Sustainable Development in Raja Ampat Marine Lirandifa Putri Suratna 2015 052 0312 Government Affairs and Administration Jusuf Kala School of Government
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1. Introduction 1.1 Background Raja Ampat is one of the Districts in the West Papua Province, Indonesia. The capital of this district is located in Waisai. The district has 610 islands, including the Raja Ampat Islands. 4 large islands in Raja Ampar are Misool Island, Salawati, Batanta and Waigeo. From all of the islands here, it's only 35 islands are inhabited while the other islands are uninhabited and most islands do not have a name yet. Raja Ampat Islands is a very potential place to serve as a tourist attraction, especially diving tour. Even Raja Ampat including in the one of the best diving spots in the world. Survey from The Nature Conservancy (NGO), stated that Raja Ampat have the highest biodiversity on the earth. Raja ampat have around 574 types or species of coral and around 1427 species of reef fish including the endemic one (Ampat & Kings, 2011). With the incredible of marine diversity, makes Raja Ampat become one of the tourism destination in Indonesia. Many tourist come to Raja Ampat every year, both local and foreign tourist. Most of the tourist in Raja Ampat come from abroad. Here the data from (Bupati Raja Ampat, 2012) about total tourist visits 2007-2011 No
Year
International Tourist
Local Tourist
1
2007
932 people
66 people
2
2008
2.367 people
280 people
3
2009
2.850 people
336 people
4
2010
3.855 people
658 people
5
2011
3.133 people
700 people
Also the data from (Raja Ampat Marine Protected Areas, 2017) upload the total of tourist in 2016 here is the data No
Year
International Tourist
Local Tourist
1
2015
14.190
2.751
2
2016
14.215
3.457
If seen from the data, tourist who come to Raja Ampat mostly from abroad. Raja Ampat does have many tourist spots to explore especially for diving and snorkeling. Both local and international tourist have increased in visit year by year. Since many tourist visit Raja Ampat, there must be impact on the environmental aspect. From the beginning that not many people came to Raja Ampat, then now, many people visit Raja Ampat because of its nature especially in the marine wealth. There must be changing in environment for example nowadays many hotels and accommodation in Raja Ampat. Many tourist that not educated well on behavior while they are in the beach such as while snorkeling also makes environmental changing. There are tourists who stomps on the coral reef (Puspita, 2017b). This problem not only in Raja Ampat, many places for diving and snorkeling also have this same big problem. Not only stomps, but also touch the coral reef. The other serious problems related to the coral in Raja Ampat is the massive damage on the coral because of Caledonian Sky Cruises. Cruises from the Sweden, Caledonian Sky, crashing the shallow waters in Raja Ampat in the last March 4, 2017. Massive damage occurs in Raja Ampat Marine, around 22.060 meter2 of coral reef suffered severe damage (Agmasari, 2017). These at least two problems that occur in Raja Ampat, Papua should be solved as quick as it can. The damage of coral reef will have serious effect on the biodiversity function, tourism function, fishery function, and coastal protection functions (Amin, 2009). This is important issue because coral reef is very important for environment. In manage the sustainable development in Raja Ampat, the government, people, and even tourist should keep and maintain the coral reef.
1.2 The Article Purpose This article will discuss about why Raja Ampat got this such of damage and how the government solve this problem. In this article, also will give solution and opinion. The discussion in this article will be done by using library research, which means use secondary data that get from journal, news, and book.
1.3 Criteria Enforcement of sustainable development needed in Raja Ampat, because there have problems related to the sustainability in maritime aspect. To solve the problem, specific agency is the best choice to handle related to the resources and environmental problem (Purnomo, Anand, & Choi, 2018). In solving the problem, local government or agency is the right one to handle the problem related to the marine resources and environmental in their own area, which is in Raja Ampat, Papua.
2. Explanation With the environmental issue that occurs in Raja Ampat coastal, government should directly lend a hand to this serious problem. The case is about the coral reefs, cupping the case about tourist who stomp on the coral reefs and case about Caledonian Sky Cruise which caused massive damage to the coral reefs in Kri Island, Raja Ampat. With the marine wealth of Raja Ampat makes this place visited by many tourist both local and international tourist. Most of the tourist that come to Raja Ampat is from abroad. Many people that visit this place make the environmental changing with all of the impact of it. Problem about the tourist who stomp on the coral reefs is judged because of the supervision guide which is weak and the lack of the tourist knowledge about the coral reefs. Later, the guide should be pay attention and always watching the tourist out. Guide also should give knowledge about the coral reefs to all of the tourist. Actually, tourist also should be cooperative with the
guide in maintain and protect the biodiversity of the marine in Raja Ampat, including protecting the Coral reefs. Caledonian Sky Cruise case already manage by the Indonesian government. The company of the Caledonian Sky Cruise is willing to pay the fine to Raja Ampat, but the government will still prepare the funds for repair the coral reefs in the Kri Island with the large around 20.000 meter2. The government also will not erase the penalty for the Cruise company and for its captain who controlled the cruise at that time. Government also will make the fix route for ships to come in and out from the Raja Ampat, to avoid the damage of the marine(Putra, 2017b). Until now government still struggling in suing the cruise company and the captain who controlling the cruise at that time. The reactions and actions that have been done by the government regarding to the problem in the Raja Ampat is good enough. Government firmly demand the rights of Raja Ampat to the Sweden Cruise Company. Government also will make the new law which more power full and strength in the context. The new regulation that related to the marine management and biodiversity can also use to make it clear on the punishment, and the new law will have bigger power to bind who breaking the rule than before.
