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UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET
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Prof. dr Julijana Beli Genc Prof. dr Iren Lanc Prof. dr Dejan Mikavica 3URIGU0LRGUDJ5DGRYLü 3URIGU'XEUDYND9DOLü1HGHOMNRYLü 3URIGU6YHWODQD.RVWRYLü 3URIGU,YDQ-HUNRYLü 3URIGU6QHåDQD*XGXULü Prof. dr Laura Spariosu 3URIGU-XOLMDQ7DPDã 3URIGU'XãDQND0LULü Prof. dr Mihal Harpanj 3URIGU6UÿDQâOMXNLü 3URIGU-DVPLQD*UNRYLü0HMGåRU 3URIGU/MLOMDQD3HãLNDQ/MXãWDQRYLü Programski odbor Skupa 3URIGU/MLOMDQD6XERWLü 3URIGU,YDQDäLYDQþHYLü6HNHUXã 3URIGU%LOMDQDâLPXQRYLü%HãOLQ Svetlana Tolstoj, akademik, Rusija 3URIGU$QD.UHþPHU8QLYHU]LWHWX%HþX$XVWULD 3URIGU6R¿MD9UFHOM8QLYHU]LWHWX5LMHFL+UYDWVND 3URIGU=YRQNR.RYDþ8QLYHU]LWHWX=DJUHEX+UYDWVND 3URIGU1HYHQ+UYDWLü8QLYHU]LWHWX=DJUHEX+UYDWVND Prof. dr Ala Tatarenko, Nacionalni univerzitet Ivan Franko u Lalovu, Ukrajina Prof. dr Mihal Babiak, Univerzitet Komnenski u Bratislavi, 6ORYDþND Priprema elektronskog izdanja i redizajn korica ,JRU/HNLü
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METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND :+,7(IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN1
ABSTRACT 7KLV SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WKH EDVLF FRORXU WHUPV RQH RI WKH TXLWH ZHOO FRYHUHG WRSLFV QRW RQO\ LQ OLQJXLVWLFV EXW DOVR LQ DQWKURSRORJ\ SK\VLFV DQG SV\FKRORJ\ WU\LQJ WR HVWDEOLVK D RQH±ZD\ DQDO\VLV 6HUELDQ WR (QJOLVK ZKLFK FRPSDUHV DQG FRQWUDVWV WKH PHWDSKRULFDO H[WHQVLRQV RI WKH two most basic colour terms, EODFN and ZKLWH, in Serbian and English. These two terms have been LGHQWL¿HGDVWKH most basic ones, since they were found to exist even in languages which have only two names for colours. In our analysis, metaphorical extensions were isolated after comparing several Serbian and English dictionaries, and attempts were made at making hypotheses about how these extensions came into being. The study shows that there is a relatively high degree of correspondence between the two compared languages in terms of the existence of underlying conceptual metaphors with EODFN and ZKLWH serving as source domains. Key words FRORXUWHUPVEODFNZKLWHPHWDSKRULFDOH[WHQVLRQVFRQFHSWXDOPHWDSKRU(QJOLVK Serbian.
