Supplement of Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3071–3104, 2015 http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/3071/2015/ doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015-supplement © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
Supplement of ECCO version 4: an integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation G. Forget et al. Correspondence to: G. Forget (
[email protected])
The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence.
Standard analysis for ECCO v4, release 1 state estimate.
September 28, 2015
Table of contents
README fit to data fit to in situ data fit to altimeter data (RADS) fit to sst data fit to grace r4 data fit to seaice data volume, heat and salt transports barotropic streamfunction meridional streamfunction meridional streamfunction (time series) meridional heat transport meridional freshwater transport meridional salt transport meridional transports (time series) transects transport
mean and variance maps sea surface height 3D state variables air-sea heat flux air-sea freshwater flux surface wind stress global, zonal, regional averages zonal mean tendencies equatorial sections global mean properties zonal mean properties zonal mean properties (surface) seaice time series budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom) mixed layer depth fields
README
Depicted solution : - name: ECCO v4, release 1 state estimate (1992–2011) - source : Ga¨ el Forget (MIT/AER/JPL ECCO group) - reference : Forget et al., 2015 (doi:10.5194/gmdd-8-3653-2015) - contact :
[email protected] Solution history : - r4it11 : reduce background vertical viscosity (GF) - r4it10 : cleanup control vector adjustments (GF) - r4it9 : optimization of global mean sea level alone (GF) - r4it0-8 : full adjoint iterations, omitting global mean sea level altimetry constraint (GF) Release history : - 2014/02/04 : initial release of ECCO v4, release 1 (GF) - domain decomposed in 90x90 tiles (13 of them) - CF-1.6 ncetcdf files (using write write nctiles.m)
fit to in situ data
Figure : Time mean misfit (model-data) for in situ profiles, at various depths (rows), for T (left; in K) and S (right; in psu).
mean cost for T: 1.62 (median: 0.542) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 1995 2000 2005 2010
8
6
4
2
0
depth (in m)
depth (in m)
fit to in situ data mean cost for S: 1.6 (median: 0.567) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 1995 2000 2005 2010
pdf 0.5
5
2
0
0 0.2
0.4 normalized misfit
normalized misfit
0.3
0.3 0 0.2
0.1
0 latitude
4
0.5
0.4
−50
6
pdf
5
−5
8
50
0
0.1 −5
−50
0 latitude
50
0
Figure : Cost function (top) for in situ profiles, as a function of depth and time. Distribution of normalized misfits (bottom) as a function of latitude. For T (left) and S (right).
fit to in situ data normalized misfit
atlExt_25N90N_misDisT 5
pacExt_25N90N_misDisT 5 0.4 0.3
0
0.2
2000
2010
0
normalized misfit
atlExt_25S25N_misDisT 5
0.2
−5
2000
2010
0.2
2010
0
atlExt_90S25S_misDisT 5
0.2
0.2
−5
2000
2010
2000
2010
0
2000
2010
0.3 0.2
0
0.1 −5
2000
2010
0.3 0.2
2000
2010
0
indExt_90S25S_misDisT 5 0.4 0.3
0
0.2
0.1 −5
0
0.4 0
0.4 0
0.1 −5
0.1 −5
0.1
pacExt_90S25S_misDisT 5
0.3
0.2
indExt_25S25N_misDisT 5
0.3
0.4 0
0.3
0.4 0
0.1 2000
0
pacExt_25S25N_misDisT 5
0.3
0.4 0
0.1
0.4 0
−5
normalized misfit
0.3
0
0.1 −5
arct_25N90N_misDisT 5 0.4
0
0.1 −5
2000
2010
0
Figure : Distribution of normalized misfits per basin (panel) as a function of latitude, for T
fit to in situ data normalized misfit
atlExt_25N90N_misDisS 5
pacExt_25N90N_misDisS 5 0.4 0.3
0
0.2
2000
2010
0
normalized misfit
atlExt_25S25N_misDisS 5
0.2
−5
2000
2010
0.2
2010
0
atlExt_90S25S_misDisS 5
0.2
0.2
−5
2000
2010
2000
2010
0
2000
2010
0.3 0.2
0
0.1 −5
2000
2010
0.3 0.2
2000
2010
0
indExt_90S25S_misDisS 5 0.4 0.3
0
0.2
0.1 −5
0
0.4 0
0.4 0
0.1 −5
0.1 −5
0.1
pacExt_90S25S_misDisS 5
0.3
0.2
indExt_25S25N_misDisS 5
0.3
0.4 0
0.3
0.4 0
0.1 2000
0
pacExt_25S25N_misDisS 5
0.3
0.4 0
0.1
0.4 0
−5
normalized misfit
0.3
0
0.1 −5
arct_25N90N_misDisS 5 0.4
0
0.1 −5
2000
2010
0
Figure : Distribution of normalized misfits per basin (panel) as a function of latitude, for S
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : mean dynamic topography prior uncertainty (cm)
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : log(prior error variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : log(prior error variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : mean dynamic topography misfit (cm)
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed cost – mean dynamic topography
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed cost – sea level anomaly – large space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed cost – sea level anomaly – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to sst data
Figure : modeled-Reynolds rms – sea surface temperature (K)
fit to sst data
Figure : modeled-REMSS rms – sea surface temperature (K)
fit to sst data
Figure : ECCO and Reynolds zonal mean sst anomalies (K)
fit to sst data
Figure : ECCO and REMSS zonal mean sst anomalies (K)
fit to grace r4 data
Figure : modeled-observed rms – bottom pressure (cm)
fit to grace r4 data
Figure : rms modeled – bottom pressure (cm)
fit to grace r4 data
Figure : rms observed – bottom pressure (cm)
fit to grace r4 data
Figure : Cost function
fit to seaice data
Figure : modeled-observed rms – sea ice concentration
fit to seaice data
Figure : observed std – sea ice concentration
fit to seaice data
Figure : modelled std – sea ice concentration
fit to seaice data
Figure : ECCO (left) and NSIDC (right, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration in March (top) and September (bottom).
fit to seaice data
Figure : ECCO (left) and NSIDC (right, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration in March (top) and September (bottom).
