The Phreatoicidea are a group of freshwater and subterranean isopods that occurs in India,. South Africa and New Zealand, but are most diverse in Australia.
SUBORDER: PHREATOICIDEA Stebbing, 1893 Gary C.B. Poore, Brenton Knott, Helen M. Lew Ton & George D.F. Wilson
INTRODUCTION The Phreatoicidea are a group of freshwater and subterranean isopods that occurs in India, South Africa and New Zealand, but are most diverse in Australia. The epigean (surfaceliving) species are best recognised by their amphipod-like appearance with a narrow body and well-developed pleonal epimera enclosing the pleopods. The fully hypogean (subterranean) species forms lack these features and appear worm-like. A single pair of styliform terminal uropods is characteristic of this isopod suborder. The group is represented by Carboniferous to Permian marine fossils from the Northern Hemisphere and Triassic freshwater fossils in Australia (Nicholls 1944; Schram 1986). Nicholls (1943, 1944) recognised two families, Amphisopidae (=Amphisopodidae) and Phreatoicidae. Both families are quite heterogeneous, and have poorly defined subfamilies. In this work, Knott's (1975) recommendations for elevating Nicholls' subfamilies names to families are partially employed. Some genera, however, are shifted from their place in either Nicholls' or Knott's scheme. Recent phylogenetic estimates of many or most genera in the suborder (Wilson & Johnson 1999; Wilson & Keable 2001) suggest that some family-level taxa are sufficiently well supported to receive recognition, whereas others have uncertain relationships. As a result, some genera have not been placed in this classificatory scheme. The family Nichollsiidae Tiwari, 1951 is a junior synonym of the Hypsimetopodidae Nicholls, 1943 in the new scheme introduced here. The phreatoicid subfamily Phreatoicinae is restricted to New Zealand taxa, based on the recently revised Phreatoicus typicus Chilton (see Wilson & Fenwick 1999). Therefore, the subfamily for the south-eastern Australian Phreatoicidae is (provisionally) Mesacanthotelsoninae Nicholls, 1944. This latter subfamily is not well defined, and may be paraphyletic with some of the other subfamilies, possibly the New Zealand Phreatoicinae. We eliminated the subspecies category in phreatoicidean taxonomy because most subspecies in isopod taxonomy have been based on taxa with diagnosable differences, but with no evidence for introgression between the subspecies. This decision results in a increase in the described species in the suborder. In Australia, however, many species remain undescribed: estimates suggest that the total fauna may exceed 250 species (Wilson & Keable 2001). Approximately a quarter of the 56 described species of phreatoicideans are subterranean or hypogean forms. Most of the species, except for the semiterrestrial Phreatoicopsis terricola are dependent on permanent ground water. Knott (1986) listed the distribution of many species and discussed their peculiar biology. Banarescu (1990) provided distributions of species in this suborder, but unfortunately uses nomina nuda from an unpublished thesis (Knott 1975).
Diagnosis
Head capsule much deeper than broad, eyes, if present, near anterior margin. Pleonite pleurae, if present (reduced among Hypsimetopodidae), projecting ventrally. Pleotelson vaulted, higher than broad. Pleonite 5 longer than pleonites 1-4. Antennal article 1 absent or reduced to thin ring; article 3 without scale. Mandibular spine row with bifurcate spines adjacent to the lacinia mobilis (variously reduced in several species). Pleopod exopod I uniarticulate, exopods II-V biarticulate. Pleopod with lateral and medial epipods (although variously reduced on anterior pleopods). Uropods robust, styliform, projecting ventrally and posteriorly. 62
PHREATOIClDEA
References
Banarescu, P. (J 990). Zoogeography offresh waters. General distribution and dispersal of freshwater animals. Wiesbaden, Germany: Aula-Verlag Vol. 1 511 pp. Knott, B (1986). Isopoda: Phreatoicidea. pp. 486-492 in Botosaneaunu, L. & Stock, 1.H. (eds) Stygofauna Mundi. A faunistic, distributional, and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters (including the marine interstitial). Leiden : Brill Knott, B. (1975). Systematic studies on the Phreatoicoidea (Order Isopoda) with a discussion on the phylogeny and zoogeography of other freshwater malacastrocan crustaceans from Australia and Tasmania. Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart. 344 pp. Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 Schram, F.R. (1986). Crustacea. New York: Oxford University Press xii 606 pp. Stebbing, T.R.R. (1893). A History of Crustacea. Recent Malacostraca. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. xvii 466 pp. Tiwari, K.K. (1955). Nichollsidae, a new family of Phreatoicoidea (Crustacea: Isopoda). Rec. Indian Mus. 53: 293-295 Wilson, G.D.F & Keable, S.l. (2001). Systematics of the Phreatoicidea. pp. 175-194 in Brusca, R.e. & Kensley, B. Isopod Systematics and Evolution. Crust. Issues 13: 175-194 Wilson, G.D.F. & Fenwick, G.D. (1999). Taxonomy and ecology of Phreatoicus typicus Chilton, 1883 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phreatoicidae). J. R. Soc. N.z. 29(1): 41-64 Wilson, G.D.F. & lohnson, R.T. (1999). Ancient endemism among freshwater isopods (Crustacea, Phreatoicidea). pp. 264-268 in Ponder, W.F. & Lunney, D. (eds) The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Mossman: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 454 pp.
63
AMPHISOPODIDAE Nicholls, 1943
Synamphisopus sp.
[from Wilson & Keable 2001]
INTRODUCTION Amphisopodids are inhabitants of permanent freshwater lakes, streams, springs and seeps. One species, Phreatomerus latipes, lives along the margins of hot, saline springs in South Australia, a notable departure from the typical habits of most other species in the suborder. The members of the family are found in southern Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria (Grampians). The three genera from Nicholls' Amphisopodinae and one genus from the Phreatomerinae are included in the redefined Amphisopodidae, based on a wellsupported clade (Wilson & Keable 200 I). This family is no longer based on the presence of the plesiomorphic right lacinia mobilis, which can be shown to be present in various forms in most phreatoicideans.