1. INTRODUCTION Colour terms have been studied in a number of different ways and from many different perspectives, especially in relation to linguistic relativity. In this paper, we decided to take a look at the most basic colour terms (EODFN and ZKLWH LQ6HUELDQDQG(QJOLVK WKHLU PHWDSKRULFDO H[WHQVLRQV WKURXJK WKH IUDPHZRUN RI FRQFHSWXDO PHWDSKRU DQG some speculations as to how they came into existence over the years. Almost every study concerned with colours and colour terms has Berlin and Kay’s famous book %DVLF&RORU 7HUPV 7KHLU8QLYHUVDOLW\DQG(YROXWLRQ DWLWVIRXQGDWLRQDQGWKLVRQHLVQRWJRLQJ WREHDQH[FHSWLRQ%HUOLQDQG.D\ LGHQWL¿HGEODFN and ZKLWH as the most basic of the basic colour terms, occurring as they do in all languages before any other colour term. 1
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In a broader sense these two terms refer to light and darkness. As for the explanation of the variety of their metaphorical extensions, we can refer back to the cognitive linguistic view, ZKLFKPDLQWDLQVWKDW ³LQDGGLWLRQWRREMHFWLYHSUH±H[LVWLQJVLPLODULW\±FRQFHSWXDO PHWDSKRUV DUH EDVHG RQ D YDULHW\ RI KXPDQ H[SHULHQFH LQFOXGLQJ FRUUHODWLRQVLQH[SHULHQFHYDULRXVNLQGVRIQRQ±REMHFWLYHVLPLODULW\ ELRORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDOURRWVVKDUHGE\WKHWZRFRQFHSWVDQGSRVVLEO\ RWKHUV´ .|YHFVHV )XUWKHUPRUH .|YHFVHV ± WRXFKHV XSRQ WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH EDVLF FRORXU PHWDSKRUV LHWKHLULPSOLHGPHDQLQJRIOLJKWDQGGDUNQHVV E\PHQWLRQLQJWKHPDVVRPH of the most common source domains, corresponding to life and death as one of the most FRPPRQWDUJHWGRPDLQV+HDGGVWKDW ³/LIH LV XQGHUVWRRG DV D MRXUQH\ WR VRPH GHVWLQDWLRQ 0RUHRYHULWLVPHWDSKRULFDOO\GD\OLJKWZDUPWKDQGRWKHUV%LUWKLV FRQFHLYHGRIDVDUULYDOZKHUHDVGHDWKLVYLHZHGDVGHSDUWXUHDVZHOO DVQLJKWGDUNQHVVDQGFROG´ .|YHFVHV A number of authors have dealt with the semantic development of these two terms WKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\DQGLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRORRNDWVRPHRIWKHLU¿QGLQJVDVWKH\PLJKWEH related to the metaphorical extensions these words have in modern Serbian and English. )RU H[DPSOH &DVVRQ ZULWHV WKDW EODFN in English descended from µEKOHJ¶ in Old English, which means WRVKLQHÀDVKEXUQ, and that it also had the conventional hue sense of EXUQW VFRUFKHG7KLV DVSHFW RI PHDQLQJ ZDV ORVW LQ 0RGHUQ (QJOLVK ,YLü DGGV WKDW WKLV LV QRW WKH FDVH ZLWK EODFN in Serbian, which has a synonym H[SUHVVLQJWKLVSDUWLFXODUDVSHFWRIPHDQLQJ VKLQH ±vran (almost exclusively related to IXU +OHEHF 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKLWH in Serbian has retained the aspect of its original meaning which has to do with sheen, and this fact may account for ZKLWH having a metaphorical extension related to temperature, which is not the case with EODFN. Referring EDFNWR3URWR±6ODYLF,YLü VWDWHVWKDWZKLWHLQ6HUELDQXVHGWREHV\QRQ\PRXV with FOHDU (beside comprising the VKHHQPHDQLQJFRPSRQHQW 6LPLODULVWUXHIRU(QJOLVK DFFRUGLQJWR&DVVRQ ZKRWDONVDERXWWKHHYROXWLRQRI(QJOLVKFRORXUWHUPVIURP brightness to hue, saying that µNZHLW¶ZKLFKZDV2OG(QJOLVKIRUZKLWHTXLWHRIWHQGHQRWHG
METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ...
