Suitability Evaluation of River Bank Filtration along the Second ... - MDPI

2 downloads 0 Views 10MB Size Report
Apr 30, 2016 - Han (1996), according to the landform unit of different RBF waterworks, divided ... is the largest river in Jilin Province, and originates from Tianchi Lake ... Province, finally entering the Second Songhua River in Nong'an County ...
water Article

Suitability Evaluation of River Bank Filtration along the Second Songhua River, China Lixue Wang, Xueyan Ye and Xinqiang Du * College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China; [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (X.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-130-2913-2161 Academic Editors: Y. Jun Xu, Guangxin Zhang and Hongyan Li Received: 17 February 2016; Accepted: 20 April 2016; Published: 30 April 2016

Abstract: The Second Songhua River is the biggest river system in Jilin Province, China. In recent years, the rapid economic development in this area has increased the prominence of water resources and water-related environmental problems; these include surface water pollution and the overexploitation of groundwater resources. Bank infiltration on the floodplains of the Second Songhua River is an important process of groundwater-surface water exchange under exploitation conditions. Understanding this process can help in the development of water resource management plans and strategies for the region. In this research, a multi-criteria evaluation index system was developed with which to evaluate the suitability of bank filtration along the Second Songhua River. The system was comprised of main suitability indexes for water quantity, water quality, the interaction intensity between surface water and groundwater, and the exploitation condition of groundwater resources. The index system was integrated into GIS (Geographic Information System) to complete the evaluation of the various indicators. According to the weighted sum of each index, the suitability of river bank filtration (RBF) in the study area was divided into five grades. Although the evaluation index system and evaluation method are applicable only to the Second Songhua River basin, the underlying principle and techniques it embodies can be applied elsewhere. For future generalization of the evaluation index system, the specific evaluation index and its scoring criteria should be modified appropriately based on local conditions. Keywords: groundwater exploitation; river bank filtration; Second Songhua River; water resources planning

1. Introduction With its rich and stable water quantity, good water quality, and easy access and management, river bank filtration (RBF) is widely adopted in many countries and has become an important means of groundwater exploitation [1,2]. In Holland, Germany, Slovakia and Hungary, the proportion of total drinking water supplied by RBF water supply has reached 5%, 16%, 50% and 45%, respectively [3]. The northern regions of China have established a number of RBF waterworks since the early 1950s; these include the Songhua River waterworks in Heilongjiang Province, the Hunhe River waterworks in Liaoning Province, the Jiuwutan and Beijiao waterworks in Henan Province, and the Hanzhong waterworks in Shanxi Province [4]. To date, more than 300 large riverside RBF waterworks [5–8] have been established in China. The combined use of surface water and groundwater resources can be realized through RBF, which can stimulate and increase the recharge of river water to the aquifer [9]. However, the unreasonable exploitation of groundwater resources will lead to a continually descending groundwater level, the disruption of the hydraulic connection between groundwater and surface water, saltwater intrusion and land subsidence [10]. From the perspective of the surface water infiltration process and runoff Water 2016, 8, 176; doi:10.3390/w8050176

