L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 12). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, NOURY 1956. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga clavifex (KIEFFER, 1891) Club-like swelling at the branch tip of Salix aurita L., S. caprea L.and S. cinerea L. (Salicaceae), densely covered with white hairs, usually with 4-12 deformed buds. Each bud with only one orange larva. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 12, Plate XXIX : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1891b, 1897b, LIEBEL 1892, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, NOURY 1956. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga degeerii (BREMI, 1847) (= R. ramicola RÜBSAAMEN, 1915) Several yellow-red larvae develop in swollen one-year branches of Salix purpurea L. and S. daphnoides L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 13). References : COTTE 1912, 1924, BONNE 1929-1930, LOUX 1967, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European.
119
Rabdophaga dubiosa (KIEFFER, 1913) (= R. dubia KIEFFER, 1892) Larvae cause swelling on branch of Salix aurita L. and S. cinerea L. (Salicaceae) ; inside the gall there are many lengthwise chambers, each with one larva. Occurrence : frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 13). References : KIEFFER 1891b, 1913, LIEBEL 1892, LOISELLE 1903, MARCHAL et CHÂTEAU 1905, LAMBERTIE 1911, BONNE 1929-1930, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2004b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga gemmicola (KIEFFER, 1896) Swollen leaf bud of Salix aurita L. and S. cinerea, inside with one red larva in a chamber. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 14). References : KIEFFER 1896d, 1897b. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga heterobia (LOEW, 1850) Several orange-red larvae of the spring generation develop in deformed male catkins and larvae of the summer generation develop in swollen lateral buds, densely haired, or in lateral rosettes on Salix triandra L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 14, Plate XXIX : Fig. 7). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, 1892, MARTEL 1891, 1894, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1909, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, HOUARD 1917, 1925, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga iteobia (KIEFFER, 1890) Orange larvae cause deformation at the shoot tip of Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae). The leaves are clustered, abnormally white haired. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 15). References : KIEFFER 1890c, 1891d, MARTEL 1891, LIEBEL 1892, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga karschi (KIEFFER, 1892) (= R. oculiperda RÜBSAAMEN, 1921) Orange larvae cause slightly cylindrical or fusiform swelling on young thin shoot of Salix aurita L. and S. cinerea L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 15). References : KIEFFER 1891b,c, 1892, LIEBEL 1892, DAUPHIN 1896. Distribution: European. Rabdophaga marginemtorquens (BREMI, 1847) (Cecidomyia marginemtorquens (WINNERTZ, 1853). Orange-yellow larvae live in tighly rolled leaf margins of Salix viminalis L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 16, Plate XXIX : Fig. 5). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, LOISELLE 1901, COTTE 1909, 1924, HOUARD 1915, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2001, 2002a, 2004a.
120
Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga medullaris (KIEFFER, 1891) Larva lives inside medullary part of very young shoots of Salix aurita L. (Salicaceae) without making a swelling. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 16). Since 1891 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga nervorum (KIEFFER, 1895) (= R. noduli RÜBSAAMEN, 1895) Spindel-shaped swelling on the midvein of Salix aurita L. and related species (Salicaceae). STELTER (1993) considered it is a valid species. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 17). Reference : LOISELLE 1901, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga perforans (KIEFFER, 1906) Larvae develop in swollen base of the bud of Salix sp. The pupa perforates the gall at its base. STELTER (1993) considered this species as a synonym of R. viminalis which seems be not correct. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 17). Since 1906 it has not been recorded. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga pierreana (KIEFFER, 1909) The gall is a swelling at the tip of branch of Salix aurita L. (Salicaceae) ; up to 20 larvae develop inside one large chamber. Larvae hibernate in the soil. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 18). Reference : KIEFFER 1909. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga pierrei (KIEFFER, 1896) Larva develops in a chamber under the bark of Salix aurita L., S. cinerea L. and S. caprea L. (Salicaceae). Chambers are transversal to the axis of the stem. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 18). References : KIEFFER 1896c, PIERRE 1896, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga pseudococcus (THOMAS, 1890) Larvae develop in parenchyma under the epidermis of leaves of Salix aurita L. and S. cinerea L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 19). Reference : THOMAS, 1890. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga pulvini (KIEFFER, 1891) (= Bertieria rosariella KIEFFER, 1896, B. superna KIEFFER, 1896) KIEFFER (1891) described the gall as slightly swollen, axillary bud on the branch of Salix aurita L. and S. cinerea L. (Salicaceae) with solitary orange coloured larva. STELTER (1993) considered B. rosariella causing small rosette galls and B. superna causing small bud galls as synonyms with R. pulvini. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 19).
121
References : KIEFFER 1891c, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga rosaria (LOEW, 1850) (= Cecidomyia cinerearum HARDY, 1850) A solitary orange coloured larva causes a large rosette gall on the tip of Salix alba L., S. caprea L., S. cinerea L. and related species (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 20, Plate XXIX : Fig. 8). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891, 1899, LOISELLE 1901, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, NOURY 1939, 1956, COUTIN 1993, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002d,g, 2004a,b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga saliciperda (DUFOUR, 1841) (= C. terebrans 1851) Larvae develop in small chambers situated in outer layer of wood under the bark of Salix alba L. and S. fragilis L. (Salicaceae). Attacked branch is swollen. Occurrence : frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 20, Plate XXX : Fig. 1). References : DUFOUR 1841, LIEBEL 1886, 1892, KIEFFER 1891b,c, FOCKEU 1889b, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga salicis (SCHRANK, 1803) Ovoid or irregular swelling on twigs of Salix aurita L., S. caprea L., S. cinerea L. and related species (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 21, Plate XXIX : Fig. 9). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889, BALLÉ 1890, KIEFFER 1891, 1895, 1897, LOISELLE 1901, COTTE 1909, 1912, HOUARD 1915, 1919, CHRISMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2002g, 2004a, 2005a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rabdophaga strobilina (BREMI, 1847) Larvae develop in large artichoke gall on Salix purpurea L. (Salicaceae). STELTER (1982) considered R. strobilina to be an inquiline of R. rosaria. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 21). References : COTTE 1912, BONNE 1929-1930. Distribution : European. Rabdophaga terminalis (LOEW, 1850) (= Cecidomyia iteophila LOEW, 1850; Cecidomyia salicina LOEW, 1850) Reddish, gregarious larvae develop in spindel-formed gall on the shoot of Salix alba L.and S. fragilis L. (Salicaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 22, Plate XXIX : Fig. 10). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1892, FOCKEU 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, LOISELLE 1901, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911, HOUARD 1915, BONNE 1929-1930, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2002a, 2004a, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian.
122
Resseliella lavandulae (BARNES, 1953) Pink larvae live under the bark of Lavandula officinalis L. (Lamiaceae). Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 22). References : PUSSARD 1953, AUDEMARD 1957, GUENNELON, AUDEMARD 1957, 1963. Distribution : Mediterranean. Resseliella oculiperda (RÜBSAAMEN, 1893) Pinkish-red larvae develop beween bud grafts and the stock of roses and of fruit trees. The scion does not unite with the stock and the growth is stopped. Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 23). Reference : COUTIN 1974. Distribution : European (scarce). Resseliella oleisuga (TARGIONI-TOZETTI, 1886) Pink larvae live under the bark of Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae); attacked twigs wither. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 23, Plate XXX : Fig. 2). Reference : COUTIN 1978. Distribution : Mediterrean. Resseliella piceae SEITNER, 1906 Larvae develop inside young fruits in the cones of Abies alba L. (Pinaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 24). Reference : ROQUES 1983. Distribution : European up to Caucasus. Resseliella quercivora (MAMAEV, 1965) Pink larvae live gregariously in freshly wounded places in bark of young oaks Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (MATTUSCH.) LIEBL. (Fagaceae), rarely also on other deciduous trees. Wounds on the bark are usually caused by woodpecker Dendrocopus major (Aves, Picidae). The attack results in bark abnormalities and deformations (so called "oak-canker“). Occurrence : medium frequent : 12 departments in north-eastern France (MATHIEU 1994, FLEISCH 1997) ; Luxeuil-les-Bains in central France and under the Pyrénées in southern France, leg. K. DENGLER, 2003, unpubl.) (Plate VII : Fig. 24). Distribution : European. Resseliella skuhravyorum SKRZYPCZYNSKA, 1975 Orange-red larvae develop in cones of Larix decidua MILL. (Pinaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 25). Reference : ROQUES 1983, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European (scarce due to the secret mode of life). Resseliella syringogenea (HERING, 1943) (Lestodiplosis syringogenea HERING, 1943) Larvae develop inside mines on stem of Heracleum sphondylium L. (Apiaceae). Occurrence : very scarce, known only from the type locality in France (Caen) (Plate VII : Fig. 25).
123
Distribution : European. Resseliella theobaldi (BARNES, 1927) Salmon pink larvae live under the rind of Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae). Attacked stem may die-back. Pest (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 26). Reference : GRIL et OSTERMANN 1976. Distribution : European. Rhizomyia fasciata KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown, adults were caught, probably xylophilous. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 26). References : KIEFFER 1904, 1907. Distribution : European, known only from France, Russia and the Netherlands. Rhizomyia perplexa KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae live on roots of Carex glauca L. (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 27). Distribution : European, known only from France and Russia. Rhizomyia silvicola KIEFFER, 1904 Adults xylophilous, they were caught on a log. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 27). Distribution : European, known only from France and Russia. Rhopalomyia artemisiae (BOUCHÉ, 1834) Larvae cause large globular galls on the stem tip of Artemisia campestris L. and A. capillaris THUNB. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 28, Plate XXX : Fig. 3). References : LIEBEL 1886, MARCHAL et CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1914, GUFFROY 1938, DAUPHIN 1990, GARRIGUE 1996, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2004a,c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian and Submediterrean. Rhopalomyia baccarum (WACHTL, 1883) Larvae produce globular, smooth and bare galls on axillary buds of Artemisia vulgaris L. and Artemisia scoparia W.K. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 28, Plate XXX : Fig. 7). References : HOUARD 1902, COTTE 1912, 1924, GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi (AHLBERG, 1939) Larvae cause small rounded or pointed galls on the leaves of cultivated chrysanthemum plants (Asteraceae), mainly in greenhouses. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 29). Reference : SUIRE 1935. Distribution : Cosmopolitan. Rhopalomyia florum (KIEFFER, 1890) Larvae live in small galls in the flower heads of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 29). References : KIEFFER 1890e, 1891c,d.
124
Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rhopalomyia foliorum (LOEW, 1850) Larvae produce small galls on leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 30, Plate XXX : Fig. 6). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1891c, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rhopalomyia hypogaea (F. LÖW, 1885) Unregular swellings of the stem of Chrysanthemum atratum L. and on other species of Asteraceae; each gall with several chambers, each with one larva. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 30, Plate XXX : Fig. 4). References : LEMÉE 1902, COTTE 1912, DAUPHIN 1986. Distribution : European. Rhopalomyia kiefferi TROTTER, 1900 The axillary bud of Artemisia camphorata VILL. (Asteraceae) changed into a pointed gall including one larva in a chamber. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 31). References : COTTE 1919, 1916, 1924. Distribution : Mediterranean. Rhopalomyia millefolii (LOEW, 1850) Swollen axillary bud on stem, swollen achene in flower-head or galls on leaves of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 31, Plate XXX : Fig. 5). References : LIEBEL 1886, GIARD 1889, MARTEL 1891, DAGUILLON 1905, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, 1919. Distribution : Euro-Siberian (up to Africa). Rhopalomyia palearum (KIEFFER, 1890) Larva in swollen brackt in flower head of Achillea ptarmica L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 32). References : KIEFFER 1890e, 1891d. Distribution : European. Rhopalomyia ptarmicae (VALLOT, 1849) Large spongy galls at stem tips of Achillea ptarmica L. (Asteraceae) with several chambers, each with one larva. Occurrence : frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 32, Plate XXX : Fig. 9). References : LIEBEL 1886, MARTEL 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 195, HOUARD 1905, 1915, CHRISTMANN 1934, JAUFFRET 1970, DAUPHIN 1990, BÉGUINOT 2004b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Rhopalomyia syngenesiae (H.LÖW, 1850) Larva develops among florets in flower head of Anthemis arvensis L. and related species of Asteraceae. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 33). References : KIEFFER 1890e, 1891c,d, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1905.
125
Distribution : European. Rhopalomyia tanaceticola (KARSCH, 1879) Large ovoid galls in leaf axils, in flower heads and on leaves of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 33, Plate XXX : Fig. 8). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, BALLÉ 1890, MARTEL 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, DAGUILLON 1907, LAMBERTIE 1920, CHRISTMANN 1934, DAUPHIN 1986, GARRIGUE (unpubl.). Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Rhopalomyia tubifex (BOUCHÉ, 1847) Tubular galls on stem of Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VII : Fig. 34, Plate XXXI : Fig. 1). References : HOUARD 1902, COTTE 1912. Distribution : Sub-Mediterrean. Rondaniola bursaria (BREMI, 1847) Cylindrical, densely haired galls on the upper surface of the leaf of Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 34, Plate XXXI : Fig. 2). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, BALLÉ 1890, FOCKEU 1890, KIEFFER 1891c, 1894, HOUARD 1905, 1915, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2002c,d, 2004b,c, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution. European. Sackenomyia reaumurii (BREMI, 1847) (= Phlyctidobia solmsii KIEFFER, 1906) Blister galls on leaves of Viburnum lantana L. (Caprifoliaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 35). References : FOCKEU 1889a, DERESSE 1891, LIEBEL 1892, MARTEL 1894, KIEFFER 1904, 1906, COTTE 1912, 1924, HOUARD 1915, BONNE 1929-1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1939, BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002a,f,g, 2003a, 2004a, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : European (with tendency to the south). Schizomyia galiorum KIEFFER, 1889 Swollen flower bud of Galium mollugo L. and other species of Galium (Rubiaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VII : Fig. 36, Plate XXXI : Fig. 3). References : KIEFFER 1889, 1891c, 1892a, 1897b, LIEBEL 1889, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1912, 1924, TAVARES 1930, MEYER 1950, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002g, 2004a,b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro- Siberian. Schizomyia tami KIEFFER, 1901 Flower bud swollen, remaining closed, only gall was described. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1901, CHÂTEAU, CHASSIGNOL 1911. Distributon: Mediterranean, known from Italy, France and Great Britain.
126
Schmidtiella gemmarum RÜBSAAMEN, 1914 Small galls in leaf axils of Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 1). Reference : BÉGUINOT 2000, 2002g, 2005b. Distribution : European. Semudobia betulae (WINNERTZ, 1853) Swollen fruit withs reduced wings of Betula pendula L. (Betulaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 2, Plate XXXI : Fig. 4). References : LIEBEL 1889, KIEFFER 1891, 1899, NOURY 1956, ASKEW (unpubl.), SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b, BÉGUINOT 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian; Holarctic, immigrant in North America. Semudobia skuhravae ROSKAM, 1977 Small gall joined to spindle of catkins of Betula pendula L. (Betulaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 2, Plate XXXI : Fig. 5). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Sitodiplosis mosellana (GÉHIN, 1857) Larvae feed solitarily on the developing grains in the ears of Triticum vulgare L. (Poaceae). It is a pest occurring together with Contarinia tritici (see the part : Economic importance). Occurrence : frequent in the past (GÉHIN 1857), not recorded with exception at present (Plate VIII : Fig. 3, Plate XXXI : Fig. 6). Reference : KIEFFER 1898, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b, COUTIN 1968, 1969, 1977. Distribution : Holarctic. Spurgia capitigena (BREMI, 1847) (Bayeria capitigena BREMI, 1847) Larvae cause globular artichoke galls on tips of shoots of Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Euphorbiaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 3, Plate XXXI : Fig. 7). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889b, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, COTTE 1899, 1912, HOUARD 1915, 1918, CHRISTMANN 1934, VERRIER 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, COUTIN 1993, BÉGUINOT 2002a,d,e,f, 2003a,b, 2004a, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, b, ASKEW (unpubl.), GARRIGUE ( unpubl.). Distribution : European. Stefaniella atriplicis KIEFFER, 1898 Swelling on the stem of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae), 4-5mm in diameter, with white larvae in tunnels. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 4). References : KIEFFER 1898, DARBOUX 1902b, HOUARD 1921, DAUPHIN 1994. Distribution : Meditrerrean. Stefaniella cecconii KIEFFER, 1909 Small swelling of the stem of Atriplex patula L. (Chenopodiaceae), inside with one larva in a chamber. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 4). Reference : NOURY 1956, GARRIGUE 1996.
127
Distribution : Mediterrean. Stefaniella trinacriae STEFANI, 1900 Fusiform woody swelling on the stem of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae) with several chambers inside, each with one whitish-yellow larva. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 5, Plate XXXI : Fig. 8). References : HOUARD 1902, COTTE, 1912, 1933, SALQUES 1934, GARRIGUE 1996. Distribution : Mediterrean. Stenodiplosis sorghicola (COQUILLETT, 1899) (Contarinia, Allocontarinia) Larvae cause abort of seed of Sorghum spp. (Poaceae). It is the most serious pest of Sorghum (see the part : Economic importance). This species originates from Africa, now it occurs worldwide wherever sorghum is grown (GAGNÉ 1994). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 5). Reference : COUTIN 1969. Distribution : Tropics and subtropics. Stictobremia campylomyzae KIEFFER, 1912 Larvae are predators of larvae Peromyia levellei KIEFFER. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 5). It has not been recorded since 1912. Distribution : European. Stomatosema nemorum KIEFFER, 1904 Biology unknown. A single female was caught on wood. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 6). Distribution : European. Taxomyia taxi (INCHBALD, 1861) Solitary orange larva develop in artichoke gall on tips of shoots of Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 7, Plate XXXI : Fig. 9). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, MARTEL 1891, LOISELLE 1903, COTTE 1912, HOUARD 1913, 1915, 1916, 1920, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, NOURY 1936, 1956, GUFFROY 1938, ANTONY 1996, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a, BÉGUINOT 2004c. Distribution : European. Tessaradiplosis entomophila (PERRIS, 1855) Larvae prey on mites Acarus sp. (Acaridae, Acarina). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 7). It has not been recorded since 1855. Reference : PERRIS 1855, BAYLAC,1988. Distribution : European. Thecodiplosis brachyntera (SCHWÄGRICHEN, 1835) One or two orange larvae cause development of a gall on paires of needles of Pinus sylvestris L. and P. mugo TURRA (Pinaceae). The pair of needles is swollen at the base forming inside a chamber. Attacked needles are usually
128
shortened. It is serious pest in Central Europe noted for long-term fluctuations in population density and with outbreaks (SKUHRAVY 1991). Occurrence : frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 8, Plate XXXII : Fig. 1). References : KIEFFER 1891c,d, 1895, LIEBEL 1892, LAMBERTIE 1920, DAUPHIN 1986, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Thurauia aquatica RÜBSAAMEN, 1899 Larvae develop between the stem and leaf sheaths of Carex appropinquata SCHUM. (= C. paradoxa L.) (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 8). Reference : KIEFFER 1901a. Distribution : European. Tribremia brevitarsis (KIEFFER, 1904) Biology unknown. A single male was caught on wood. It is probably xylophilous. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 9). It has not been recorded since 1904. Distribution : European. Tricholaba trifolii RÜBSAAMEN, 1917 Larvae develop in galls of Dasineura trifolii (F.LÖW) and in flower heads of Trifolium spp. (Fabaceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 9). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Trotteria ligustri Barnes, 1954 Larvae live as inquilines or parasitoids in flower bud galls caused by Placochela ligustri (Rübs.) on Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae). Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 10). Reference : SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Trotteria obtusa (LOEW, 1845) (= Trotteria sarothamni KIEFFER, 1890) Larvae live as inquilines in galls of Asphondylia spp.on Fabaceae. Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 10). References : KIEFFER 1890, 1891, 1892, NOURY 1956, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : European. Trotteria umbelliferarum (KIEFFER, 1901) Larvae develop as inquilines in fruit galls of Kiefferia pericarpiicola (BREMI) on various species and genera of Apiaceae. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 10). References : KIEFFER 1901, 1902. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Wachtliella persicariae (LINNÉ, 1767) Larvae produce galls formed by rolled leaf margins on Polygonum amphibium L. (Polygonaceae).