fit to seaice data 13
x 10
13
Northern Hemisphere 2
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2 2
1.8
1
m
m
2
2
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1995
2000
2005
2010
Southern Hemisphere
1
0.8
0
x 10
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : ECCO (blue) and NSIDC (red, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration in March and September in Northern Hemisphere (left) and Southern Hemisphere (right)
fit to seaice data 12
5
x 10
11
Entire Southern Ocean 4
2
2
20E to 90E
2 1
1 0
6
x 10
3
3
m
m2
4
1995
2000
11
90E to 160E
x 10
2005
0
2010
1995 11
15
2000
2005
2010
160E to −130E
m
2
10
m2
4
x 10
2
5
0
1995 11
6
x 10
2000
2005
0
2010
−130E to −62E 2
2000
−62E to 20E
2005
1995
2000
2010
1.5 2
m
m2
4 2 0
1995 12
x 10
1 0.5
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
2005
2010
Figure : ECCO (blue) and NSIDC (red, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration in March per Southern Ocean sector
fit to seaice data 13
1.7
x 10
12
Entire Southern Ocean 4 3.5
m
1.6
3
1.55 1.5
2
1995
2000
12
90E to 160E
x 10
2005
2.5
2010
4.5
2000
2005
2010
160E to −130E
m2
m2
x 10
4
1.6
3.5
1.4 1.2
1995 12
x 10
2000
2005
3
2010
−130E to −62E 7
1995
2000
12
−62E to 20E
1995
2000
x 10
2005
2010
6.5 m2
m2
2 1.5 1
1995 12
1.8
2.5
20E to 90E
m2
2
1.65
x 10
6 5.5
1995
2000
2005
2010
5
2005
2010
Figure : ECCO (blue) and NSIDC (red, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration in September per Southern Ocean sector
barotropic streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – barotropic streamfunction (Sv)
barotropic streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – barotropic streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – overturning streamfunction incl. GM (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – Atlantic overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – Pac+Ind overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – Atlantic overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction (time series) annual global overturning at ≈ 1000m depth (Sv) 20 25N 35N 45N 55N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Figure : annual global overturning at select latitudes at ≈ 1000m depth
meridional streamfunction (time series) annual atlantic overturning at ≈ 1000m depth 20 25N 35N 45N 55N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Figure : annual Atlantic overturning at select latitudes at ≈ 1000m depth (Sv)
meridional heat transport Meridional Heat Transport (in PW) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 −0.5 −1 global Atlantic Pacific+Indian
−1.5 −2
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional heat transport (PW)
meridional heat transport Meridional Heat Transport (in PW) 4 global Atlantic Pacific+Indian
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – meridional heat transport (PW)
meridional freshwater transport Meridional Freshwater Transport (in Sv) 2 global Atlantic Pacific+Indian
1.5
1
0.5
0
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional freshwater transport (Sv)
meridional freshwater transport Meridional Freshwater Transport (in Sv) 2 global Atlantic Pacific+Indian
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – meridional freshwater transport (Sv)
meridional salt transport Meridional Salt Transport (in psu.Sv) 50 global Atlantic Pacific+Indian
40 30 20 10 0 −10 −20 −30 −40 −50
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional salt transport (psu.Sv)
meridional salt transport Meridional Salt Transport (in psu.Sv) 60 global Atlantic Pacific+Indian
50
40
30
20
10
0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – meridional salt transport (psu.Sv)
meridional transports (time series)
Figure : meridional heat transport (PW, annual mean)
meridional transports (time series)
Figure : meridional freshwater transport (Sv, annual mean)
meridional transports (time series)
Figure : meridional salt transport (psu.Sv, annual mean)
transects transport Bering Strait (>0 to Arctic)
Davis Strait (>0 to Arctic)
3 2
1 (mean = 1.1 Sv)
0
1
−1
0
−2
−1
1995
2000
2005
2010
−3
Denmark Strait (>0 to Arctic)
−2 (mean = −5.68 Sv)
−4 −6 1995
2000
2005
2010
2
1995
2000
2005
2010
Iceland Faroe (>0 to Arctic)
8 6 4 2 0
Faroe Scotland (>0 to Arctic)
4
(mean = −1.32 Sv)
(mean = 4.11 Sv)
1995
2000
2005
2010
Scotland Norway (>0 to Arctic)
0.5 (mean = 1.66 Sv)
(mean = 0.02 Sv)
0
0
−2 −4
1995
2000
2005
2010
−0.5
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : volume transports entering the Arctic (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport Florida Strait (>0 to Atlantic)
40 35
Florida Strait W1 (>0 to Atlantic)
40 (mean = 29.45 Sv)
35
30
30
25
25
20
1995
2000
2005
2010
20
Florida Strait E1 (>0 to Atlantic)
3 2
1995
2000
2005
2010
Florida Strait E2 (>0 to Atlantic)
2 (mean = 1.79 Sv)
0
1
−2
0
−4
−1
(mean = 27.45 Sv)
1995
2000
2005
2010
−6
(mean = −3.79 Sv)
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : volume transports entering the Atlantic (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport Gibraltar Overturn (upper ocean transport towards Med.)
1.1 (mean = 0.72 Sv)
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Figure : Gibraltar Overturn (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport Drake Passage (>0 westward)
180
Madagascar Antarctica (>0 westward)
200 (mean = 151.71 Sv)
(mean = 176.42 Sv)
160
180
140
160
120
1995
2000
2005
2010
140
Madagascar Channel (>0 westward)
−10
2000
2005
2010
Australia Antarctica (>0 westward)
200 (mean = −23.62 Sv)
(mean = 168.22 Sv)
−20
180
−30
160
−40
1995
1995
2000
2005
2010
140
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : ACC volume transports (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport Indonesian Throughflow (>0 toward Indian Ocean)
25
(mean = 15.76 Sv)
20
15
10
5
