Sustainable Development

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

Editors Maddalena Ripa Paola de Ruggiero Salvatore Mellino Rosa Anna Nastro

To our families…

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

The results published in this book of abstracts are under the full responsibility of the authors. The organizing committee cannot be held responsible for any errors in this publication and potential consequences thereof.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

Proceedings

SDS 2013 – Sustainable Development Symposium 3rd Annual European Postgraduate Symposium

February 13th – 15th, 2013 Naples, Italy

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

Partners SDS2013 This Symposium was supported by:

Parthenope University of Naples AISA (Italian Association of Environmental Science) Federico II’s University Ecotoxicological Observatory (F. U. E. O.) Ce.Di. dei Mille (Chemical and Environmental Laboratory) ENEA (Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development) European Network for Political Ecology (ENTITLE)

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

Preface The “Postgraduate European Sustainable Development Symposia” represented, in the first two editions, an opportunity for young researchers, from a broad spectrum of disciplinary backgrounds and interested in Sustainable Development, to share their knowledge and discuss about hot points related to new technologies, the impact of human activities on the environment and new strategies to increase the sustainability of human activities. The Symposium was originally designed to give postgraduate researchers from European universities (especially those who are at an early stage of their research) to present their work in a multi-disciplinary and friendly environment. The first Symposium was held at the Trinity College (TCD) in Dublin during February 2011. The second edition was held at the Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering on February 2012. This year, “Parthenope” University of Naples hosts the 3rd Edition. In the suggestive city of Naples, full of history and natural heritages, Prof. Paul Leslie Bishop from Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, (Cincinnati, USA), Prof. Hans Schnitzer from Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Technical University of Graz (TU Graz) and Dr. Giacomo D’Alisa from Institute of Technology and Environmental Science (ICTA), Autonomous University Barcelona (UAB) will share their expertise and knowledge with the young participants. We wish to thank Proff. Sergio Ulgiati and Stefano Dumontet, whose experience was so precious. A special thank to Prof. Hans Schitzer, Prof. Paul Leslie Bishop, Dr. Giacomo D’Alisa, Dr. Pier Paolo Franzese and to all give their contribution to SDS2013, with particular regards to Dr.Anna Cavaliere and Prof. Marco Guida, who kindly supported us in this adventure, and to Dr. Rosario Bianco who made possible the making of this book. This is a simple collection of the oral and poster contributions to SDS2013, just a seed in the wide field of Science!

The Organizing Committee

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

Organizing committee Giuseppe Agrillo, PhD Student in “Aerospace Engineering” University of Naples “Federico II” Elvira Buonocore, PhD student in “Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development” “Parthenope” University of Naples Paola de Ruggiero, PhD student in “Marine Science and Engineering” University of Naples “Federico II” Claudia Ferrara, PhD student in “Environmental Science: Marine Environment and Resources” University of Messina Tiina Häyhä, PhD student in “Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development” “Parthenope” University of Naples Salvatore Mellino, PhD student in “Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development” “Parthenope” University of Naples Rosa Anna Nastro, PhD student in “Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development” “Parthenope” University of Naples Gaetano Protano, PhD student in “Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development” “Parthenope” University of Naples Maddalena Ripa, PhD student in “Environment, Resources and Sustainable Development” “Parthenope” University of Naples

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Scientific supervisors Prof. Stefano Dumontet “Parthenope” University of Naples Prof. Sergio Ulgiati “Parthenope” University of Naples Dr. Pier Paolo Franzese “Parthenope” University of Naples

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SDS2013 Programme WEDNESDAY FEBRUARY 13TH, 2013 Arrival and Registration 9:00 – 10:00 Opening Session 10:00 – 10:30 Maddalena Ripa (SDS2013 Organizing Committee) Prof. Stefano Dumontet (SDS2013 Scientific Supervisor) Working Session 1: Environmental Accounting and Indicators 10:30 – 11:30 Chair: Salvatore Mellino “Emergy evaluation of milk production in Slovenia: Potentials and constraints for its sustainability” T. Jaklič, L. Juvančič “Calculating the Material Footprint using Ecoinvent data” K. Wiesen, M. Saurat “The Relationship between Eco-Efficiency and Eco-Effectiveness: a firm level point of view” M. Menoni, H. Morgavi Working Session 2: Biomass Valorization 11:30 – 12:30 Chair: Elvira Buonocore “Physical and chemical analysis of wastes generated during processing of mango and orange juices” S. Mohsen, H. Schnitzer, M. H. Ali and S. S. Abo zaied “Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs degradation and detoxification by a selected microflora through chemical and ecotoxicological approaches” A. Suglia, R. A. Nastro, V. Pasquale, A. Belgiovine, M. Toscanesi, M. Trifuoggi, M. Guida “Environmental performance of maize crop subjected to different agricultural management: conventional, compost and green manure” A. Zucaro, A. Forte, M. Fagnano, A. Fierro 8

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Lunch 12:30 – 14:00 Working Session 3: Socio-economic concerns for sustainable development 14:00 – 15:30 Chair: Tiina Häyhä “The Societal Metabolism of Water in Israel” Z. Kovacic “MuSIASEM applied to the analysis of rural systems” T. Serrano “The Viability and Desirability of Alternative Energy Sources: Applying New Protocols in Sustainability Science” F. Diaz-Maurin Coffee break & Poster Session 15:30 – 16:30 Chair: Rosa Anna Nastro Guest Speaker & Discussion I Chair: Maddalena Ripa “Insustainable future: the political ecology of waste management in Campania” Dr. Giacomo D’Alisa 16:30 – 18:00 THURSDAY FEBRUARY 14TH, 2013 Working Session 4: Waste and water management 9:30 – 10:30 Chair: Claudia Ferrara “Incubation of environmental leadership skills through education & training by analysing water resource management of Bangkok, Thailand” A. Biswas, T. Hoshiko, A. Kyoungjin “Doing the ‘right thing’: the environmental behaviour of citizens-consumers in domestic e-waste handling” I. Capurso “Life cycle assessment of waste stream treatments: the case of Naples” M. Ripa, G. Fiorentino, S. Mellino, S. Ulgiati

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Working Session 5: Environmental Monitoring and Modeling 10:30 – 11:30 Chair: Giuseppe Agrillo “Game Theory in Environmental Modelling” L. Bozikova, P. Sakal, M. Dolinsky “Using radiometric measures to monitor marine coastal environment: design and analysis of sampling protocol” C. Ferrara, M. Lega, G. Fusco “Spatial Accounting of Environmental Pressure and Resources Consumption in Campania Region - Italy” S. Mellino, M. Ripa, S. Ulgiati Coffee break 11:30 – 12:00 Working Session 6: Human activities and impact on environment 12:00 – 13:00 Chair: Silvio Viglia “The qualitative impact of sustainability support to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)” E. Conway “Energy economics and energy system sustainability” M. Casazza and E. Sorano “The role of citizen participation in the provision of renewable energy” S. Ruggiero Lunch 13:00 – 14:00 Working Session 7: Resource Management and Assessment 9:30 – 10:30 Chair: Amalia Zucaro “Mineralogical and crystallochemical characterization of the kef es Sennoun phosphorite deposit” H. Redjehimi, H. Friis

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“Sustainability of forestry and bioenergy production: a multicriteria assessment framework” E. Buonocore and T. Häyhä “Efficient Allocation of Structural Funds for Regional and Urban Development” H. Schnitzer and K. Hofbauer Coffee break & Poster Session 15:30 – 16:30 Chair: Paola de Ruggiero Guest Speaker & Discussion II 16:30 – 18:00 Chair: Silvio Viglia “The upcoming transition to a Low Carbon Society - facing the transdisciplinary challenge” Prof. Hans Schnitzer FRIDAY FEBRUARY 15TH, 2013 Working Session 8: Technologies for Sustainable development 9:30 – 10:30 Chair: Giacomo Falcucci “Eco design for green car components: The case of an electric vehicle inverter from Fagor Automation Company” I. Gonzalez, D. Garrido, D. Justel “Mathematical modelling and mass transfer research in development of sustainable bioprocesses for production of biofuels” M. Novak, P. Horvat, B. Šantek “The application of Microbial Fuel Cells in waste treatment: the state of the art” R. A. Nastro, G. Falcucci, E. Jannelli, S. Ulgiati, S. Dumontet Coffee break 10:30 – 11:00 Guest Speaker & Discussion III Chair: Amalia Zucaro 11:15 – 12:30 11

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

“Water sustainability - The impacts of the water: energy nexus on water supplies in the near future” Prof. Paul Leslie Bishop Best Poster Award & Closing Session 13:00 – 13:30 Rosa Anna Nastro (SDS2013 Organizing Committee) Prof. Sergio Ulgiati (SDS2013 Scientific Supervisors)