129
Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 11, Plate XXXII : Fig. 8). References : LIEBEL 1886, FOCKEU 1889, HOUARD 1915, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, LAMBINON 1960, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2004a. Distribution : European up to Caucasus. Wachtliella riparia (WINNERTZ, 1853) (Perrisia muricatae MAEDE, 1886) Larvae develop in swollen fruits of Carex riparia L. and other species of Carex (Cyperaceae). Occurrence : medium frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 11, Plate XXXII : Fig. 3). References : HOUARD 1909, 1913, 1918, 1925, GUFFROY 1938, LAMBINON 1960, DAUPHIN et ANIOTSBEHERE 1997. Distribution : European. Wachtliella rosarum (HARDY, 1850) Larvae produce galls formed of folded leaflets of Rosa canina L. and other Rosa species (Rosaceae). Occurrence : one of the six most frequent species occurring in France (Plate VIII : Fig. 12, Plate XXXII : Fig. 6). References : GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1885, LIEBEL 1886, 1892, DERESSE 1891, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, FOCKEU 1894, LOISELLE 1901, COTTE 1909, 1912, 1924, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, TAVARES 1930, CHRISTMANN 1934, GADEAU DE KERVILLE 1936, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, BÉGUINOT 2001, 2002a,c,d,e,f,g, 2003a,b, 2004a,b,c, 2005a,b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Wachtliella stachydis (BREMI, 1847) Larvae cause leaf and flower bud galls on Stachys sylvatica L. (Lamiaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 13, Plate XXXII : Fig. 2). References : LIEBEL 1886, MARTEL 1891, KIEFFER 1891c, COTTE 1912, 1916, 1924, CHISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1956, BÉGUINOT 2003b, 2004b, 2005a,b. Distribution : European. Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis FEDOTOVA, 1992 Larvae develop in swellings on Ephedra distachya L. (Ephedraceae). Occurrence : scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 14, Plate XXXII : Fig. 4). References : DARBOUX 1899, COTTE 1912 (both as Cécidomyie), GARRIGUE (Mas Larrieu, 1999, unpubl., det. M. SKUHRAVÁ). Distribution : Euro-Asian, with disjunct area ; it occurrs in southern France, northern Spain and in Kazakhstan. Xylodiplosis aestivalis KIEFFER, 1904 Xylophilous larvae live inside xylem vessels of fresh cut wood. Adults are red coloured. Occurrence : scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 15). References : KIEFFER 1902, 1904, DENGLER (2003, southern France, pers. comm.). Distribution : European.
130
Xylodiplosis nigritarsis ZETTERSTEDT, 1850 (= Cecidomyia (Diplosis) praecox WINNERTZ, 1853) Larvae are xylophilous and develop in xylem vessels of fresh cut wood. Adults are black coloured. Occurrence : very scarce (Plate VIII : Fig. 16). References : KIEFFER 1882, 1904. Distribution European. Zeuxidiplosis giardi (KIEFFER, 1896) Swollen leaf bud of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae), inside large chamber with one or two reddish larvae. Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 17, Plate XXXII : Fig. 5). References : KIEFFER 1892, 1896, 1897, 1902, HOUARD 1907, 1915, COTTE 1912, 1924, GUFFROY 1938, NOURY 1956, DAUPHIN 1990, GARRIGUE (Massane, 2002, unpubl.), BÉGUINOT 2004b, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004b. Distribution : primarily Euro-Siberian with disjunct area. It has been imported to North America and New Zeeland for biological control of Hypericum perforatum. Zygiobia carpini (F. LÖW, 1874) Swellings on midwein of the leaves of Carpinus betulus L. (Corylaceae). Occurrence : very frequent (Plate VIII : Fig. 18, Plate XXXII : Fig. 7). References : LIEBEL 1886, 1889, KIEFFER 1888, 1891c, FOCKEU 1890, MARTEL 1891, MARCHAL, CHÂTEAU 1905, HOUARD 1915, 1919, CHRISTMANN 1934, NOURY 1937, 1956, DAUPHIN 1986, ANTONY 1997, BÉGUINOT 2002c, 2004b,c, 2005b, SKUHRAVA & SKUHRAVY 2004a,b. Distribution : European, up to Caucasus.
Subfamily : Porricondylinae Asynapta flava KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop under the bark of beech branch (Fagus sylvatica L.) fallen on the ground. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Asynapta pectoralis WINNERTZ, 1853 (Ruebsaamenia ruficornis KIEFFER, 1894; Asynapta macrura KIEFFER, 1913) Biology unknown. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1894, 1913. Distribution : European. Asynapta strobi (KIEFFER, 1920) (Asynapta laricis SKRZYPCZYWSKA, 1977) Larvae develop in cones of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua MILL. Occurrence : scarce. Reference : ROQUES 1983. Distribution : Euro-Asian. Bryocrypta dubia KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae are living among the moss. Occurrence : very scarce.
131
Reference : KIEFFER 1896. Distribution : European. Camptomyia binotata KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae live under the bark of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Camptomyia concolor KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae live under the bark of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Camptomyia corticalis (LOEW, 1850) (Epidosis lutescens KIEFFER, 1888; Camptomyia innotata KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop under the bark of elm (Ulmus sp.) and of dead beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. References : KIEFFER 1888, 1894. Distribution : European. Camptomyia erythromma (KIEFFER, 1888) Larvae live under the bark of the dead tree of Rhamnus frangula L. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1888. Distribution : European. Camptomyia nigricornis KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae live under the bark of birch (Betula). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Camptomyia pallida KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop under the bark of dry beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Camptomyia pinicola MAMAEV, 1961 Larvae develop under the bark of decaying coniferous trees (Pinus, Abies, Picea). Occurrence : very scarce. References : ROQUES 1976, 1977. Distribution : European. Camptomyia populi (DUFOUR, 1841) Larvae develop under the bark of dry poplar (Populus spp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European.
132
Camptomyia recta KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae develop under the bark of alder buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Clinorhytis flavitarsis KIEFFER, 1896 Females were reared from decaying trunk of trees which has not been identified. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Colomyia appendiculata KIEFFER, 1901 A single female was caught on window. Since KIEFFER´s time this species has not been found. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Colomyia clavata KIEFFER, 1891 Larvae develop under the bark of dead beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Distribution : European. Colpodia anomala KIEFFER, 1898 Biology unknown. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Cryptoneurus muscicolus (KIEFFER, 1896) Larvae develop among mosses covering beech stump (Fagus sylvatica L.) and under its bark. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Cryptoneurus tridentatus (KIEFFER, 1896) Larvae live under the bark of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Diallactes croceus KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop in decaying wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in forest. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Dicerura scirpicola KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae live under the leaf-sheaths of Scirpus sylvaticus L. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Frirenia tenella KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop under the bark of dead branch of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce.
133
Distribution : European. Holoneurus ciliatus KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae live under the bark of branch of dry beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Holoneurus cinctus (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop under the bark of dry beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Holoneurus fulvus KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae live in rotten wood of oak branch (Quercus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Holoneurus setiger KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae develop under the bark of the branch of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Leptosyna acutipennis KIEFFER, 1894 Adults were reared from decaying wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Leptosyna quercus KIEFFER, 1904 Larvae develop on old oak trunks (Quercus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Miastor metraloas MEINERT, 1864 (Miastor similis KIEFFER, 1913 ; Miastor hastatus KIEFFER, 1913 ; Peromiastor dryobius KIEFFER, 1913) Larvae feed on fungal mycelium under decaying bark of broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Fagus, Betula, Tilia). Larvae reproduce pedogenetically. Occurrence : scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1913. Distribution : Holarctic. Parepidosis venusta (WINNERTZ sensu KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae develop in old stump of rotten hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Porricondyla albimana (WINNERTZ, 1853) Larvae develop in decaying wood. Occurrence : rare. Reference : KIEFFER (1896c). Distribution : Euro-Asian.
134
Porricondyla bicincta (KIEFFER, 1913) A single female was caught in forest. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Porricondyla citrina (KIEFFER, 1894) A single male was caught. Larvae develop in decaying wood of birch (Betula sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Porricondyla flavida (KIEFFER, 1913) A single female reared from an old stump of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Porricondyla lineata (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop in wood of old rotten oak (Quercus), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1896, 1898. Distribution : European. Porricondyla lobata (KIEFFER, 1913) Adults were caught in forest. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Porricondyla microcera (KIEFFER, 1901) A single female was caught. Biology is unknown. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Porricondyla nigripennis (MEIGEN, 1830) Biology unknown. Adults fly in nature. Occurrence : frequent. Distribution : Holarctic. Porricondyla sulphurea (KIEFFER, 1913) A single male was caught. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Prosepidosis pectinata (KIEFFER, 1912) A single male was caught. Biology unknown. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Winnertzia anomala KIEFFER, 1896) Larvae develop in old wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Occurrence : very scarce.
135
Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Winnertzia carpinicola KIEFFER, 1913 Larvae develop under the bark of various trees, mainly of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Winnertzia citrina (KIEFFER, 1888) Larvae develop under the bark of whithered trees, viz. of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and of Rhamnus frangula L. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Winnertzia corticis KIEFFER, 1913 Larvae develop under the bark of dry beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Winnertzia fusca KIEFFER, 1900 Larvae develop in wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. References : KIEFFER 1900, 1913. Distribution : European. Winnertzia levicollis KIEFFER, 1900 Larvae develop in the wood of old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. References : KIEFFER 1900, 1913. Distribution : European. Winnertzia nigripennis KIEFFER, 1896 (Winnertzia pinicola KIEFFER, 1913) Larvae develop among fungal mycelia under the bark of old pine trunk (Pinus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Winnertzia obscura KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop under the bark of beech branches (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Winnertzia pictipes KIEFFER, 1896 Larvae develop in wood of rotten beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Winnertzia proxima KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop under the bark of branches of trees fallen off to the ground.
136
Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Winnertzia quercicola KIEFFER, 1913 Larvae live gregariously inside withered oak (Quercus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Winnertzia rubra KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop under the bark of branches of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) fallen off to the ground. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Winnertzia striaticollis KIEFFER, 1900 Biology unknown. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Winnertzia vexans (KIEFFER, 1913) Larvae develop in rotten wood. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Subfamily : Lestremiinae Anarete rubra KIEFFER, 1906 KIEFFER (1906) found adults in sand. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : Holarctic. Aprionus bidentatus (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop in rotten wood of oak (Quercus sp.) (Fagaceae). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Aprionus flavidus (WINNERTZ, 1870) (Aprionus digitatus KIEFFER, 1895) Adults were obtained from bad wood of beech (Fagus). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1895, EDWARDS 1938. Distribution : European. Aprionus miki KIEFFER, 1895 Adults were obtained from wood of rotten hornbeam (Carpinus). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Aprionus myrmecophilus KIEFFER 1912 A single female was caught in the ant-hill of Formica rufa at Bitche in May. Since that time this species has not been found.
137
Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Aprionus perrisi KIEFFER, 1895 A single male was obtained from a corridor made by Hylurgus piniperda (Ipidae, Coleoptera) under the bark of pine (Pinus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Since that time this species has not been found. Distribution : European. Aprionus praecox KIEFFER, 1895 A single female was obtained from larvae living under the bark of old stump of pine (Pinus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER1895. Since that time this species has not been found. Distribution : European. Aprionus spiniger (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae were found in rotten wood of hornbeam (Carpinus) and beech (Fagus). Occurrence : frequent. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : Holarctic. Bryomyia bergrothi KIEFFER, 1895 Larvae develop among various species of moss. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Calospatha fagicola KIEFFER, 1913 Larvae develop in rotten wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Campylomyza bicolor MEIGEN, 1818 (Prionota pini KIEFFER, 1894; Cylophora fasciata KIEFFER, 1913) Females were caught on shrubs (MEIGEN, 1818). Occurrence : scarce. Reference : KIEFFER, 1894, 1913. Distribution : Euro-Siberian. Campylomyza coronata (KIEFFER, 1895) A single female was caught on flowers of umbellifers. Since that time nobody found this species. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Campylomyza flavipes MEIGEN, 1818 (Prionellus minor KIEFFER, 1895) A single female has been found on a shrub (Meigen 1818, 1830). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1895. Distribution : Holarctic.
138
Campylomyza maculata (KIEFFER, 1901) Biology is unknown. Only female was described by KIEFFER (1901). Since KIEFFER´s time this species has not been found. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Campylomyza mucoris (KIEFFER, 1913) Larvae were found on fungi covering humid wood in a pile at Bitche in March. Since KIEFFER´s time this species was not found. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Campylomyza sejuncta (KIEFFER, 1901) Biology unknown. A single female was caught. Since that time the species has not been found. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Catocha latipes HALIDAY, 1833 (Catocha muscicola KIEFFER, 1895) Adults usually occur on meadows (JASCHHOF 1998). They are common in Central Europe mainly in the spring and autumn (MEYER 1984). Occurrence : frequent. Reference : KIEFFER 1895. Distribution : Holarctic. Lestremia cinerea MACQUART, 1826 Adults fly on meadows in May. Occurrence : frequent. Reference : MACQUART 1826. Distribution : Holarctic. Monardia atra (MEIGEN, 1804) (Campylomyza melanoptera KIEFFER, 1904; Campylomyza pulchricornis KIEFFER, 1904) Adults are abundant in broad-leaved forests (JASCHHOF 1998). Occurrence : frequent. References : KIEFFER, 1904. Distribution : Holarctic. Monardia stirpium KIEFFER, 1895 Larvae develop on stump of rotten pine. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Neurolyga (Cordylomyia) cellularis (KIEFFER, 1913) Biology is unknown. Since KIEFFER´s time adults were not found. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Peromyia aurantiaca (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop in rotten wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1895. Distribution : European.
139
Peromyia caricis (KIEFFER, 1901) Larvae develop under the leaf sheaths of Carex sp. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : Holarctic. Peromyia fungicola (KIEFFER, 1898) Larvae develop on mould growing on the surface of the fungus Lactarius piperatus. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : Holarctic. Peromyia intermedia (KIEFFER, 1895) Larvae develop in wood and in bark of decaying beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Peromyia leveillei KIEFFER, 1894 Larvae develop in decaying wood of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Peromyia muscorum (KIEFFER, 1895) Larvae develop amoung moss. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1898. Distribution : European. Peromyia palustris (KIEFFER, 1895) Larvae develop among Sphagnum, under Pellia neesiana and on the stem of Mnium punctatum. Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER, 1898. Distribution : Holarctic. Peromyia sanguinea (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop in wood of decaying beech (Fagus sylvatica). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER, 1895. Distribution : European. Stenospatha eriophori KIEFFER, 1913 Larvae develop under submerged leaf-sheaths of cotton-grass (Eriophorum). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Trichelospatha conigera (KIEFFER, 1894) Larvae develop in rotten wood of oak (Quercus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European.
140
Tricolpodia anomala (KIEFFER, 1900) Larvae develop in decaying wood of oak (Quercus sp.). Occurrence : very scarce. Reference : KIEFFER 1913. Distribution : European. Wasmaniella aptera KIEFFER, 1898 Larvae develop among leaves of Scirpus sylvaticus L. (Cyperaceae). Since Kieffer´s time this species has not been found. Occurrence : very scarce. Distribution : European. Species not included in the list Cecidomyia aurantiaca MACQUART, 1826. The description is very insufficient and the original material is lost. It is not possible to place it in any of the recent valid genera. Adults were caught in nature probably in environs of Lille. It is necessary to consider it as unplaced species. Cecidomyia pygmaea MACQUART, 1826. The description is insufficient and the original material is lost. It is not possible to place it in any of the recent valid genera. Adults were caught in nature probably in environs of Lille. It is necessary to consider it as unplaced species. "Harmandia crumenalis KIEFFER". The name in this form was given by DARBOUX and HOUARD (1901: 265, Nr.2195). KIEFFER never described this species and he did not give it in the Genera Insectorum (KIEFFER, 1913). The species was later mentioned by VOGLER (1906) from Switzerland as causing galls on Populus tremula with reference to the publication of DARBOUX and HOUARD (1901). SKUHRAVÁ (1986) ranked it as doubtful species, SKUHRAVÁ and SKUHRAVY (1999) as a nomen nudum. "Janetiella cottei KIEFFER nov. sp.". COTTE (1912) gave in his paper "Galles de Provence“ this species in above mentioned form. He found it to cause swellings on stems of Genista candicans L. and mentioned that it should be described by KIEFFER. We did not find the description of this species in any of KIEFFER´s papers. It is necessary to consider it as nomen nudum. Mikiola cristata KIEFFER, 1898. Only the female of this species was described by KIEFFER (1898), together with the information on its biology : larvae cause galls on Fagus sylvatica which are formed by swollen leaf folds. KIEFFER (1900) figured on the Pl. 22, Fig. 14 the claw with empodium under the name Harmandia cristata and on the Pl. 44, Fig. 4. figured the galls on leaves of Populus tremula which he mentioned to be formed of Harmandia cristata KIEFFER (cavernosa RÜBS.). He repeated this synonymization subsequently (KIEFFER1901: 390, KIEFFER 1913 : 234). - The description of the female given by KIEFFER (1898) does not fit in the genus Mikiola what was evidently the reason why KIEFFER (1900, 1901, 1913) joined the species cristata with the genus Harmandia. In the second part of his description KIEFFER (1898) speaks about the larvae which cause galls on Fagus sylvatica. He confused both species, of which one develops on Fagus sylvatica and the second on Populus tremula, probably due to his inattention (or for large amount of work). KIEFFER
141
(1901: 23) described the species Oligotrophus fagicola (now : Phegomyia fagicola) larvae of which cause galls in form of folded parts between two lateral veins. The biology of this species is identical with the biology given under Mikiola cristata KIEFFER, 1898. Because the situation is very confused it is necessary to consider the name Mikiola cristata KIEFFER, 1898 as nomen dubium as it was done by SKUHRAVÁ (1986). Oligotrophus? gnaphalii KIEFFER, 1909. KIEFFER gave the name of this species and his whole description of a new species is as follows : "Gnaphalium leontopodium L. Larva with a lanceolate spatula (RÜBSAAMEN 1895: 448). Oligotrophus? gnaphalii n. sp.“. Nothing more is given. RÜBSAAMEN (1895 : 448) in his paper which is devoted to galls collected in Russia did not give the description of a gall on Gnaphalium leontopodium, he only mentioned in the part dealing with the galls on Kochia prostrata that he know similar spatula sternalis of the larva which causes galls on Gnaphalium leontopodium. Nothing more was given on morphological character of adults and larvae, nothing is mentioned about the occurrence. From the above mentioned text it is not known where galls on Leontopodium should occur. We did not find any other information dealing with this species. In addition, the joining with the genus Oligotrophus seems to be not correct. In the genus Oligotrophus there are included species associated with host plant species of the genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae). Data are so insufficient that it is necessary to consider the species Oligotrophus gnaphalii as nomen nudum. Rabdophaga clausilia (BREMI, 1847). FOCKEU (1889) and COTTE (1912) gave this species as causing marginal leaf galls on Salix alba L. STELTER (1993) studied galls and came to the conclusion that these galls on S. alba are caused not by gall midges but by eriophyid mites. The name is necessary to consider as nomen dubium. Rabdophaga giraudiana (KIEFFER, 1898). Kieffer in his description referred to the data on stem swellings on Populus alba L. and P. tremula L. given by FRAUENFELD and GIRAUD. Both these researchers collected galls mainly in the territory of Austria. It is any evidence of the occurrence of this species in France and, therefore, this species is not included in the list of species occurring in France. Rhopalomyia navasi TAVARES, 1904. GARRIGUE (1996) identified round hairy galls on stems of Artemisia campestris as to be caused by the species Rhopalomyia navasi TAVARES, 1904. This gall midge species is specificly associated with the host plant Artemisia herba-alba. The galls on Artemisia campestris, which are similar in the shape to the galls caused by Rhopalomyia navasi, are probably caused by other, till this time undescribed gall midge species.
142
List of host plant species attacked by gall midge species In this list there are included all plant species (or genera) which are given in Annotated list, together with all gall causers, their inquilines and also zoophagous, phytosaprophagous and mycophagous species associated with mentioned plant species.