3. Analysis and Evaluation Sustainable development is a development process such as land, city, business, community, and others with the principle to meet the needs of today without sacrificing the needs of future generations, (Brundtland, 1987). Sustainable development has several dimensions, one of them is ecological dimension. Ecological dimension is the important subject nowadays. In recent years, ecological become one of most highlighted aspect due to the worsening of global warming. One of the ecological aspects that must be maintained is marine sustainability. In Indonesia, one of the places which have biodiversity wealth in marine aspect is Papua. Papua is an area of the islands that is surrounded by oceans and mostly still natural, Raja Ampat Regency has beautiful coral reefs and is very rich in various types of fish, mollusks, and coral. The results of LIPI and other agencies have identified 450 species of coral
reefs, 950 species of reef fish and 600 species of mollusks around Raja Ampat marine(Bupati Raja Ampat, 2012). One of the dominant marine resources in the territorial waters of Raja Ampat Regency is fishery. Many types of fish that can be used to increase the income of the community, such as Tuna, Cakalang, Bloated, Tongkol and mackerel; Coral fish, among others Yellow Fish, Banana Banana Fish, Napoleon Fish, Parrotfish, Grouper, Kakap, and Baronang; and Shrimp, Crab and Rajungan. Raja Ampat has many types of coral. Coral reef is important aspect in marine environment. Coral reef have many functions, such as biodiversity function, tourism function, fishery function, and coastal protection functions (Amin, 2009). Coral reefs are useful as a habitat and source of food for various types of living organisms in the sea. In the coral reef have many different kinds of living organisms which live, looking for food, shelter, and breed. Coral reefs are a source of high biodiversity. With the high levels of biodiversity in it, these coral reefs become a source of genetic diversity. Coral reefs can be useful as a protector for existing ecosystems, such as protecting beaches and coastal areas from large waves. Coral reefs can minimize wave energy that leads to land that can cause coastal abrasion and surrounding damage. Coral reefs also become research object and because of its have beautiful look, coastal that have coral diversity usually used for diving and snorkeling. Area that have biodiversity in coral reefs usually attract tourist to come in there. Then it also opportunity for the region to gain more money from the tourism sector based on the coastal. Many benefits will gain from the coral reefs, due to these benefits people should protect the coral. People in Raja Ampat very dependent in the natural resources, like forest and ocean. From the research that conduct by The Nature Conservancy, 49 percent of people in Raja Ampat works as a fisherman, and at least 90 percent of all of the population there really have dependence on the marine resources (Larsen, Leisher, Mangubhai, Mulyadi, & Tapilatu, 2011). Seen from the discussion before, that coral is one of the important aspect in the marine, so people, especially who are in Raja Ampat should have educated and protect the biodiversity of coral reefs in order to keep the sustainable development. In
the reality, many tourist in Raja Ampat do not pay attention in the coral reefs. Many tourist that do not have well education on the coral, they touch and step on the coral while diving and snorkeling. This problem not only happen in Papua, or Raja Ampat, but also happen in the other places in Indonesia. Lack of education about make tourist stomp and touch the coral. One of the examples, in 2017 circulating videos in social media which showing the local tourist who stomp on the coral reefs, and this case has been reported to the authorities (Suripatty, 2017). One of the responsible person in Raja Ampat, Kristian Thebu, said, if in this place, the tourist still steps on the coral, it because the lack of the supervision of the guide, because as written in the rule, every people who will entering the tourism attraction should pay for the environmental service as much as Rp.1.000.000 for the foreign tourist and Rp.500.000 for the local tourist and must be accompanied by the guide (Puspita, 2017a). From the statement of Kristian Thebu, actually the rules is clear enough and if the guide always watching out the people who guided by them, hope this unpleasant incident will not happen. The second incident of coral reefs happen on March 04, 2017. Caledonian Sky Cruises causing massive damage of the coral reefs. Caledonian Sky cruises are known use the Bahamian flag during the voyage. Later, the ship was known managing by a Swedish company and executed ticket sales in England and the captain of this cruise is a British (Ambari, 2017). This cruise damaging more than 20.000 meter 2. Disadvantages that caused by coral reef damage are not only on financial and ecosystem factors, but include many other things such as biodiversity and loss of income of people around there (Tuwo, 2017). With this tragedy, Indonesia sue to this cruise company and the captain threatened criminal punishment. The damage of coral reefs in Kri Island, Raja Ampat can be criminalized using two laws which exist in Indonesia (Jaramaya, 2017). The first one is the Law number 32 of 2009 about Environmental Management and the second one is Law number 5 of 1990 about Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and its Ecosystem. In the Law number 32 of 2009, Article 98 Paragraph (1) Every person deliberately doing an act which resulted in the abandonment of ambient air