www.mdpi.com/journal/water

Water 2016, 8, 176

2 of 24

infiltration process and runoff variation along the river, Qin (1995) proposed a vertical seepage method by combining Manning’s Formula and Darcy’s law to calculate the water recharge capacity Waterwater 2016, 8, [11]. 176 The riverbed clogging issue was thought to be an important factor that affects 2 of 24 the of river performance of the riverbank filtration system [12]. Han (1996), according to the landform unit of different RBFalong waterworks, divided sources into four types, including intermountain valley, variation the river, Qin (1995)water proposed a vertical seepage method by combining Manning’s intermountain alluvial-proluvial fanwater and coastal [4]; of theriver researchers concluded that the Formula andbasin, Darcy’s law to calculate the rechargeplain capacity water [11]. The riverbed infiltration capacity calculation of surface water is the key link during the water resources evaluation clogging issue was thought to be an important factor that affects the performance of the riverbank of RBF waterworks. Grischek andaccording Ray (2009) presented interaction filtration system [12]. Han (1996), to the landformthe unitsurface-groundwater of different RBF waterworks, dividedissues water sources into four types, including intermountain valley, intermountain basin, alluvial-proluvial at various geomorphologic settings, from the headwaters of a river to its confluence with oceans/lakes [13].fan and coastal plain [4]; the researchers concluded that the infiltration capacity calculation of surface water is the key link during thecan water of RBF waterworks. Grischek andprocesses Ray The quality of surface water be resources improvedevaluation by the physical, chemical and biological presented the surface-groundwater issues at various geomorphologic from that (2009) take place in RBF process. As surfaceinteraction water infiltrates groundwater, the totalsettings, organic carbon, the headwaters of a river to its confluence with oceans/lakes [13]. turbidity, heavy metals, inorganic substances, viruses, parasites and some microorganisms in surface The quality of surface water can be improved by the physical, chemical and biological processes water can be effectively reduced. In RBF systems, 60% of the total organic carbon and 90% of the that take place in RBF process. As surface water infiltrates groundwater, the total organic carbon, turbidity canheavy be removed Likewise, 90%viruses, of chromium and 50% of cadmium, turbidity, metals, [3,14]. inorganic substances, parasitesand andarsenic, some microorganisms in surface zinc, lead,water copper nickel canreduced. be removed [15]. The removal of ammonia nitrogen canand be effectively In RBF systems, 60% of the total organic carbon can and reach 90% of95% the [16], and turbidity the removal of bacteria, parasites, and viruses can reach 100% [14]. can be removed [3,14]. Likewise, 90% of chromium and arsenic, and 50% of cadmium, zinc, In the past, and a large number studies[15]. have been conducted mainly for specific RBF95% waterworks. lead, copper nickel can be of removed The removal of ammonia nitrogen can reach [16], and the removalwere of bacteria, parasites, and viruses can reach 100% [14]. Different methods developed to analyze the feasibility of RBF systems [17–19]. For the feasibility past, a large studies Sandhu have beenetconducted for specific RBF waterworks. researchIn ofthe RBF sites in a number regionalofsetting, al. (2011) mainly provided the analysis results in India Different methods were developed to analyze the feasibility of RBF systems [17–19]. For the feasibility [14]. So far, there are only few publications on the suitability evaluation of RBF on the scale of a river research of RBF sites in a regional setting, Sandhu et al. (2011) provided the analysis results in India [14]. basin, because a generalization of site selection criteria is very difficult. So far, there are only few publications on the suitability evaluation of RBF on the scale of a river basin, In this research, the downstream river basin of the Second Songhua River was set as the study because a generalization of site selection criteria is very difficult. area and the potential suitable area for RBF was evaluated. Based on the analysis of regional natural In this research, the downstream river basin of the Second Songhua River was set as the study geography and hydrogeological conditions, an index system was established to evaluate the area and the potential suitable area for RBF was evaluated. Based on the analysis of regional natural suitability of RBF the mainconditions, stem of the the study area. geography and along hydrogeological anriver indexinsystem was established to evaluate the suitability of RBF along the main stem of the river in the study area.

2. Study Area

2. Study Area

The Second Songhua River is the largest river in Jilin Province, and originates from Tianchi Lake The Second Songhua River is the largest river in Jilin and originates from Tianchi Lake 4 km2, including in the Changbai Mountains. The catchment area is 7.3 × 10Province, the tributaries of the Yitong in the Changbai Mountains. The catchment area is 7.3 ˆ 104 km2 , including the tributaries of the River, Yinma River, Mangniu River and others, and accounts for 38.2% of the total province area. The Yitong River, Yinma River, Mangniu River and others, and accounts for 38.2% of the total province study area focuses on the plain area of the Second Songhua River catchment with a total area of 2.46 area. The study area focuses on the plain area of the Second Songhua River catchment with a total area 2 (Figure 1). × 104ofkm 2.46 ˆ 104 km2 (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The Second Songhua River catchment.