Abies alba
Paradiplosis abietis, Resseliella piceae
Acer campestre
Dasineura rubella, Dasineura tympani, Atrichosema aceris
Acer pseudoplatanus
Contarinia acerplicans, Dasineura irregularis, Drisina glutinosa, Harrisomyia vitrina, Ledomyia acerina
Achillea millefolium
Lasioptera francoisi, Arthrocnodax sp., Ozirhincus millefolii, Rhopalomyia millefolii
Achillea ptarmica
Rhopalomyia palearum, Rhopalomyia ptarmicae
Aconitum napellus
Contarinia aconitifloris
Agrostis stolonifera
Mayetiola agrostidis
Alnus glutinosa
Dasineura tortilis
Anthemis arvensis
Rhopalomyia syngenesiae
Aquilegia vulgaris
Macrolabis aquilegiae
Arabis alpina, A. hirsuta
Dasineura alpestris
Arrhenatherum elatius
Contarinia arrhenatheri
Artemisia campestris
Rhopalomyia tubifex
Artemisia campestris,
Rhopalomyia artemisiae
A. capillaris Artemisia camphorata Artemisia vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris,
Rhopalomyia kiefferi Anthodiplosis rudimentalis, Blastodiplosis artemisiae, Rhopalomyia florum, Rhopalomyia foliorum Rhopalomyia baccarum
A. scoparia Arthrocnemum fruticosum
Baldratia salicorniae
Arundo donax
Lasioptera donacis
Asparagus acutifolius
Dasineura turionum
Asperula tinctoria,
Dasineura asperulae, Contarinia asperulae
A. cynanchica Aster linosyris
Dasineura linosyridis
Astragalus glycyphyllos,
Dasineura astragalorum, Dasineura glyciphylli
A. arenarius
143
Atriplex halimus
Stefaniella atriplicis, Stefaniella trinacriae, Asphondylia punica
Atriplex patula
Stefaniella cecconii
Avena pubescens
Contarinia avenae
Avena sativa
Mayetiola avenae
Ballota nigra
Contarinia ballotae
Berberis vulgaris
Dasineura berberidis
Betula pendula, B. pubescens
Anisostephus betulinus, Dasineura betuleti, Massalongia rubra, Plemeliella betulicola, Semudobia betulae, Semudobia skuhravae
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Mayetiola hellwigi
Brassica napus,
Contarinia nasturtii, Dasineura brassicae
B. oleracea Briza media
Contarinia brizae
Bryonia dioica
Jaapiella bryoniae, Jaapiella parvula
Buddleia variabilis
Asphondylia buddleia
Bupleurum falcatum
Parallelodiplosis bupleuri
Buxus sempervirens
Monarthropalpus flavus
Calamagrostis epigeios,
Lasioptera calamagrostidis, Mayetiola bimaculata
C. canescens Calamintha alpina
Asphondylia calaminthae
Calicotome spinosa,
Asphondylia calycotomae
C. intermedia Campanula cochleariifolia
Dasineura thomasi
Campanula glomerata
Dasineura campanularum
Campanula rapunculoides
Contarinia campanulae
Campanula rapunculus
Dasineura rapunculi
Campanula rotundifolia
Geocrypta trachelii, Dasineura campanulae
Camphorosma monspeliaca
Contarinia camphorosmae
Capparis spinosa
Asphondylia capparis
Cardamine pratensis
Dasineura cardaminis
Carex appropinquata
Thurauia aquatica
Carex arenaria
Planetella arenariae
Carex davalliana
Planetella billoti
Carex echinata
Planetella kneuckeri
Carex echinata,
Planetella granifex
C. pallescens, C. elata
144
Carex flacca
Planetella gallarum, Rhizomyia perplexa
Carex pallescens,
Planetella cornifex, Planetella frireni
C. elata Carex riparia, etc.
Wachtliella riparia
Carex sp
Dasineura caricis, Peromyia caricis
Carex stellulata
Antichiridium caricis
Carpesium cernuum
Dasineura carpesii
Carpinus betulus
Aschistonyx carpinicolus, Contarinia carpini, Contarinia trotteri, Dasineura ruebsaameni, Zygiobia carpini
Cattleya sp
Clinodiplosis cattleyae
Centaurea scabiosa,
Loewiola centaureae, Lestodiplosis miki
C. jacea Centaurea montana
Dasineura centaureae
Cerastium glomeratum
Dasineura cerastii, Dasineura lotharingiae
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Janetiella siskiyou
Chondrilla juncea
Cystiphora schmidti
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Chrysanthemum (cultivated) Cirsium arvense
Contarinia chrysanthemi, Ozirhincus longicollis, Rhopalomyia hypogaea, Lestodiplosis chrysanthemi Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi Jaapiella cirsiicola, Macrolabis cirsii, Ledomyia cardui, Mycodiplosis saundersi
Cornus sanguinea
Craneiobia corni
Coronilla emerus,
Asphondylia coronillae
C. minima Coronilla (Securigera) varia
Asphondylia baudysi
Corylus avellana
Contarinia coryli, Contarinia cybelae, Mikomya coryli
Crataegus laevigata,
Contarinia anthobia, Dasineura crataegi
C. monogyna Cucubalus baccifer
Jaapiella cucubali
Cynodon dactylon
Orseolia cynodontis
Cytisus decumbens
Asphondylia cytisi
Cytisus ratisbonensis Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius
Dasineura bursifex Dasineura tubicola, Asphondylia pilosa, Asphondylia sarothamni, Contarinia anthonoma, Contarinia pulchripes, Contarinia scoparii, Janetiella tuberculi, Clinodiplosis cilicrus
Dactylis glomerata
Mayetiola dactylidis
Daphne cneorum
Dasineura daphnes
145
Daucus carota
Kiefferia pericarpiicola, Trotteria umbelliferarum, Lasioptera carophila
Deschampsia flexuosa
Dasineura airae
Dianthus carthusianorum
Dasineura dianthi
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Asphondylia stefanii
Dorycnium suffruticosum
Asphondylia dorycnii
Echium vulgare
Contarinia echii
Ephedra distachya
Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis
Epilobium angustifolium
Dasineura epilobii, Dasineura kiefferiana
Erica arborea
Myricomyia mediterranea, Dasineura zimmermanni
Erica ciliaris
Dasineura broteri
Erica scoparia
Dasineura ericaescopariae
Erigeron acer
Dasineura socialis, Contarinia erigeronis
Eryngium campestre,
Lasioptera eryngii
E. maritimum Erysimum sp Euphorbia cyparissias
Bayeriola erysimi Dasineura capsulae, Dasineura euphorbiarum, Dasineura subpatula, Spurgia capitigena
Euphorbia palustris
Dasineura schulzei
Euphorbia seguieriana
Dasineura loewii
Fagus sylvatica
Contarinia fagi, Hartigiola annulipes, Mikiola fagi, Phegomyia fagicola, Arthrocnodax fagi, Arthrocnodax gemmarum
Filipendula ulmaria
Dasineura engstfeldi, Dasineura pustulans, Dasineura spireae, Dasineura ulmaria, Dasineura filipendulae
Fraxinus excelsior
Dasineura fraxinea, Dasineura fraxini, Clinodiplosis botularia, Contarinia marchali, Dasineura acrophila, Macrolabis pavida
Galeopsis tetrahit
Dasineura galeopsis, Dasineura tetrahit, Clinodiplosis cilicrus,
Galium aparine
Dasineura aparines, Macrolabis jaapi
Galium lucidum
Contarinia galii
Galium mollugo
Contarinia molluginis, Geocrypta galii, Schizomyia galiorum
Galium palustre
Dasineura hygrophila
Galium uliginosum
Dasineura galiicola
Genista germanica
Asphondylia genistae
Genista pilosa
Jaapiella genistamtorquens
Genista sagittalis
Dasineura cytisi, Asphondylia bitensis
Genista scorpius
Dasineura scorpii
Genista tinctoria
Jaapiella genisticola, Contarinia melanocera
Geranium sanguineum
Dasineura geranii
146
Geum urbanum Glechoma hederacea
Contarinia gei Dasineura glechomae, Janetiella glechomae, Rondaniola bursaria
Gleditsia triacanthos
Dasineura gleditchiae
Gypsophila repens
Bayeriola buhri
Hedera helix
Dasineura kiefferi
Helianthemum nummularium Hemerocallis fulva Heracleum sphondylium Hieracium murorum Hieracium pilosella
Contarinia helianthemi Contarinia quinquenotata Contarinia heraclei, Contarinia nikolayi, Macrolabis heraclei, Resseliella syringogenea Macrolabis hieracii Contarinia pilosellae, Macrolabis pilosellae, Dasineura nervicola, Cystiphora sanguinea
Hippocrepis comosa
Macrolabis hippocrepidis
Holcus sp
Mayetiola holci
Hordeum sativum
Mayetiola hordei, Haplodiplosis marginata
Hypericum humifusum
Dasineura serotina
Hypericum perforatum
Contarinia hyperici, Dasineura hyperici, Geocrypta braueri, Macrolabis marteli, Zeuxidiplosis giardi
Hypochoeris glabra
Jaapiella compositarum
Inula conyza
Neomikiella beckiana
Inula britannica, I. ensifolia, I. salicina Juncus lamprocarpus Juniperus communis
Acodiplosis inulae Lestodiplosis liviae Oligotrophus juniperinus, Oligotrophus panteli, Oligotrophus schmidti, Schmidtiella gemmarum
Juniperus oxycedrus
Arceuthomyia valerii
Juniperus sabina
Etsuhoa sabinae, Mycodiplosis gymnosporangii
Kochia prostrata
Kochiomyia kochiae
Lamium album
Macrolabis lamii
Lamium galeobdolon
Dasineura strumosa, Contarinia galeobdolontis
Lamium maculatum
Dasineura lamii, Dasineura lamiicola, Contarinia lamii
Larix decidua
Dasineura kellneri, Resseliella skuhravyorum
Lathyrus latifolius
Anabremia bellevoyei
Lathyrus linifolius
Lathyromyza schlechtendali
Lathyrus pratensis Lathyrus sylvestris
Dasineura lathyri, Dasineura lathyricola, Dasineura pratensis, Anabremia bellevoyei, Dasineura fairmairei Dasineura silvestris, Contarinia silvestris
147
Lathyrus vernus
Macrolabis orobi
Lavandula officinalis
Resseliella lavandulae
Lens culinaris
Contarinia lentis
Ligustrum vulgare
Placochela ligustri, Trotteria ligustri
Lilium martagon
Contarinia martagonis
Linaria vulgaris
Diodaulus linariae
Linum bienne
Dasineura sampaina
Lithospermum officinale
Dasineura lithospermi
Lonicera periclymenum
Dasineura periclymeni
Lonicera xylosteum
Dasineura excavans, Contarinia sambuci, Macrolabis lonicerae
Lotus corniculatus
Jaapiella loticola, Asphondylia melanopus, Contarinia barbichei, Contarinia loti
Lysimachia vulgaris
Contarinia lysimachiae
Lythrum salicaria
Bayeriola salicariae
Malus sylvestris
Dasineura mali
Medicago lupulina
Dasineura lupulinae, Asphondylia lupulinae, Jaapiella jaapiana
Medicago sativa, M. falcata
Jaapiella medicaginis, Asphondylia miki, Contarinia medicaginis, Dasineura medicaginis
Mentha sp
Asphondylia menthae
Myosotis scorpioides
Dasineura fructicola, Dasineura myosotidis
Olea europaea
Dasineura oleae, Resseliella oleisuga
Onobrychis viciifolia
Bremiola onobrychidis, Contarinia onobrychidis
Ononis pusilla
Dasineura columnae
Ononis repens
Contarinia ononidis
Ononis spinosa
Asphondylia ononidis
Origanum virens
Blastomyia origani
Origanum vulgare
Asphondylia hornigi
Papaver rhoeas, P. dubium
Dasineura papaveris
Phillyrea angustifolia Phragmites australis Phyteuma orbiculare,
Giraudiella inclusa, Lasioptera arundinis, , Microlasioptera flexuosa, Lestodiplosis inclusae Dasineura phyteumatis
P. spicatum Picea abies
Picris hieracioides
Kaltenbachiella strobi, Dasineura abietiperda, Plemeliella abietina, Clinodiplosis cilicrus, Lestodiplosis holstei, Aphidoletes abietis, Asynapta strobi Contarinia picridis
148
Pimpinella saxifraga
Kiefferia pericarpiicola, Lasioptera carophila, Diodaulus traili
Pinus sylvestris
Cecidomyia pini, Contarinia baeri, Thecodiplosis brachyntera
Pisum sativum
Contarinia pisi
Plantago lanceolata
Jaapiella schmidti
Poa nemoralis
Mayetiola joannisi, Mayetiola poae
Polygonatum odoratum
Contarinia polygonati
Polygonum amphibium
Wachtliella persicariae
Polygonum bistorta
Dasineura bistortae
Populus alba
Dasineura populnea
Populus tremula
Dasineura populeti, Contarinia petioli, Contarinia populi, Contarinia tremulae, Harmandiola cavernosa, Harmandiola globuli, Harmandiola populi, Harmandiola pustulans, Harmandiola tremulae, Lestodiplosis fratricida, Mycodiplosis tremulae
Potentilla neumanniana
Guignonia potentillae
Prunella grandiflora,
Macrolabis ruebsaameni, Dasineura brunellae
P. vulgaris Prunus mahaleb Prunus spinosa
Contarinia pruniflorum Asphondylia pruniperda, Contarinia pruniflorum, Dasineura tortrix, Putoniella pruni
Pteridium aquilinum
Dasineura filicina, Dasineura pteridicola
Pulsatilla vernalis,
Dasineura pulsatillae, Mycodiplosis pulsatillae
P. vulgaris Pyrola minor
Dasineura pirolae
Pyrus communis
Dasineura pyri, Apiomyia bergenstammi, Contarinia pyrivora
Quercus cerris
Arnoldiola dryophila, Contarinia subulifex
Quercus coccifera
Blastodiplosis cocciferae, Contarinia luteola
Quercus ilex Quercus lusitanica faginea Quercus robur, Q. petraea
Quercus suber Ranunculus acris
Arnoldiola tympanifex, Blastodiplosis cocciferae, Contarinia ilicis, Contarinia luteola, Dryomyia lichtensteini Kiefferiola panteli Arnoldiola libera, Arnoldiola quercus, Arnoldiola gemmae, Contarinia quercina, Dasineura panteli, Macrodiplosis dryobia, Macrodiplosis volvens, Parallelodiplosis galliperda, Polystepha malpighii, Polystepha quercus, Resseliella quercivora, Clinodiplosis cilicrus, Monodiplosis liebeli, Lestodiplosis necans Blastodiplosis cocciferae, Contarinia luteola Dasineura ranunculi, Dasineura traili, Geodiplosis ranunculi, Lestodiplosis ranunculi
Ranunculus auricomus
Dasineura auricomi
Raphanus raphanistrum
Gephyraulus raphanistri
149
Rhamnus alaternus
Asphondylia borzi
Rhododendron ferrugineum
Dasineura rhododendri
Ribes uva-crispa
Dasineura tetensi, Contarinia ribis
Rorippa palustris
Dasineura sisymbrii
Rosa canina
Wachtliella rosarum, Macrolabis luceti, Lestodiplosis rosarum
Rosmarinus officinalis
Dasineura rosmarini, Asphondylia rosmarini
Rubus idaeus, R. caesius Rumex acetosella
Dasineura plicatrix, Contarinia rubicola, Lasioptera rubi, Resseliella theobaldi, Lestodiplosis plicatricis Contarinia acetosellae, Contarinia rumicis, Contarinia rumicina, Lamprodiplosis rhopalothrix
Salix alba
Rabdophaga albipennis, R. rosaria
Salix alba, S. fragilis
Rabdophaga saliciperda, Rabdophaga terminalis
Salix aurita
Dasineura auritae, Rabdophaga medullaris, Rabdophaga nervorum, Rabdophaga perforans, Rabdophaga pierreana
Salix aurita, S. caprea,
Iteomyia capreae, Iteomyia major, Rabdophaga clavifex, Rabdophaga dubiosa, Rabdophaga gemmicola, Rabdophaga karschi, Rabdophaga pierrei, Rabdophaga pseudococcus, Rabdophaga pulvini, Rabdophaga perforans, Rabdophaga rosaria, Rabdophaga salicis
S. cinerea
Salix caprea
Rabdophaga iteobia
Salix purpurea
Rabdophaga degeeri, Rabdophaga strobilina
Salix triandra
Rabdophaga heterobia, Lestodiplosis heterobiae
Salix viminalis
Rabdophaga marginemtorquens
Salvia pratensis
Dasineura salviae
Sambucus nigra, S. ebulus
Placochela nigripes, Arnoldiola sambuci, Contarinia sambuci
Saxifraga granulata
Dasineura saxifragae
Scabiosa columbaria
Jaapiella scabiosae, Contarinia scabiosae
Scirpus sylvaticus
Dasineura scirpi, Dicerura scirpicola, Clinodiplosis cilicrus
Scorzonera humilis
Cystiphora scorzonerae
Scrophularia canina
Asphondylia scrophulariae
Scrophularia nodosa
Contarinia scrophulariae
Senecio jacobaea
Contarinia jacobaeae, Lestodiplosis giardi
Senecio nemorensis
Contarinia aequalis
Serratula tinctoria
Loewiola serratulae
Silaum silaus
Jaapiella dittrichi
Silene flos-cuculli
Dasineura praticola
Silene pratensis
Contarinia steini, Neomikiella lychnidis
Silene viscaria
Jaapiella moraviae, Jaapiella viscariae
150
Silene vulgaris
Dasineura subterranea, Jaapiella floriperda
Solanum dulcamara
Contarinia solani
Solanum nigrum
Asphondylia trabutii
Solidago virgaurea
Dasineura virgaeaureae
Sonchus arvensis, S. oleraceus
Cystiphora sonchi, Contarinia schlechtendaliana, Chelobremia sublevis
Sorbus aucuparia
Dasineura aucupariae, Contarinia sorbi
Sorghum sp.
Stenodiplosis sorghicola
Stachys sylvatica
Ametrodiplosis crassinerva, Wachtliella stachydis
Stellaria graminea
Ametrodiplosis duclosii
Stellaria holostea
Dasineura holosteae, Dasineura stellariae, Macrolabis holosteae
Stellaria media
Macrolabis stellariae
Stellaria nemorum
Macrolabis buhri
Suaeda vermiculata
Asphondylia swaedae
Symphytum officinale
Dasineura symphyti, Contarinia symphyti
Tamarix sp.
Psectrosema acuticorne, Psectrosema album, Psectrosema nigrum, Psectrosema provinciale, Psectrosema tamaricis
Tamus communis
Schizomyia tami
Tanacetum vulgare
Ozirhincus tanaceti, Rhopalomyia tanaceticola
Taraxacum officinale
Cystiphora taraxaci
Taxus baccata
Taxomyia taxi
Teucrium chamaedrys
Dasineura teucrii
Thalictrum flavum
Jaapiella thalictri
Thapsia sp
Lasioptera thapsiae
Thymus serpyllum,
Asphondylia serpylli, Bayeriola thymicola, Janetiella thymi
T. praecox Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos Tragopogon pratensis,
Contarinia tiliarum, Dasineura thomasiana, Dasineura tiliae, Didymomyia tiliacea, Physemocecis hartigi, Clinodiplosis cilicrus, Lestodiplosis frireni Contarinia tragopogonis
T. officinalis Trifolium medium
Dasineura axillaris, Hadrobremia longiventris, Lestodiplosis pallidicornis
Trifolium pratense
Dasineura leguminicola
Trifolium repens,
Dasineura trifolii, Tricholaba trifolii, Lestodiplosis trifolii
T. medium
151
Triticum aestivum, T. sativum
Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Haplodiplosis marginata
Tussilago farfara
Mycodiplosis tussilaginis
Ulex europaeus
Asphondylia ulicis, Dasineura gallica, Dasineura ulicis,
Ulmus minor, U. glabra
Dasineura ulmicola, Janetiella lemei, Physemocecis ulmi
Urtica dioica
Dasineura urticae, Dasineura dioicae, Aphidoletes urticariae, Clinodiplosis cilicrus, Lestodiplosis urticae
Vaccinium myrtillus
Jaapiella vacciniorum
Vaccinium uliginosum
Hygrodiplosis vaccinii
Valeriana officinalis
Contarinia crispans
Verbascum lychnitis
Asphondylia verbasci, Dasineura verbasci
Veronica chamaedrys
Jaapiella veronicae
Veronica scutellata
Dasineura similis
Viburnum lantana
Contarinia viburnorum, Sackenomyia reaumurii
Vicia cracca
Contarinia craccae, Dasineura spadicea,
Vicia hirsuta
Asphondylia ervi
Vicia sepium
Anabremia viciae, Dasineura viciae
Viola reichenbachiana
Dasineura affinis, Lestodiplosis affinis
Viola tricolor
Dasineura violae
Vitis vinifera
Contarinia viticola, Janetiella oenophila
152
Acknowledgements We wish to thank to Dr. Odette ROHFRITSCH, Strasbourg ; to Dr. Richard ASKEW, Beeston, UK ; to Dr. Joseph GARRIGUE, Banyuls sur Mer ; to Prof. Klaus DENGLER, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany ; to Dr. Alain ROQUES, Orléans, for their valuable help and advice. They provided us unpublished data on the occurrence of some gall midge species and helped us with sending xerocopies of some papers of French authors. Our thanks are due to Dr. Inigo SANCHEZ , Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, for permission to use several photos of galls in the tables. Thanks also to Yves PEYTOUREAU (Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux) for checking the English and French texts.