Diagnosis Head short, slightly deeper than long, dorsally smooth; cervical groove absent; antennal notch absent. Eyes large, prominent, ocelli distinct as individual units. Coxae fused to body. Pleonites with large pleurae, much deeper than body in lateral view, bases of pleopods not visible. Pleotelson posterior margin reflexed dorsally, with distinct vertical lateral plates above insertion of uropods. Gut lacking typhlosole and hind gut caecae. Antennula terminal article either tubular or conical, penultimate article similar in length to more proximal articles. Both mandibles with lacinia mobilis. Pereopods with articular plate on distal posterior side of propodus. Pereopods 5-7 bases with prominent dorsal plate. Pleopodal endopods without plumose setae. Pleopod 2 appendix masculina acutely pointed and spine-like, with partiallyenclosed ventral groove. Uropodal rami distally rounded with robust terminal seta. References Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 Wilson, G.D.F & Keable, S.J. (200 I). Systematics of the Phreatoicidea. pp. 175-194 in Brusca, R.C. & Kensley, B. Isopod Systematics and Evolution. Crust. Issues 13: 175-194 64
AMPHISOPODIDAE
Amphisopus Nicholls, 1926
Distribution: WA (SW coastal). Ecology: swamp; in ditches, swampy ground and drains from swamp.
Amphisopus Nicholls, G.E. (1926). A description of two new genera and species of Phreatoicidae, with a discussion of the affinities of the members of this family. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 12: 179-210 [182]. Type species: Phreatoicus !intoni Nicholls, 1924 by original designation.
Paramphisopus montanus Nicholls, 1943 Paramphisopus montanus Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [73]. Type data: syntypes TMH G717, G718, G796 severallots*, WAM specimens lost* (Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157, p. 75, indicates types were 'lodged in the collection of the Museum, Perth, WA'). Type locality: "The Lakes", 32 miles E of Perth, WA, 'The Lakes', just off the York Road, about thirty -two miles due east of Perth, W.A.
Amphisopus annectans Nicholls, 1943 Amphisopus annectans Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [82]. Type data: syntypes WAM 244-74*. Type locality: Warren, 7 miles S ofPemberton, WA.
Distribution: W A (SW coastal); found in and around Warren National Park. Ecology: spring, swamp.
Distribution: WA (SW coastal). Ecology: lentic freshwater, lake, freshwater.
Amphisopus lintoni (Nicholls, 1924)
mud bottom-
Paramphisopus palustris (Glauert, 1924)
Phreatoicus /intoni Nicholls, G.E. (1924). Phreatoicus !intoni, a new species of freshwater isopod from southwestern Australia. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 10: 91-104 [93]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown* (specimens presumed lost; Jones, D.S. (1986). A catalogue of type specimens of Crustacea in the Westem Australian Museum, Perth. Rec. West Aust. Mus. 13: 1-46 states that the Western Australian Museum holds syntypes (WAM 218-74); these slides carry labels showing the date of collection as August and September, 1924. As the description of Phreatoicus !intoni was published in May 1924, these cannot be types). Type locality; small creek opening into the King River, a distance of twenty miles or less, north-east from Albany, WA. Taxonomic decision for new combination: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [75] (Amphisopus lintoni (Nicholls, 1924)).
Phreatoicus palustris Glauert, L. (1924). A freshwater isopod Phreatoicus palustris n.sp. J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 10: 49-57 [51]. Type data: syntypes WAM 10249-10273, 217-73, 221-74 several lots *. Type locality: 'Dog Swamp' (Chinamens Garden), N end of Smiths lake, North Perth, WA.
Distribution: WA (SW coastal); Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [71] (in numerous coastal swamps and shallow lakes in the immediate vicinity of Perth). Ecology: lentic freshwater, swamp, mud bottomfreshwater. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription, ecology).
Distribution: WA (SW coastal); known only from limital area, Albany, Western Australia. Ecology: lotic freshwater, swamp; among roots of green water plants. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription, ecology).
Phreatomerus Sheppard, 1927 Phreatomerus Sheppard, E.M. (1927). Revision of the family Phreatoicidae (Crustacea), with a description of two new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1927: 81-124 [113]. Type species: Phreatoicus latipes Chilton, 1922 by subsequent designation, see Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [87].
Paramphisopus Nicholls, 1943
Phreatomerus latipes (Chilton, 1922)
Paramphisopus Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [57]. Type species: Phreatoicus palustris Glauert, 1924 by original designation.
Phreatoicus latipes Chilton, C. (1922). A new isopod from Central Australia belonging to the Phreatoicidae. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 46: 23-33 [26]. Type data: holotype SAMA C432*. Type locality: Maree (Hergott) bore and near Coward, SA.
Paramphisopus fairbridgei Nicholls, 1943
Distribution: SA (Lake Eyre basin). Ecology: thermal spring. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription).
Paramphisopus palustris fairbridgei Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. :part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [71]. Type data: syntypes TMH G716, G828, G830, G831 *. Type locality: Fairbridge farm and Pinjarra, W A.
65
AMPHISOPODIDAE
Synamphisopus Nicholls, 1943
Type data: syntypes SAMA C2115 carcass*, SAMA C2116 slides, lost*. Type locality: Fish Falls, Grampians, VIC.
Synamphisopus Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [95]. Type species: Amphisopus ambiguus Sheard, 1936 by original designation.
Distribution: VIe (SE coastal). Ecology: burrowing, terrestrial. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription, ecology).
Synamphisopus ambiguus (Sheard, 1936) Amphisopus amhiguus Sheard, K. (1936). A new phreatoicid from the Grampians, Victoria. Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 5: 469-473 [469].