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Poster Session • Application of Remote Sensing for Monitoring Land Use Land Cover Change in Semi Arid Region T. H. H. Deafalla and M. M. El-Abbas • Implication of Quorum Sensing in bioremediation processes: screening of signal molecules produced by a consortium of diesel degrading strains G. R. Abbamondi, G. Tommonaro, P. Gkorezis, B. Nicolaus and J. Vangronsveld • The green side of automotive sector R. Angelantonio, D. Morrone, E. Catania • Monitoring the ecological footprint at household Level * M. Ripa, S. Bardi, G. Bilanzone, A. Masullo, M. Pietrobelli • Re-use of Agro-industrial wastes: recovery of valuable compounds by eco-friendly techniques V. Taurisano, G. Anzelmo, A. Poli, B. Nicolaus and P. Di Donato • Extremophiles as model microorganisms for Astrobiology studies V. Mastascusa, I. Romano, P. Di Donato, V. Della Corte, A. Rotundi, E. Bussoletti and B.Nicolaus • Comparison of biomass production and total lipid content of marine green microalgae cultivated under various culture conditions Geun Ho. Gim, Hyeon Seok. Kim, Si Wouk. Kim • Screening, isolation and identification of novel chitinase producing bacterial sps. from yellow loess soil Ki Moon. Bong, Jong Min. Kim, Mathur Nadarajan. Kathiravan and Si Wouk Kim • Comparison of halophilic green microalgal growth under different hypersaline medium Hyeon Seok. Kim, Geun Ho. Gim, and Si Wouk. Kim • The influence of socio-economic factors on MSW production in Campania region A. Grosso and G. De Palma • Effects of chemical production methods on the physicochemical and functional properties of chitosan A. M. Khalaf-allah, S. H. Abo-Raya and M. E. Abdelaziz • Preliminary application of two biological index to assess river water quality S. De Bonis, A. Giorgio, R. A. Nastro, M. Guida 13

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• Emergy in Life Cycle Assessment Software C. D. De Vilbiss and M. T. Brown • Bacteria induced clay formation D. Hlayem, S. Dumontet and V. Pasquale • Environmental quality of surface water bodies at the light of the european water framework directive: rivers and lakes perspective M. Insolvibile, F. De Giacometti, P. Negri, S. Bernabei • Risk assessment for aquatic contaminant cardiovascular drugs and their mixture: a study of relative toxicity and mutagenicity including the combination effects A. Siciliano, R. Gesuele, R.A. Nastro, M. Inglese, R. Liguori, S. Meric, M. Guida • A model study of the south Tyrrhenian Sea circulation using COSMO-SKYMED© SAR wind data P. de Ruggiero, A. Montuori, S. Pierini, G. Spezie and M. Migliaccio • Naturally plant-associated bacteria as a tool to optimize phytoextraction of cadmium W. Sillen, J. Dupae, N. Weyens, J. Vangronsveld • Comparison between conventional and minimum tillage for a Mediterranean maize crop by means of the LCA approach A. Forte, A. Zucaro, M. Fagnano, A. Fierro • Quality characteristics of mango pulp as affected by ohmic heating process Mohamed M. Elnokety, Sobhy M. Mohsen, M. Murkovic and Tarek G. Mohamed • Production of Exopolysaccharides by Halomonas eurihalina F2-7 and Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris from salted whey A. A. Alì, M. A. A. Azzam, A. M. Metwally and A. A. Awad • Proteomic approach on leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in the industrial area to understanding plant stress response B. Conte, V. Spada and C. Guarino • Internal and external waste heat utilisation in the energy intensive industry of Styria/ Austria M. Titz, H. Schnitzer • Sustainable Development: a subject for natural philosophers M. Casazza • Reconsidering pre-industrial monastic communities as sustainable energy consumption case studies”. M. Casazza and R. Alciati 14

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Invited Speakers Prof. Paul Leslie Bishop from Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, (Cincinnati, USA) with a Lecture entitled: “Water sustainability The impacts of the water: energy nexus on water supplies in the near future”. Dr. Giacomo D’Alisa from Institute of Technology and Environmental Science (ICTA), Autonomous University Barcelona (UAB) with a lecture entitled: “Insustainable future: the political ecology of waste management in Campania”. Prof. Hans Schnitzer from Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Technical University of Graz (TU Graz) with a lecture entitled: “The upcoming transition to a low Carbon Society – facing the transdisciplinary challenge”.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Environmental Accounting and Indicators

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Emergy evaluation of milk production in Slovenia: Potentials and constraints for its sustainability T. Jaklič, L. Juvančič Department for Agricultural Economics, Policy and Law, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana [email protected]

Land (un) availability, less favourable agricultural areas, social and cultural characteristics of farms, health and food safety, dependence on international markets and global pressures for environmental protection are important aspects that need to be considered when evaluating and planning agricultural production in a country. In an attempt to holistically evaluate agricultural production in Slovenia, the paper illustrates the development of an evaluation tool that integrates thermodynamic and economic concepts to identify potentials for and constraints to sustainable milk production in Slovenia. For the purpose of our research, the Slovenian milk production sector is categorised into eight [8] farm types. Each individual type is characterised by technical and economic parameters of its production intensity and technology. Economic and emergy evaluation of the farms is carried out and various economic and emergy indices are calculated. The results point out the differences between economic and biophysical performance of each farm and enable a comparison among them. Taking the socioeconomic and biophysical characteristics into account, the farms are put into a national economy framework. A simulation of various scenarios that consider economic, natural and social characteristics of Slovenia and its agriculture identifies some possible constraints in its realisation. The results of emergy analysis point out a high dependency of all farm types on wider national and international economic systems, which suggests very low control of agriculture itself to affect its sustainability. Our research clearly shows that a compromise between priorities of economic agents and the natural environment is needed. The complexity of the problem stimulates the development of a multiple-criteria approach to more carefully identify crucial economic and biophysical aspects of milk production. This calls for their integration in a multiple-criteria optimisation model in which, for a compromise to be reached, socio-economic and (eco) system’s views on sustainability are simultaneously considered.

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Calculating the Material Footprint using Ecoinvent data K. Wiesen, M. Saurat Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy [email protected]

Today, environmental assessment is mainly output- and emission-oriented. This goes along with multiple challenges: Many emissions last decades or even centuries in the ecosphere, which makes the assessment of future impacts very difficult. In addition, it can be assumed that we have limited knowledge about all existing environmental toxins, their interactions and the resulting impact on humans and nature. Thus, an output-oriented assessment goes along with various uncertainties making the assessment very complex and less resilient. Changing the perspective, an input orientated approach can provide a less complex solution allowing a rough approximation of the overall environmental burden. To identify toxic materials a deepening of the analysis can be conducted. The concept “Material Input per Service-Unit” was developed in the early 1990 at the Wuppertal Institute [1]. Today also known as the “Material Footprint”, the approach is strictly input-oriented. It measures the lifecycle wide resource primary material use of goods or services in up to five resource categories [2][3][4]. As for all life cycle wide approaches, the availability of life cycle inventories is one of the biggest challenges during the analysis. In case of the Material Footprint, the material intensity table (MIT table) of the Wuppertal Institute provides data sets with the resource use of about 400 process chains in the field of materials, fuels, transport services and food [5]. The data sets are called material intensity factors (MIT factors) and are elemental part when calculating MIPS of goods and services, as they limit the need of primary data. The MIT table is continuously updated with new data sets since the 1990s. However, compared to the Ecoinvent database, MIT factors are only available for a relatively small amount of processes. Ecoinvent contains live cycle inventories for about 4,000 processes (the number will be increased to about 9,000 by the new version 3) and is one of the most spread databases for life cycle inventories [6]. While Ecoinvent provides about 30 methods to assess diverse ecological impacts, there is no method included to calculate the Material Footprint out of Ecoinvent data. In response to this, a proposal for a method is given in the presentation, which allows calculating MIT factors out of Ecoinvent data. An impact assessment method has been created by use of the Ecospold data format, Version 1 [7][8]. It draws on resource flows from ecosphere into technosphere, which for Ecospold are called “elementary flows” (or “exchanges with environment” in Ecospold version 2). The presentation also shows existing problems by using the impact assessment method and how they could be addressed. In addition, first calculation results for MIPS out of Ecoinvent data are presented and compared with calculations of the MIT list. Based on that, conclusions are drawn regarding further need of research. 18

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Schmidt-Bleek, F. (2009): The Earth: Natural Resources and Human Intervention. Haus Publishing. 2. Lettenmeier, M.; Rohn, H.; Liedtke, C.; Schmidt-Bleek, F. (2009): Resource productivity in 7 steps. Wuppertal Spezial 41. Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, Energy. 3. Ritthoff, M.; Rohn, H.; Liedtke, C. MIPS berechnen - Ressourcenproduktivität von Produkten und Dienstleistungen, Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie, Wuppertal, 2002. 4. Schmidt-Bleek, F.; Bringezu; S.; Hinterberger, F.; Liedtke, C.; Spangenberg, J.; Stiller, H.; Welfens, J. (1998): Materialintensitätsanalyse. Birkhäuser. 5. Wuppertal Institute, Material Intensity Factors. Overview on materials, fuels, transport services and food. http://www.wupperinst.org/de/projekte/themen_online/mips/ Accessed 10 November 2012. 6. Soukup, O.; Viebahn, P.; Wiesen, K.; Saurat, M.; Bienge, K.; Ritthoff, M. (2012): Vorschlag zum me-thodischen Vorgehen hinsichtlich der Kopplung von MIPS und LCA. Arbeitspapier. Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt Energie. 7. Website of Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ Accessed 10 November 2012. 8. Saurat, M. (2010): MIPS calculations using LCA software – The case of the OpenLCA project. Working Paper. Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt Energie.

