Supplementary Information for Biomolecular Archaeology Reveals Ancient Origins of Indigenous Tobacco Smoking in North American Plateau Shannon Tushingham, Charles M. Snyder, Korey J. Brownstein, William J. Damitio, David R. Gang Corresponding author: Shannon Tushingham Email:
[email protected]
This PDF file includes: Fig. S1 Tables S1 to S2 References for SI reference citations
1 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1813796115
Fig. S1. Marketing campaigns for commercial tobacco that feature American Indian imagery have a long history, as exemplified by this lithograph image of Nez Perce leader Chief Joseph from a cigar box label for “Chief Joseph” cigars, ca. 1900 (Image courtesy of the Ethnic Imagery Project, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. NMAH-AC0060-0001953).
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Table S1. Archaeological site and specimen dating summary Site Name/ Description Offield Bar (45GA7) 45GA7 is a multi-component site located on a flat (Offield Bar) on a bend of the Snake River, a tributary of the Columbia River, approximately 0.8 km upstream from the Lower Granite Dam. The site was initially recorded in 1948 (Shiner and Bird 1948) and was one of three sites in the Lower Granite Reservoir area to be recommended for excavation by Douglas Osborne, who was heading the River Basin Surveys sponsored by the National Park Service and the Smithsonian Institution at the time (1).
Wexpúsnime (45GA61) Wexpúsnime (45GA61), Nez Perce for Rattlesnake’s Place or Den, is located just downstream from 45GA7 on Offield Bar adjacent to the Snake River. The site was initially discovered in 1966 and was excavated by Washington State University archaeologists in 1969–1970 by a team headed by Frank Leonhardy.
Wallula (45WW6) Site 45WW6 is located near the modern town of Wallula, and was once situated adjacent to Fort Nez Perce, a historic fur trading post at the confluence of the Columbia and Walla Walla Rivers. The site was initially recorded in 1947 (site record, Fenenga and Smith 1947) in a survey that commenced after congress approved construction of the McNary Dam on the Columbia River in 1945. The site, now inundated, was one of 11 sites excavated between 1948 and 1952 in the McNary Reservoir area (2, 9, 10).
Silcott (45AS87) Silcott was a small Euro-American farming community that developed in the late eighteenth century on land nearby the Alpowa Creek in southeastern Washington which had long been occupied by the Nez Perce people. The settlement was largely abandoned by the early 1930s (11).
Provenience data for nicotine positive samples A single 2×3 m test unit was excavated in 1970 during a U of Idaho Archaeological Field School under the direction of David G. Rice in a multi-site project overseen by Frank Leonhardy at WSU (2, 3). The unit was excavated to a depth of 4.6 m, revealing several cultural components dating from the mid to late Holocene (3). A large “cloudblower”-style straight pipe (Fig. 4A, sample 45GA7.776; Table 1) was recovered in the southeast corner of the unit at 195–210 cm below surface, in the lower portion of a stratum with diagnostic artifacts (side and corner notched points) dating to the Tucannon Phase (2500–500 B.C.) (3). The pipe is ovular in cross-section and stylistically similar to other well dated Tucannon Phase pipes at 45DO172 (4). However, radiocarbon dating demonstrates the deposits are mixed with later Harder Phase materials. The site sequence is described in a preliminary report (5) and subsequent reanalysis (6). Pipes tested in this analysis were all sandstone fragments recovered in horizontally discrete deposits in the eastern half of the excavation designated Area A, a late pre-contact to proto-historic village complex with seven houses dating to several pre-contact time periods. Specimen 45GA.2828 (Fig. 4C) is associated with House 2, which dates to 1190 ±60 RCYBP (977–1194 cal BP, p = 0.842, 1196–1262 cal BP, p = 0.158, our 2σ calibration ranges generated using Calib rev. 7.0 (7) against the IntCal13 curve (8); another pipe that tested positive for nicotine, 45GA.12400 (Fig. 4B) is as old or older than the House 2 pipe: it is associated with the House 1 floor (feature 54), located beneath House 2 (6). Other samples from this site can be broadly assigned to the Late Harder or Piqúnin phases.
Site 45WW6 is estimated to have been initially occupied around AD 1750, with a terminal occupation likely around AD 1800 (9). A steatite stem fragment (Fig. 4F; 45WW6.73) from this site tested positive for nicotine. We are not able to more finely date this fragment beyond the early post-contact designation for the site as a whole.
A Bakelite pipe stem (45AS87.1401) was found at the former site of a store at Silcott, which Adams (1977) reports was burnt to the ground in A.D. 1928. While there are no direct dates for the pipe stem, the A.D. 1909 patent date for the production of Bakelite (12), paired with the known end of occupation and the context in which it was found gives a relatively narrow temporal provenience for the specimen of A.D. 1909–1928.
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Table S2. Snake River (southern Columbia Plateau) chronology; phases with nicotine positive pipes listed in the right column DATE A.D. 1900–1950
PERIOD/PHASE* Post-contact
NICOTINE POSITIVE PIPES +
A.D. 1750–1900
Numipu*
+
A.D. 1300–1750
Piqunin*
+
500 B.C.–A.D. 1300
Harder*
+
2500–500 B.C.
Tucannon*
Likely (mixed deposits)
6000–2500 B.C.
Cascade*
8000–6000 B.C.
Windust*
*Snake River cultural phase from (13)
References 1. Osborne D (1948) An Appraisal of the Archaeological Resources of the Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little Goose, and Lower Granite Reservoirs, Snake River, Washington. Columbia Basin Project River Basin Surveys Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 2. Draper JA (1992) The 1992 options analysis study: Cultural resources. Center for Northwest Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman. 3. Rice DG (2016) Letter report on 45GA7 to Shannon Tushingham. On file at the Washington State University Museum of Anthropology, Pullman. 4. Galm JR & Komen D (2012) Cox’s Pond and Middle Holocene Ceremonial Activity in the Inland Pacific Northwest. Festschrift in Honor of Max G. Pavesic, eds Reid KC & Galm JR. Journal of Northwest Anthropology Memoir 7. 5. Leonhardy F, Schroedl G, Bense J, & Beckerman S (1971) Wexpúsnime (45GA61): preliminary report. Washington State University Laboratory of Anthropology, Pullman. 6. Nakonechny LD (1998) Archaeological analysis of area A, Wexpúsnime site (45 GA 61). Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University. 7. Stuiver M, Reimer P, & Reimer R (2005) CALIB 7.0. Radiocarbon Calibration Program. 8. Reimer PJ, et al. (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869-1887. 9. Shiner JL (1952) A Preliminary Report on the Archaeology of Site 45-WW-6. Columbia Basin Project River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 10. Shiner JL (1954) The McNary Reservoir, a study in Plateau archaeology. River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 23, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 179, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 11. Adams WH (1977) Silcott, Washington: ethnoarchaeology of a rural American community. Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman. 12. Crespy D, Bozonnet M, & Meier M (2008) 100 Years of Bakelite, the Material of a 1000 Uses. Angewandte Chem Int Edition 47(18):3322-3328. 13. Leonhardy FC & Rice DG (1970) A proposed culture typology for the Lower Snake River Region, southeastern Washington. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 4(1):1-29.
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