66
HYPSIMETOPODIDAE Nicholls, 1943
Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus
[from Knott & RaIse 1999]
INTRODUCTION Members of this family are subterranean or at least surface burrowers. They occur in Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and notably India (Banarescu 1990). The Indian genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950 is somewhat abberrant in the adult male form, but the juveniles and females are similar to Pilbarophreatoicus Knott & RaIse 1999 (compare Gupta 1989 and Knott & RaIse 1999), and indeed appear in cladograms near this new genus (Wilson & Iohnson 1999; Wilson & Keable 2001). The diagnosis has been written for Australian taxa only. Diagnosis Generally elongate, colourless phreatoicideans. Read lacking eyes or mandibular (genal) groove. Pereon narrow, width close to head width. Typhlosole absent, gut round in cross section. Pleonites depth in lateral view equal to depth of pereonites, with at most small ventrolateral plates (pleurae), basal region of pleopods visible; pleonite 1 pleura subequal to depth of pleonites 2-5 pleurae. Pleotelson lateral length greater than depth; telsonic medial region broadly indented, not reflexed, lateral lobes absent. Pereopods 2-3 or 2-4 propodus articular plate either absent or tiny. Pereopods 5-7 propodus lacking articular plate; basis dorsal ridge present but only angular, never plate-like. Pleopod exopods 2-5 proximal article distolaterallobes sub equal or longer than distal article, endopods 1-5 without marginal setae. Pleopodal protopods without lateral epipods. Male pleopod 2 endopod appendix masculina distal tip pointed and spine-like, or at least acutely rounded. Uropodal protopod ventral ridge lacking long simple setae projecting laterally; rami distal tips pointed, endopod usually lacking robust setae or spurs on dorsal margin. References Banarescu, P. (1990). Zoogeography offresh waters. General distribution and dispersal of freshwater animals. Wiesbaden, Germany: Aula-Verlag Vol. 1 511 pp. Chopra, B. & Tiwari, K.K. (1950). On a new genus of phreatoicid isopod from wells in Benaras. Rec. Ind. Mus. 47: 277-289 67
HYPSIMETOPODlDAE
Gupta, L.P. (1989). Monograph on Nichollsia kashiensis Chopra & Tiwari, 1950 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Phreatoicidea: Nichollsidae). Mem. Zoo!. Surv. India 2: 1-160 Knott, B. & Halse, S. (1999). Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus n.gen., n.sp. (Isopoda: Phreatoicidea: Amphisopodidae) from the Pilbara region of West em Australia. Rec. Aust. Mus. 51(1): 33-42 Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 Wilson, G.D.F & Keable, S.J. (2001). Systematics of the Phreatoicidea. pp. 175-194 in Brusca, R.e. & Kensley, B. Isopod Systematics and Evolution. Crust. Issues 13: 175-194 Wilson, G.D.F. & Johnson"R.T. (1999). Ancient endemism among freshwater isopods (Crustacea, Phreatoicidea). pp. 264-268 in Ponder, W.F. & Lunney, D. (eds) The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Mossman: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 454 pp.
Hyperoedesipus Nicholls & Milner, 1923
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: commensal, swamp; in burrows of Engaeus canicularius (Parastacidae).
Hyperoedesipus Nicholls, O.E. & Milner, D.F. (1923). A new genus of fresh-water Isopoda allied to Phreatoicus. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 10: 23-34 [23]. Type species: Hyperoedesipus plumosus Nicholls & Milner, 1923 by monotypy.
Phreatoicoides Sayce, 1900 Phreatoicoides Sayce, O.A. (1900). Phreatoicoides, a new genus offreshwater Isopoda. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 13: 122-138 [124]. Type species: Phreatoicoides gracilis Sayce, 1900 by monotypy.
Hyperoedesipus plumosus Nicholls & Milner, 1923 Hyperoedesipus plumosus Nicholls, O.E. & Milner, D.F. (1923). A new genus of fresh-water Isopoda allied to Phreatoicus. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 10: 23-34 [24]. Type data: syntypes WAM 10665/6, 229-74*, TMH 0683, 0684*, BMNH 1 specimen* (identified as Phreatoicoides plumosus by Sheppard, 1927; specimens sent by Nicholls). Type locality: Lesmurdie Falls, Darling Range, W A.
Phreatoicoides gracilis Sayce, 1900 Phreatoicoides gracilis Sayce, O.A. (1900). Phreatoicoides, a new genus of freshwater Isopoda. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 13: 122-138 [124]. Type data: syntypes NMV 1208 10*. Type locality: Thorpdale, VIe.
Distribution: WA (SW coastal); Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [144] mentions finding this species in the same vial with Colubotelson setiferus from a wooden pipeline in Tasmania ne&!, Scottsdale, almost certainly an error. Ecology: aquatic, spring*, underground water*; appears only after heavy rains in spring-fed pool. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription, biology and rejected placement of Sheppard (1927)).
Distribution: VIC (SE coastal). Ecology: lotic freshwater. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription).
Phreatoicoides longicollis Nicholls, 1943 Phreatoicoides longicollis Nicholls, O.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [136]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0586, 03147 severallots*, WAM 227-74 slides only, no carcasses*. Type locality: near Queenstown and Mt Heemskirk, near Zeehan, T AS.
Hypsimetopus Sayce, 1902 Hypsimetopus Sayce, O.A. (1902). A new genus of Phreatoicidae. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 14: 218-224 [219]. Type species: Hypsimetopus intrusor Sayce, 1902 by monotypy.
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: swamp, terrestrial.