quality standard, water quality standard, seawater quality standard or environmental damage criteria shall be punished with imprisonment of a minimum of 3 (three) years and a maximum of 10 (ten) years and a fine of at least
Rp3,000,000,000.00
and
a
maximum
of
Rp10,000,000,000.00
(Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia, 2009). the Indonesian government is still struggling of the sue for Caledonian Sky Cruises, both for its corporate and its captain. As stated by the member of House of Representative Indonesia, Fauzih Amroh, government must make the new regulation regarding to the environmental management and conservation of biological natural resources and its ecosystem, because the existing law which made in the 2009 and 1990 is still weak(Mansuri, 2017). The weakness of the law related to the violation by that cruise, sue from the Indonesian Government will hard to realize. Actually, the big boat is prohibited to entered the Kri Island because there are many coral reefs, but here is the question how can the cruise entered this coastal in Kri Island, Raja Ampat. Law enforcement in Indonesia in marine violation is not strength yet, proved by the cases of coral reefs in Raja Ampat. Indonesian government should make the new more strength regulation and law in order to make law enforcement for marine, and so that the sustainability of marine, especially on coral reefs in this case. Related to the Caledonian Sky Cruise which has made a huge damage on coral reefs in Raja Ampat, Indonesian Government issuing 5 forceful reaction regarding to this case, which are forming an integrated team, the government immediately sued this foreign cruise, government preparing the funds for coral reef repair, cruise and ship permit evaluation to Raja Ampat, and the last is the penalty of cruise company and its captain will not be erased event though they have already given the compensation (Putra, 2017a). Integrated team that made by the government will struggle to sued this foreign cruise, now the member of this team calculating the loss of Raja Ampat because the huge damage of coral reefs which violent more than 20.000 meter2. Indonesian government also suing this cruise with sent a letter, and using Indonesian Law number 32 of 2009 to ensnare the cruise’s captain. Government preparing the funds for coral reefs repair, even though the cruise
company willing to pay a fine for repairs the coral reefs damage, but Indonesia will still provide the funds or money just for in case. Cruise and ship permit in Raja Ampat, government will be reviewing the regulation or provision for ship that can enter the marine in there, government also will set the fixed route for ship to come in and out from Raja Ampat. The last is the penalty to this cruise will not be erased. Even though the company of the cruise willing to pay the fine from Indonesian government, but the penalty for the cruise company especially for the captain will not be erased, they will still have the penalty that should be finish by them. The reaction of Indonesian government regarding to the coral reefs damage is good enough. Indonesia still suing the cruise side need their responsibility due to the massive damage of the coral reefs.
4. Conclusion Indonesia have a lot of marine biodiversity, Indonesian government and its people should maintain the marine resources. Case in Raja Ampat, Papua, which got coral damage because of the tourist visit become a lesson for Papua itself and also for Indonesia to prepare and enforce the law. The first case in Raja Ampat, Papua is about the local tourist who steps on the coral reefs. In this case, the tourist could do not have knowledge about the marine regulation. It will be better if all of the tourist, both people who already understand about the coral and the rest who do not understand about the coral reefs should be educated first about the behavior while in the coastal or marine which have coral ecosystem before they go to the coastal. Education is very important. People prohibited to steps on or touch the coral reefs. Human step and touch for the coral reefs can make the coral dies, because the coral is very sensitive. Actually, this kind of problem not only happen in Raja Ampat, but also happen in most of the coral reefs spot in Indonesia. The second case is about the really massive damage that caused by the Caledonian Sky Cruise. More than 20.000 meter2 of the area in Kri Island, Raja Ampat is got damaged by the crashing of this cruise. Indonesian government has done with several actions regarding to this serious case. The Caledonian
Sky Cruise company stated that they are willing to pay the fine for Indonesia, but government do not erase the penalty for the captain of the cruise at that time and for the company also. The resolving of this problem still continuing and the government still struggling for this case. To fix this massive damage, it can take hundred year to make the coral reefs stable. Coral reefs cultivations is hard and the growth of the coral also very slow. Government should make new law that related to the marine management. The new law should be more strength and bind or can be said as forcefully for the people who breaking the rule. The marine resources including the coral reefs is very important for the marine ecology. All of the people in Indonesia should be aware of this case, because it is related to the sustainable development of the marine aspect. If Indonesia do not take care of the nature resources, Indonesia will get much more impact, such as disaster, not only Indonesia actually, but all over the world will get the impact if we do not maintain our natural resources.
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