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OXPLQRVLW\DQGUHÀHFWLYLW\7KLVPHDQLQJKRZHYHUZDVSDUWO\ORVWVWDUWLQJIURP0LGGOH (QJOLVKZKHQWKHWHUPEHFDPHKXH±RULHQWHGWRDJUHDWGHJUHH KRZHYHUHYHQZLWKWKH switch from brightness to hue, white in English has retained its relation to temperature, LHKHDW We certainly cannot completely rely on the semantic development of the terms through history to explain their metaphorical extensions, but it can help us make certain assumptions based on this development (e.g. the notion of clarity as a meaning component of ZKLWH in both languages may be the reason behind the extension of the meaning of ZKLWH to morally SXUHDQGLQQRFHQW There is a number of conceptual metaphors involving EODFN and ZKLWH which can be H[HPSOL¿HG E\ XVLQJ 6HUELDQ DQG (QJOLVK OLQJXLVWLF PDWHULDO ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ we will present the matching metaphors that EODFN and ZKLWH have in these two languages by comparing the corpus extracted from 2(' to the corpus extracted from 506 (other GLFWLRQDULHVOLVWHGLQ%LEOLRJUDSK\ZHUHFRQVXOWHGDVZHOOEXWWKHDERYH±PHQWLRQHGRQHV RIIHUHG WKH EHVW H[DPSOHV IRU WKLV VWXG\ )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK ZKLFK ZRXOG KDYH (QJOLVK as the starting point, is necessary for a complete insight into the similarity of underlying FRORXU±UHODWHGPHWDSKRUVLQWKHVHWZRODQJXDJHV 2.
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2.1. *22',6:+,7(_'2%52-(%(/2 The book entitled /DQJXDJHDQG,GHRORJ\ JLYHVDQLQIRUPDWLYHSDVVDJHZKLFK can serve as an introduction to this most basic metaphorical extension of ZKLWH, standing in opposition to %$',6%/$&._/2â(-(&512 and pointing to the general positive connotations WKDWWKLVWHUPKDV ³WKH VRXUFH GRPDLQ LQ WKLV PHWDSKRULFDO VWUXFWXUH LV >@ FRQYHQWLRQDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KXPDQ ERGLO\ H[SHULHQFHV ZLWK VXQOLJKW DQG WKH FRORXU VSHFWUXP 7KH FRQFHSWXDO V\VWHP LQYROYHV D IXQGDPHQWDO DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW WKDW SXUH XQ¿OWHUHG XQUHIUDFWHG VXQOLJKWLVZKLWH:KHQQRVXQOLJKWLVDYDLODEOH LHZKHQLWLV¿OWHUHG RXWVRWKRURXJKO\DVWREHFRPSOHWHO\EORFNHG WKHFRORXUH[SHULHQFH LVZKDWZHFDOOLQ(QJOLVKEODFN,QWKLVZD\WKHRSSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQ EODFN DQG ZKLWH LV HVWDEOLVKHG FRQFHSWXDOO\ >@ WKHUH LV QRWKLQJ LQKHUHQWO\JRRGDERXWZKLWHDQGQRWKLQJLQKHUHQWO\EDGDERXWEODFN 7KHGLVWLQFWYDOXHVFRQFHSWXDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLPDJHVLQWKLV
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LFRQRJUDSKLFIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFHDUHGLUHFWUHÀH[HVRIDIXQGDPHQWDO URRW YDOXH V\VWHP ZKLFK UHYHUHV WKH H[SHULHQFH RI OLIH DQG UHYLOHV WKHH[SHULHQFHRIGHDWK,QWKLVFDVHOLIHDQGGHDWKDUHXQGHUVWRRG UHODWLYHWRH[SHULHQFHRIWKH6XQ´ (life forms thrive in environments LQZKLFKVXQOLJKWLVDYDLODEOH /DQJXDJHDQG,GHRORJ\ The examples from 506 and 2(' ZKLFK LOOXVWUDWH WKLV PHWDSKRU DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ ERUEDL]PHÿXELMHOLKLFUQLKERJRYD, QRPLVDRPRMDQLMHWDNREHODLELMHORLFUQRXQDPD åLYLQLEHORQLFUQR PHDQLQJQHLWKHUJRRGQRUEDG þXYDWLEHOHSDUH]DFUQHGDQH (where money is associated with white as something that can potentially help in times of need, ZKLFKDUHLQWXUQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFRORXUEODFNLQRXUH[DPSOH DQG7KHUHDLQ¶WDZKLWHU PDQWKDQ/DUDPLH-DFNIURPWKH:LQG5LYHU0RXQWDLQVGRZQWR6DQWD)Hwhereas the GH¿QLWLRQVRIZKLWHLQWKHWZRGLFWLRQDULHVLQFOXGHKRQRXUDEOH VTXDUH±GHDOLQJon the one hand andþHGDQQHYLQ VYHWDRþDVWDQon the other In Christianity, ZKLWHVSLULW refers to a SHUVRQZKRGRHVJRRGWRRWKHUV,YLü WDONVDERXWWKH6HUELDQUXUDOFRPPXQLW\ which used the colour term ZKLWH in relation to agriculture in order to describe particularly IDYRXUDEOHHYHQWVLQWKLVGRPDLQRUWKHKLJKTXDOLW\RIIUXLWVDQGKHUEV RNRPHQHVWUXN EHOD ERVLOMND EHOH OR]H YLQRYH, etc. This basic metaphor, together with the components RI PHDQLQJ PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ LH OLJKW QHVV VKHHQ UHÀHFWLYLW\ IRU ZKLWH, and scorching, burning, etc. for EODFN WHUPVZKLFKZHUHXVHGV\QRQ\PRXVO\ZLWKFRORXU terms (i.e. clear as a synonym for ZKLWHLQ6HUELDQ DQGYDULRXVFXOWXUDOIDFWRUVVHUYHGDV the starting point for the derivation of other metaphors which relate white to phenomena perceived as having generally positive connotations2. 2.2. ,112&(17,6:+,7(_1(9,12-(%(/2 This particular metaphorical extension is probably derived from the more literal association of black with dirt, out of which by contrast we associate white with clean, unsoiled. ³>@,GHDVRIGLUWLQHVVDQGLPSXULW\DUHWKHPVHOYHVJURXQGHGLQWKHSHUFHSWXDO H[SHULHQFH RI WKH FRORU EODFN ZKLFK LV VHHQ QRW MXVW DV WKH RSSRVLWH RI ZKLWH EXW DOVR DVDSRWHQWLPSXULW\WKDWFDQFRQWDPLQDWHZKLWHQHVV´ 6KHUPDQDQG&ORUH An interesting study was conducted by these two psychologists, who examined automatic associations between words with moral and immoral meanings and the colours black
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There are exceptions to this general rule, though, as we can see in 506 which presents us with the meaning of ZKLWHZKLFKUHIHUVWRFDWDUDFWDQGEOLQGQHVVZKHQXVHGWRGHVFULEHH\HVRUWRHSLOHSWLF¿WLQ WKHSKUDVH³ZKLWHIRDP´DURXQGWKHPRXWK EHODSHQD
METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ...