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The relationship between eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness: a firm level point of view M. Menoni*, H. Morgavi** * LUM University ** LUISS University * [email protected], **[email protected]

The present paper follows the strand of the studies on eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness at firm and corporate level, among the others (1), (2) and [3]. Sustainability has become a relevant issue in the last years and therefore many firms are studying new production methods in order to reduce emissions in the direction of eco-efficiency as if this was equivalent to eco-effectiveness. Nevertheless recently the difference between eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness has been pointed out by several authors, see, among the others, [4], [5] and [6]. Eco-efficiency can be considered a necessary first step but not sufficient to achieve eco-effectiveness, see [7]. This new step needs an additional change of prospective to face the new challenges of the next century.

Following [8], [9] and [10], we will briefly examine the differences between eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness and how these concepts evolved among the time. Then, using a quantitative approach, we will study their relationship. In particular we will analyze whether eco-efficiency can be considered as the natural path towards eco-effectiveness or instead a new point of view is needed. The main issue is given by the measure of eco-effectiveness as this is a complex phenomenon which is comprehensive of several factors. We will use the emission of CO2 as a measure for either eco-efficiency or eco-effectiveness. We use the firms listed in the Global 100 sustainability index that represent the most sustainable corporation in the world. We will control for other variables to take in account of the differences among the firms, such as production field, dimension and turnover. The main contribution of this paper is to study the relation between eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness together with the economic environment of the firms in order to better understand whether eco-efficiency can be considered a first step toward eco-effectiveness or a necessary condition to it and which economic environment may better support the firm on this path.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Vervaillie, Hendrik A. e Bidwell, Robin Bidwell. (2000). Measuring Eco-Efficiency:a Guide to Reporting Company Performance.World Business Council for Sustainable Development: London. 2. Huppes, Gjalt e Ishikawa, Masanobu. (2007). An introduction to quantified eco-efficiency analysis. Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science.. 3. Backer, Lise. Eco-Effective Greening Decision and Rationalizations. (2008). The case of Shell Renawables. Organization & Environment. 4. Figge, Frank, Hahn e Tobias. (2004). Sustainable Value Added—measuring corporate contributions to sustainability beyond eco-efficiency. Ecological Economics. 5. Barbiroli, Giancarlo. (2006). Eco-efficiency or/and eco-effectiveness? Shifting to innovative paradigms for resource productivity. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 6. Barbiroli, Giancarlo, Candela, Guido e Raggi, Andrea. (2008). Implementing a new model to measure and assess eco-effectiveness as an indicator of sustainability.International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 7. Pogutz, Stefano and Russo, Angeloantonio. (2009). Eco-Efficiency vs Eco-Effectiveness: Exploring the Link between GHG Emissions and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Annual Conference Best Paper Proceeding. 8. McDonough, William e Braungart, Michael. (1998). The NEXT Industrial Revolution. The Atlantic Monthly. 9. Barbirolia, Giancarlo e Raggi, Andrea. (2009). Resources and eco-effectiveness as a new paradigm of development to prevent resources depletion and environmental imbalance. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 10. Chen, Chien-Ming Chen, Delmas, Magali A. e Montes, Maria J. (2010). Eco – Vs. productive efficiency: a new approach to effective and comparative performance analysis. ISBER Publications, Institute for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Biomass Valorization

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Physical and chemical analysis of wastes generated during processing of mango and orange juices S. Mohsen*; H. Schnitzer**; M. H. Ali* and S. S. Abo zaied* Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. ** Graz University of Technology, Austria [email protected]

The present work aimed at utilization of different wastes generated from the processing of some fruits such as Mango and Orange into juices. These wastes were chemically evaluated for their content of value added ingredients. From mango juice processing the peels contained (71.97 mg/g tannins, 20.19 mg/g Phenolic compounds, 131.42µg/g carotenoids, 115.55 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 20.11% total soluble sugars (TSS) and 55.5% total dietary fibers (TDF). The mango peels powder (MPP) had also antioxidant activity of 93.30 %. Mango kernels powder (MKP) contained 67.62 mg/g tannins, 25.83 mg/g Phenolic compounds, 85.65 mg/g ascorbic acid, 8.25 mg/g carotenoids and also it had a high content of fat and protein. From the orange juice processing, the peels powder (OPP) contained 49.38 mg/g tannins, 16.19 mg/g Phenolics compounds, 368.72 µg/g carotenoids, 99.73 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 10.50% total soluble sugars (TSS), 56.55% (TDF) and with antioxidant activity of 90.25 %. This indicates that the wastes produced from the processing of mango and orange juices could be utilized for production of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, antioxidants and fiber. Such processes would reduce the contamination sources and at the same time produced value added materials and consequently reduced the processing costs. The waste water collected was also evaluated for Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand COD and needs more treatment so as it could be reused.

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Environmental performance of maize crop subjected to different agricultural management: conventional, compost and green manure A. Zucaro*, A. Forte*, M. Fagnano**, A. Fierro* Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy ** Dipartimento di Ingegneria Agraria e Agronomia del Territori, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy [email protected] *

Over the last 60 years, intensive production practices of high-yielding staple food crops were promoted. To be productive for more than a few years, intensive cropped soil require inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and often irrigation. In these high-input agricultural systems, fertilizers use and mechanization are often excessive and environmentally damaging. Thus, increased attention needs to be directed towards new and successful approaches to maintain and restore soil fertility and to improve sustainable production through low input practices. These technologies have to minimize the need for high levels of inputs (like fertilizers) and must be socially appropriate approaches to small-scale agriculture. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) procedure [1, 2, 3, 4] has been used to evaluate the impact generated by maize crop production. The inventory, coming from the MESCOSAGR project, where different management practices were compared: conventional (CONV, mineral fertilization with 130 kg N ha−1 as urea), compost distribution (COM, 130 kg N ha−1 as composted park, garden, and separately collected urban waste mixture) and green manure (GMAN, 130 kg N ha−1 as Vicia villosa fresh biomass). Defining the same system boundary (one hectare of cropped land, in Campania Region in the year 2008) the comparison among 1 Kg of dry matter of CONV, COM and GMAN, by means of SimaPro 7.3.3 software and ReCiPe Midpoint method, was performed. The LCA of COM and GMAN applied substitution (system expansion) of N mineral fertilizers, according with ILCD Handbook, to make suitable comparison with CONV. For all maize crop practices, direct field emissions (DFE) were calculated [6] and the short term soil carbon storage experimentally derived [5] for COM and GMAN was also included. Results highlighted that, according to the agronomic outcome as crop yield [5], differently from green-manure fertilization (12.5 ton/ha/yr), the soil protection strategy via compost could be not sustainable (6.5 ton/ha/yr) as compared to N mineral fertilizer (15,5 ton/ha/yr) in a clay drip irrigated cropped soil in Campania region. As far as concern COM, notwithstanding system expansion, results showed an higher impact for all impact categories compared to CONV, as a consequence of the combined effect of the high impact of compost production at the open plant and the lower crop yield 24

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obtained. The agricultural phase of vetch production together with K and P fertilizers were the steps contributing to most of the overall impact related to GMAN. Anyway lower impacts if compared to CONV were detected for those categories affected by the avoided mineral N fertilizers production and supply to the field (such as Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, Human Toxicity and Fuel Consumption), soil carbon storage (Climate Change, reduced of about 36% thanks to 0,025 Kg CO2 eq. sequestered per Kg of dry biomass) and DFE of ammonia by volatilization following fertilizer application (Terrestrial Acidification, Marine Eutrophication and Particulate Matter Formation), which were consistently lower in GMAN compared to CONV. Moreover, the GMAN impacts could be significantly lower through crop yield optimization and considering potential benefits from avoided P and K mineral fertilizers. 1. ILCD, International Reference Life Cycle Data System, Handbook. General guidance for life cycle assessment. Detailed guidance. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EC-JRC; 2010. 2. ILCD, International Reference Life Cycle Data System, Handbook. General guidance for life cycle assessment. Previsions and action steps. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EC-JRC; 2010. 3. ISO 14040, International Standard. Environmental management life cycle assessment principles and framework. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, www.iso.org; 2006. 4. ISO 14044, International Standard. Environmental management life cycle assessment requirements and guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, www.iso.org; 2006The reference should be numbered consecutively in the text. 5. Alluvione, F., Fiorentino, N., Bertora, C., Zavattaro, L., Fagnano, M., Quaglietta, Chiarandà, F., Grignani, C., 2012. Short-term crop and soil response to C-friendly strategies in two contrasting environments. Eur. J. Agron., in press available on line: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.09.003. 6. Nemeck and Shnetzer, 2011, Direct field emissions and elementary flows in LCIs of agricultural production systems. Updating of agricultural LCIs for ecoinvent data v3.0 (2012), Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART. Published on www. ecoinvent.org.