153
References ANTONY (C.), 1989. - Sur quelques galles observées en 1988 - 1996. Soc. Hist. nat. Pays de Montbéliard, 1988 : 127-128 ; 1991: 153-154 ; 1993 : 137-138 ; 1994 : 131-132 ; 1996 : 143-144 ; 83-84. APPEL (O.), 1891. - Comte rendu de l´excursion de la Société botanique suisse aux Morteys, les 21 et 22 août 1891. III. Galles (Zoocécidies). Arch. Sci. Phys. nat., Genève, 3, 26 : 643-644. AUDEMARD (H.), 1957. - Les insectes de la Lavande et leur destruction. Journée de la Lavande. 6 avr. BALACHOWSKY (A.) & MESNIL (L.), 1936. - Les insectes nuisibles aux plantes cultivées. Paris. Tom 1+2. BALLÉ (E.), 1890. - Catalogue descriptif des galles observées aux environs de Vire (Calvados). Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. nat. Rouen : 415-437. BALLÉ (E.), 1891. - Communication sur deux galles trouvées pendant l´excursion. Bull. Soc. Linn. 4, p.182. BAYLAC (M.), 1980. - Faune associée à Cryptococcus fagi (BAER) (Homoptera: Coccoidea) dans quelques hêtraies du Nord de la France. Acta Oecol., Écol. Appl., 1 : 199-208. BAYLAC (M.), 1982. - Contribution à l‘étude biosystématique du genre Lestodiplosis KIEFFER Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Thesis. Muséum Nat. Hist. nat., Paris. 83 p. BAYLAC (M.), 1985. - Étude biométrique de quelques larves du genre Lestodiplosis KIEFFER (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Annls Soc. Entomol. Fr. 21 : 367-379. BAYLAC (M.), 1986. - Observations sur la biologie et l‘ écologie de Lestodiplosis sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), prédateur de la cochenille du hêtre Cryptococcus fagi (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Annls Soc. entomol. Fr., 22 : 375-386. BAYLAC (M.), 1987. - Redescription de Monarthropalpus buxi (LAB.), désignation d‘un lectotype. Bull. Soc. entomol. Fr., 91 : 259-269. BAYLAC (M.), 1988a. - Observations sur l‘ abondance et la spécificité de quelques espèces du genre Lestodiplosis KIEFFER. Bull. Mens. Soc. linn. Lyon, 57 : 159-168. BAYLAC (M.), 1988b. - Description de Tessaradiplosis genre nouveau pour Cecidomyia entomophila PERRIS (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Revue Fr. Ent., 10 : 31-35. BAYLAC (M.) & DAUFRESNE (T.), 1996. - Wing venation variability in Monarthropalpus buxi (Diptera , Cecidomyiidae) and the quarternally coevolution of box (Buxus sempervirens) and its midge. A geometrical morphometric analysis, p. 285-301. In : MARCUS L.F. et al. : Advances in Morphometrics. Plenum Press. New York. 285-301. BÉGUINOT (J.), 1997. - Quelques arthropodes galligènes au Parc de la Verrerie, au Creusot. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Creusot, 47: 28-32. BÉGUINOT (J.), 1999. - Présence d´un Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), gallicole sur fleurs de Buddleja, nouveau pour la France. Bull. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 27 : 81-86. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2000a. - Une station sensible du rare diptère cécidogène Guignonia potentillarum KIEFFER en Bourgogne méridionale. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Creusot, 48 : 22-24. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2000b. - Catalogue complémentaire des zoocécidies de Saône-et-Loire. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 2000 : 11-21. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2001. - Aperçu de la faune cécidogène (génératrice de galles) dans et autour de la zone d´aménagement "Coriolis“ près gare TGV du Creusot. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Creusot, 49 : 20-24. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002a. – Contribution au recensement de la faune cécidogène d´altitude dans le bassin de l´Ubaye (Alpes sud-occidentales françaises). Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon, 71 (2) : 65-74.
154
BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002b. – Sur l´extension en France de Dasineura dioicae (RUEBS.), insecte cécidogène sur Urtica dioica L. : distribution, biologie et écologie. Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 30 : 119-123. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002c. – Première esquisse de recensement de la faune des arthropodes cécidogènes de la forêt de Montmain (sud d´Autun). Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Creusot, 50 : 3749. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002d. – Bref aperçu de la faune cécidienne (génératrice de "galles végétales) aux abords du Canal du Centre, dans le secteur de Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Creusot, 50 : 50-55. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002e. - Aperçu de la faune cécidogène (inductrice de galles) aux environs de Montceaux-Ragny, suivi de quelques remarques écologiques et éthologiques. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 183 : 5-22. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002f. – Zoocécidies observées dans le sud de la Côte-d´Or (environs de Santenay, Montrachet, Saint-Romain…). Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 181: 17-26. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2002g. – Premier aperçu sur la faune cécidogène dans le sud-ouest Haut-Marnais. Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Arch. Haute-Marne 1 : 78-87. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2003a. – Recensement préliminaire de la faune cécidogène du département du Vaucluse. Bull. Soc. linn. Provence, 54 : 33-44. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2003b. – Aperçu de la faune cécidogène sur les pelouses calcicoles du mont Avril près Jambles et de la Montagne de la Folie près Bouzeron. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 187 : 7-16. BÉGUINOT (J.), 2004a. – Investigating the cecidogenic fauna from Parc National des Écrins (French Alps), Briançonnais, Vallouise, Valbonnais, Champsaur. (in preparation). BÉGUINOT (J.), 2004b. – Morvan cecidogenic fauna : a brief survey. Plateau d´Antully, massif d´Uchon, massif du Morvan. (in preparation). BÉGUINOT (J.), 2004c. - Aperçu de la faune cécidogène dans et autour d´une ville Moyenne de la banlieue parisienne. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie (in prepartion). BÉGUINOT (J.), 2005a. – A short survey of the cecigogenic fauna recorded during the excursion of the Natural History Society of Haute-Marne in the vicinity of Auberive (Haute-Marne) on 0912-2004. Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Arch. Haute-Marne (in preparation). BÉGUINOT (J.), 2005b. – Faune cécidogène des "Côtes Bourguignonnes“ en ambiance xérothermophile calcicole. (in preparation). BESSON (J.), 1958. - La Cécidomyie des feuilles de vigne. Phytoma,10 : 14-15. BIGOT (M.), 1854. - Essai d‘ une classification générale et synoptique de l‘ ordre des insectes Diptères. Ann. Soc. entomol. Fr., 3, 2 : 447-482. BLANCHARD (M.E.), 1840. - Histoire naturelle des Insectes Orthoptères, Neuroptères, Hémiptères, Hyménoptères, Lépidoptères et Diptères. Paris, éditeur P. Duménil. BONNE (G.), 1929-1930. - Premier aperçu des Zoocécidies du Lautaret. Bull. Soc. Sci. Dauphiné, 9 : 245-280. BOSC (L. A. G.), 1817. - Sur une nouvelle espèce de Cécidomyie. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris : 133134. BROCQ-ROUSSEL & GAIN (E.), 1910. - Les ennemis de l‘avoine. La Cécidomyie de l´avoine, Cecidomyia avenae (Mayetiola avenae) MARCHAL. Paris, 1910 : 122-123. BRONNER (R.),1969. - Localisation histochimique des produits aminés solubles et des aminopeptidases dans les tissus nourriciers des galles de Cécidomyides. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 268 : 810-812.
155
BRONNER (R.) & MEYER (J.), 1972. - Observations histocytologiques et histochimiques comparées sur quatre galles "rudimentaires“ en pustule causées par des Cécidomyides. Marcellia, 37 : 71-83. BRONNER (R.) & MEYER (J.), 1976. - Cécidogénèse et aspects ultrastructuraux de la galle de Dasineura affinis KIEFFER sur Viola odorata L. Marcellia, 39 : 141-154. BUHR (H.), 1964. - Bestimmungstabellen der Gallen (Zoo- und Phytocecidien) an Pflanzen Mittelund Nordeuropas. 2 Vols, Gustav Fischer, Verlag Jena, 1572 p. CARLES -TOLRA HJORTH-ANDERSEN (M.)(editor) : Catalógo de los Diptera de España, Portugal y Andorra (Insecta). Monografias Soc. Entomol. Aragonesa 8 : 1-323. CAZIOT (C.), 1914. - Les galles ou cécidies des environs de Nice. Deux nouvelles cécidies pour les Alpes-Maritimes. Riviera scientifique, 1 : 23-24, 32, 44, 63. CHAMBON (J.), COUTIN (R.) & MOREAU (J.), 1976. - Les cécidomyies Contarinia tritici et Sitodiplosis mosellana. Cultivar. 39-41. CHANDLER (P.), 1998. – Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series). Part 1 : Diptera (incorporing a List of Irish Diptera). Royal Entomological Society, London, 234 pp. CHÂTEAU (E.) & CHASSIGNOL (F.), 1911. - Premier supplément au Catalogue des Zoocécidies de Saône-et-Loire. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. d‘Autun, 24 : 1-35. CHRISTMANN (C.), 1934a. - Galles de l‘ Alsace. Bull. Assoc. Philomat. Als.- Lorraine, Strasbourg, 8 : 135-158. CHRISTMANN (C.), 1934b. - La galle de Perrisia carpini (F. LOEW) sur Carpinus betulus (L.). Rev. gén. Bot., 46 : 471-483. CHVALA (M.), 1997 (editor). – Check List of Diptera (Insecta) of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Karolinum, Charles University Press, Prague, 130 pp. COTTE (J.), 1909. - Cécidies récoltées à Monestier-de -Clermont (Isère). Marcellia, 8 : 150-162. COTTE (J.), 1912. - Recherches sur les galles de Provence. Thèse. Éc. Sup. Pharm., Paris. 240 p. COTTE (J.), 1913. - Déformation d‘origine animale sur les pruniers de Provence. J. Agric. pratique, 26 : 243-246. COTTE (J.), 1915. - Observations sur quelques Cécidozoaires. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, 15 : 36p. COTTE (J.), 1915. - Unne randonnée dans les Basses-Alpes. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, 15 : 521. COTTE (J.), 1916. - Excursion cécidologique de Castillon au col du Razet. Bull. Ass. Nat. Nice et de Alpes-Maritimes, 3 : 84-87. COTTE (J.), 1917. - Quelques diptérocécidies nouvelles de Provence. Marcellia, 16 : 67-81. COTTE (J.), 1922. - Nouvelles considérations sur la faune cécidologique de Provence. C.R. Congr. Soc. Sav., 1922 : 39-41. COTTE (J.), 1924. - Les cécidies des Alpes-Maritimes et leurs producteurs. Mem. Soc. Linn. Provence, Marseille, 3 : 1-10, 11-56. COTTE (J.), 1933. – Notule sur la faune cécidologique de Porquerolles. Ann. Soc.Hist. Nat. Toulon, 17 : 74-77. COUDERC (J.), 1933. - Étude monographique de la cécidomyie de la violette. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 65 : 193-279. COUTIN (R.), 1961. – Sur la Cécidomyie des siliques du colza. Juillet – aout 1961 : 19-22. COUTIN (R.), 1962. - La lutte contre la cécidomyie des fleurs de luzerne Contarinia medicaginis KIEFFER. Rev. Zool. Agric. et Appliquée, 1962 : 1-22.
156
COUTIN (R.), 1965. - Une Cécidomyie des fleurs de lentille nouvelle en France. Phytoma, 170 : 1921. COUTIN (R.), 1968. – Réflexions sur les problèmes soulevés par les récentes attaques des cécidomyies des fleurs de blé. C.R. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Agric. Fr. 54 : 725-729. COUTIN (R.), 1969. - Récente extension mondiale et présence de la Cécidomyie du Sorgho Contarinia sorghicola COQ., 1898 en France méridionale. Bull. Soc. Entomol. France, 74 : 13-20. COUTIN (R.), 1974. - La cécidomyie des greffes en écusson et des écorces de Rosacées, Thomasiniana oculiperda (RÜBS.,1893). C.R. Montpellier : 143. COUTIN (R.), 1976. - Une Cécidomyie nouvelle en France, ravageur des graines du Cyprès de Lawson Janetiella siskiyou FELT, 1917 (= Craneiobia lawsonianae DE MEIJERE, 1935) (Dipt. Cecidomyiidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 81: 2-8. COUTIN (R.), 1977. - La cécidomyie de fleurs de lentille Contarinia lentis ACZÉL 1944 (Dipt. Cecidomyiidae). Cinquièmes J. Phytiatrie et de Phytopharmacie Circum-Méditerranée, Rabat, Maroc. COUTIN (R.), 1980. - Diversité morphologique des entomocécidies provoquées par certaines Cécidomyies. Relation hôte-parasite. Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 127 : 27-29. COUTIN (R.), 1987. - Une espèce de moucheron totalement méconnue : la Cécidomyie de l‘ Hémérocalle jaune. Phytoma, 385 : 35. COUTIN (R.), 1991. - La cécidomyie du buis. Phytoma, 426 : 55. COUTIN (R.), 1993. - Biologie de quelques Cécidomyies Haut-Alpines. Actes du 116 Congrès Nat. des Soc. Savantes, Chambéry, 1991: 199-207. COUTIN (R.), 1994. - La cécidomyie des bourgeons de poirier Apiomyia bergenstammi. Phytoma, 457 : 37-38. COUTIN (R.), 2000. - Mayetiola agrostidis n. sp., la Cécidomyie des tiges d‘Agrostis stolonifera L. (Diptera, Cecidomyidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr., 105 : 353-355. COUTIN (R.), 2000. - Une nouvelle Cécidomyie des gaines foliaires de la Canne de Provence, Lasioptera donacis n.sp. ( Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr., 106 : 105-108. COUTIN (R.), FAIVRE-AMIOT (A.), 1981. – Interrelations écologiques et symbiotiques complexes entre insectes et végétaux, Lasioptera donacis n. sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) et Arundo e donax L. 106 Congrès national des Sociétés savantes, Perpignan, 1981, Sciences, fasc. II : 195-201. COUTIN (R.) & LAPEYRONIE (A.), 1960. - Contribution à la connaisance de Dasineura sampaina TAVARES, 1902, la cécidomyie des pousses de lin. Revue Path. vég. Ent. agric. Fr., 39 : 211-216. COUTIN (.R.) & MISSONIER (J.), 1964. - Une Cécidomyie des feuilles de Cassis, nouvelle pour la France : Dasineura tetensi Rübs. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr., 69 : 122-126. COUTIN (R.) & NAIM (W.), 1984. - Recherches sur la biologie de la Cécidomyie du cresson des bois Dasineura sisymbrii SCHRANK. 109. Congrès nat. des Soc. savantes, Dijon, 2 : 207-219. COUTIN (R.) & KATLABI (H.), 1986. – Cecidomyiidae, p. 95-113. In : Arambourg (Y.). Traité d Entomologie oléicole. Conseil oléicole international, Juan Bravo, Madrid, Espagne. COUTIN (R.) & OLART (M.), 1951. - Observations biologiques sur la cécidomyie du chou-fleur Contarinia nasturtii KIEFFER dans les marais de Saint-Omer. Acad. d‘Agric. de France, 1951: 1-3. COUTIN (R.) & RAMBIER (A.), 1955. - Description d‘une nouvelle Cécidomyie sur les fleurs des Prunus (Contarinia pruniflorum n.sp.) et ses principaux caractères biologiques. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr., 60 : 104-110.
157
COUTIN (R.) & RIOM (J.), 1970. – Biologie des populations de Dasineura brassicae Winn. Journal Internat. sur le Colza, Paris, 26-30 mai 1970 : 250-271. D´ AGUILAR (J.), 1946. - Une Cécidomyie nouvelle pour la faune francaise. Rev. franc. Ent. Paris, 12 : 175-178. D´ AGUILAR (J.), BESSARD (A.) & COUTIN (R.), 1956. - Sur la présence en France d‘ Apiomyia bergenstammi (WACHTL) ( Diptera Itonididae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr., 61 : 27-29. D´AGUILAR (J.) & COUTIN (R.), 1967. - Une Cécidomyie sur lentille, nouvelle pour la France, Contarinia lentis (Dipt. Cecidomyiidae ). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. ( N.S.), 3 : 673- 679. DAGUILLON (A.), 1905. - Les cécidies de Rhopalomyia millefolii H. LOEW. Rev. Gén. Bot. Paris, 17 : 241-253. DAGUILLON (A.), 1907. - Les cécidies de Rhopalomyia tanaceticola KARSCH. Rev. Gén. Bot. Paris, 19 : 112-115. DA ROS (N.), OSTERMEYER (R.), ROQUES (A.) & RAIMBAULT (J. P.), 1993. – Insect damage to cones of exotic conifer species introduced in arborea. I. Interspecific variations within the genus Picea. J. Appl. Ent. 115 : 113-133. DARBOUX (G.),1899. - Sur une galle d´Ephedra distachya L. Bull. Soc. étud. sci. nat. Nîmes, 27 (1899) 1900 : 25-26. DARBOUX (G.), 1902. - Liste de zoocécidies recueillies aux environs de Caisargues. Bull. Soc.étude sci. nat. Nîmes, 30 : 32-33. DARBOUX (G.) & HOUARD (C.), 1901. - Catalogue systématique des Zoocécidies de l‘ Europe et du Bassin méditerranéen. Bull. Sci. France Belgique, Paris, 34, 544 p. DARVAS (B.), SKUHRAVA (M.) & ANDERSEN (A.), 2000. - Agricultural dipteran pests of the Palearctic region, p. 565-650. In : PAPP (L.) & DARVAS (B.) (eds) : Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. General and Applied Dipterology. Science Herald, Budapest. DAUPHIN (P.), 1986. - Contribution à l‘étude des zoocécidies de la Gironde. Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 14 : 51-80. DAUPHIN (P.), 1988. - Contribution à l‘étude des cécidies de la Gironde. Troisième note. Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 16 : 29-32. DAUPHIN (P.), 1991. - Sur la présence en France de Dasineura gleditchiae (Diptera Cecidomyiidae), gallicole sur Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabacées, Casalpinoidae). Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 19 (3) : 126. DAUPHIN (P.), 1996. - Sur les galles des Dasineura (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) parasites des Orties (Urtica sp.). Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 24 : 59-61. DAUPHIN (P.) & ANIOTSBEHERE (J.-C.), 1990. - Contribution à l‘étude des Cécidies de la Gironde ème note). Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 18 : 119-124. (4 DAUPHIN (P.) & ANIOTSBEHERE (J.-C.), 1993. - Les galles de France. Mém. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 2 : 1-316. DAUPHIN (P.) & ANIOTSBEHERE (J.-C.), 1994. - Les galles de France. Addenda et corrigenda. Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 22 : 145-160. DAUPHIN (P.) & ANIOTSBEHERE (J.-C.), 1997. - Les galles de France. Mémoires Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 2, 382 p, 118 pl., édition revue et augmentée DERESSE (A.) & PERRAUD (J.), 1891. - Contribution à l‘étude de la Cécidomyie de la vigne. Revue de la Station viticole de Villefranche, 1891 : 60-71. DORMONT (L.) & ROQUES (A.), 1999. – A survey of insects attacking seed cones of Pinus cembra in the Alps, the Pyrénées and Massif Central. J. Appl. Ent. 123 : 65-72. DORMONT (L.) & ROQUES (A.) & TROSSET (L.), 1996. - Insect damage to cones and other mortality factors limiting natural regeneration potential of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) in northern French Alps. Ann. Sci. For., 53 : 153-158.