Figure 1. The Second Songhua River catchment.

Water 2016, 8, 176

3 of 24

Water The 2016, 8, 176 major

of 24 cities in the study area include Changchun City, the provincial capital of 3 Jilin Province, and Jilin City, Dehui City, Jiutai City, Nong’an County, and Fuyu County. The total length major cities inRiver the study area include Changchun provincial capital ofis Water 2016, 8, 176 3 of 24Jilin of theThe Second Songhua is approximately 330 km in the City, studythe area. The Yinma River the Province, and Jilin City, Dehui City, Jiutai City, Nong’an County, and Fuyu County. The total length largest tributary of the Second Songhua River and stems from Hulanling Mountain in Panshi County, of the Second Songhua River the is approximately 330 km in in thethe study area.capital The River the Jilin Province, finally entering Second Songhua River Nong’an County. TheYinma Yitong River is is the The major cities in the study area include Changchun City, provincial of Jilin Province, largest tributary of the Second Songhua River and stems from Hulanling Mountain in Panshi County, and of Jilin Dehui City,and Jiutai Nong’an County, and Fuyu County. totalThe length of the tributary theCity, Yinma River theCity, second tributary of the Second SonghuaThe River. Yitong River Jilin Province, finally entering the Second Songhua River in Nong’an County. The Yitong River isinto the Songhua is approximately in the study area. Yinma and Riverfinally is the flows largest stemsSecond from the north River of Qingding Mountain330 inkm Yitong County, Jilin The Province, tributary of the River and second tributary of the Second Songhua Yitong River tributary ofYinma the Second Songhua River and stems precipitation from Hulanling inRiver. Panshi Jilin the Second Songhua River. Thethe average annual inMountain the study area The isCounty, 400–700 mm, stems from the north of Qingding Mountain in Yitong County, Jilin Province, and finally flows Province, finally entering the Second Songhua River in Nong’an County. The Yitong River is the decreasing from southeast to northwest (Figure 2). Both sides of the Second Songhua River into are tributarySonghua of the Yinma River andaverage the second tributary of the Second River. TheisYitong Rivermm, the Second River. The annual precipitation inSonghua the study area 400–700 dominated by the valley plain geomorphic unit. The sedimentary plain is divided into multiple stems from thesoutheast north of Qingding Mountain in Yitong Jilin Province, and finally flows into the are decreasing fromrivers to northwest (Figure 2). County, Both sides of the Second Songhua River blocks between with floodplain and terrace, and the surface elevation decreases gradually from Second by Songhua River. plain The average annual precipitation in the study area is 400–700 mm, decreasing dominated the valley geomorphic unit. The sedimentary plain is divided into multiple the southeast to thetonorthwest 3).Both Quaternary sediment with good permeability is widely from southeast northwest (Figure (Figure 2). sides of the Second Songhua River are dominated by blocks between rivers with floodplain and terrace, and the surface elevation decreases gradually from distributed in the Second Songhua River with a thickness of 10–30 The type of groundwater the valley plain geomorphic unit. TheBasin sedimentary plain is divided intom. multiple blocks between the southeast to the northwest (Figure 3). Quaternary with good permeability is widely is mainly pore interrace, the sandy layerelevation andsediment the decreases groundwater table is shallow, generally rivers withgroundwater floodplain and andgravel the surface gradually from the southeast distributed inthe theground Secondsurface. Songhua River Basin a thicknessproduction of 10–30 m. Theistype of groundwater 1–3 mtobelow The single wellwith groundwater generally 1000–3000 the northwest (Figure 3). Quaternary sediment with good permeabilityrate is widely distributed in is mainly pore groundwater in the sandy gravel layer and the groundwater table is shallow, generally 3 the Second Songhua River Basin with a thickness of 10–30 m. The type of groundwater is mainly m /d. Surface water and groundwater are well connected, and groundwater recharges surface water 1–3most mpore below the ground surface. The single well groundwater production rate is generally groundwater the sandy gravel layer and the groundwater table is shallow, generally1000–3000 1–3 m in areas along theinriver (Figure 4). 3 m /d.below Surface and groundwater connected, and groundwater recharges surface water thewater ground surface. The singleare wellwell groundwater production rate is generally 1000–3000 m3 /d. in most areaswater along the river (Figure Surface and groundwater are4). well connected, and groundwater recharges surface water in most