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Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation and detoxification by a selected microflora through chemical and ecotoxicological approaches R.A. Nastro°, A. Suglia*, V. Pasquale °, A. Belgiovine*, M. Toscanesi#, M. Trifuoggi#, M. Guida* *Department of Functional and Structural Biology - University “Federico II” of Naples #Department of Chemical Sciences – University “Federico II” of Naples °Department of Science for the Environment University “Parthenope” of Naples [email protected]

The ability of ten bacterial strains to detoxify soil articially contaminated by five Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated in an in-batch experiment. As a first step, a polluted site was chosen to isolate microbial strains able to use PAHs as sole source of carbon. In fact, previous studies proved the presence of a specialized degrading microflora in highly polluted matrices[1]. So, particulate matter from the walls of “Galleria Vittoria” in Naples (Italy) was analyzed for its content of PAHs degrading bacteria. Briefly, five samples were included into an agarose layer, supplemented with appropriately selected PAHs (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene), and poured over a mineral salt agar [1][2]. Bacterial strains from samples able to use PAHs as sole source of carbon were discriminated by the presence of clearing halos in the opaque PAHs layer. On the whole, ten bacterial strains were isolated and genetically identified as Pseudomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp., Xanthomonas group bacterium, Staphylococcus succinus, Bacillus mojavensis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Arthrobacter misorens, Pseudomonas stutzeri. A batch bioreactor,containing an artificially contaminated slurry (60% soil, 40% water) and inoculated with the selected strains, was prepared, incubated aerobically at 22°C and stirred at 150 rpm for two months. PAHsconcentration was measured monthly at High Pressure Liquid Cromatography (HPLC) [3][4]. At the same time, the environmental toxicity of the same slurry was assessed by acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, and Lepidium sativum [5][6][7]. A chronic essay on Ceriodaphnia dubia was also carried out. After two months, the amount of anthracene and phenanthrene decreased of about 70%, while pyrene and benzo[a] pyrene degradation rate was approximately 40% of the initial concentration. As to naphthalene, the analysis after two months of treatment showed an increase in concentration in comparison to the first month. Further studies are needed to explain properly this last finding. The acute toxicity tests showed a significant decrease of toxicity after two months of treatment, unlike the chronic essay on C.dubia. Cronic toxicity, in fact, increased during the treatment. Nevertheless, chronic toxicity never overcame the threshold value of 50% of immobilization after 7 days. As the chronic essays were carried out in presence of a constant illumination, we hypothisize a possible PAHs photoinduction with the formation of reactive intermediates (radicals) able to damage biological tissues [8][9][10]. Our study underline the necessity of an ecotoxicological approach in order to assess a bioremediation process efficiency. 26

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Bogardt A. H., Hemmingsen B.B., 1992. Enumeration of Phenanthrene-Degrading Bacteria by an Overlayer Technique and Its Use in Evaluation of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites. Department of Biology and The Applied Microbiology Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-0057. 2. Havey R.G., 1997. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Wiley-VCH inc. 3. Derudi M., Nano G., Rota R., 2004. Processi bioslurry per la degradazione di idrocarburi policiclici aromatici e fenoli in suoli contaminati. Politecnico di Milano – Dip. di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Milano. 4. Perkin-Elmer Cookbook (1993). HPLC system for PAH analysys, Order No. LC-292. 5. EPA (2002) Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. EPA-821-R-02-012. 6. Kalčíková G, Zagorc-Končan J, Zgajnar Gotvajn A.(2012). Artemia salina acute immobilization test: a possible tool for aquatic ecotoxicity assessment. Water Sci Technol. Volume 66(4):903-8. 7. Mamindy-Pajany Y., Hame B. Roméo M., Géret F., Galgani F., Durmiši E.,Hurel C., Marmier N. (2011) The toxicity of composted sediments from Mediterranean ports evaluated by several bioassays. Chemosphere. Volume 82, Issue 3, Pages 362-369. 8. Ireland S.D., Burton A.G.Jr., Hess G.G.(1996). In situ toxicity evaluations of turbidity and photoinductionof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicology and Chemistry. Volume 15,Issue 4,pages 574–581. 9. Plata D.L., Sharpless C.M., Reddy C.F. 2008. Photochemical Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oil Films. Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg,Virginia 22401. 10. .Mekenyan O.G., Ankley G.T., Veith G.D.,Call D.J.,(1994) QSARs for photoinduced toxicity: Acutelethality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna. Chemosphere Volume 28, Issue 3, Pages 567–582.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Socio-economic concerns for sustainable development

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The Societal Metabolism of Water in Israel Z. Kovacic Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambiental, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona [email protected]

Societal metabolism is a metaphor borrowed from biology and is used to characterise the flows of energy and materials needed by a society to reproduce itself. The study of water metabolism focuses on the social function of water, that is, it looks at how water flows allow for a society to maintain itself and to reproduce its social structures. Besides the physiological use associated with drinking, water is necessary for growing and preparing food, for personal care, for manufacturing goods and may even be used for producing electricity. However, the function of water changes depending on the scale of the analysis. At the individual level, water is necessary for survival and can be thought of as a human right. At the societal level, water is necessary for food production and can be described as an input in the maintenance of societal metabolism. At the level of the planet, water defines the very identity of the planet and becomes the fund to be maintained. In order to deal with the changing function of water at different scales of analysis, the methodology used is Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM), which is a tool developed to characterise the metabolic patterns of socio-economic systems. Israel is chosen as a case study because even though the country is faced with a severe water shortage, the agricultural sector –the main driver of water consumption- provides 85% of Israel’s food. That is, food security is given priority over environmental constraints, adding pressure to water scarcity. The Israeli society also offers an interesting case study of social dynamics because of the variety of social groups present. Firstly, the paper shows how water flows sustain economic activity, linking the economic to the physical aspect. Secondly, the economic process is represented in terms of the time profile of human activity, highlighting how the social organisation determines the structure of economic activity. A link is established between social and economic aspects. Finally, the physical and social aspects are connected by explaining how different citizenship discourses regulate access to water and how water distribution helps maintain social structures.

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The Viability and Desirability of Alternative Energy Sources: Applying New Protocols in Sustainability Science F. Diaz-Maurin Research group on Integrated Assessment Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Edifici C, Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona, Spain [email protected]

In recent decades, there has been a growing concern among scientists and the society over the usefulness and effectiveness of quantitative analyses used in normative terms for the governance of sustainability. Since any quantification depends on a pre-analytical (arbitrary) choice about what is feasible and desirable, more attention should be given to the quality of the process used to define the chosen perception of a problem. For instance, when discussing over alternative energy sources in the context of global energy crisis, one easily finds contrasting (and even opposite) perceptions over their relative viability and desirability. In fact, scientists are facing a clear dilemma when dealing with this issue: How to decide which alternative is “good” or “bad”? Who are the social actors whose values should be considered? What are the most useful perceptions associated with this issue? When considering the normative side there is an obvious existence of different social actors – different potential story tellers – expressing non-equivalent but legitimate perceptions of the same issue based on their values, beliefs, goals. This “social incommensurability” in relation to the definition of “desirability” implies that any decision inherently generates winners and losers. Yet, this epistemological challenge does not imply that quantitative analyses are useless when using science for governance. In fact, no matter what the values held by social actors are, there are key pieces of information required on the descriptive side: What are the factors to consider for studying viability? What are the technical coefficients of possible options? What are the biophysical costs? What about uncertainty? This implies that we can only deliberate about the viability and desirability of alternative energy sources by means of participatory integrated assessments, which require to revisit the role of the scientist when using science for governance. That is, scientific discussions over sustainability must switch from “truth” to “quality”. As such, participatory integrated assessments require mixing quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis, for which new procedures and new protocols must be developed.