Phreatoicoides wadhami Nicholls, 1943
Hypsimetopus intrusor Sayce, 1902
Phreatoicoides wadhami Nicholls, O.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [144]. Type data: holotype TMH 0758 3* (undesignated by Nicholls, but label in vial by Nicholls identifies specimen to
Hypsimetopus intrusor Sayce, O.A. (1902). A new genus of Phreatoicidae. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 14: 218-224 [219]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown*. Type locality: Zeehan, TAS.
68
HYPSIMETOPODlDAE
Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus Knott & RaIse, 1999
genus and specimen corresponds to original description according to information associated with the specimen). Type locality: Beech Forest, Otway Mts, VIC.
Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus
Knot!, B. & Halse, S. (1999). Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus n.gen., n.sp. (Isopoda: Phreatoicidea: Amphisopodidae) from the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Rec. Aust. Mus. 51(1): 33-42 [34]. Type data: holotype WAM C23241 0* (length 12 mm, partially dissected, appendages on 2 slides), paratypes WAM C23242 2 juv.*, WAM C23243 3 juv.*. Type locality: Nyeetberry Pool on limmawurrada Creek, tributary of Robe River, Pilbara, WA [21"51.6'S 1J6°30.7'E by GPS].
Distribution: VIe (SE coastal). Ecology: swamp; in sphagnum moss. Pilbarophreatoicus Knott & RaIse, 1999 Pilbarophreatoicus
Knot!, B. & Halse, S. (1999). Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus n.gen., n.sp. (Isopoda: Phreatoicidea: Amphisopodidae) from the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Rec. Aust. Mus. 51(1): 33-42 [34]. Type species: Pilbarophreatoicus platyarthricus Knot! & Halse, 1999 by monotypy.
Distribution: WA (NW coastal); Pilbara Region. Ecology: aquatic, detritivore, underground water.
69
PHREATOICIDAE Chilton., 1891
Crenoicus harrisoni
[from Wilson & Ho 1996]
INTRODUCTION Phreatoicids live in freshwater streams and lakes throughout the south-eastern Australian mainland, Tasmania and New Zealand. Nicholls (1944) divided the Phreatoicidae into three subfamilies, Phreatoicinae, Mesacanthotelsoninae and Paraphreatoicinae. The New Zcaland Phreatoicinae are distinct from the Australian forms (Wilson & Fenwick 1999; Wilson & Johnson 1999; Wilson & Keable 200 I), so this subfamily is herein excluded from Australian taxa. We assign all Phreatoicidae from Australia to the family-group name Mesacanthotelsoninae Nicholls, 1944 owing to its page priority over Paraphreatoicinae Nicholls, 1944. The subfamily category is retained in this instance owing to well established synapomorphics of thc Australian and New Zealand phreatoicids and less support for nonphreatoicine clades (Wilson & Keable 200 I; unpublished data). The typc gcnera of thc two subfamilies, Mesacanthotelson and Paraphreatoicus, might be closely related.
Diagnosis Head with well-developed cervical groove. Pleonites much deeper than pereonites in lateral view, with large pleurae, basal region of pleopods not visible; plconite 1 pleura distinctly shallower than pleurae of pleonites 2-5. Right mandible without distinct lacinia mobilis. Mandibular spine rows on linear pedunculate projection between incisor and molar. Pereopods with articular plate on posterior side of propodus. Pleopodal protopods III-V only with lateral epipods. Uropodal protopod with distoventral robust denticulate seta. References Chilton, C. (1891). On a new and peculiar freshwater isopod from Mt. Kosciusko. Rec. Aust. Mus. 1: 149-171, pis XXII-XXVI Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part Il. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 70
PHREATOICIDAE
Wilson, G.D.F & Keable, S.l. (2001). Systematics of the Phreatoicidea. pp. 175-194 in Brusca, R.e. & Kensley, B. Isopod Systematics and Evolution. Crust. Issues 13: 175-194 Wilson, G.D.F. & Fenwick, G.D. (1999). Taxonomy and ecology of Phreatoicus typicus Chilton, 1883 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phreatoicidae). J. R. Soc. N.z. 29(1): 41-64 Wilson, G.D.F. & lohnson, R.T. (1999). Ancient endemism among freshwater isopods (Crustacea, Phreatoicidea). pp. 264-268 in Ponder, W.F. & Lunney, D. (eds) The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Mossman: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 454 pp.
71
MESACANTHOTELSONINAE Nicholls, 1944 INTRODUCTION Crenoicus Nicholls, 1944 is transferred to this subfamily from the Phreatoicinae and Uramphisopus Nicholls, 1943 is removed from Phreatoicopsinae. In the following, we have elevated Nicholls' subspecies to species level, owing to a lack of information to support the subspecies category. Most of the features in the diagnosis for this subfamily are plesiomorphies at the level of the Phreatoicidae. Nicholls described numerous species and subspecies of phreatoicids, many from single specimens, which are now lost.
Diagnosis Pleotelson with medial lobe re flexed dorsally; lateral lobes rounded (not as vertical plate) and distinctly separated from medial lobe. Mandible incisor process broad, wider than thick. Pleopodal protopods 2-5 with medial epipods. Uropodal rami distally spine-like and pointed, terminal robust seta not distinctly separated from ramus. References Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part Tasm. 1943: 1-157
Colacanthotelson Nicholls, 1944 Colacanthotelson Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [99]. Type species: Colacanthotelson rugosus Nicholls, 1944 by original designation.
n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc.
Colubotelson campestris Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson campestris Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part IT. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [116]. Type data: syntypes whereabouts unknown*' . Type locality: Huntingfield, TAS.
Distribution: TAS; Huntingfield, near west shore of the Derwent River. Ecology: lentic freshwater, mud bottom-freshwater; small pond in cow paddock. Reference: Smith, G.W. (1909). The freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on their geographical distribution. Trans. Linn. Sac. Land. (2)11: 61-92 [72] (as Phreatoicus australis).