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Figure : Indonesian Throughflow (Sv, annual mean)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – sea surface height (EXCLUDING ice, in m)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – sea surface height (INCLUDING ice, in m)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – sea surface height (EXCLUDING ice, in m)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – sea surface height (INCLUDING ice, in m)
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 15m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 15m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 3581m
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – QNET to ocean+ice (W/m2 )
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – QNET to ocean (W/m2 )
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – QNET to ocean+ice (W/m2 )
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – QNET to ocean (W/m2 )
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – E-P-R from ocean+ice (mm/day)
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – E-P-R from ocean (mm/day)
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – E-P-R to ocean+ice (W/m2 )
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – E-P-R to ocean (W/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – zonal wind stress (N/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional wind stress (N/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – tauZ (W/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – tauM (W/m2 )
zonal mean tendencies
Figure : 1992-2011 , last year minus first year – zonal mean temperature (degC; top) and salinity (psu; bottom)
equatorial sections
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – equator temperature (degC;top) and zonal velocity (m/s;bottom)
global mean properties Global Mean Sea level (m, uncorrected free surface) 0.2 monthly annual mean
0.15 0.1 0.05 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Global Mean Temperature (degC) 3.61 monthly annual mean
3.6 3.59 3.58
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Global Mean Salinity (psu) 34.727 monthly annual mean
34.726 34.725 34.724
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : global mean T (degC; top) and S (psu; bottom)
global mean properties
Figure : global mean temperature (K; top) and salinity (psu; bottom) minus first year
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ -75
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ -65
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ -45
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ -25
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ 0
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ 25
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ 45
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ 65
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus first year at lat ≈ 75
zonal mean properties (surface)
Figure : zonal mean temperature (degC; top) and salinity (psu; bottom) minus first year (psu) at 5m depth
zonal mean properties (surface)
Figure : zonal mean SSH (m, uncorrected free surface) minus first year, including ice (top) and below ice (bottom)
zonal mean properties (surface)
Figure : zonal mean ice concentration (no units) and mixed layer depth (m)
seaice time series 12
2
Northern Hemisphere ice cover (in 10 m ) 20 monthly annual mean 15
10
5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006 12
2008
2010
2
Southern Hemisphere ice cover (in 10 m ) 25 monthly annual mean
20 15 10 5 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : sea ice cover (in 1012 m2 ) in northern (top) and southern (bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series Northern Hemisphere ice volume (in 10
12m3
)
50 monthly annual mean
40 30 20 10 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006 12
2008
2010
3
Southern Hemisphere ice volume (in 10 m ) 15 monthly annual mean 10
5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : sea ice volume (in 1012 m3 ) in northern (top) and southern (bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series Northern Hemisphere snow volume (in 1012m3) 5 monthly annual mean
4 3 2 1 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006 12
2008
2010
3
Southern Hemisphere snow volume (in 10 m ) 4 monthly annual mean 3
2
1
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : snow volume (in 1012 m3 ) in northern (top) and southern (bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series Northern Hemisphere ice thickness (in m) 5 monthly annual mean
4 3 2 1 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere ice thickness (in m) 2 monthly annual mean 1.5
1
0.5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : sea ice thickness (in m) in northern (top) and southern (bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series Northern Hemisphere snow thickness (in m) 0.4 monthly annual mean 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere snow thickness (in m) 0.25 monthly annual mean
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : snow thickness (in m) in northern (top) and southern (bottom) hemisphere
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
Budget Global Mean Mass (incl. ice); in kg/m ; residual : 2.0e−12 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (incl. ice); in kg/m2; residual : 8.3e−12 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (incl. ice); in kg/m2; residual : 3.2e−12 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass budget (ocean+ice) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
Budget Global Mean Mass (only ice); in kg/m ; residual : 4.9e−14 50
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−50 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (only ice); in kg/m2; residual : 2.2e−13 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (only ice); in kg/m2; residual : 2.9e−14 100 content