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During this talk, I will present the fundamental principles of a tentative protocol whose goal is to guide deliberation over the viability and desirability of alternative energy sources [1]. This protocol is based on an innovative approach called MuSIASEM (Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism) applied to energy analysis [2]. MuSIASEM is an analytical tool capable of being tailored to different contexts and concerns, and allows the analyst to integrate non-equivalent quantitative descriptions by establishing bridges across different dimensions of analysis and scales. In brief, the protocol consists in crossing information between: (1) a BOTTOM-UP integrated assessment that characterizes and compares the performance of alternative energy sources [3]; and (2) a TOP-DOWN multi-scale assessment that characterizes the energetic metabolism of a society [2]. Once we perform these two assessments, it becomes possible to discuss (1) the desirability of the energetic metabolism of societies in relation to a given mix of Primary Energy Sources; and (2) the viability of alternative energy sources in relation to a given metabolic pattern of society. 1. F. Diaz Maurin. Assessing the viability of power-supply systems: a tentative protocol, Reports on Environmental Sciences, Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 17 September 2012. URL: http://hdl.handle. net/2072/200847 2. M. Giampietro, K. Mayumi and A.H. Sorman. 2013. Energy Analysis for a Sustainable Future: Multi-scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism. Routledge, 339 pp. 3. F. Diaz-Maurin and M. Giampietro. A “grammar” for assessing the performance of powersupply systems: comparing nuclear energy to fossil energy. Energy, Elsevier, ISSN 03605442. Accepted.

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MuSIASEM applied to the analysis of rural systems T. Serrano Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain. [email protected]

The analysis rural systems towards sustainable development paths calls for an approach capable of evaluating the multiple aspects involved in such varied and complex systems. Only an open and adaptable methodology would be able to handle in an integrated way the chosen relevant factors affecting the performance of the studied system. The Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach was originally developed to generate multi-scale indicators of sustainability for rural systems [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], and in this paper we present the state of the art of MuSIASEM applied to these particular systems. Rural systems are characterized by a particular relation of the societal metabolism in context to its natural environment. Thus, technically, the concept of rurality is defined by human activity related to the production of land. In rural systems the biophysical factors are as important to set the constraints of possible development options as socioeconomic factors are. Land and human labor are naturally the most important resources for the production and reproduction of human societies in rural areas. In the case of high external inputs agricultural systems (i.e. industrialized agriculture), fossil energy becomes the key factor changing completely the relations among human societies and ecological systems. The paper aims at presenting with examples from empirical cases and some theoretical concepts how MuSIASEM addresses the challenge of studying rural systems from both biophysical and socioeconomic views. Rural systems, as metabolic systems, are self-organizing dissipative systems able to use energy, materials and other natural resources to maintain, reproduce and improve their own existing structures and functions (i.e. their identity). We use the flow-fund model proposed by Georgescu-Roegen to characterize in quantitative terms expected metabolic patterns of social systems. Using this flow-fund model it becomes possible to integrate in a coherent analysis various pieces of quantitative information referring to different dimensions (biophysical, agronomic, economic, demographic, and ecological) of analysis. For rural systems we can use simultaneously two complementing but non-equivalent definitions of fund elements – one relevant for socio-economic analysis (human activity) and one relevant for ecological analysis (land uses). We developed a framework to establish a relation between the categories (typologies) selected to describe human activity and those selected to describe land uses, and we are able to extend the analysis to multiple hierarchical levels of organization. For these tasks, GIS tools and other methodologies have been used in empirical cases that will illustrate the approach. We also present examples on methods to select the relevant aspects to be studied in each case (energy, food, water, money, soil, etc.) at different scales of analysis. Finally, we conclude with a brief review on the last advances in MuSIASEM theory applied to different aspects of rural systems analysis. 32

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Giampietro, M., Pastore, G., 1999. Multidimensional reading of the dynamics of rural intensification in China: the AMOEBA approach. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18 (3), 299-330. 2. Pastore, G., Giampietro, M., Li Ji 1999. Conventional and land-time budget analysis of rural villages in Hubei province, China. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18 (3): 331-358. 3. Giampietro, M., 2003. Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Agro-ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 472 pp. 4. Gomiero, T., Giampietro, M., 2001. Multiple-scale integrated analysis of farming systems: The Thuong Lo commune (Vietnamese uplands) case study. Population and Environment 22 (3), 315 -352. 5. Gomiero, T., Giampietro, M., 2005. Graphic tools for data representation in integrated analysis of farming systems. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 5 (3/4): 264-301.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Waste and water management

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Incubation of Environmental Leadership Skills through Education & Training by Analysing Water Resource Management of Bangkok, Thailand A. Biswas, T. Hoshiko, An. Kyoungjin Department of Urban Engineering, the University of Tokyo [email protected]; [email protected]

The University of Tokyo established an educational program in the name of Asian Program for Incubation of Environmental Leadership (APIEL), to educate students in a wide array of theoretical and practical knowledge on regional and global environment. This paper analyse the process of building leadership through solving a real life problem. However, the paper does not assess the full activities, utilities and impact of this program. The aim of the program is to develop students as the environmental leader, who could stand out among the commons and lead the society to cope with the complex, multivariate & dynamic environmental problems in the future. The program selects students of different background, skills and nationality with high motivation and teaches them with diverse field of environment and sustainability. For example, an engineering student learns the social system, public policy or international relations apart from his own expertise. With a carefully designed coursework the program nurtures all the relevant skill through theoretical and practical exposure and enlarges the vision in accordance to an environmental leader. In the next phase all the students visit a place abroad, where the environmental problems are eminent and are required to provide solutions in collaboration with all the local and regional stakeholders. In this way the students are put together in real world problems and needed to apply all the acquired skills to propose a balanced solution. In this paper I will elaborate the issues related to water resource management of Bangkok in building leadership skills among students. Bangkok is one of the urban and economic epicentres of Asia. It is the capital of Thailand and situated on the banks of Chao Phraya River. The total population of the city is around 10 million and the area is about 1,568.7Sq.-km. But the prosperity of Bangkok comes with urban hurdles namely; infrastructure and environmental weakness. The elaborate network of rivers and canals and its pattern of usage have earned Bangkok the nickname “Venice of the east”. Favourable policies augment Bangkok into an economic and tourist hub. But the economic success is achieved in expense of ecologic and environmental degradation, particularly in the rivers and canals. The study built up the research discussion by identifying indicators grouped in three sectors - water & wastewater management, integrated water management and water governance. The study further discusses correlation of urban poverty and water environment, and find out the influence of degrading water environment in Quality of Life (QoL) of Bangkok’s citizens. The study considers QoL as the real indicator of overall sustainability. The objectives of the study are to; make good balance between water demand and supply, comprehensive wastewater management and improvement of

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water quality and quantity. The analysis is based on identified indicators to measure the degree of sustainability. In order to know the people’s perception about the water problem of Bangkok, we conducted an in depth interview with the local students and experts. In the end, we framed the solution as long term and short term vision. 1. Akiyama T et al. (2010), Integral approach to Environmental leadership education: An exploration in the Heihe River Basin, Northwestern China, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment, 40-49. 2. Hellstrom D, Jeppsson U, Karrman. (2000). A framework for systems analysis of sustainable urban water management, Stockholm Water Co., Environmental Impact Assessment Review 20, pp 311-321. 3. Kashiwazaki K, Siriyongsawad W, Kidokoro T. (2011), Spatial and Social Impacts of Formalization of Community Development Activities in Urban Area: Case of Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand, 11th International Congress of APSA, the University of Tokyo. 4. Kessomboon S (2011), Water Quality Management in Bangkok, BMA. 5. Prasertsirivatna K. (2006). Tunnel for Water Supply Transmission System of Bangkok, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA.) Bangkok, International Symposium on Underground Excavation and Tunnelling, 2-4 February 2006, Bangkok, Thailand 6. Polprasert C. (2007). Water Environment Issues of Bangkok City, Thailand: Options for Sustainable Management. AIT Bangkok. Science Asia 33 Supplement. pp 57-58. 7. http://www.mwa.co.th 8. http://cpd.bangkok.go.th

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Doing the ‘right thing’: the environmental behaviour of citizens-consumers in domestic e-waste handling I. Capurso University of Milano-Bicocca – Department of sociology [email protected]

The general research aim of this proposal is to draw insights on how citizens contribute to urban sustainability. In this, the present ongoing PhD research in comparative urban studies focuses on domestic e-waste handling by consumers in Paris and Milan. The relevance of this topic is related not only to the fact that e-waste is recognized to be one of the most rising component on the total of domestic waste, but also to the caution this component requires in its treatment because It contains hazardous elements. In this, the e-waste topic poses a very challenging question to public policies in terms of environmental and social impacts all over the world. The main investigation subject is the role of social relations in forming –rather hamperinggreen conducts in the everyday households’ context. In this, the most recent approaches from practice theory are considered a useful tool to look at the topic. Moreover, the recycling policies made in act by governants are expected to carry a significant weight in push consumers’ attitude towards sustainable conducts, particularly by the system of provision afforded. Indeed, in this research very particular attention is accorded to environmental policies concerned domestic e-waste management, also in terms of distribution of collecting infrastructures in urban space, in order to investigate how do they impact citizens’ behavior. According to the literature on environmental behaviours, to approach the comparison a quali-quanti methodolody has been adopted. In this, a sample of students of Milan and Paris universities has been choose to submit an on-line survey questioning their attitude, knowledge and behaviour on domestic e-waste. Added to this, a series of interviews in depth have been conducted in order to stress the theory to exploring the relevance of “sociality” and cultural context in performing individuals’ conduct. This analysis wants to be useful in recognizing which theoretical, political and territorial tools –in terms of utility distribution- have to be adopted in order to frame and orientate the social change in a sustainable direction.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Shove E. (2010) Beyond the ABC: Climate change policy and theories of social change in Environment and Planning A 42: 1273–85. 2. Just to make some examples: Hargreaves T. (2011) Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change in Journal of Consumer Culture, 11(1) 79–99; and Darby L. & Obara L. (2005) Household recycling behavior and attitudes towards the disposal of small electrical and electronic equipment in Resources, Conservation and Recycling 44, 17–35.