areas along the river (Figure 4).

Figure 2. Rainfall isoline in the study area. Figure 2. Rainfall isoline in the study area.

Figure 2. Rainfall isoline in the study area.

Figure 3. Surface topography of the study area.

Figure 3. Surface topography of the study area. Figure 3. Surface topography of the study area.

Water Water 2016, 2016, 8, 1768, 176

4 of 24 4 of 24

Figure 4. Contour of the water table.

Figure 4. Contour of the water table.

Municipal and industrial wastewater seriously affects the water quality of Second Songhua River.

Municipal and industrial wastewater seriously affects the water quality of Second Songhua Annual emissions of wastewater in this basin are about 645 million tons, of which 44% arises in Jilin River.Province. AnnualAs emissions of wastewater in this basin are about 645 million tons, of which 44% arises total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen exceed the standard, water quality in Jilin Province. As total nitrogen, phosphorus, the standard, water deterioration in the Yinma River total is very serious; the ammonia river lengthnitrogen in whichexceed water quality is inferior quality deterioration in the Yinma River is very serious; the river length in which water quality to Grade V water quality accounts for 42.9% of the total length [20]. Changchun City is located in is inferior Gradereach V water 42.9% ofand the industrial total length [20]. has Changchun City is located theto middle of thequality Yitongaccounts River, andfor municipal sewage had serious impacts in theon middle River, municipal and industrial seriouswater impacts water reach qualityofofthe theYitong river [21]. Theand Second Songhua River in Jilin sewage Provincehas hashad abundant resources, but of now needs of economic development, especially the water requirement on water quality thecannot rivermeet [21].the The Second Songhua River in Jilin Province has abundant water of largebut citiesnow [22]. cannot meet the needs of economic development, especially the water resources, requirement of large cities [22]. 3. Methodology

3. Methodology 3.1. Division of the Core Study Area of RBF In order to focus on the optimum area, the core study area of RBF was firstly separated considering the following two criteria:

3.1. Division of the Core Study Area of RBF

In order to focus on the optimum area, the core study area of RBF was firstly separated 1. Natural geographical conditions. The plain area along the river was mainly considered as it is the considering the following two criteria: 1.

2.

main place of production and human activity, which has a strong demand for water resources. 2. Hydraulic connection extent between river water andthe groundwater. The feasibility of RBF Natural geographical conditions. The plain area along river was mainly considered as it is is getting worse and may even be impossible with increasing distance from river. In order the main place of production and human activity, which has a strong demand for water to get more complete background information on potential RBF sites, a large study area was resources. recommended. According to the runoff quantity, the study range of RBF was divided along the Hydraulic connection extent between river water and groundwater. The feasibility of RBF is river (Table 1). Where there is a surface water divide in the study range, this natural feature is getting worse and may even be impossible with increasing distance from river. In order to get used as the boundary of the study area.

more complete background information on potential RBF sites, a large study area was recommended. According to the runoff quantity, the study range of RBF was divided along the Table 1. studythere range is (distance fromwater river) ofdivide river bank filtration (RBF) alongthis rivernatural banks. feature is river (Table 1).Core Where a surface in the study range, used as the boundary of the study area. Grade

1

2

3

4

5

(108

ě600 20

600–250 18

250–100 15

100–40 13