50
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −50 −100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass budget (ice only) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
Budget Global Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m ; residual : 2.1e−12 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 7.9e−12 400 content
200
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −200 −400
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 4.2e−12 100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50 0 −50 −100 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass budget (ocean only) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
8
4
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (incl. ice); in J/m ; residual : 8.0e−04
x 10
content
2
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −2 −4
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (incl. ice); in J/m2; residual : 7.6e−04
9
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2
9
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (incl. ice); in J/m ; residual : 8.4e−04
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat budget (ocean+ice) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
7
2
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (only ice); in J/m ; residual : 6.4e−06
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 −2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (only ice); in J/m2; residual : 7.9e−06
7
x 10 5
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5 1994
4
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2
7
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (only ice); in J/m ; residual : 6.4e−06
x 10
content
2
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −2 −4
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat budget (ice only) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
8
4
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m ; residual : 8.1e−04
x 10
content
2
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −2 −4
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 7.7e−04
9
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2
9
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m ; residual : 8.5e−04
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat budget (ocean only) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 5.0e−07
−6
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 3.6e−07
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2
4
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m ; residual : 6.1e−07
x 10 1
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0.5 0 −0.5 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt budget (ocean+ice) in g/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (only ice); in g/m ; residual : 9.1e−13 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (only ice); in g/m2; residual : 3.4e−12 content
500
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −500 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (only ice); in g/m2; residual : 7.4e−13 400 content
200
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −200 −400
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt budget (ice only) in g/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom) 2
Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m ; residual : 5.0e−07 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 3.6e−07
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 6.1e−07
4
x 10 1
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0.5 0 −0.5 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt budget (ocean only) in g/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom) 2
Budget Global Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m ; residual : 8.6e−12 200 content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −100 −200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 2.6e−11 400 content
200
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0 −200 −400
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 1.6e−11 100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50 0 −50 −100 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass budget (ocean only) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom) 2
8
2
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m ; residual : 1.1e−05
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 −2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 1.0e−05
8
x 10 5
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2
8
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m ; residual : 1.0e−05
x 10 5
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat budget (ocean only) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom) Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 1.4e−08 5000
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5000 1994
2
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 1.3e−08
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 −2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 1.6e−08
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0 −1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt budget (ocean only) in g/m2 .
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 March mean – mixed layer depth per Kara formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 March mean – mixed layer depth per Suga formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 March mean – mixed layer depth per Boyer M. formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 September mean – mixed layer depth per Kara formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 September mean – mixed layer depth per Suga formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 September mean – mixed layer depth per Boyer M. formula (m)