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Life cycle assessment of waste stream treatments: the case of Naples M. Ripa*, G. Fiorentino, S. Mellino and S. Ulgiati Parthenope University, Naples, Italy. [email protected]

The activities of human society are always accompanied by waste generation. The basic environmental issue in industrial and developing countries worldwide is still how to best identify and manage waste streams. Since the mid-90s, the southern Italian city of Naples and surrounding provinces have struggled with waste management policies. In 2011 Naples produced 516 million kg [1] of urban waste and the burden of waste removal and disposal has not been totally solved yet. Although Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is only a relatively small fraction of solid wastes produced, in many ways MSW represents the most challenging waste stream to deal with, due to its diffuse origin, thus implying lifestyle choices, consumption patterns, and resource conversion technologies and decisions. Proper management of solid wastes is becoming more difficult not only because of the larger amounts of waste streams, but also because of their increasing diversity and complexity from physical and chemical points of view, that make management a very difficult process to be effectively implemented. We carried out a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the currently applied waste management (baseline scenario), using the city of Naples as a representative case study, with the aim of providing an overview of the present state of the art and identifying possibilities, barriers and treatment issues. The aim of this study is to compare, from an environmental point of view, different alternative routes for the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the town of Naples. The LCA study was performed by means of SimaPro 7.3, in order to evaluate the environmental performances of an integrated waste management system and to identify the best strategy through a comparative analysis of different scenarios. Local data concerning collection, transportation and treatment steps were gathered and processed. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) results were assigned to a selection of environmental impact categories based on environmental priorities such as climate change, biodiversity protection, environmental integrity, improvement of health and quality of life, appropriate use of natural resources and waste reduction. The preliminary results obtained pointed out that the present strategies and practices of waste management (landfilling, incinerating) are no longer suitable solutions for the city wellbeing and that an holistic approach aimed at waste prevention and recycling according to the EU-defined waste hierarchy is essential in all societal urban sectors. 1. ASIA (Azienda Servizi Igiene Ambientale Napoli), company responsible for waste removal in Naples city, 2011. Unpublished data. 39

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Environmental Monitoring and Modeling

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Game Theory in Environmental Modelling L. Bozikova*, P. Sakal*, M. Dolinsky** Faculty of Material Science and Technology, Slovak Technical University, **Faculty of Economics and Business, Pan European University [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

*

Joint research of doctoral students from Faculty of Economics and Faculty of Material Science and Technology (MTF STU) is aimed at advances in socially responsible behavior of companies. During past two years of doctoral research, we have formulated several concepts of boosting company’s competitiveness based on implementation of sustainable development principles within the company’s processes [1]. One part of our field research work was done in Italian region Lombardy and is currently being processed within companies in Slovakia. Main goal of our cooperation with companies is to implement environmental metrics into the daily use. This involves pioneering economic, social and ecological assessments, presentation of first partial results to the TOP management and based on first partial business & environmental wins – receiving support for the continual dissemination of new economic, social and environmental indicators among other departments of a company. Respecting typical business limitations (e.g.: Payback period of environmental investments, Net Present Value of environmental investments, etc.), we are trying to sketch an environmental path our cooperating companies should follow in future. We are fully aware of the fact that every kind of new strategy based on sustainability principles must respect key competences and key business goals of a company [2]. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy cannot be in a contradictory position with basic business intentions of a company. However, on the other hand, we must always keep in mind a second frequent extreme case – using CSR concept only as a marketing tool not bringing value added for sustainable development (functional environmental metrics must be able to uncover this situation)[3]. Applying all previous conditions, there is another question to be answered – how suppliers and customers will react to the newly created Corporate Social Responsibility policy. To help our cooperating companies to answer this question, we are using game theory concept, because according to our belief, math, and another science disciplines should be considered by managements of companies as an inevitable part of decision making tools. We are creating a decision support tool based on a game called “Cournot competition”. In this game, the strategies are quantities. Firms simultaneously choose their respective output levels, qi, from feasible sets Qi = [0, x), say [3]. The reaction function of each company is being expressed as follows: ui(qi) = qip(q) – ci(qi). Using a real data from an Italian company PintInox, S.p.a., we are modeling reaction functions of PintInox, S.p.a. and its main competitors. Thanks to our presence in Lombardia, PintInox, S.p.a. has created pioneering concept of CSR policy based on standardized indicators and TOP management wants to know, how this new policy will boost their competitiveness. Our “decision support tool” is able to answer this question by the calculation of reaction functions based on cost curves of Pintinox, S.p.a. and its competitors and based on demand function representing the demand of their B2B customer. 41

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This paper was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. LPP-0384-09: “Concept HCS model 3E vs. Concept Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).” The paper is also a part of submitted KEGA project No. 037STU4/2012 “Implementation of the subject “Corporate Social Responsibility Entrepreneurship” into the study programme Industrial management in the second degree at MTF STU Trnava”. 1. BOZIKOVA, L - SAKAL, P: Proposal for modified cost sectorial chain in accordance with the concept of CSR as a tool for sustainable competitiveness of engineering company. In: Radio Engineering and Electronics: 18th International Scientific Technical Conference for Doctoral Students, Moscow: Moscow Power Engineering Institute, 2012. - ISBN 978-5383-00723-5. - p. 31 2. DOLINSKY, M. How To Measure Success of Environmental Innovations. In: 2nd Annual European Postgraduate Sustainable Development Symposium. Graz: Technische Universitat Graz, 2012, p. 13. ISBN 978-3-85125-207-1 3. FUDENBERG, D. – TIROLE, J. Game Theory. Boston: The MIT Press, 1991, p. 603. ISBN 0-262-06141-4

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Using radiometric measures to monitor marine coastal environment: design and analysis of sampling protocol C. Ferrara, M. Lega, G. Fusco University of Naples Parthenope, Department of Environmental Sciences, Naples, Italy [email protected]

Marine coastal environment is a very stressed area because of human activities, concentration of population and economic activities. The criticalities are often highlighted only when they are irreversible, or in advanced state that it will be extremely expansive to restore. The presence of any kind of pollution punctual sources are the most difficult to monitor. Environmental monitoring is a necessary tool for every environmental management actions. The main difficult is to make a complex and integrated system (the natural environment) discrete. Traditional in situ sampling methods are inadequate to describe a wide area quickly. On the other hand remote sensing data can ensure a wide cover but not continuous in the time with a poor spatial resolution. In this work it will be showed a method to highlight sign of environmental violations at an early stage using an environmental monitoring method having as most important vantage the undiscretization of the investigated scenarios. At this purpose, an integrated system consisting of an aerial platform and a thermal sensor has been implemented. Our sperimental experience has shown how the use of an infrared thermal sensor can be an efficient tool to detect marine discharge, oil spill, surface current etc.. It should be noted that, at typical atmospheric temperature, the maximum of electromagnetic energy emitted varies in a range of 7 – 14 μm (by the Planck’s law) exactly the thermal infrared spectrum range. This permits to link thermal anomalies to natural and/or humanmade phenomena. The effectiveness of radiometric measure for environmental monitoring can be augmented using aerial platforms that carry on-board sensors. In this regard, gaining altitude with a thermal sensor (IR camera) will increase the field of view (FOV) so that a direct thermal comparison of the targets with other objects can be easily performed [1]. The proposed integrated system is the first example of its use in the environmental monitoring activities, thus, we have designed and analysed a sampling protocol to obtain the best result in terms of both precision and output data quality.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. M. Lega, J. Kosmatka, C. Ferrara, F. Russo, R. M. A. Napoli & G. Persechino (2012): Using Advanced Aerial Platforms and Infrared Thermography to Track Environmental Contamination, Environmental Forensics, 13:4, 332-338

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Spatial Accounting of Environmental Pressure and Resources Consumption in Campania Region – Italy S. Mellino, M. Ripa and S. Ulgiati Department of Sciences for the Environment, Parthenope University of Naples Centro Direzionale - Isola C4 (80143), Napoli, Italy [email protected]; [email protected]; sergio.ulgiati@ uniparthenope.it