158
DUFOUR (L.), 1837. - Mémoire sur une galle de la bruyère à balais et sur les insectes qui l‘habitent. Annls Soc. Ent. Fr., 6 : 83-91. DUFOUR (L.), 1838. - Notes pour servir à l‘histoire des Cécidomyies et description d‘ une nouvelle espèce de ce genre de Diptères. Annls Soc. Ent. Fr., 7 : 293-296. DUFOUR (L.), 1841. - Histoire des métamorphoses des Cécidomyies du Pin maritime et du Peuplier. Annls Sci. Nat. Zool., 16 : 257-263. DUFOUR (L.), 1846. - Description des galles du Verbascum et du Scrophularia et des insectes qui les habitent, pour servir à l‘histoire du parasitisme. Annls Sci. nat., 5 : 5-24. DUFOUR (L.), 1847. - Histoire de la galle de l‘Eryngium, et des divers insectes qui l‘habitent. Mém. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille, 1846 (1847) : 121-128. DUPAIN (M.) & DAUPHIN (P.), 1997. - Sur la présence de Myricomyia mediterranea (LÖW) (Diptera, Cecidomyidae) sur Erica cinerea dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 25 : 45-46. FERRON (P.),1964. - Observations préliminaires sur la faune entomophage associée à la Cécidomyie de la luzerne, Contarinia medicaginis KIEFFER dans la région de Versailles. Ann. Epiph. 15 : 269-283. FLEISH (M. R.), 1997. – Évaluation des nécroses chancreuses du chêne en région centre. Les Cahiers des DSF, 1/1998 : 64. FOCKEU (H.), 1889a. - Première liste des galles observées dans le Nord de la France. Revue biol. Nord France, Lille, 1 : 116-120, 154-160, 183-189. FOCKEU (H.), 1889b. - Note sur quelques galles observées en Auvergne. Revue biol. Nord France, Lille, 1: 414-418. FOCKEU (H.), 1890a. - Deuxième liste des galles observées dans le Nord de la France. Revue biol. Nord France, Lille, 2 : 56-63, 235-241, 440-448. FOCKEU (H.), 1890b. - Galles observées dans le Nord de la France (Supplément et additions aux deux premières listes). Revue biol. Nord France, Lille, 3 : 34-40. FOCKEU (H.), 1894. - Liste des galles recueillies en Provence. Revue biol. Nord de la France, Lille, 6 : 435-438. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (H.), 1885. - Mélanges entomologiques 3ème mémoire 1. énumération et description des galles observées jusqu‘alors en Normandie (2 mémoire). Bull. Soc. amis sci. nat. Rouen, 20 : 311-377. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (H.), 1901. - Les Cécidozoaires et leurs cécidies. Causeries Scientifiques de la Soc. Zool. France, 1 (8) : 281-307. GADEAU DE KERVILLE (H.), 1936. - Entomocécidies récoltées dans les départements des HautesPyrénées, de la Haute-Garonne et de l‘Ariège entre 600 et 2100 mètres d‘altitude. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Rouen, 70-71: 377-476. GAGNÉ (R. J.), 1973. – A generic synopsis of the Nearctic Cecidomyiids (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae : Cecidomyiinae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66 : 857-889. GAGNÉ ( R. J.), 1989. - Family Cecidomyiidae. In : EVANHUIS N.L. ( Ed.) : Catalog of Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishof Museum Press, Honolulu Hawaii, 152-163. GAGNÉ (R. J.), 1994. - The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell Univ. Press. Ithaca and London, 252 p. GAGNÉ (R. J.), 1995. - Revision of Tetranychid (Acarina) mite predators of the genus Feltiella (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 8 : 16-30. GAGNÉ (R.J.), HATCHETT (J.H.), LHALAOUI (S.), BOUHSSINI (M.), 1991. - Hessian fly and Barley Stem Gall Midge, two different species of Mayetiola (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84 (4) : 436-443.
159
GAGNÉ (R. J.), SOBHIAN (R.) & ISIDORO (N.), 1996. - A review of the genus Psectrosema (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), old world pests of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae), and description of three new species. Israel J. Entomol., 30 : 53-69. GAMBIER (M.), 1924. - Recherches sur quelques cécidies florales. Marcellia, 21 : 10-30. GARRIGUE (J.), 1994. - Première contribution à la connaissance des galles de la Réserve de la Massane. Réserve de la Massane, Travaux, 37, 44 p. GARRIGUE (J.), 1996. - Contribution à l‘inventaire des galles de la Réserve Naturelle du Mas Larrieu. Réserve naturelle du Mas Larrieu, Travaux, 2, 29 p. GÉHIN (J.), 1857. - Notes pour servir à l‘histoire des Insectes nuisibles à l‘agriculture dans le Département de la Moselle. No 2, Insectes qui attaquent les blés. Metz. 38 p. GIARD (A.), 1889. - Première liste des galles du Nord de la France par M. FOCKEU (Analyse critique). Bull. Sci. France Belgique (Paris), 20 : 84-92. GIARD ( A.), 1893. - Un genre nouveau et une espèce nouvelle de Cecidomyidae : Drisina glutinosa). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1893 : 342-343. GIARD (A.), 1893. - Sur l´Hormomyia fagi HRTG. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1893 : 240-241. GIARD (A.), 1894. - Sur Cecidomyia destructor SAY (Diptera). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1894 : 139-141. GIARD (A.), 1895. - Note sur le genre Octodiplosis GIARD (Dipt.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1895 : 355-356. GOURY (G.) & GUIGNON (J.), 1905. - Loewiola serratulae n. sp. parasite de Serratula tinctoria L. Feuille j. Nat., 35 : 200-202. GOURY (G.) & GUIGNON (J.), 1906. - Deux nouvelles cécidies de Perrisia sur Geranium sanguineum L. Feuille j. Nat., 37 : 21. GOSSERIES (J.), 1991. – Cecidomyiidae, pp. 61-64. In : GROOTAERT (P.), DE BRUYN (L.) & DE MEYER (M.) (eds), 1991. – Catalogue of the Diptera of Belgium. Studiendocumenten van het K.I.B.N. 70 : 338 pp. GRASSÉ (P.), 1932. - L‘éthologie des Mycodiplosis ( Diptera, Cecidomyidae ) et ses variations. 5e Congr. int. Ent. Paris, 2 : 111-117. GRILL (D.) & OSTERMANN (J.), 1976. – Le Didymella du framboisier. Mise au point d´ une technique d´avertissements. Phytoma 28 : 7-11. GRISON (P.) & COUTIN (R.), 1947. - Contrôle des vols de la Cécidomyie des poirettes (Contarinia pyrivora RILEY) et de l‘époque des infestations. C.R. Acad. Agr. F.I., 33 : 592. GUENNELON (G.) & AUDEMARD (H.), 1958. - La Cécidomyie de la Lavande. Journal de la Lavande. Digne 1958, 7e sept. GUENNELON (G.) & AUDEMARD (H.),1963. - Enseignements écologiques donnés par la méthode de captures par caisses-éclosoirs de la Cécidomyie des Lavandes. Ann. Éphiphyties, 14: 3548. GUFFROY (C.), 1938. - Notes de cécidiologie Seine et Oisienne. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Seine et Oise, 3 (6) : 41-56. HARRIS (K.M.), 2002. - The gall midge Asphondylia pilosa KIEFFER (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Cytisus scoparius (L.) LINK in Europe and North America. Cecidology, 17 : 94-98. HARRIS (K.M.), 2003. - Fruit galls on Rumex obtusifolius induced by Contarinia rumicis (LOEW) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Cecidology, 18 : 14-16. HIERONYMUS (G.), 1890. - Beiträge zur Kenntniss der europäischen Zoocecidien und Verbreitung derselben. Jahresb. Schless. Gess. Vat. Cultur, Breslau, 68 : 49-272. HOUARD (C.), 1902. - Sur quelques Zoocécidies nouvelles ou peu connues, recueillies en France. Marcellia, 1: 35-49.
160
HOUARD (C.), 1905. – Les cécidies et les cécidozoaires des bruyères. C. R. Assoc. fr. avanc. Sci., Paris : 525-528. HOUARD (C.), 1905. - Contribution à la faune cécidologique de la Bretagne. C.R. Assoc. fr. avanc. Sci. : 584-585. HOUARD (C.), 1905. - Sur une diptérocécidie nouvelle du Daphne laureola L. Marcellia, 4 : 59-64. HOUARD (C.), 1906. - Cécidies produites par la Perrisia capsulae KIEFFER sur l´Euphorbia cyparissias L. Marcellia, 5 : 61-65. HOUARD (C.), 1908-1909. - Les zoocécidies des plantes d‘Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée. A. Hermann et fils, Paris. 1247 p. HOUARD (C.), 1912. - Les Collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d Histoire naturelle de Paris : L‘Herbier du Dr FAIRMAIRE. Marcellia, 11 : 11-46. HOUARD (C.), 1913. - Cécidies Normandes. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm., 6 : 102-121. HOUARD (C.), 1913. - Les Collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d‘Histoire naturelle de Paris. Galles du Dr P. MARCHAL. Marcellia, 12 : 13-26. HOUARD (C.), 1914. - Galles de France. Marcellia, 13 : 24-45. HOUARD (C.), 1914. - Galles d‘Europe et d‘Asie mineure, nouvelles ou peu connues. Marcellia, 13 : 160-180. HOUARD (C.), 1915. - Les collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d‘Histoire naturelle de Paris. Galles de E. LEMÉE. Marcellia, 14 : 97-131. HOUARD (C.), 1917. - Galles d‘Europe. Marcellia, 16 : 108-125. HOUARD (C.), 1918a. - Les Collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d‘Histoire naturelle de Paris. L‘herbier des galles de A. GIRAUD. Marcellia, 17 : 1-53. HOUARD (C.) 1918b. - Galles d‘Europe. Deuxième Série. Marcellia, 17 : 93-113. HOUARD (C.), 1920. - Les collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d‘Histoire naturelle de Paris. L‘Herbier de galles de Maxime CORNU. Marcellia, 19 : 47-57. HOUARD (C.), 1921. - Les Collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d‘Histoire naturelle de Paris. L‘Herbier de galles dr C. Houard. Marcellia, 18 : 3-189. HOUARD (C.), 1925. - Les Collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d‘Entomologie du Muséum d Histoire naturelle de Paris. Galles de l‘Europe occidentale. Marcellia, 22 : 3-24. HUBAULT (E.), 1945. - Un parasite non encore signalé des aiguilles du sapin blanc (Abies alba) MILL. Bull. biol. Fr. Belg., 79 : 17-30. JASCHHOF (M.), 1998. – Revision der "Lestremiinae“ (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) der Holarktis. Studia dipterologica, Suppl. 4 : 1-552 pp. JAUFFRET (F.), 1970. - Observations sur les galles de Rhopalomyia ptarmicae VAL. sur l‘Achillea ptarmica. Marcellia, 36 : 187-198. JAUFFRET (F.), ROHFRITSCH (O.) & WASSER (CH.), 1970. - Observations sur l´action cécidogène du Taxomyia taxi INCH. sur le bourgeon de Taxus baccata L. et la transformation du méristème apical en tissu nourricier. C.R. Acad. Sc., Paris, 271 : 1767-1770. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1886. - Beschreibung neuer Gallmücken und ihrer Gallen. Z. Naturw., 59 : 324-333. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1888a. - Über Gallmücken und Mückengallen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 38 : 95114. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1888b. - Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gallmücken. Ent. Nachr., 14 : 200-205, 243249, 262-268, 310-314. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1889a. - Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gallmücken. Ent. Nachr., 15 : 149-156, 171-176, 183-194, 208-212.
161
KIEFFER (J. J.), 1889b. - Zwei neue Gallmücken. Wien. Ent. Ztg, 8 : 262-264. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1889c. – Synopse des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie décrites jusqu’à ce jour. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz, 2, 8 : 1-64. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1890a. - Die Gallmücken des Hornklees. Wien Ent. Ztg, 9 : 29-32. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1890b. - Die Gallmücken des Besenginsters. Wien. Ent. Ztg, 9 : 133-137. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1890c. - Über lothringische Gallmücken. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 40 : 197-206. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1890d. - Die Gallmücken der Tilia-Arten. Ent. Nachr., 16 : 193-197. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1890e. - Über Gallen und Gallmücken aus den Blütenkopfen verschiedener Compositen. Ent. Nachr., 16 : 27-32, 36-38. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1891a. - Mitteilungen über Gallmücken. Berliner Ent. Z., 36 : 259-266. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1891b. - Zur Kenntniss der Weidengallmücken. Berliner Ent. Z., 36 : 241-258. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1891c. - Les Diptérocécidies de Lorraine. Feuilles j. Nat., 21 : 181-192, 208-215. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1891d. - Die Zoocecidien Lothringens (Fortsetzung). Ent. Nachr., 17 : 220-224, 230-240, 252-256. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1892a. - Beobachtungen über Gallmücken mit Beschreibung einiger neuen Arten. Wiener Ent. Ztg, 11 : 212-224. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1892b. - Die Zoocecidien Lothringens (Dritte Fortsetzung). Ent. Nachr., 18 : 43-46. KIEFFER (J. J.) 1892c. - Die Zoocecidien Lothringens (Vierte Fortsetzung). Ent. Nachr., 18 : 59-64, 73-80. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1893. - Über einige in Lothringen gesammelte Cecidien. Ent. Nachr.,19 : 21-24. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1894a. - Über die Heteropezinae. Wien. Ent. Ztg, 13 : 200-212. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1894b. - Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Zoocecidien Lothringens. Ent. Nachr., 20 : 295-298. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1894c. - Description de quelques larves de Cécidomyies (Suite). Feuilles j. Nat., 24 : 1-11. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1894d. - Description de trois genres nouveaux du groupe Diplosis, Cecidomyidae. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1894 : 28-29. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1894e. – Sur le groupe Epidosis de la famille Cecidomyidae. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 63 : 311-350. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1895a. - Observations sur les ornements des antennes des Cécidomyies. Feuilles j. Nat., 26 : 7-10, 36. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1895b. - Observations sur le groupe Epidosis (Dipt.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895 (1896) : 319-320. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1895c. - Diagnoses de deux Cécidomyies nouvelles. Misc. Ent., Narbonne, 3 : 150. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1895d. - Über moosbewohnende Gallmückenlarven. Ent. Nachr., 21 : 113-123. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896a. - Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Epidosis-Gruppe. Berl. Ent. Ztg, 41 : 144. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896b. - Observations sur les Diplosis, et diagnoses de cinq espèces nouvelles (Diptera). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 382-384. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896c. - Diagnose de trois Cécidomyies nouvelles (Dipt). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 216-218. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896d. - Sur les Cécidies du Saule, description d‘un genre nouveau et d’une espèce nouvelle. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 188-189.
162
KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896e. - Diagnose de quelques nouveaux Diptères du groupe Diplosis, recueillis en Lorraine. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 14-15. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896f. - Diagnose de deux espèces nouvelles de Cécidomyies ( Dipt.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 236-237. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896g. - Essai sur le groupe Campylomyza . Misc. Ent., Narbonne, 3 : 129-133. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1896h. – Zoocécidies d´Europe. Misc. Ent., Narbonne, 4 : 52-54, 60-68, 77-83, 131-134, 144-149. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1897. - Zoocécidies d´Europe. Misc. Ent., Narbonne, 5 : 7-13, 22-25, 47-52, 57-59, 109-114, 121-124. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1897a. - Diagnoses de Cécidomyies nouvelles du genre Perrisia Rond. (Dipt.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1897 : 300-301. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1897b. - Nachtrag zu den Zoocecidien Lothringens. Berl. Ent. Ztg, 42 : 17-24. KIEFFER (J. J.),1898a. - Synopse des Cécidomyies d‘Europe et d‘Algérie décrites jusqu‘à ce jour. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat., Metz, 20 : 1-64. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1898b. - Zoocécidies d‘Europe ( suite). Misc. Ent., Narbonne, 6 : 17-26, 57-64, 118121, 148-151, 159-163. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1899a. - Zoocécidies d´Europe. Misc. Ent., Narbonne, 7 : 23-29, 121-127, 137-139. KIEFFER (J. J.),1899b. - 2 Énumération des Cécidies recueullies aux Petit-Dalles (Seine-Inférieure), avec description de deux Cécidomyies nouvelles. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat., Rouen, 34 : 89-105. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1900. - Monographie des Cécidomyiides d´Europe et d´Algérie. Annls Soc. Ent. Fr., 69 : 181-472. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1901a. - Suite à la Synopse des Cécidomyies d´Europe et d´Algérie. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz, 21 : 9-43. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1901b. - Description de quelques Cécidomyies nouvelles. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz, 21 : 167-164. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1901c. - Synopsis des Zoocécidies d´Europe. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 70 : 234-579. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1902a. - Quatrième contribution à la faune et la flore de Bitche. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1902b. - Description de quelques Cécidomyies nouvelles. Marcellia, 1 : 115-120. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1904a. - Description de nouvelles Cécidomyies gallicoles d´Europe. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz, 23 : 67-79. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1904b. - Nouvelles Cécidomyiides xylophiles. Annls Soc. Sci. Brux., 28 : 367-410. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1904c. - Étude sur les Cécidomyies gallicoles. Annls Soc. Sci. Brux., 28 : 329-350. KIEFFER (J. J.) ,1906a. - Oligotrophus solmsi n.sp., eine neue lothringische Gallmücke. Bull. Ass. philomath. Als. Lorr., 13 : 179-184. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1906b. - Description de nouveaux Diptères Nématocères d‘Europe. Annls Soc. Sci. Brux., 30 : 338-348. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1907a. - Dasineura fraxinea n.sp. Naturw. Z. Forst- u. Landw., 5 : 523-524. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1907b. - Description d‘une Cécidomyie nouvelle vivant sur le Geranium. Marcellia, 6 : 44-45. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1909. - Contribution à la connaisance des insectes gallicoles. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz, 26 : 1-35.
163
KIEFFER ( J. J.), 1912a. - Nouvelle contribution à la connaissance des Cécidomyies. Marcellia, 11: 219-235. KIEFFER ( J. J.) , 1912b. - Les Cécidomyies du Tamarix. Marcellia, 11: 169-172. KIEFFER ( J. J.), 1913a. - Diptera, fam. Cecidomyidae. In : WYTSMAN P. (ed.). Genera insectorum, Bruxelles. Fasc. 152, 346 p. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1913b. - Nouvelles Cécidomyies mycophiles et xylophiles. Marcellia, 12 : 45-46. KIEFFER (J. J.), 1920. - Cécidomyies habitant les fruits des conifères. Brotéria, 18 : 14-22. KIEFFER ( J. J.), 1924. - Description de deux genres et de trois nouvelles espèces de Cécidomyies. Brotéria, 21: 87-91. LABOULBÈNE (A.), 1873. - Métamorphose de la Cécidomyie du buis Cecidomyia (Diplosis) buxi. Annls Soc. Ent. Fr., 3 : 313-326. LAMBERTIE (M.), 1911. - Remarques sur diverses cécidies. Procès-Verbaux Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 7 : 1-2. LAMBERTIE (M.), 1920. - Remarques sur quelques cécidies. Procès-Verbaux Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 3.12.1920 : 1. LAMBERTIE (M.), 1921. – Notes sur quelques cécidies de la Gironde. Procès-Verbaux Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 26.6.192 : 1-2. LAMBINON (J.), 1960. - Zoocécidies des Départements de la Meuse et des Ardennes (France). Récoltes diverses 1954-1958. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 92 : 255-263. LATREILLE (P. A.), 1805. - Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Paris, 14 : 1-432. LEGER (P.), 1936. - La cécidie de Rhopalomyia millefolii. Rev. Gén. Bot., 48 : 253-272. LEMÉE (E.), 1902. - Les Ennemis des Plantes. Catalogue raisonné des insectes cécidogènes, maladies cryptogamiques, phanérogames parasites sur les plantes vivantes, fasciations, cas de tératologie. Bull. Soc. horticult., 1902 : 1-52. LEMÉE (E.), 1914. - Les ennemis des plantes. Balais de sorcières. J. Soc. nat. Hort. France. LIEBEL (R.), 1886. - Die Zoocecidien (Pflanzendeformationen) und ihre Erzeuger in Lothringen. Z. Naturw., Halle, 59 : 531-579. LIEBEL (R.), 1889a. - Asphondylia mayeri, ein neuer Gallenerzeuger des Pfriemenstrauches. Ent. Nachr., 15 : 265-267. LIEBEL (R.), 1889b. - Dipterologischer Beitrag zur Fauna des Reichslandes. Ent. Nachr., 15 : 282286. LIEBEL (R.), 1889c. - Über Zoocecidien Lothringens. Ent. Nachr., 15 : 297-307. LIEBEL (R.), 1892. - Die Zoocecidien (Pflanzendeformationen ) der Holzgewächse Lothringens. Ent. Nachr., 18 : 257-287. LOISELLE (A.), 1901. – Les cécidies des environs de Lisieux. Bull. Soc. Hortic. Botanique du centre Normandie. 1901: 173-185. LOISELLE (A.), 1903. - Les Cécidies des environs de Lisieux. Deuxième liste. Bull. Soc. hortic. Bot. Centre Normandie (Lisieux) : 69-76. LOISELLE (A.), 1912. - Deux nouveaux insectes cécidogènes. Feuilles j. Nat., 42 : 25-27. LOUX (E.), 1967. - Observations biologiques sur Rhabdophaga ramicola RÜBS. Marcellia, 34 : 93102. MACQUART (J.), 1826. - Insectes diptères du nord de la France. Tipulaires. Mém. Soc. Sci. Agric., Lille : 59-224. MACQUART (J.), 1834. - Histoire naturelle des insectes. Diptères, 1: 1-578 p.