Colacanthotelson rugosus Nicholls, 1944 Colacanthotelson rugosus Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [99]. Type data: syntypes (probable) TMH G616 cl* (single damaged specimen). Type locality: Thomsons Flat, Mt Kosciusko and Pipers Creek, NSW.
Colubotelson chiltoni (Sheppard, 1927) Phreatoicus chi/ton; Sheppard, E.M. (1927). Revision of the family Phreatoicidae (Crustacea), with a description of two new species. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Lond. 1927: 81-124 [105]. Type data: syntypes (probable)* (G. Smith's material collected in 1908/9 not found), USNM 97614 (cat.no. 60657) 5* (specimens collected by W.M. Tattersall in 1914). Type locality: Great Lake, T AS, under stones at Todd's Corner, Great Lake, TAS.
Distribution: NSW (SE coastal); Mt Kosciusko region. Ecology: alpine, lotic freshwater, spring. Colubotelson Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson Nicholls, G.B. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1157 [108]. Type species: Phreatoicus joyneri Nicholls, 1926 by original designation.
Distribution: TAS; Great Lake and Shannon lagoon. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater. Reference: Smith, G.W. (1909). The freshwater 72
PHREATOICIDAE: MESACANTHOTELSONINAE
Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on their geographical distribution. Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (2)11: 61-92 [71] (as Phreataicus australis).
Colubotelson huonensis Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson huonensis Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm.1943: 1-157 [118]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0557-58* Type locality: Port Huon, TAS.
Colubotelson dubius Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson tattersalli dubius Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [135]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0745*. Type locality: Oreat Lake at Todd's Corner, TAS.
Distribution: TAS; near sea-level. Ecology: aquatic, lentic freshwater, temperate. Colubotelson intermedius Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson intermedius Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [139]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0576, 0588, 0589, 0606, 0623, 0644,0646*. Type locality: Oreat Lake and Shannon Lagoon, TAS.
Distribution: TAS; Great Lake. Ecology: lotic freshwater, rock bottom, lake; under stones in a creek. Colubotelson evansi Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson evansi Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [114]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0789, 01853* Type locality: Waratah, TAS.
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater. Colubotelson joyneri (Nicholls, 1926) Phreatoicusjoyneri Nicholls, O.E. (1926). A description of two new genera and species of Phreatoicidae, with a discussion of the affinities of the members of this family. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 12: 179-210 [183]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0671-72 several specimens*, AM P8796 WAM CI04-61 * (possible syntype), 19 specimens* (possible syntypes). Type locality: Mt Buffalo, VIC.
Distribution: TAS; Waratah, West Tasmania. Ecology: lentic freshwater; found in ditches. Colubotelson flynni Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson huonensis flynni Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [121]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0817* Type locality: Eaglehawk Neck, TAS, see Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [121].
Distribution: VIC (Murray-Darling basin). Ecology: aquatic, lotic freshwater, montane, swamp; in ditches and puddles, beneath sphagnum or in creeks. Colubotelson minor Nicholls, 1944
Distribution: TAS; Eaglehawk Neck. Ecology: juveniles-lentic freshwater*.
Colubotelson chiltoni minor Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [126]. Type data: syntypes (probable) TMH 0766 cl \'*. Type locality: Pine Lake, N of the Oreat Lake, TAS.
Colubotelson jontinalis Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson fontinalis Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [131]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0771, 0773, 0775, 0780, 0782, 0785, 0787 many specimens*, TMH 0783* (probable syntype). Type locality: Lemana Junction and around Deloraine, TAS.
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater. Colubotelson sayeei Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson chiltoni saycei Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [127]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0556* Type locality: Lake Petrarch, T AS.
Distribution: TAS; North Coastal region. Ecology: aquatic, spring; in ditches and "springs in the hillside" . Colubotelson gesmithi Nicholls, 1944
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater, montane.
Colubotelson gesmithi Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [122]. Type data: syntypes (probable) TMH 0555* (specimens labelled "Mt Field National Park, Beatties Tarn and Nicholls Lake"). Type locality: Mt Field, TAS.
Colubotelson searlei Nicholls, 1944 Colubotelson joyneri searlei Nicholls, O.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [110]. Type data: syntypes TMH 0761-63*. Type locality: Mt Baw Baw, VIe.
Distribution: TAS; "in ditches crossing trail up Mt Field". Ecology: lotic freshwater, lake; from under moss and liverwort in slowly flowing water of ditches.
Distribution: VIe. Ecology: aquatic, lotic freshwater, montane, swamp; in sphagnum bogs.
73
PHREATOICIDAE. MESACANIHOTELSONINAE
Crenoicus Nicholls, 1944
Coluboteison set({erus N icholls, 1944 Colubotelson setiferus Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phrcatoicoidca. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [142]. Type data: syntypcs TMH G554*. Type locality: Scottsdale, TAS.
CrenoiCllS N ieholls, G. E. (1944). The Phrcatoieoidca. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Sac. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [21 ]. Type species: Crenoicus mixlus Nicholls, 1944 by original designation.
Generic reference: Wilson, G.D.F. & Ho, E.L. (1996). Crenoicus Nicholls, 1944 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phrcatoicidea): systematics and biology of a new species from New South Wales. Rec. Aust. Mus. 48: 7-32 [8] (distribution, revision of genus).
Distribution: T AS. Ecology: aquatic, 10tic freshwater*. Reference: N icholls, G .E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. rasm. 1943: 1·~157 [144] (stated, "in a wooden pipe-line leading from the local reservoir").