Modern societies and economies are highly dependent on fossil energy. We live in a high-energy world needing more and more resources to survive. Unfortunately fossil energy resources and minerals are non-renewable and represent finite stocks. According to this perspective, humans should reorganize the society and the economy accounting for less resources availability looking ahead for planning a prosperous way down avoiding the collapse of our world and economy. In this work, by means of an environmental accounting method, Emergy Assessment, the reliance of Campania Region (Southern Italy) economy on nonrenewable resources is investigated and evaluated. The Emergy Assessment method [1,2,3] takes into account all the free environmental inputs (such as sunlight, wind, rain, geothermal heat) as well as the input flows of mineral and fossil energy resources and the indirect environmental support embodied in human labour and services. All inputs are accounted for in terms of their solar emergy, defined as the total amount of solar available energy (exergy) directly or indirectly required to make a given product, service or to support a given flow, measured in units of solar equivalent Joules (seJ) (Odum, 1996). Input flows are quantified and classified according to their origin (renewable or non-renewable, local or imported) and their hierarchical spatial patterns are investigated through remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). While data on renewable emergy flows are relatively easy to access, in order to generate a GIS map at regional level [4], nonrenewable flows are less easy, because of the large amount of data needed. Nighttime light remote sensing data can be related to the non-renewable empower density (non-renewable emergy per unit area expressed in seJ km-2 yr-1); in other words, the non-renewable empower density is correlated with the amount of light energy emitted and measured by nighttime satellite images. In this study a map of the spatial distribution of this value in Campania Region is performed: areas with a high convergence of non-renewable resources consumption and with a high level of human activity are highlighted and a human disturbance gradient is assessed, in order to explore the condition of landscape and ecological communities. Finally, the gradient of human disturbance is related to different regional land uses and an index is calculated, according to Brown and Vivas’ Landscape Development Intensity Index [5], in order to estimate the potential impacts of human-dominated activities that are on ecological systems within regional landscape.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Odum, H.T., 1996. Environmental Accounting. Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 2. Brown, M.T. and Ulgiati, S., 2004. Energy quality, emergy, and transformity: H.T. Odum’s contributions to quantifying and understanding systems. Ecological Modelling; 178(1-2): 201-213. 3. Brown, M.T. and Ulgiati, S., 2010. Updated evaluation of exergy and emergy driving the geobiosphere: A review and refinement of the emergy. Ecological Modelling; 221:25012508. 4. Mellino, S., Ripa, M., Zucaro, A. and Ulgiati, S., 2012. An Emergy-GIS approach to the evaluation of renewable resource flows: a case study of Campania Region, Italy. Ecological Modelling. Accepted. 5. Brown, M.T. and Vivas, M.B., 2005. Landscape Development Intensity Index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment; 101:289-309.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Human activities and impact on environment

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Energy economics and energy system sustainability M. Casazza*, E. Sorano* University of Torino, Department of Physics, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy ** University of Torino, Department of Management, Corso Unione Sovietica 218 bis, 10134, Torino, Italy [email protected] *

The central role of the energy sector is underlined in the main EU document about the transition to a low-carbon economy [1]. The European goals are to eliminate almost totally CO2 emissions by 2050 and to have an overall increase in consumption, which would only have to increase at historic growth rates. The latter objective might not be good in terms of sustainability, since it is related with a further growth of energy production and consumption [2]. The possibility of changing this positive trend into a negative one comes from two possible perspectives: efficiency and saving. We are not considering the increased use of renewables as a solution, because it is more related to the aspect of emissions reduction. Efficiency has a well known physical limit and it requires a continuous increase of technology level. Saving can be obtained through several paths: (1) a reduction of consumptions, which however might not be conjugated with a reduced production; (2) an improvement of storage systems, which is potentially chemically polluting; (3) a better integration of energy production and distribution network, together with the technological improvement of smart grids [3] (an actual issue, that was already known in the past [4]); (4) a reduction of production. The last perspective, which seems to be the best, encounters some difficulties, when considering the bi-directional causal relationship between economic growth and energy production levels [5]. This means that the economic paradigm might become the first factor to discuss, when thinking about the sustainability of energy sector. 1. European Commission, 2011. A roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2 011:0112:FIN:EN:HTML 2. Spreng, D., 2005. Distribution of energy consumption and the 2000 W/capita target. Energy Policy 33, 1905-1911. 3. Casazza, M., 2010. Enti di ricerca e industria nel settore del trasporto dell’energia elettrica in prospettiva europea. In: Piano A. Editor: ‘TIPE: Transmission Infrastructure for power exchange. Torino: Politeko, 173-179 4. Silvestri, M., 1968. Il costo della menzogna: Italia nucleare 1945-1968. Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. 5. Belke, A., Dobnik, F., Dreger, F., 2011. Energy consumption and economic growth: New insights into the cointegration relationship. Energy Economics 33, 782-789. 48

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The role of citizen participation in the provision of renewable energy S. Ruggiero University of Jyväskylä, School of Business and Economics, Jyväskylä, Finland [email protected]

The 20-20-20 targets of the European Union together with the national goals of the EU member states are likely to pave the way for a significant increase in the renewable energy (RE) capacity in the next decades. Until now large-scale generation projects run by commercial companies have had a predominant role in promoting RE sources (RES). However, in the last years citizens and local communities have become increasingly involved in RE provision. For example, according to a UNEP report, in 2010 more than half of the $51 billion growth in the total RE investment originated from small-scale distributed generation systems, notably PV installations on rooftops. Although a number of recent studies have concluded that local ownership can have a positive effect on acceptance of RE, currently there is a lack of knowledge on how local communities and commercial developers can engage together in successful RE projects. Hence, the goal of this research is to provide a better understanding of the socioeconomic factors that promote community ownership. For this purpose, different ownership structures such as the co-operative enterprise model and the community co-ownership model are investigated. The research is carried out by means of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Empirical data from case studies will be collected through questionnaires and interviews. Besides shedding light into the topic of citizens and RE technology diffusion, the results of this research could also contribute to a better understanding of the role of local communities in fulfilling the EU’s 20-20-20 targets. In particular, it could support policy makers in drafting new energy policies for local communities which are planning to get involved in RE provision in their region.

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The qualitative impact of sustainability support to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) E. Conway University of Derby, UK* Nottingham Trent University, UK [email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of sustainability support to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) where quantitative results are often difficult to appraise. A critical review of available literature on the evaluation of sustainability and wider business support to SMEs was carried out. A questionnaire was sent to a wide range of UK based SMEs, to ascertain their perceived value of a sustainability support programme in which they were engaged. Then the results of this questionnaire are evaluated from a qualitative standpoint. SMEs (and a further subcategory of micro-enterprises) are defined in the EU as those employing less than 250 employees and either having less than €50m in turnover or €43m in the balance sheet. Of critical importance to the whole UK economy, they number 4.9 million enterprises and provide employment for more than 30 million people, creating vital products, services and innovation. Many of these organisations often require not only general business support, but also increasingly sustainable business support, to enable them to start or build their business concepts on sound sustainable platforms. Many small businesses are unable to evaluate the benefit which they have received from their support packages because they are in the project planning stage or have limited financial data. Without a form of evaluation, support networks often cannot continue funding support. This paper proposes the use of qualitative data collection and its evaluation to be considered when making the case for funding such programmes, along with quantitative data when available. By using cost effectiveness and qualitative data analysis techniques, it is possible to demonstrate the benefits which many programme participants gain, even when they are unable to demonstrate financial impacts. The main limitation of the present work was represented by the sample size as it was small (48 questionnaires) and modes of support varied between participants, therefore a larger study is needed to attain more data to further investigate the possible link between sustainability support in SMEs and their longer term success, in order to evidence a cost/ benefit and/or cost effectiveness analysis.

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Given the importance of SMEs not only to the UK economy, but also globally, their sustainable success is critical and there is a need to support these businesses to develop ideas, products and services sustainably for the wider economic benefit.

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This paper helps to fill a gap on literature on sustainable business support in SMEs. It presents an original examination of the views held by SME owners on the value placed on support at what is often a crucial time in their development.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Resource Management and Assessment

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Mineralogical and crystallochemical characterization of the kef es Sennoun phosphorite deposit H. REDJEHIMI*, H. FRIIS** Laboratoire de géologie, faculté des sciences de la terre, Université Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba. ** Department of Earth Sciences, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle´ 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark. [email protected] *

The sedimentary succession of Djebel Onk is characterised by the deposition of phosphatic formations of Late Palaeocene - Early Eocene age (Upper Thanetian-Lower Ypresian). The mineralogical, textural, and crystallochemical characteristics of the different types of phosphorite sampled from Kef es Sennoun deposit were determined by X-ray diffraction, optical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray detection system (EDAX). The phosphorites are generally composed of rounded-subrounded phosphate pelloids generally lacking internal structure and pseudo-oolites. Their size ranges from 50 µm to 1 mm in diameter, and they vary from cream and orange thorough shades of brown to dark brown depending on the content of organic matter and iron sulphides. Other types of phosphorite particles are coprolites, intraclasts and phosphatic bioclasts. X-ray diffraction studies of these phosphorites samples show that carbonate-fluorapatite (francolite) is the major phosphorite mineral, other minerals identified using the x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope include dolomite, calcite, pyrite, sphalerite, quartz, K- feldspar and clinoptilolite. The unit cell parameters a and c of francolite show the greatest variability and can be used as an indicator of partial substitution mainly of (CO32for PO43-) and Mg and Na for Ca in the francolite structure. These unit-cell dimensions are calculated from their following respective d-spacing’s: 002, 300, 202, 310, 222, 312, 213, 321, 410, 402 and 004 by least squares method using the program FullProf. These a-values of francolites range from 9.3228 to 9.33Å. The geochemical association of elements as shown by their correlation coefficients, indicate that some elements, such as Ni, V, Zn ,Cr , Cu, Ce, are probably associated with organic matter, while Sr, U and F are incorporated in the CFA lattice. Furthermore, results from SEM-EDX demonstrated that toxic elements Cd and Zn are mainly hosted by sphalerite microinclusions (5–20 μm) scattered within the peloids and dispersed within the dolomite cement. Textural relationships observed in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and geochemical characteristics suggest that the phosphorite grains will break easily from the dolomite

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cement, and because of the most highly substituted francolites and the a-values are at the lower end of the francolite model, these phosphate rocks can be used directly in agriculture (direct application) because of their high solubility and their low concentration of toxic elements.