164
MAMAEVA (Kh. P.), 1964. - New and little-known gall-midges in the Moscow region (Diptera, Itonididae) (in Russian with English summary). Zool. Zh., 43 : 206-213. MARCHAL (C.) & CHÂTEAU (E.), 1903. - Sur les zoocécidies de Saône-et-Loire. Congrès des Soc. Savantes, 1903 : 385-390. MARCHAL (C.) & CHÂTEAU (E.), 1905. - Catalogue des Zoocécidies de Saône-et-Loire. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat., Autun, 18 : 233-320. MARCHAL (P.), 1895. - La Cécidomyie de l‘Avoine: Cecidomyia avenae n.sp. (Dipt.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1895 : 262-264. MARCHAL (P.), 1896a. - Sur deux Cécidomyies nouvelles (Dipt.) vivant sur la pomme de terre et sur le lierre. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 97-100. MARCHAL (P.), 1896b. - Observations biologiques sur Cecidomyia (Communication préliminaire). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1896 : 134-136.
destructor
(Dipt.)
MARCHAL (P.), 1907. - La Cécidomyie des poires. Diplosis (Contarinia) pirivora RILEY. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 76 : 5-27. MARCHAL (P.), 1927. – Travaux des stations d´entomologie agricole et de zoologie appliquée de l´Institut des recherches agronomiques. C. R. Acad. Agric. Fr., 13 : 868-882. MARESQUELLE (H.J.), 1944. - C. A. V. HOUARD (1873-1943). Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 91: 14-15. MARTEL (V.), 1891. - Les Cécidies des environs d´Elbeuf. Première liste de galles et galloïdes récoltés aux environs d´Elbeuf. Bull. Soc. étud. sci. nat. d´Elbeuf, 10 : 79-134. MARTEL (V.), 1893-1894. - Les Cécidies des environs d´Elbeuf. Deuxième liste de galles et galloïdes récoltés aux environs d´Elbeuf et sur quelques points du département de la Seine-Inférieure, en 1892 et 1893. Bull. Soc. étud. sci. nat. d´Elbeuf, 12 (1893) : 79-83 ; 13 (1894) : 54-57. MASSALONGO (C.), 1906. - Conoscenza dei zoocecidii del Nizzardo. Nota. Ferrara, stab. tip. ditta, G. Bresciani-succ., 1906 : 1-9. MASSALONGO (C.), 1908. - Osservazioni fitologiche. "Madona Verona“ 1: 1-12. MATHIEU (D.), 1994. – Le point sur le problème des nécroses chancreuses du chêne dans le NordEst de la France. DSF Nord-Est, Janvier 1994, Nancy, 7 pp. MERZ (B.), BÄCHLI (G.), HAENNI (J.-P.) & GONSETH (Y.) (eds), 1998. – Diptera – Checklist. Fauna Helvetica 1, 369 pp. MESNIL (L.), 1934. - Note préliminaire sur un nouveau parasite des céréales Phytophaga mimeuri, n.sp. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1934 : 245-247. MESNIL (L.), 1938. - La Cécidomyie du chou-fleur dans la région de Saint-Omer. Ann. Epiphyt. Phytogén, 4 : 281-314. MEYER (H.), 1984. – Experimentell-ökologische Untersuchungen an Gallmücken (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) in Salzwiesenbereichen Nordwestdeutschlands. Faunistisch-Ökologische Mitteilungen, Suppl. 5 : 1-124. MEYER (H.) & JASCHHOF (M.), 1999. – Cecidomyiidae, pp. 18-32. In : SCHUMANN H., BÄHRMAN R., STARK A. (Eds). : Entomofauna Germanica 2. Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands. Studia Dipterologica, Suppl. 2, 354 pp. MEYER (J.), 1941. - Développement des galles de Perrisia urticae sur les deux faces du limbe foliaire d‘Urtica dioica. Marcellia, 30 : 1-23. MEYER (J.), 1950. - Quelques galles non encore signalées en Alsace. Bull. Assoc. Philomat. d‘Alsace et de Lorraine, 9 : 45-46. MEYER (J.), 1987. - Plant Galls and Gall inducers. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 291 pp. MEYER (J.) & MARESQUELLE (H. J.), 1983. - Anatomie des Galles. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 662 p.
165
MINELLI (A.), RUFFO (S.) & LA POSTA (S.) (eds), 1995. – Checklist delle species della fauna Italiana. Vol. 62-65. Calderini, Bologna. MINSSEN (E.) & PACQUETEAU (P.), 1969. - La Cécidomyie des lentilles dans le Loir-et-Cher. Phytoma, 21 (No.212) : 27-29. MÖHN (E.), 1961. - Neue Asphondyliidi Gattungen (Diptera, Itonididae). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., 49 : 1-14. MÖHN (E.), 1966-1971. - Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae). In : LINDNER (E.) (ed.) : Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Zoologica, Stuttg. 269 : 1-48 (1966) ; 273 : 49-96 (1968) ; 274: 97-160 (1968) ; 277 : 161-200 (1969) ; 288 : 201-248 (1971). MOLLIARD (M.), 1926. - Dimorphisme déterminé chez la galle de Mikiola fagi HARTIG par un parasite secondaire. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 183 : 624-626. MORELET (M.), 1979. – Les nécroses cambiales du chêne, une nouveauté. Bull. Soc. Science Nat. et Archéol., Toulon et Var, 224 : 4. NEF (L.) & PERRIN (R.), 1999. - Practical handbook on damaging agents in the European forest nurseries. European Communities, Luxembourg, 352 p. NIJVELDT (W.), 1969. - Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Miscellaneous. Vol. 8. Crosby Lockwood & Son, Ltd, London, 221 p. NIJVELDT (W.) & YUKAWA (J.), 1982. - A taxonomic study of Salix-inhabiting gall midges in Japan (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Bull. Kitakyushu Mus. Nat. Hist., 4 : 23-56. NOURY (E.), 1921. - Cécidies nouvelles ou intéressantes pour la Normandie. Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat., Rouen, 1921 : 4-7. NOURY (E.), 1925. - Notes de Cécidologie Normande. III. Sur une cécidie des cônes de l‘Épicéa due à Perrisia strobi WINNERTZ. Procès verbaux Soc. Amis. Sc., Rouen, 1924-1925 : 1-6. NOURY (E.), 1926. - Compte Rendu de l‘excursion de la Société dans les environs de Saint-Saens. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat., Rouen, 1926 : 209-222. NOURY (E.), 1929. - Sur quelques cécidies des fougères de la Haute-Normandie orientale. C.R. Ass. franc. Av. Sci, Paris, 53 : 449-450. NOURY (E.), 1936a. - Note de cécidologie normande V. Sur quelques cécidies de Coniféres nouvelles ou intéressantes. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat., Rouen (7-8) : 70-71 (1934-1935) ; 1936 : 38-41, 78-79, 141-143. NOURY (E.), 1936b. - À propos de la Diptérocécidie de Haplodiplosis equestris (WAGN.). RÜBS. Marcellia, 29 : 3-6. NOURY (E.), 1937. - Contribution à la connaissance des cécidies des Alpes francaises. Bull. Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.), 1937 : 1-7, 8-11, 20-23. NOURY (E.), 1956. - Notes de Cécidologie Normande. XI (suite). Cécidies de la Haute- Normandie orientale. C.R. 81 Congr. Soc. Sav., Caen et Rouen, 1956 : 29-65. PANELIUS (S.), 1965. – A revision of the European gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Diptera : Itonididae). Acta zool. fenn., 113 : 1-157. PERRIS (E.), 1840. - Observations sur les insectes qui vivent dans la galle de l‘ortie dioïque, Urtica dioica L. Annls Soc. Ent. Fr., 9 : 401-406. PERRIS (E.), 1855. – Histoire des métamorphoses de divers insectes. Mém. Soc. sc. Liége, 10 : 233-280. PERRIS (E.), 1870. - Histoire des insectes du Pin maritime. Diptères. Annls Soc. Ent. Fr., 10 : 135232. PICARD (F.), 1919. - Sur deux Cécidomyies du midi de la France. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1919 : 207208.
166
PIERRE (abbé P.F. Michel), 1896. - Une galle du saule (Rhabdophaga pierrei KIEFFER). Rev. Sci. Bourbonnais et du Centre de la France, Moulins, 9 : 105-106. PIERRE (abbé P.F. Michel),1901. - Nouvelles cécidologiques. Rev. Sci. Bourbonnais, Moulins, 14 : 204-212, 241-246. PIERRE (abbé P.F. Michel) 1905. - Nouvelles cécidologiques du Centre de la France. Marcellia, 4 : 149-178. PUSSARD (R.), 1953. - Un nouveau ravageur des lavandes Thomasiana lavandulae BARNES. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1953 : 128-130. PUSSARD (R.), 1957. - Cycle évolutif de Thomasiana lavandulae BARNES (Diptera, Cecidomyidae ). C.R. Soc. Biol., 151 (3) : 467-470. RAYMOND (G.), 1928. – Contribution à l‘étude des Cécidomyies attaquant les violettes cultivées. Ann. Soc. linn. Lyon, 73 : 87-101. REDFERN (M.) & ASKEW (R. R.), 1992. - Plant galls. Naturalist´s Handbooks, 17 : 99 p. REDFERN (M.), SHIRLEY (P.) & BLOXHAM (M.), 2002. - British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on Plants and Fungi. Field Studies,10 : 207-531. ROHFRITSCH (O.), 1967. - Analyse morphogénétique de la formation d‘une galle (Perrisia galii sur Galium mollugo) par la méthode des ablations échelonnées du cécidozoaire. Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 114 : 20-25. ROHFRITSCH (O.), 1971. - Infrastructure des cellules du tissu nourricier de la galle de Geocrypta galii H.L. sur Galium mollugo L. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 272 : 76-78. ROHFRITSCH (O.), 1992. – A fungus associated gall midge, Lasioptera arundinis (SCHINER), on Phragmites communis (CAV.) Trin. Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 139 : 45-59. ROHFRITSCH (O.), 1997. – Morphological and behavioural adaptations of the gall midge Lasioptera arundinis (SCHINER) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) to collect and transport conidia of its fungal symbiont. Tijsschr. Ent., 140 : 59-66. ROQUES (A.), 1976. - Observations sur la biologie des Diptères présents dans les cônes de Pin sylvestre à Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 81 : 67-74. ROQUES (A..), 1977. - Étude du complexe entomologique lié aux cônes de Pin sylvestre en forêt de Fontainebleau. Bull. Ecol., 8 : 415-434. ROQUES (A.), 1983. - Les insectes ravageurs des cônes et graines de conifères en France. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 106 p. ROSKAM, (J.C.), 1979. - Biosystematics of insects living in female birch catkins II. Inquiline and predaceous gall midges belonging to various genera. Neth. J. Zool., 29 : 283- 351. RÜBSAAMEN (E.H.), 1895. – Über russische Zoocecidien und deren Erzeuger. Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, 9 : 396-488. RÜBSAAMEN (E. H.), 1915. - Cecidomyidenstudien IV. Revision der deutschen Oligotropharien und Lasiopterarien nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten. S.B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1915 : 485567. SALQUES (R.), 1934a. - Catalogue des cécidies de Basse et Haute-Provence. Ann. Soc. hist. nat. Toulon, 18 : 1-51, 81-135. SALQUES (R.), 1934b. – Esquisse d´inventaire des galles de l´île de Port-Cros. pp.78-80. SCHUMAN (H.), BÄHRMANN (R.) & STARK (A.) (eds). - Entomofauna Germanica 2. Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands. Studia Dipterologica, Suppl. 2, 354 pp. SHORTHOUSE (J.D.) & ROHFRITSCH (O.), 1992. - Biology of Insect-Induced Galls. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 285 pp. SIMOVA-TOSIC (D.) & SKUHRAVA (M.), 1995. - The occurrence of Dasineura gleditchiae (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) in Serbia. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 59 : 121-126.
167
SKUHRAVA (M.), 1973. - Monographie der Gattung Clinodiplosis KIEFFER, 1894 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Studie CSAV, Praha, Academia, 17 : 1-80. SKUHRAVA (M.), 1986. – Cecidomyiidae, p.72-297. In : SOÓS Á. & PAPP L. (eds). Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera. Vol. 4. Sciaridae – Anisopodidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary + Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 441 pp. SKUHRAVA (M.), 1989. - Taxonomic changes and records in Palaearctic Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov., 86 : 202-233. SKUHRAVA (M.), 1994a. - The zoogeography of gall midges (Diptera , Cecidomyiidae) of the Czech Republic. I. Evaluation of faunistic researches in the 1855-1990 period. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem., 57 (1993) : 211-294. SKUHRAVA (M.), 1994b. - The zoogeography of gall midges (Diptera , Cecidomyiidae) of the Czech Republic. II. Review of gall midge species including zoogeographical diagnoses. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem., 58 : 79-126. SKUHRAVA (M.), 1997. – Cecidomyiidae, pp. 25-30. In : CHVALA M. (Ed.) : Check List of Diptera (Insecta) of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Karolinum, Charles University Press, Prague, 130 pp. SKUHRAVA (M.) & KOSEL (V.), 1995. – Gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) from the Western Carpathians caves (Slovakia). Dipterologica Bohemoslovaca, 7 : 165-174. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.) 1986. – Outbreak of two gall midges, Harrisomyia n. gen. vitrina (KIEFFER) and Drisina glutinosa GIARD (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) on maple, Acer pseudoplatanus L. in Czechoslovakia. Z. angew. Entomol. 101 : 256-274. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), 1997. – Gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) of Switzerland. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 70 : 133-176. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), 1999. – Gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) of Hungary. Annls Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, 91 : 105-139. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), 2003. - Die Gallmückenfauna (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Südtirols : 3. Die Gallmücken der Sextener Dolomiten. Gredleriana 3 : 49-76. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), 2004a. - Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of the HautesAlpes (south-eastern France). Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux 32 : 47-65. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), 2004b. - Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of the department Loiret (central France). Bull. Soc. linn. Bordeaux 32 (in press). SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), 2004c. - Die Gallmückenfauna (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Südtirols : 4. Gallmücken des Tauferer-Ahrntales (Zillertaler Alpen). Gredleriana 4 (in press). SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), BLASCO-ZUMETA (J.) & PUJADE (J.), 2002. – Cecidomyiidae. In : CARLES-TOLRÁ HJORTH-ANDERSEN (editor) : Catalógo de los Diptera de España, Portugal y Andorra (Insecta). Monografias Soc. Entomol. Aragonesa 8 : 1-323. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), & BREWER (J. W.), 1984. - Biology of Gall Midges, p. 169-222. In : ANANTHAKRISHNAN T. N. (editor) : Biology of Gall Insects. Oxford + IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta. 362 p. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), DONCEV (K. D.) & DIMITROVA (B.D.), 1991. – Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) of Bulgaria. I. Faunistic researches in the 1978-1987 period. Acta Zool. Bulg. 42 : 3-26. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), & HELLRIGL (K.), 2001. Die Gallmückenfauna (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Südtirols, ein Beitrag zur Gallmückenfauna Italiens. Gredleriana 1 : 83-132. SKUHRAVA (M.) & SKUHRAVY (V.), & HELLRIGL (K.), 2002. Die Gallmückenfauna (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Südtirols (2) : Gallmücken des Nationalparks Stilfser Joch und der GadertalerDolomiten. Gredleriana 2 : 103-136. SKUHRAVA (M.) & ROQUES (A.), 2000. - Palaearctic dipteran forest pests, p. 651-692. In : PAPP L. & DARVAS B. (editors) : Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special
168
reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 1. General and Applied Dipterology. Science Herald, Budapest. SKUHRAVY (V.), 1991. - The needle-shortening gall midge Thecodiplosis brachyntera (SCHWÄGR.) on the genus Pinus. Rozpravy CSAV, Rada matematickych a prírodních ved, 10, 104 pp. SKUHRAVY (V.) & SKUHRAVA (M.), 1996. – Betrachtung der Gallmücken (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) an dominanten Forstgehölzen Eurasiens nach ihrem Schädlichkeitsgrad mit einigen besonderen taxonomischen Problemen. Anz. Schädlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz, 69 : 56-58. SPUNGIS (W.), 1989. – A revision of the European gall midge species of the genus Camptomyia KIEFFER (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Latv. Entomol., 32 : 54-74 (in Russian with English summary). SPUNGIS (W.), 1992. – A revision of the European gall midges of the tribe Winnertziini. Latv. Entomol., Suppl. V, 38 pp. STELTER (H.), 1961. - Untersuchungen über Gallmücken. VI. Die Berichtigung der Gattung Nouryodiplosis TAVARES, 1929. Mitt. dt. entomol. Ges. 20 : 71-73. STELTER (H.), 1969. - Untersuchungen über Gallmücken XIII. Dasyneura salviae (KIEFFER, 1909). Mitt. dt. entomol. Ges. 28 : 22-24. STELTER (H.), 1989. - Zur Morphologie von Anthodiplosis rudimentalis (KIEFFER, 1901) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Dtsch. Entomol. Ztsch., N. F., 36 : 127-131. STELTER (H.), 1992. - Untersuchungen über Gallmücken XXXI. Über einige Gallmücken in Blattgallen an Vicia-Arten aus Mitteleuropa (Insecta, Diptera : Cecidomyiidae). Entomol. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkunde Dresden 54 : 173-182. STELTER (H.), 1992. - Untersuchungen über Gallmücken XXXV. Anabremia bellevoyei (KIEFFER, 1896) und Bemerkungen zu weiteren Arten der Gattung Anabremia KIEFFER (Insecta, Diptera : Cecidomyiidae). Reichenbachia 29 : 167-171. STELTER (H.), 1993. – Untersuchungen über Gallmücken XXXVIII. Synonyme europäischer Arten der Gattung Rabdophaga WESTWOOD, 1847. Beitr. Ent. Berlin, 43 : 387-391. STELTER (H.), 1994. – Untersuchungen über Gallmücken XXXIX. Dasineura aparines (KIEFFER, 1889), Morphologie, Biologie und Wechselbeziehungen mit Macrolabis jaapi RÜBSAAMEN, 1915. Dtsch. Ent. Z., N. F. 41 : 401-408. STREBLER (G.), 1977. - Fluctuations de populations de Cécidomyie des fleurs de luzerne (Contarinia medicaginis) sous l´action de ses parasites. C.R. Acad. Agric. Fr., 1977 : 314327. SUIRE (J.), 1935. – Sur quelques parasites des chrysanthèmes. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Herault, 11 pp. SYLVÉN (E.) & CARLBÄCKER (U.), 1981. - Morphometric studies on Oligotrophini adults (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) including an attempt to correct for allometric deviations. Entomol. Scand., Suppl., 15: 185-210. SYLVEN (E.) & LINDBERG (B.), 1998. - Morphometric analyses of Palaearctic Dasineura and Jaapiella species (Diptera: Cecidomyidae, Oligotrophidi) developing in flower heads of Asteraceae, with description of four new species. Ent. Scand., 29 : 241-265. SZADZIEWSKI (R.), 1990. – Notes on gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Poland II. Acta Zool. Cracov. 33 (21) : 489-493. TAVARES (J. S.), 1926. - Description détaillée de Perrisia strobi WINNERTZ. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Rouen, 6-7 : 60-65. TAVARES (J. S.), 1930. - Quelques Cécidies du centre de la France. Ann. Soc. linn. Lyon, 75 : 145167. THOMAS (F.), 1890. - Weiteres über Cecidomyia pseudococcus THOMAS. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 40 : 65-66.
169
TRAVESET (A.), 1994. - Reproductive biology of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae) and effect of galling insects on its reproductive output. Bot. J. linn. Soc.,114 : 153-156. TRUCHOT (C.), 1900. - Note sur la Cecidomyia oenophila. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. de Saône-et-Loire, Chalon-sur-Saône, 26 : 178-180. UDVARDY (M. D. F.), 1975. - A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occassional Paper No. 18., Switzerland : 1-48. VALLOT (J. N.), 1827. - Sur quelques espèces de Cécidomyes. Mém. Acad. Sci. Arts. Dijon, (1826) 1827 : 92-95. VALLOT (J. N.), 1829. - Galles et fausses galles. Mém. Acad. Sci. Arts. Dijon, 1829 : 107-114. VALLOT (J. N.), 1849. - Éclaircissements relatifs à plusieurs passages des Mémoires de RÉAUMUR. Mém. Acad. Sci. Arts. Dijon, 1849 : 98-99. VALLOTON (R.), 1969a. - Contribution à la biologie de la Cécidomyie du pois Contarinia pisi WINN. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) avec étude particulière du phénomène de la diapause. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 42 : 241-243. VALLOTON (R.), 1969b. - Une technique originale d‘élevage en laboratoire de la Cécidomyie des fleurs du pois Contarinia pisi WINN. (Dipt. Cecidomyidae). Mitt. Schweitz. Ent. Ges. 42 : 4651. VAYSSIÈRE (P.), 1928. - La Cécidomyie de la grappe (Contarinia viticola RÜBS.) en Champagne. C.R. Acad. Agric. Fr., 14 (27 ) : 906-910. VERRIER (M.-L.), 1936. - Observations préliminaires sur les cécidies de régions montagneuses. Livre jubilaire de M.Eugène-Louis BOUVIER, Paris, 1936 : 361-365. WICHMANN (H. E.), 1958. – Lestodiplosis-Larven (Diptera, Itonididae) in Borkenkäferfrassgängen. Z. angew. Entomol. 43 : 412-414.