Crenoicus buntiae Wilson & Ho, 1996 Crenoiclls bllntiae Wilson, G.D.F. & Ho, E.L. (1996). Crcnoicus Nicholls, 1944 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phreatoicidea): systematics and biology of a new species from New South Wales. Rcc. Aust. Mus. 48: 7-32 [15]. Type data: holotype AM P44348 cl' *, paratypes AM P44349 cl'* (dissectcd), AM P44350 '1* (intact), AM P33451 '1*, AM P44352 'I * (partially dissected), AM P44353 'I *, AM P44354 '1*, AM P44355 cl'*, AM P44356 cl'* (head only), AM P44394 'I * (partially dissected), AM P44359 cl'* (partially dissected), AM P44395 cl' * (partially dissected), AM P44396 'I * (partially dissected), AM P44457 303 d' & 'I * (used for measurements), AM P44463 197 cl' & 'I * (used for measurements), NMV J40520 cl' & 2'1 *, USNM 253241 cl' &2'1*, ZMUCCRUl774 cl' &2'1*' Type locality: Mumbedah Swamps, Kanangra-Boyd National Park, NSW.
Co/uboteison tattersalli (Sheppard, 1927) Phreatoicus tattersalli Sheppard, E.M. (1927). Revision of the family Phreatoicidae (Crustacca), with a description of two new species. Proc. Zoo!. Sac. Land. 1927: 81-124 [102]. Type data: type status unknown BMNH* (type inspected by Nicholls in 1929, sce Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part Il. Thc Phrcatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasl11. 1943: 1-157, [140]). Type locality: Todd's Corner, Great Lake, TAS, see Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part Il. The Phrcatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [135] (specimens not seen).
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Nieholls, G.E. (1944). The Phrcatoicoidea. Part 11. The Phreatoicidac. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1~157 [133] (types not seen, relied on Sheppard, E.M. (1927). Revision of the family Phrcatoicidae (Crustacea), with a description of two new species. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Land. 1927: 81-124).
Distribution: NSW (SE coastal). Ecology: swamp; Sphagnum.
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lentic freshwater, lake.
Crenoicus harrisoni Nicholls, 1944 CrenoiCllS harrisoni Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part II. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [28]. Type data: neotype AM P4076 cl' * (chosen from earlier Hedley collection (1915) described by Chilton (1917) as P. shephardi). Subsequent designation: Wilson, G.D.F. & Ho, E.L. (1996). Crenoicus Nicholls, 1944 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phreatoicidea): systematics and biology of a new species from New South Wales. Rec. Aust. Mus. 48: 7-32 [12]. Type locality: Barrington Tops "near Dungog". Nicholls (1944) must havc meant Mt Royal Range, i.e., Barrington Tops, NSW, see Chilton, C. (1917). Notes on Australian Isopoda. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 41: 391-404 [82].
Co/uboteison thomsoni N icholls, 1944 Colllbotelson thomsoni Nicholls, G .E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [Ill]. Type data: syntypcs TMH G768, G770, G790-93, G840, G844* (collections made at different times), OUM 5388 part only*' Type locality: Mt Ridgeway Reservoir and its overflow, Mt Wellington, TAS.
Distribution: TAS; Mt Wellington. Ecology: aquatic, lotic freshwater. References: Thomson, G.M. (1893). Notes on Tasmanian Crustacea, with descriptions of new species. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. rasm. 1892: 45-76 [76] (as Phreatoicus australis); Thomson, G.M. (1894). On a new specics of Phreatoicus from Tasmania. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)13: 349-351 [349] (as Phreatoicus tasmaniae); Smith, G.W. (1909). The freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on their geographical distribution. Trans. Linn. Soc, Lond. (2)11: 61-92 [72, pJ.12, fig. 4 (pars)] (as Phreatoicus australis); Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. rasm. 1943: 1-157 [lll] (some records of other species reassigned to this species).
Distribution: NSW (SE coastal); known only from limital area. Ecology: lotic freshwater, swamp; subalpine,
Crenoicus mixtus Nicholls, 1944 CrenoiCllS mixtlls Nicholls, G .E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I!. Thc Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasl11. 1943: 1-157 [23]. Type data: syntypes whereabouts unknown*. Type locality: Dividing Range near Ballarat, VIC.
Distribution: VIC (SE coastal). Ecology: spring, swamp, freshwater. 74
PHREATOICIDAE: MESACANTHOTELSONINAE
Crenoicus shephardi (Sayce, 1900)
Mesacanthotelson tasmaniae (Thomson, 1894)
Phreatoicus shephardi Sayce, O.A. (1900). Phreatoicus shephardi, a new species of freshwater Isopoda from Victoria. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 113: 25-28 [26].
Phreatoicus tasmaniae Thomson, G.M. (1894). On a new species of Phreatoicus from Tasmania. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
,,*
(6)13: 349-351 [349]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown*' Type locality: Great Lake, TAS.
Type data: holotype NMV J213 (mouthparts missing). Type locality: Wallaby Creek, Plenty Ranges, VIC.
Distribution: VIC (SE coastal). Ecology: lotic freshwater, spring. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 (redescription).
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lentic freshwater, lake. References: Smith, G.W. (1909). The freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on their geographical distribution. Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (2)11: 61-92 [73, pI. 12 figs 7, 8, 11] (as Phreatoicus spinosus); Sheppard, E.M. (1927). Revision of the family Phreatoicidae (Crustacea), with a description of two new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1927: 81-124 [94, figs 2(2)-(5), 3, 4] (as Phreatoicus tasmaniae); Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 (redescription).
Mesacanthotelson Nicholls, 1944 Mesacanthotelson
Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [61]. Type species: Mesacanthotelson setosus Nicholls, 1944 by original designation.
Mesacanthotelson decipiens Nicholls, 1944 Mesacanthotelson decipiens Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [77].
Metaphreatoicus N icholls, 1944 Metaphreatoicus
Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [144]. Type species: Phreatoicus australis Chilton, 1891 by original designation.
Type data: syntypes TMH G820*. Type locality: Great Lake, TAS (from stomach of trout).
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater.
Metaphreatoicus a/finis Nicholls, 1944
Mesacanthotelson /allax Nicholls, 1944 G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [82]. Type data: syntypes (probable) TMH G559-61, G625-26, G752 numerous specimens*' Type locality: none designated but material labelled by Nicholls was taken from the stomach of trout from Great Lake, TAS.