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and white. ³7KH VSHHG RI FRORU QDPLQJ LQ D 6WURRS WDVN ZDV IDVWHU ZKHQ ZRUGV LQ EODFNFRQFHUQHGLPPRUDOLW\ HJJUHHG UDWKHUWKDQPRUDOLW\DQGZKHQZRUGVLQZKLWH FRQFHUQHG PRUDOLW\ HJ KRQHVW\ UDWKHU WKDQ LPPRUDOLW\´ 6KHUPDQ DQG &ORUH 7KLV SURYHV WKDW SHRSOH LQVWLQFWLYHO\ DVVRFLDWH EODFN with immorality, i.e. ZKLWH with moral purity. Appropriate illustrations were also found in 506 and 2(' 'DPLMH OMXEDYRVHWLWLEODJXRNRMRMQH]QDDJRYRULVYHWQDLYQXEHOXXåLYRWX]ORP, and It is I ZKRVHGXW\LWLVWRVHHWKDW\RXUQDPHEHPDGHZKLWHDJDLQ, coupled with the appropriate GH¿QLWLRQV PRUDOO\ RU VSLULWXDOO\ SXUH RU VWDLQOHVV VSRWOHVV XQVWDLQHG LQQRFHQW and þHGDQQHYLQþDVWDQ)XUWKHUH[DPSOHVLQFOXGH RVWDRMHVYHWODREUD]DRVYHWODRMHREUD] ,YLü ZKLFKUHIHUVWRLQQRFHQFHLQWKHVHQVHRIPRUDODQGVSLULWXDOSXUHQHVVLQ 6HUELDQDQG KHLVZKLWH±KDQGHG ZKLFKVWDQGVIRUERWKKRQHVWDQGLQQRFHQW DQGZKLWH OLHV, which is a collocation used to describe the kind of lie which aims to avoid hurting the person it is intended for in English. 2.3. 3($&()8/,6:+,7(_0,52/-8%,92-(%(/2 7KLV PHWDSKRULFDO H[WHQVLRQ EHFDPH ¿UPO\ HVWDEOLVKHG WKURXJK FHUWDLQ KLVWRULFDO FLUFXPVWDQFHVZKLFKLQWURGXFHGWKHZKLWHÀDJDVWKHV\PERORISHDFH:HFDQSUREDEO\ DVVXPHWKDWPRUDOLW\ PRUDOSXULW\ DQGKRQRXUVHUYHGDVLQWHUPHGLDWHVWHSVEHWZHHQZKLWH as the source and peaceful as the target domain, as in times of war soldiers guaranteed with WKHLUKRQRXUWKDWWKHH[FKDQJHRI¿UHZDVWRFHDVHLQFDVHWKHV\PEROZDVXVHG,QKLVERRN 7KH5LJKWVRI:DUDQG3HDFH *URLWXVEULHÀ\PHQWLRQVWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHZKLWHÀDJ 7KH¿UVWPHQWLRQRIZKLWHÀDJVXVHGDVDVLJQRIVXUUHQGHUZDVPDGHEHWZHHQ± $'7KHFRORUZKLWHZDVXVHGJHQHUDOO\WRLQGLFDWHDSHUVRQZDVH[HPSWIURPFRPEDW heralds bore white wands, prisoners or hostages captured in battle would attach a piece of white paper to their hat or helmet, and garrisons that had surrendered and been promised safe passage to safety would carry white batons. In 1625, Hugo Grotius described the white ÀDJDVD³VLJQWRZKLFKXVHKDVJLYHQDVLJQL¿FDWLRQ´ *URLWXV 506 and 2(' RIIHUDSSURSULDWHH[DPSOHV 1HüHQLNDGVWLüLXELMHOXOXNXPLUD and 7KHUHPHWKLPDVKLSRI WKH&DUWKDJLQLDQVJDUQLVKHGZLWKZKLWHÀDJVRISHDFH, with 506offering some additional adjectives for this meaning, such as VSRNRMDQ and VLJXUDQ. 2.4. +$33(OHNWURQVNLL]YRU@.QMâHVWLPHÿXQDURGQL LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUQLVLPSR]LMXP©6XVUHWNXOWXUDª1RYL6DG1RYL6DG Filozofski fakultet, 2013. - 688 str. 1DþLQSULVWXSD 85/ KWWS ZZZIIXQVDFUV5DGRYLQDYLãHMH]LND2SLV ]DVQRYDQQDVWDQMXQDGDQ %LEOLRJUD¿MDX]VYDNLUDG5H]LPHQD engl. jeziku uz svaki rad. ,6%1 ±±±± D ɆɭɥɬɢɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɥɧɨɫɬɁɛɨɪɧɢɰɢE Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɂɧɬɟɪɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɢɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɁɛɨɪɧɢɰɢ &2%,6665±,'