170
171
Fig. 1. Lorraine in north-earstern France with localities where J. J. KIEFFER collected gall midge galls in period 1885 - 1900. Gall midge species numbers found at these localities are given in the text.
172
Fig. 2. Map of France with localities or areas where faunistic investigations were carried out during the period of 200 years, from 1817 to 2004, by various researchers.
173
Fig. 3. Gall midge species numbers recorded by individual researchers during their investigations in various areas of France in period 18902004. The species numbers are given by black circles of various size : the highest species number (231) was found by J. J. KIEFFER in Lorraine.
174
Fig. 4. Gall midges as pests of cereal crops in France. Black circles indicate the main locality of occurrence.
175
Fig. 5. Gall midges as pests of vegetable and fodder crops in France. Black circles indicate the main locality of occurrence.
176
Fig. 6. Gall midges as pests of fruit trees and shrubs, ornamental plants, shrubs and other herbs in France. Black circles indicate the main locality of occurrence.
177
Fig. 7. Gall midges as pests of forest trees in France. Black circles indicate the main locality of occurrence.
178
Plate I. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1 : ● Acodiplosis inulae ; o Ametrodiplosis crassinerva ; Fig.2 : ● A. ducloisi ; o Anabremia bellevoyei ; Fig.3 : ● A. viciae ; o Anisostephus betulinus ; Fig.4 : ● Anthodiplosis rudimentalis ; o Antichiridium caricis ; Fig.5 : ● Aphidoletes abietis ; o A. aphidimyza ; Fig.6 : ● A. urticariae ; o Apiomyia bergenstammi ; Fig.7 : ● Arceuthomyia valerii ; o Arnoldiola dryophila ; Fig.8 : ● A. gemmae ; o A. libera ; Fig.9 : ● A. quercus ; o A. sambuci ; Fig.10 : ● A. tympanifex ; o Arthrocnodax fagi ; Fig.11: ● A. gemmarum ; o Athrocnodax sp. (Achillea millefolium) ; ▲ Aschistonyx carpinicolus ; Fig.12 : ● Asphondylia baudysi ; o A. bitensis ; Fig.13 : ● A. borzi ; o A. buddleia ; Fig.14 : ● A. calaminthae ; o A. calycotomae ; Fig.15 : ● A. capparis ; o A. coronillae ; Fig.16 : ▲ A. cytisi ; ● A. dorycnii ; o A. ervi ; Fig.17 : ● A. genistae ; o A. hornigi ; Fig.18 : ● A. lupulinae ; o A. melanopus ; Fig.19 : ● A. menthae ; o A. miki ; Fig.20 : ● A. ononidis ; o A. pilosa ; Fig.21: ● A. pruniperda ; o A. punica ; Fig.22 : ● A. rosmarini ; o A. sarothamni ; Fig.23 : ● A. scrophulariae ; o A. serpylli ; Fig.24 : ● A. stefanii ; o A. swaedae ; Fig.25 : ● A. trabuti ; o A. ulicis ; Fig.26 : ● A. verbasci ; o Atrichosema aceris ; Fig.27 : ● Baldratia salicorniae ; ▲ Bayeriola buhri ; o B. erysimi ; Fig.28 : ● B. salicariae ; o B. thymicola ; Fig.29 : ● Blastodiplosis artemisiae ; o B. cocciferae ; Fig.30 : ● Blastomyia origani ; o Brachineura minima ; Fig.31: ● B. squamata ; o B. squamigera ; Fig.32 : ● Braueriella phillyreae ; o Bremia bifurcata ; Fig.33 : ● B. ciliata ; o B. longicornis ; Fig.34 : ● B. longipes ; o Bremiola onobrychidis ; Fig.35 : ● Camptodiplosis boleti ; o Cecidomyia pini ; Fig.36 : ● Chelobremia sublevis ; o Clinodiplosis botularia.
179
Plate II. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1: ● Clinodiplosis cattleyae ; o C. cilicrus ; Fig.2 : ● Contarinia acerplicans ; o C. acetosellae ; Fig.3 : ● C. aconitifloris ; o C. aequalis ; Fig.4 : ● C. anthobia ; o C. anthonoma ; Fig.5 : ● C. aprilina ; o C. arrhenatheri ; Fig.6 : ● C. asperulae ; o C. avenae ; Fig.7 : ● C. baeri ; o C. ballotae ; Fig.8 : ● C. barbichi ; o C. bitensis ; Fig.9 : ● C. brizae ; o C. campanulae ; Fig.10 : ● C. camphorosmae ; o C. carpini ; Fig.11: ● C. chrysanthemi ; o C. coryli ; Fig.12 : ● C. craccae ; o C. crispans ; Fig.13 : ● C. cybelae ; o C. echii ; Fig.14 : ● C. erigeronis ; o C. fagi ; Fig.15 : ● C. galeobdolontis ; o C. galii ; Fig.16 : ● C. gei ; o C. helianthemi ; + C. heraclei ; ▲ C. hyperici ; Fig.17 : ● C. ilicis ; o C. jacobaeae ; Fig.18 : ● C. lamii ; o C. lathyri ; Fig.19 : ● C. lentis ; o C. loti ; Fig.20 : ● C. luteola ; o C. lysimachiae ; Fig.21: ● C. marchali ; o C. martagonis ; Fig.22 : ● C. medicaginis ; o C. melanocera ; Fig.23 : ● C. molluginis ; o C. nasturtii ; Fig.24 : ● C. nikolayi ; o C. nubilipennis ; Fig.25 : ● C. onobrychidis ; o C. ononidis ; Fig.26 : ● C. petioli ; o C. picridis ; Fig.27 : ● C. pilosellae ; o C. pisi ; ▲ C. polygonati ; Fig.28 : ▲ C. populi ; ● C. pruniflorum ; o C. pulchripes ; Fig.29 : ● C. pyrivora ; o C. quercina ; Fig.30 : ● C. quinquenotata ; o C. ribis ; Fig.31 : ● C. rubicola ; o C. rumicina ; Fig.32 : ● C. rumicis ; o C. sambuci ; Fig.33 : ● C. scabiosae ; o C. schlechtendaliana ; Fig.34 : ● C. scoparii ; o C. scrophulariae ; Fig.35 : ● C. silvestris ; o C. solani ; Fig.36 : ● C. sorbi ; o C. steini.
180
Plate III. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1: ● Contarinia subulifex; o C. symphyti ; Fig.2 : ● C. tiliarum ; o C. tragopogonis ; Fig.3 : ● C. tremulae ; o C. tritici ; Fig.4 : ● C. trotteri ; o C. viburnorum ; Fig.5 : ● C. viticola ; o Craneiobia corni ; Fig.6 : ● Cystiphora taraxaci ; o C. sanguinea ; Fig.7 : ● C. schmidti ; o C. scorzonerae ; Fig.8 : ● C. sonchi ; o Dasineura abietiperda ; Fig.9 : ● D. acrophila ; Fig.10 : ● D. affinis ; o D. airae ; Fig.11 : ● D. alpestris ; o D. aparines ; Fig.12 : ● D. asperulae ; o D. astragalorum ; Fig.13 : ● D. aucupariae ; o D. auricomi ; Fig.14 : ● D. auritae ; o D. axillaris ; Fig.15 : ● D. berberidis ; o D. betuleti ; Fig.16 : ● D. bistortae ; o D. brassicae ; Fig.17 : ● D. broteri ; o D. brunellae ; Fig.18 : ● D. bursifex ; ▲ D. campanulae ; o D. campanularum ; Fig.19 : ● D. capsulae ; o D. cardaminis ; Fig.20 : ● D. caricis ; o D. carpesii ; Fig.21 : ▲ D. centaureae ; ● D. cerastii ; o D. columnae ; Fig.22 : ● D. crataegi ; Fig.23 : ● D. cytisi ; o D. daphnes ; Fig.24 : ● D. dianthi ; o D. dioicae ; Fig.25 : ● D. engstfeldi ; o D. epilobii ; Fig.26 : ● D. ericaescopariae ; o D. euphorbiarum ; Fig.27 : ● D. excavans ; o D. fairmairei ; Fig.28 : ● D. filicina ; o D. filipendulae ; Fig.29 : ● D. fraxinea ; o D. fraxini ; Fig.30 : ● D. fructicola ; o D. galeopsis ; Fig.31 : ● D. galiicola ; o D. gallica ; Fig.32 : ● D. geranii ; o D. glechomae ; Fig.33 : ● D. gleditchiae ; o D. glyciphylli ; Fig.34 : ● D. holosteae ; o D. hygrophila ; Fig.35 : ● D. hyperici ; o D. irregularis ; Fig.36 : ● D. kellneri ; o D. kiefferi.
181
Plate IV. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1 : ● Dasineura kiefferiana ; o D. lamii ; Fig.2 : ● D. lamiicola ; o D. lathyri ; Fig.3 : ● D. lathyricola ; o D. leguminicola ; Fig.4 : ● D. linosyris ; o D. lithospermi ; Fig.5 : ● D. loewii ; o D. lotharingiae ; Fig.6 : ● D. lupulinae ; o D. mali ; Fig.7 : ● D. medicaginis ; o D. myosotidis ; Fig.8 : ● D. nervicola ; o D. oleae ; Fig.9 : ▲ D. panteli ; ● D. papaveris ; o D. periclymeni ; Fig.10 : ● D. phyteumatis ; o D. pirolae ; Fig.11 : ● D. plicatrix; ● D. populeti ; Fig.12 : ● D. populnea ; ▲ D. pratensis ; Fig.13 : ● D. praticola ; o D. pteridicola ; Fig.14 : ● D. pulsatillae ; o D. pustulans ; Fig.15 : ● D. pyri ; o D. ranunculi ; Fig.16 : ● D. rapunculi ; o D. rhododendri ; Fig.17 : ● D. rosmarini ; o D. rubella ; Fig.18 : ● D. ruebsaameni ; o D. salviae ; Fig.19 : ● D. sampaina ; o D. saxifragae ; Fig.20 : ● D. schulzei ; o D. scirpi ; Fig.21 : ● D. scorpii ; o D. serotina ; Fig.22 : ● D. silvestris ; o D. similis ; Fig.23 : ● D. sisymbrii ; o D. socialis ; Fig.24 : ● D. spadicea ; o D. spireae ; Fig.25 : ● D. stellariae ; o D. strumosa ; Fig.26 : ● D. subpatula ; o D. subterranea ; Fig.27 : ● D. symphyti ; o D. tetensi ; Fig.28 : ● D. tetrahit; o D. teucrii ; Fig.29 : ● D. thomasi ; o D. thomasiana ; Fig.30 : ● D. tiliae ; Fig.31 : ● D. tortilis ; Fig.32 : ● D. tortrix; ▲ D. traili ; o D. trifolii ; Fig.33 : ● D. tubicola ; o D. turionum ; Fig.34 : ● D. tympani ; o D. ulicis ; Fig.35 : ● D. ulmaria ; o D. ulmicola ; Fig.36 : ● D. urticae ; o D. verbasci.
182
Plate V. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1 : ● Dasineura viciae ; o D. violae ; Fig.2 : ● D. virgaeaureae ; o D. zimmermanni ; Fig.3 : ● Didymomyia tiliacea ; o Dicrodiplosis fasciata ; Fig.4 : ● Diodaulus linariae ; o D. traili ; Fig.5 : ● Drisina glutinosa ; o Dryomyia lichtensteini ; Fig.6 : ● Endaphis perfidus ; o Etsuhoa sabinae ; Fig.7 : ● Feltiella acarisuga ; o Geocrypta braueri ; Fig.8 : ● G. galii ; o G. trachelii ; Fig.9 : ● Geodiplosis ranunculi ; o Gephyraulus raphanistri ; Fig.10 : ● Gillotiella carnea ; o Giraudiella inclusa ; Fig.11 : ● Guignonia potentillae ; o Hadrobremia longiventris ; Fig.12 : ● Haplodiplosis marginata ; o Harmandiola cavernosa ; Fig.13 : ● H. globuli ; ▲ H. populi ; o H. pustulans ; Fig.14 : ● H. tremulae ; o Harrisomyia vitrina ; Fig.15 : ● Hartigiola annulipes ; o Holobremia fallacicornis ; Fig.16 : ● H. lignicola ; o Homobremia emarginata ; Fig.17 : ● Hybolasioptera fasciata ; o Hygrodiplosis vaccinii ; Fig.18 : ● Iteomyia capreae ; Fig.19 : ● I. major ; o Jaapiella bryoniae ; Fig.20 : ● J. cirsiicola ; o J. compositarum ; Fig.21 : ● J. cucubali ; o J. dittrichi ; Fig.22 : ● J. floriperda ; o J. genistamtorquens ; Fig.23 : ● J. genisticola ; o J. jaapiana ; Fig.24 : ● J. loticola ; o J. medicaginis ; Fig.25 : o J. moraviae ; o J. parvula ; Fig.26 : ● J. scabiosae ; o J. schmidti ; Fig.27 : ● J. thalictri ; o J. vacciniorum ; Fig.28 : ● J. veronicae ; Fig.29 : ● J. viscariae ; o Janetiella glechomae ; Fig.30 : ● J. lemeei ; o J. oenophila ; Fig.31 : ● J. siskiyou ; o J. thymi ; Fig.32 : ● J. tuberculi ; o Kaltenbachiola strobi ; Fig.33 : ● Karschomyia ramosa ; o Kiefferia pericarpiicola ; Fig.34 : ● Kiefferiola panteli ; o Kochiomyia kochiae ; Fig.35 : ● Lamprodiplosis rhopalothrix; o Lasioptera arundinis ; Fig.36 : ● L. calamagrostidis ; o L. carophila.
183
Plate VI. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1 : ● Lasioptera donacis ; o L. eryngii ; Fig.2 : ● L. francoisi ; o L. longipes ; Fig.3 : ● L. populnea ; o L. rubi ; Fig.4 : ● L. rufa ; o L. thapsiae ; Fig.5 : ● Lathyromyza schlechtendali ; o Lauthia divisa ; Fig.6 : ● Ledomyia acerina ; o L. cardui ; Fig.7 : ● L. connata, L. lineata, L. lugens, L. obscuripennis ; Fig.8 : ● Loewiola centaureae ; o L. serratulae ; Fig.9 : ● Macrodiplosis dryobia ; Fig.10 : ● M. volvens ; Fig.11: ● Macrolabis aquilegiae ; ▲ M. buhri ; o M. cirsii ; Fig.12 : ● M. heraclei ; o M. hieracii, ▲ M. holosteae ; Fig.13 : ● M. hippocrepidis ; ▲ M. lonicerae ; o M. luceti ; + M. jaapi ; Fig.14 : ● M. martelli ; o M. orobi ; ▲ M. lamii ; Fig.15 : ● M. pilosellae ; o M. ruebsaameni ; ▲ M. pavida ; Fig.16 : ● M. stellariae ; o Massalongia rubra ; Fig.17 : ● Mayetiola agrostidis ; o M. avenae ; Fig.18 : ● M. bimaculata ; o M. clavata ; Fig.19 : ● M. dactylidis ; o M. destructor; Fig.20 : ● M. hellwigi ; o M. holci ; Fig.21 : ● M. hordei ; o M. joannisi ; Fig.22 : ● M. poae ; o Microlasioptera flexuosa ; Fig.23 : ● Mikiola fagi ; o Microperrisia brachypsectra ; Fig.24 : ● Mikomya coryli ; o Monarthropalpus flavus ; Fig.25 : ● Monobremia subterranea ; o Monodiplosis liebeli ; Fig.26 : ● Mycetodiplosis boleti ; o Mycocecis ovalis ; Fig.27 : ● Mycodiplosis coniophaga ; o M. gymnosporangii ; Fig.28 : ● M. pulsatillae ; o M. saundersi ; Fig.29 : ● M. tremulae ; o M. tussilaginis ; Fig.30 : ● Myricomyia mediterranea ; o Neomikiella beckiana ; Fig.31 : ● N. lychnidis ; o Odontodiplosis longiforceps ; Fig.32 : ● Oligotrophus juniperinus ; o O. panteli ; Fig.33 : ▲ O. schmidti ; ● Orseolia cynodontis ; o Ozirhincus longicollis ; Fig.34 : ● O. millefolii ; o O. tanaceti ; Fig.35 : ● Paradiplosis abietis ; o Paralellodiplosis bupleuri ; Fig.36 : ● Parallelodiplosis galliperda ; o Phegomyia fagicola.
184
Plate VII. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1 : ● Physemocecis hartigi ; o P. ulmi ; Fig.2 : ● Placochela ligustri ; o P. nigripes ; Fig.3 : ● P. arenariae ; o P. billoti ; Fig.4 : ● P. cornifex; o P. frireni ; Fig.5 : ● P. granifex; ▲ P. gallarum ; o P. kneuckeri ; Fig.6 : ● P. lambertoni ; o Plemeliella abietina ; Fig.7 : ● P. betulicola ; o Polystepha malpighii ; Fig.8 : ● P. quercus ; o Probruggmanniella phillyreae ; Fig.9 : ● Psectrosema acutiforme ; o P. album ; Fig.10 : ▲ P. nigrum ; o P. provinciale ; Fig.11 : ▲ P. tamaricis ; o Putoniella pruni ; Fig.12 : ● Rabdophaga albipennis ; o R. clavifex; Fig.13 : ● R. degeerii ; o R. dubiosa ; Fig.14 : ● R. gemmicola ; o R. heterobia ; Fig.15 : ● R. iteobia ; o R. karschi ; Fig.16 : ● R. marginemtorquens ; o R. medullaris ; Fig.17 : ● R. nervorum ; o R. perforans ; Fig.18 : ● R. pierreana ; o R. pierrei ; Fig.19 : ● R. pseudococcus ; ● R. pulvini ; Fig.20 : ● R. rosaria ; ● R. saliciperda ; Fig.21 : ● R. salicis ; o R. strobilina ; Fig.22 : ● R. terminalis ; o Resseliella lavandulae ; Fig.23 : ● R. oculiperda ; o R. oleisuga ; Fig.24 : ● R. piceae ; o R. quercivora ; Fig.25 : ● R. skuhravyorum ; o R. syringogenea ; Fig.26 : ● R. theobaldi ; o Rhizomyia fasciata ; Fig.27 : ● R. perplexa ; o R. silvicola ; Fig.28 : ● Rhopalomyia artemisiae ; o R. baccarum ; Fig.29 : ● R. chrysanthemi ; o R. florum ; Fig.30 : ● R. foliorum ; o R. hypogaea ; Fig.31 : ● R. kiefferi ; o R. millefolii ; Fig.32 : ● R. palearum ; o R. ptarmicae ; Fig.33 : ● R. syngenesiae ; o R. tanaceticola ; Fig.34 : ● R. tubifex; o Rondaniola bursaria ; Fig.35 : ● Sackenomyia reaumurii ; Fig.36 : o Schizomyia galiorum.
185
Plate VIII. Occurrence of gall midge species in France : Fig.1 : ● Schizomyia tami ; o Schmidtiella gemmarum ; Fig.2 : ● Semudobia betulae ; o S. skuhravae ; Fig.3 : ● Sitodiplosis mosellana ; o Spurgia capitigena ; Fig.4 : ● Stefaniella atriplicis ; o S. cecconii ; Fig.5 : ● S. trinacriae ; o Stenodiplosis sorghicola ; Fig.6 : ● Stictobremia campylomyzae ; o Stomatosema nemorum ; Fig.7 : ● Taxomyia taxi ; o Tessaradiplosis entomophila ; Fig.8 : ● Thecodiplosis brachyntera ; o Thurauia aquatica ; Fig.9 : ● Tribremia brevitarsis ; o Tricholaba trifolii ; Fig.10 : ▲ Trotteria ligustri ; ● T. obtusa ; o T. umbelliferarum ; Fig.11 : ● Wachtliella persicariae ; o W. riparia ; Fig.12 : ● W. rosarum ; Fig.13 : ● W. stachydis ; Fig.14 : ● Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis ; Fig.15 : ● Xylodiplosis aestivalis ; Fig.16 : ● Xylodiplosis nigritarsis ; Fig.17 : ● Zeuxidiplosis giardi ; Fig.18 : ● Zygiobia carpini.