Metaphreatoicus affinis
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater.
Metaphreatoicus australis (Chilton, 1891)
Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [151]. Type data: syntypes (probable) whereabouts unknown*. Type locality: Wombat Moor in South-Central TAS.
Mesacanthotelson fallax Nicholls,
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lotic freshwater*, spring*.
Phreatoicus australis Chilton, C. (1891). On a new and peculiar freshwater isopod from Mt. Kosciusko. Rec. Aust. Mus. 1: 149-171, pls XXII-XXVI [152].
Mesacanthotelson setosus Nicholls, 1944 Mesacanthotelson setosus Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [62].
Type data: syntypes (probable) SAMA C2107 6* (possibly from upper Piper's Creek), NMV 1212*, AM G5407 5*, AM P3347 94* (10 specimens sent to L. Glaust, W.A. Museum, 6 sent to S.A. Museum, Feb 1936), AM P7930 117* (collected by R. Helms). Type locality: Mt Kosciusko, NSW, Mt Kosciusko, NSW, upper Piper's Creek, Mt Kosciusko, NSW, upper Piper's Creek, Mt Kosciusko, NSW [36°25.0'S 148°25.4'E (estimated)], Thomson's Plain, Mt Kosciusko, Kosciusko National Park [36°23.4'S 148'27.7'E (estimated)].
Type data: syntypes TMH G628-29, G633-34, G746*' Type locality: Great Lake, T AS (from stomach of trout and from shoreline).
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lentic freshwater, lake. Mesacanthotelson spinosus (Smith, 1909)
Distribution: NSW (SE coastal). Ecology: lotic freshwater, montane; in spring-fed creeks.
Phreatoicus spinosus Smith, G.W. (1909). The freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on their geographical distribution. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2)11: 61-92 [72]. Type data: syntypes TMH G567*, OUM 5389*. Type locality: Great Lake, TAS.
Metaphreatoicus lacustris Nicholls, 1944 Metaphreatoicus australis lacustris Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part n. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [149].
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lotic freshwater, lake. 75
PIIREATOIClDAE. MESACAN7HOIELSONINAE
Type data: syntypes (probable) AM G5502 20 15 \l * (collected by Hedley). Type locality: Blue Lake, Kosciusko National Park, NSW.
Distribution: T AS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater.
Paraphreatoicus Nicholls, 1944
Distribution: NSW (SE coastal), Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater, rock bottom.
Paraphreatoicus Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidca. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasl11. 1943: 1-157 [104]. Type species: Paraphreatoicus reliclus Nicholls, 1944 by original designation.
Metaphreatoicus magistri Nicholls, 1944 Metaphreatoicus magistri Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I L The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [149]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown*' Type locality: Adventure Bay, Bruni (~Bruny) Island, TAS.
Paraphreatoicus relictus Nicholls, 1944 Paraphreatoiclls relictus Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part Il. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: \-157 [105]. Type data: syntypes TMH G593, G747* Type locality: Stringybark Creek at Woodbury and adjacent creeks from St Peters Pass to Anthill Ponds, T AS.
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lotic freshwater.
Onchotelson Nicholls, 1944 Onchotelson Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part IL The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [86]. Type species: Phreatoicus brevicaudatus Smith, 1909 by original designation.
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: benthic, lotic freshwater; under stones and amongst roots of water plants.
Uramphisopus Nicholls, 1943
Onchotelson brevicaudatus (Smith, 1909)
Uramphisopus Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1145 [123]. Type species: Uramphisopus pearsoni Nicholls, 1943 by original designation.
Phreatoicus brevicaudatus Smith, G.W. (1909). The freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on their geographical distribution. Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (2) 11: 61-92[73]. Type data: syntypcs (probable) OUM 5390*, TMH G622*. Type locality: Great Lake, TAS.
Uramphisopus pearsoni Nicholls, 1943 Uramphisopus pearsoni Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. Thc Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 [\24]. Type data: holotype (probable) TMH specimen apparently lost* (G.C.B. Poore, in litt. 1987), paratypes (probable) TMH G598 1 specimen (broken)*, TMH G599 2 specimens*, TMH G609 1 fragment (uropod only)*, TMH G610 1 specimen *, TMH G725 35 specimens + 3 specimens in separate tube*. Type locality: Great Lake, TAS (from stomach of trout).
Distribution: TAS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoicoidea. Part H. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 (redescription).
Onchotelson spatulatus Nicho\1s, 1944 Onchotelson spatulatus Nicholls, G.E. (1944). The Phreatoieoidea. Part 11. The Phreatoicidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1943: 1-157 [96]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown*' Type locality: Great Lake, T AS.
Distribution: T AS. Ecology: lake, lentic freshwater; clay bottom.
76
PHREATOICOPSIDAE Nicholls, 1943
Phreatoicopsis sp.
[from Wilson & Keable 2001]
INTRODUCTION The Phreatoicopsidae are semi-terrestrial burrowers found in the western ranges of Victoria (Otways and Grampians). Of the five genera included in Nicholls' (1943) Phreatoicopsinae, only one (Phreatoicopsis) is treated here, rendering the family monotypic (Wilson & Keable 2001). Protamphisopus Nicholls contains only a fossil Australian species, which is almost surely not a member of this specialised family; Eophreatoicus Nicholls is removed to Mesamphisopodidae; Uramphisopus Nicholls is removed to Phreatoicidae; and Synamphisopus Nicholls is removed to Amphisopodidae.