186
187
Plate IX. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Acodiplosis inulae on stem of Inula hirta ; Fig.2 : Arnoldiola libera on leaf of Quercus robur ; Fig.3 : Asphondylia dorycnii on bud of Dorycnium pentaphyllum ; Fig.4 : Apiomyia bergenstammi on buds of Pyrus sylvestris ; Fig.5 : Aschistonyx carpinicolus on leaf of Carpinus betulus ; Fig.6 : Asphondylia borzi on flower buds of Rhamnus alaternus (photo I. Sanchez) ; Fig.7 : Asphondylia baudysi on pods of Coronilla varia ; Fig.8 : Asphondylia capparis on flower buds of Capparis spinosa ; Fig.9 : Asphondylia calycotomae on pods of Calicotome villosa ; Fig.10 : Anisostephus betulinus on leaf of Betula pendula.
188
Plate X. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Asphondylia cytisi on buds of Cytisus sp. ; Fig.2 : Asphondylia genistae on pods of Genista tinctoria with protruding pupae from openings ; Fig.3 : Asphondylia miki on pods of Medicago sativa ; Fig.4 : Asphondylia melanopus on pods of Lotus corniculatus ; Fig.5 : Asphondylia ononidis on buds of Ononis spinosa ; Fig.6 : Asphondylia sarothamni on buds (on the left), caused by larvae of overwintering generation, and on pods (on the right) caused by larvae of summer generation ; Fig.7 : Asphondylia pruniperda on buds of Prunus spinosa ; Fig.8 : Asphondylia scrophulariae on flower buds of Scrophularia canina ; Fig.9 : Asphondylia verbasci on flower buds of Verbascum nigrum.
189
Plate XI. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Contarinia aconitifloris on flower buds of Aconitum moldavicum ; Fig.2 : Bayeriola salicariae on leaf bud of Lythrum salicaria ; Fig.3 : Braueriella phillyreae on leaf blade of Phillyrea media ; Fig.4 : Baldratia salicorniae on stem of Arthrocnemum fruticosum ; Fig.5 : Blastodiplosis cocciferae on leaf buds of Quercus coccifera (photo I. SANCHEZ) ; Fig.6 : Blastodiplosis artemisiae on flower buds of Artemisia vulgaris ; Fig.7 : Unattacked vegetative tip of Thymus serpyllum (on the left) and tip galled by Bayeriola thymicola (on the right) ; Fig.8 : Cocoon including larva of Cecidomyia pini on the needle of Pinus sylvestris (arrow) ; Fig.9 : Contarinia acerplicans on leaf blade of Acer pseudoplatanus.
190
Plate XII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Contarinia aequalis on terminal leaf bud of Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii ; Fig.2 : Contarinia campanulae on flower buds of Campanula trachelium ; Fig.3 : Bent needles by Contarinia baeri on terminal part of shoot of Pinus sylvestris ; Fig.4 : Contarinia carpini on leaf blade of Carpinus betulus ; Fig.5 : Contarinia fagi on terminal leaf bud of Fagus sylvatica ; Fig.6 : Contarinia coryli in swollen catkins of Corylus avellana ; Fig.7: Contarinia craccae in swollen flower buds of Vicia cracca ; Fig.8 : Contarinia hyperici in swollen flower bud of Hypericum perforatum ; Fig.9 : Contarinia echii in swollen flower buds of Echium vulgare ; Fig.10 : Contarinia gei in deformed leaves of Geum urbanum.
191
Plate XIII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Contarinia helianthemi on terminal leaf bud of Helianthemum nummularium ; Fig.2 : Contarinia jacobaeae on deformed stem of Senecio jacobaea ; Fig.3 : Contarinia loti on flower buds of Lotus corniculatus ; Fig.4 : Contarinia lentis on flower bud of Lens culinaris ; Fig.5 : Contarinia lysimachiae on flower buds of Lysimachia vulgaris ; Fig.6 : Contarinia nasturtii on damaged heart leaves of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ; Fig.7 : Contarinia martagonis on flower bud of Lilium martagon ; Fig.8 : Contarinia medicaginis on flower buds of Medicago sativa ; Fig.9 : Contarinia melanocera in fleshy swelling at the stem tip of Genista tinctoria.
192
Plate XIV. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Contarinia onobrychidis on flower buds of Onobrychis viciifolia ; Fig.2 : Contarinia nicolayi on flower buds of Heracleum sphondylium ; Fig.3 : Contarinia pyrivora damaging young fruits of Pyrus communis ; Fig.4 : Contarinia petioli on leaf petioles of Populus tremula ; Fig.5 : Contarinia quercina in leaf bud galls of Quercus robur ; Fig.6 : Contarinia sorbi damaging leaflets of Sorbus aucuparia ; Fig.7 : Contarinia quinquenotata in flower bud of Hemerocallis fulva ; Fig.8 : Contarinia solani in flower buds of Solanum dulcamara ; Fig.9 : Contarinia populi in leaf galls on Populus tremula ; Fig.10 : Contarinia polygonati on flower bud of Polygonatum odoratum ; Fig.11 : Contarinia rubicola on flower buds of Rubus caesius.
193
Plate XV. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Craneiobia corni on lower side of leaf blade of Cornus sanguinea ; Fig.2 : Contarinia tiliarum on fruit of Tilia platyphyllos ; Fig.3 : Contarinia steini on flower bud of Silene pratensis ; Fig.4 : Contarinia scrophulariae on flower buds of Scrophularia nodosa ; Fig.5 : Contarinia viburnorum on flower buds of Viburnum lantana ; Fig.6 : Contarinia subulifex on upper side of leaf blade of Quercus cerris ; Fig.7 : Cystiphora taraxaci on leaf blade of Taraxacum officinale ; Fig.8 : Larvae of Contarinia tritici sucking on grains of Triticum aestivum ; Fig.9 : Cystiphora sonchi on leaf blade of Sonchus arvensis.
194
Plate XVI. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Dasineura acrophila on leaflets of Fraxinus excelsior ; Fig.2 : Dasineura auritae on leaf margin of Salix cinerea ; Fig.3 : Siliquas of Brassica napus unattacked (below) and attacked (above) by Dasineura brassicae ; Fig.4 : Dasineura alpestris on Arabis alpina ; Fig.5 : Dasineura berberidis on Berberis vulgaris ; Fig.6 : Dasineura affinis on leaf margins of Viola reichenbachiana ; Fig.7 : Dasineura asperulae on Asperula cynanchica ; Fig.8 : Dasineura capsulae on Euphorbia cyparissias ; Fig.9 : Dasineura cardaminis on flower buds of Cardamine amara ; Fig.10 : Dasineura crataegi in leaf rosette gall on Crataegus laevigata.
195
Plate XVII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Dasineura galiicola in spongy swellings on Galium uliginosum ; Fig.2 : Dasineura cytisi in leaf gall on vegetative tip of Genista sagittalis ; Fig.3 : Dasineura fraxinea on leaf blade of Fraxinus excelsior ; Fig.4 : Dasineura excavans in depressions on leaves of Lonicera xylosteum ; Fig.5 : Dasineura filicina in rolled leaf margin of Pteridium aquilinum ; Fig.6 : Dasineura fraxini in pouch swellings on midvein of leaflets of Fraxinus excelsior ; Fig.7 : Dasineura geranii in fruits of Geranium pratense ; Fig.8 : Dasineura ericaescopariae on vegetative tip of Erica scoparia (photo I. SANCHEZ) ; Fig.9 : Dasineura epilobii in swollen flower buds of Chamaenerion angustifolium.
196
Plate XVIII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Dasineura glechomae in leaf gall at growing tip of Glechoma hederacea ; Fig.2 : Dasineura hyperici in leaf gall on Hypericum perforatum ; Fig.3 : Dasineura gleditchiae galling leaflets of Gleditsia triacanthos ; Fig.4 : Dasineura kellneri in leaf bud galls on branch of Larix decidua ; Fig.5 : Dasineura irregularis on leaf of Acer pseudoplatanus ; Fig.6 : Dasineura hygrophila in leaf bud gall at growing tip of Galium palustre ; Fig.7 : Dasineura lamii in flower buds of Lamium maculatum ; Fig.8 : Dasineura lithospermi in deformed leaf bud at the growing tip of Lithospermum officinale.
197
Plate XIX. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Dasineura mali in rolled leaf margin of Malus sylvestris ; Fig.2 : Dasineura medicaginis in onion shaped leaf bud galls on Medicago sativa ; Fig.3 : Dasineura oleae in leaf swellings on Olea europaea ; Fig.4 : Dasineura phyteumatis in swollen flower buds of Phyteuma orbiculare ; Fig.5 : Dasineura plicatrix in distorted leaves of Rubus caesius ; Fig.6 : Dasineura pyri in rolled leaf margins of Pyrus communis ; Fig.7 : Dasineura populeti in rolled leaf margins of Populus tremula ; Fig.8 : Dasineura pteridicola in bent leaflet margin of Pteridium aquilinum ; Fig.9 : Dasineura rubella in distorted leaf of Acer campestre ; Fig.10 : Dasineura periclymeni in deformed leaves at vegetative tip of Lonicera periclymenum ; Fig.11 : Dasineura ranunculi in cornet shaped leaf of Ranunculus acris.
198
Plate XX. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Dasineura sisymbrii in spongy swellings on Rorippa sylvestris ; Fig.2 : Dasineura strumosa in underground bud galls on Lamium galeobdolon ; Fig.3 : Dasineura symphyti in swollen flower buds of Symphytum officinale ; Fig.4 : Dasineura tetensi in twisted leaf of Ribes grossularia ; Fig.5 : Dasineura thomasiana in deformed leaves of Tilia platyphyllos ; Fig.6 : Dasineura trifolii in folded leaflet of Trifolium repens ; Fig.7 : Dasineura tortilis in swollen and folded leaf of Alnus glutinosa ; Fig.8 : Dasineura tortrix in damaged leaves at vegetative tip of Prunus spinosa ; Fig.9 : Dasineura tiliae in rolled leaf margin on Tilia platyphyllos.
199
Plate XXI. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Didymomyia tiliacea in woody galls on leaf of Tilia platyphyllos ; Fig.2 : Dasineura turionum in swollen leaf buds and damaged shoot of Asparagus acutifolius ; Fig.3 : Dasineura tubicola in tubular leaf gall on Cytisus scoparius ; Fig.4 : Dasineura tympani in leaf galls of Acer campestre ; Fig.5 : Dasineura ulmaria in leaf galls on Filipendula ulmaria ; Fig.6 : Dasineura violae in rosette of leaves on Viola tricolor ssp. arvensis ; Fig.7 : Dasineura viciae in pod-like folded leaflets of Vicia sepium ; Fig.8 : Dasineura urticae in leaf galls on Urtica dioica.
200
Plate XXII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Geocrypta galii in stem swellings on Galium mollugo ; Fig.2 : Dryomyia lichtensteini in galls on leaves of Quercus ilex shown from lower side ; Fig.3 : Giraudiella inclusa in stem galls on Phragmites australis ; on the left grain-like galls inside the cavity of the stem ; on the right openings after emergence of adult gall midges (large holes) and their parasitoids (small holes) ; Fig.4 : Drisina glutinosa in small depressions on the leaf of Acer pseudoplatanus ; Fig.5 : Gephyraulus raphanistri in swollen flower buds of Raphanus raphanistrum ; Fig.6 : Geocrypta braueri in underground swollen buds of Hypericum perforatum ; Fig.7 : Geocrypta trachelii in swelling at terminal bud of Campanula rotundifolia ; Fig.8 : Geocrypta trachelii in swelling on Campanula sp. ; Fig.9 : Harmandiola cavernosa on the upper side of the leaf of Populus tremula with slit opening (above) and a view from the lower leaf side (below).
201
Plate XXIII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Harmandiola globuli in small galls on the upper leaf side of Populus tremula ; Fig.2 : Harmandiola tremulae in large galls on the upper leaf side of Populus tremula ; Fig.3 : Harmandiola populi in small galls on the lower leaf side of Populus tremula ; Fig.4 : Haplodiplosis marginata causing saddle swellings on the stem of Hordeum vulgare ; Fig.5 : Hartigiola annulipes causing densely haired galls on the leaf of Fagus sylvatica (on the left) and bare galls occurring rarely (on the right) ; Fig.6 : Harrisomyia vitrina on leaf of Acer pseudoplatanus ; Fig.7 : Iteomyia capreae in small galls on leaf of Salix caprea ; Fig.8 : Iteomyia major in irregular large swelling on leaf vein of Salix caprea ; Fig.9 : Iteomyia capreae on the main leaf vein of Salix cinerea ; Fig.10 : Hygrodiplosis vaccinii in rolled leaf margins of Vaccinium uliginosum.
202
Plate XXIV. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Jaapiella bryoniae in leaf bud galls on Bryonia alba ; Fig.2 : Jaapiella floriperda in swollen flower buds of Silene vulgaris ; Fig.3 : Jaapiella thalictri in leaf bud galls on Thalictrum flavum ; Fig.4 : Jaapiella genisticola in leaf bud galls on Genista tinctoria ; Fig.5 : Janetiella oenophila in leaf galls on Vitis vinifera ; Fig.6 : Jaapiella veronicae in leaf galls at vegetative tip of Veronica chamaedrys ; Fig.7 : Janetiella lemeei in small galls on leaf veins of Ulmus minor ; Fig.8 : Kiefferia pericarpiicola in swollen fruits of Pimpinella saxifraga.
203
Plate XXV. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Stem of Phragmites australis with lateral shoot infested by Lasioptera arundinis (on the left) ; lateral shoot after emergence of adult gall midges with protruding pupal exuviae (in the middle) ; lateral shoot infested by Lasioptera arundinis with lengthwise trace of fungal mycelium brought by first instar larvae ; Fig.2 : Lasioptera eryngii in swelling on stem of Eryngium campestre ; Fig.3 : Lasioptera carophila in swellings at the point of insertion of umbellules in inflorescence of Pimpinella saxifraga ; Fig.4 : Loewiola centaureae in leaf galls on Centaurea scabiosa ; Fig.5 : Lengthwise section of the stem of Rubus idaeus shows a cavity of the gall where larvae of Lasioptera rubi develop ; Fig.6 : Lasioptera rubi in swelling of Rubus caesius.
204
Plate XXVI. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Macrodiplosis dryobia in bent lobes of leaf margin of Quercus robur ; Fig.2 : Macrodiplosis volvens in rolled leaf margins of Quercus robur ; Fig.3 : Macrolabis stellariae on deformed leaves at vegetative tip of Stellaria media ; Fig.4 : Macrolabis heraclei in folded and twisted leaves of Heracleum sphondylium ; Fig.5 : Macrolabis buhri in deformed leaves at the vegetative tip of Stellaria nemorum ; Fig.6 : Macrolabis hieracii in leaf bud gall at the shoot tip of Hieracium murorum ; Fig.7 : Macrolabis ruebsaameni in leaf bud gall at shoot tip of Prunella grandiflora ; Fig.8 : Massalongia rubra in swellings on the midrib of Betula alba.
205
Plate XXVII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Mikiola fagi on the leaf of Fagus sylvatica ; on the right it is a section through the gall showing a large cavity in which one larva develops ; Fig.2 : Mayetiola destructor damaging the base of the stem of Secale cereale ; Fig.3 : Mayetiola poae in swelling on the stem of Poa nemoralis densely covered of hair-like rootlets ; Fig.4 : Neomikiella beckiana in leaf bud galls on Inula conyza ; Fig.5 : Orseolia cynodontis in galls formed of swollen leaves of Cynodon dactylon ; Fig.6 : Mikomya coryli in small depressions on leaf blade of Corylus avellana ; Fig.7 : Monarthropalpus flavus in leaf galls on Buxus sempervirens ; Fig.8 : Oligotrophus panteli in bulbous gall with pointed apex on the shoot of Juniperus communis ; Fig.9 : Galls of Oligotrophus panteli on shoots of Juniperus communis ssp. nana ; Fig.10 : Oligotrophus juniperinus on Juniperus communis forms slender gall with recurved tips of needles at the apex.
206
Plate XXVIII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Paradiplosis abietis in slight swellings on needles of Abies alba ; some galls with openings after emergence of adult gall midges ; Fig.2 : Phegomyia fagicola in folds along lateral veins on the leaf of Fagus sylvatica ; Fig.3 : Placochela ligustri in swollen flower buds of Ligustrum vulgare ; Fig.4 : Placochela nigripes in swollen flower buds of Sambucus nigra ; Fig.5 : Physemocecis hartigi in parenchymous galls on leaf blade of Tilia platyphyllos ; Fig.6 : Physemocecis ulmi in parenchymous galls on leaf blade of Ulmus minor.
207
Plate XXIX. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Plemeliella betulicola in young folded leaves at the branch tip of Betula pendula ; Fig.2 : Putoniella pruni in pocket-shaped swellings on leaves of Prunus spinosa ; Fig.3 : Sound seeds of Picea abies with well developed wings in upper row ; wingless seeds heavily damaged by larvae of Plemeliella abietina which develop inside the seed in lower row ; Fig.4 : Rabdophaga clavifex in club-like swelling at the branch tip of Salix caprea ; Fig.5 : Rabdophaga marginemtorquens in rolled leaf margins of Salix viminalis ; Fig.6 : Polystepha malpighii in circular blister on the leaf of Quercus robur ; Fig.7 : Rabdophaga heterobia in swollen male catkins of Salix triandra ; Fig.8 : Rabdophaga rosaria in large leaf rosette at the tip of the shoot of Salix caprea; young gall on the left, old gall on the right ; Fig.9 : Rabdophaga salicis in swellings on twig of Salix cinerea ; Fig.10 : Rabdophaga terminalis in spindel-formed leaf gall at the shoot tip of Salix fragilis.
208
Plate XXX. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Rabdophaga saliciperda in swollen branch of Salix alba ; habitus of the attack on the left and cross section of attacked branch on the right ; Fig.2 : Resseliella oleisuga on branches of Olea europaea ; habitus of the attack on the left and holes on the branch after emergence of gall midge adults on the right ; Fig.3 : Rhopalomyia artemisiae in globular leaf bud galls on Artemisia campestris ; Fig.4 : Rhopalomyia hypogaea in swelling on the stem of Chrysanthemum sp. ; Fig.5 : Rhopalomyia millefolii in swollen axillary leaf bud of Achillea millefolium ; Fig.6 : Rhopalomyia foliorum in small leaf galls on Artemisia vulgaris ; Fig.7 : Rhopalomyia baccarum in large globular swellings on stem of Artemisia vulgaris ; Fig.8 : Rhopalomyia tanaceticola in large swellings in flower heads (on the left) and in swollen leaf bud on stem of Tanacetum vulgare (on the right) ; Fig.9 : Rhopalomyia ptarmicae in spongy swelling of flower head of Achillea ptarmica.
209
Plate XXXI. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Rhopalomyia tubifex in tubular galls on stem of Artemisia campestris ; Fig.2 : Rondaniola bursaria in hairy galls on leaf blade of Glechoma hederacea ; Fig.3 : Schizomyia galiorum in swollen flower buds of Galium mollugo ; Fig.4 : Sound seeds of Betula pendula with well developed wings (in upper row) ; swollen seed including larvae of Semudobia betulae, some attacked seed with reduced wings or wingless (in lower row) ; Fig.5 : Semudobia skuhravae in swellings on spindle of catkins of Betula pendula ; Fig.6 : Larvae of Sitodiplosis mosellana damaging grains of Triticum vulgare ; Fig.7 : Spurgia capitigena in artichoke leaf gall on Euphorbia cyparissias ; Fig.8 : Stefaniella trinacriae in swelling of stem on Atriplex halimus ; Fig.9 : Taxomyia taxi in artichoke leaf bud gall on Taxus baccata.
210
Plate XXXII. Galls of gall midges on various host plants in France : Fig.1 : Thecodiplosis brachyntera in shortened needles of Pinus sylvestris; habitus of attacked branch (on the left) and detail of an attacked needle pair (on the right) ; Fig.2 : Wachtliella stachydis in swollen leaf buds on stem of Stachys sylvatica ; Fig.3 : Wachtliella riparia in enlarged seeds in inflorescence of Carex riparia ; Fig.4 : Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis in swellings of stem of Ephedra distachya ; Fig.5 : Zeuxidiplosis giardi in swollen leaf bud of Hypericum perforatum inside with large chamber ; Fig.6 : Wachtliella rosarum in folded leaflets of Rosa canina ; Fig.7 : Zygiobia carpini in swellings on midvein of the leaf of Carpinus betulus ; Fig.8 : Wachtliella persicariae in rolled leaf margin of Polygonum amphibium.
211
212
Imprimé le : 20 juin2005 Le directeur de la publication : M. LAGUERRE
213