Diagnosis Head length shorter than width in dorsal view; without cervical groove, with mandibular (genal) indentation, mandibular notch absent, with small ridge at posteroventral corner. Eyes tiny and round. Pereopod 1 propodus with 1 median spine. Pereopod 5-7 coxae fused to body. Both mandibles with lacinia mobilis. Pereopod I dactylus with spine-like projection midlength. Pereopods without articular plate on propodus. Pleopodal rami lanceolate, subequal; protopods without coupling hooks; pleopods 3-5 with epipods. Appendix masculina length sub equal to endopod, distally rounded, slightly curved. Gut with coiled typhlosole, hind gut caecae absent.
References Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 Wilson, G.D.F & Keable, S.J. (2001). Systematics of the Phreatoicidea. pp. 175-194 in Brusca, R.e. & Kensley, B. Isopod Systematics and Evolution. Crust. Issues 13: 175-194 77
PllREAT01COPS1DAt'
Phreatoicopsis Spencer & Hall, 1897
(Nieholls (1943) reported examining specimens from "Museums of Melbourne and Adelaide" but these are no longer in the collections). Type locality: Banks of Upper Gellibrand River, vie.
Phreatoicopsis Spencer, B, & Hall, TS, (1897), Description of a new genus of terrestrial Isopoda allied to the genus Phreatoieus. Proc. R. Soc. Viel. 9: 12-21 [12]. Type species: Phreaticopsis terrico/a Spencer & Hall, 1897 by monotypy.
Distribution: VIe (SE coastal); Upper Gcllibrand River & Otway Range. Ecology: closed forest, detritivore, fossorial, soil dweller, temperate, terrestrial, freshwater. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription, distribution).
Phreatoicopsis terricoia Spencer & Hall, 1897 Phreatoicopsis terricola Spencer, B. & Hall, T.S. (1897). Description of a new gcnns ofterrestriallsopoda allied to the genus Phreatoicus. Proc. R. Soc. Vie!. 9: 12·21 [13]. Type data: syntypcs (probable) N MV specimens lost*
78
MESAMPHISOPODIDAE Nicholls, 1943 INTRODUCTION This family is distributed in surface freshwaters in South Africa and the Northern Territory, Australia. Of the two genera included by Nicholls in his Mesamphisopodinae, Mesamphisopus is South African and Hyperoedesipus is herein removed to Hypsimetopodidae. Eophreatoicus is now the only Australian genus provisionally included here, although Nicholls (1943) placed it in Phreatoicopsinae. Eophreatoicus, which has many undescribed species around the Arnhem Plateau, Northern Territory, and two new genera from Western Australia may be members of a basal clade near, but not including Mesamphisopus (see cladogram in Wilson & Keable 2001), suggesting that the composition of this family will need further consideration.
Diagnosis Body robust, sub-cylindrical. Head short; with well-marked cervical groove; antennal, genal and clypeal notches present. Eyes prominent. Pereonite 1 overlaps head. Coxae fused to tergites. Gut without typhlosole and hind gut caecae. Pleonal epimera well developed. Pleotelson posterior margin reflexed, with distinct lateral plates; dorsal uropodal ridge present but lacking setae. Both mandibles with lacinia mobilis. Pereopods with articular plate on propodus. Pleopods with setae only on margins of endites. Appendix masculina stout, longer than endopod, curved apically. Uropodal protopod dorsomedial margin with distinct plate. References Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 Wilson, G.D.F & Keable, S.J. (2001). Systematics of the Phreatoicidea. pp. 175-194 in Brusca, R.C. & Kensley, B. Isopod Systematics and Evolution. Crust. Issues 13: 175-194
Eophreatoicus Nicholls, 1926
Type data: syntypes WAM 223-74, 224-74, 225-74, 245-74 severallots*, TMH G855*, NMV J13923*. Type locality: Small pool on Sandstone Bluff above King River, NT [12'OO'S 133'30'E (estimated)].
Eophreatoicus Nicholls, G.E. (1926). A description of two new genera and species ofPhreatoicidae, with a discussion of the affinities of the members of this family. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 12: 179-210 [190]. Type species: Eophreatoicus kershawi Nicholls, 1926 by monotypy.
Distribution: NT (N coastal). Ecology: freshwater, spring, temporary pool. Reference: Nicholls, G.E. (1943). The Phreatoicoidea. Part I. The Amphisopidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1942: 1-145 (redescription).
Eophreatoicus kershawi Nicholls, 1926 Eophreatoicus kershawi Nicholls, G,E. (1926), A description of two new genera and species of Phreatoicidae, with a discussion of the affinities of the members of this family. J. R. Soc. West. Aust, 12: 179-210 [191].
79
Unplaced Crenisopus Wilson & Keable, 1999
Crenisopus acinifer Wilson & Keable, 1999
intact), paratypes WAM C23230 3* (dissected, on 4 slides), WAM C2323 I 3* (dissected, 4 slides), WAM C23232 'i'* (dissected, I slide, 1 vial), WAM C23233 'i' * (intact), WAM C23234 'i' * (intact), W AM C23235 juv. * (intact), WAM C23236 juv. * (intact), W AM C23237 juv. * (intact); W AM field lot number BES 3122, water temperature 35"C. Collected from net placed over spring outlet, 100 cubic meters of water strained. Type locality: Zebedee Springs, El Questro Station, North Kimberley, WA [J6°00'S 128°01 'E].
Crenisopus acinifer Wilson, G.D.F. & Keable, S.J. (1999). A new genus of phreatoicidean isopod (Crustacea) from the North Kimberley Region, Western Australia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 126: 51-79 [59]. Type data: holotype WAM C23229 3 * (length 4.4 mm,
Distribution: W A (N coastal); Zebedee Springs, El Questro Stn. Ecology: spring.
Crenisopus Wilson, G.D.F. & Keable, SJ. (1999). A new genus of phreatoicidean isopod (Crustacea) from the North Kimberley Region, Western Australia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 126: 51-79 [58]. Type species: Crenisopus acinifer Wilson & Keable, 1999 by original designation.
80