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Efficient allocation of structural funds for regional and urban development H. Schnitzer, K. Hofbauer, Graz, University of Technology [email protected]

The redevelopment of property is of growing interest for any kind of urban renewal. The deficit situation of the European municipal finance requires PPP for urban finance. Spoken in terms of city development projects, public-private partnership cooperation takes the life cycle of a real estate into account and follows therefore the needs of the market. City brown fields’ don ́t sell on their own. The project development-process takes into account development, usage, state of emptiness and a redevelopment phase. This project development process, compared to a standard project structure and a PPP project structure, points out the advantages of the PPP lifecycle-cost approach by bundling the responsibility for the project and therefor optimizing the framework of appraisal. PPP in city development project is a very complex matter. The proceedings take long time and require interdisciplinary teams and solutions. During the whole processing the potential for conflict with the legal framework and EU funding schemes is very acute. This configuration is particularly remarkable in the case of the City of Hanau, where the competitive dialogue contributed to the creation of a lively and liveable inner city area, conform to the Charta of Leipzig and to the city development programme. The City of Worms used the competitive dialogue as well as the City of Hanau and planned the revitalisation of the Liebenauer Feld, a derelict barrack area near the main station. For this objectives an SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) was created, the Liebenauer Feld GMBH (Ltd), a public private partnership between a private investor from the building sector and the communal housing enterprise of the City of Worms. The Viennese Wohnfonds organizes developer competitions for city development projects with sustainable and social approach. Core elements for the assessment of these competitions are architecture, urban development, ecology and economical topics. Main issue for the Vienna Wohnfonds is high housing development quality by using urban development funds with the integration of EU funds. In Graz city development with PPP focuses on the development of the Graz west side with the background of the EU program Urban_Link Graz-West (2000006), co-financed by the ERDF to foster the sites attractivity and competition strength. EU funding for city development projects focuses mainly on the revolving funding model of JESSICA (Joint European Support for Sustainable Investments in City Areas), which requires an integrated development plan for sustainable urban development. Funding with JESSICA offers financial instruments with low interests and long duration guarantees and junior loans on favourable terms. Financial strategies with PPP implementation are mostly depending on the need to establish a business case and to finance such a large-scale project. These guiding, coordinating and steering roles puts the municipality/ region/ federation in

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position to buy the land and to redevelop it, conforming to very strict sustainable presets. Altogether the PPP project enhances the governmental accountability, promotes local enterprise and generally reduces the need for public sector borrowing. Private efficiencies can deliver real benefits that might overcome higher financing and transaction charges.

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Sustainability of forestry and bioenergy production: a multicriteria assessment framework Elvira Buonocore, Tiina Häyhä Laboratory of Ecodynamics and Sustainable Development, Department of Environmental Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy. [email protected]; [email protected]

Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and a possible future shortage of fossil resources is leading to a growing demand for wood biomass as a renewable material and energy source. In this context, forestry activities are increasing to meet the larger demand for wood biomass supply. Hence, there is also an increasing need for assessing environmental costs and impacts of forestry operations, considering both direct and indirect inputs supporting wood production systems as well as main outputs, co-products, and by-products. In this study, a multi-criteria environmental accounting method encompassing material, energy, and emergy demand as well as relevant emissions was implemented to explore the environmental performance and sustainability of timber and wood biomass production in the Alpine context of Fiemme and Fassa Valleys, Province of Trento (Italy). The Energy Return On Investment (EROI) calculated for timber and wood chips production was 51.9 and 28.1. These output/input energy ratios showed that the products’ energy content was high compared to the direct and indirect fossil energy invested in both production processes. The global to local ratio of abiotic material calculated for timber and wood chips was 3.58 and 2.95, proving that about 2 times more matter flows were extracted and processed elsewhere than locally to supply the production processes. The renewable emergy fraction calculated for timber and wood chips was 81% and 75% while the Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) was 4.96 and 3.86, respectively, proving that the forestry system is considerably supported by renewable and locally available resources. The release of CO2 was 855 and 133 t CO2 per year when considering the whole Fiemme and Fassa Valleys. These last figures, compared to the potential of the two valleys for greenhouse gas mitigation, show the ability of the investigated forestry sector to perform within the limits of the local carrying capacity in terms of CO2 emissions. Finally, the scenario analysis highlighted the maximum production level compatible with asustainable forest exploitation. In conclusion, the development of a multicriteria environmental accounting method allowed a comprehensive assessment of forestry operations, providing a tool useful for local managers and policy makers committed to put into action an environmentally sound forestry management.

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ABSTRACTS Contributed presentations: Technologies for Sustainable development

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The application of microbial fuel cells in waste treatment: the state of the art R.A. Nastro*, G. Falcucci**, E. Jannelli°, S. Ulgiati*, S. Dumontet*. Department of Sciences for the Environment – University “Parthenope” of Naples. ** Department of Science and Technology – University “Parthenope” of Naples. [email protected]

*

In the last two decades, the interest of the scientific community about Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) has significantly increased. MFCs are devices made up by one or two chambers and essentially based on the ability of certain microbial strains to exchange electrons with inorganic matter and, for this reason, called “electrogenic” or “electro-active” bacteria [1]. Briefly, anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria are responsible for the degradation of organic compounds placed in an anodic compartment. While bacteria carry out the degradation of the provided fuel, they hang electrons on an anode, usually made up by carbon (graphite or carbon filter for example). In most cases, electrons are transferred to a carbon cathode placed in an aerobic environment, even if, recently, some researchers proved the efficiency of steel cathodes too. The flow of electrons, generated by the potential at the electrodes, is responsible for the electric power generation [2]. Many different organic substrates can be used to feed a MFC, from acetic acid till wastewater [3]. Actually, two different approaches to the MFCs study are undertaken: the first one is mainly aimed to investigate “theoretical” aspects linked to MFCs (electronic transfer kinetics, electrodes conformation, spectroscopy, genetics of microorganisms, etc) while the second one is focused on the application of this technology to solid and liquid wastes treatment, bioremediation of polluted soils, implementation of biosensors [4][5][6][7]. After laboratory-scale experimentation, many researcher are investigating the performance of scaled MFC in wastewaters and landfill leachates treatment [4][7], with promising results. Recently, some researchers evaluated the investment costs of a scaled-up Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) applied to wastewater treatment [9], a first cautious evaluation in view of a real scaled-up and wide application. Nevertheless, many problems related to the nature of the waste used as fuel, the influence of temperature and pH as well as to the electrodes structure are still to be solved. Moreover, it should be noticed that, even if a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) procedure was proposed [10], a real methodology must still to be set up in order to allow an accurate evaluation of the “environmental value” of this new technology. 1. Logan Bruce E. and Regan John M.. (2006). Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells. TRENDS in Microbiology, 14(12): 512-518. 2. Logan Bruce E.., Melers Bertha, Reneä Rozendal, Schroder Uwe, Keller Jurge, Freguia Stefano, Aelterman Peter, Verstraete Willy, Rabay Korneel .(2006). Microbial Fuel Cells: Methodology and Technology,. Vol. 40, N. 17. Environmental Science & Technology. 3. Pant D, Van Bogaert G, Diels L, Vanbroekhoven K.(2010). A review of the substrates used

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. Bioresour Technol. Mar; 101(6): 1533-43. 4. Gálvez Antonia, Greenman John, Ieropoulos Ioannis .(2009). Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality. Bioresource Technology, 100: 5085– 5091. 5. Di Lorenzo Mirella, Tom P. Curtis,, Head Ian M., Scott Keith. (2009). A single-chamber microbial fuel cell as a biosensor for wastewaters. Water Research 43: 3145-3154. 6. Huang L., Chai X., Chen G.and Logan B.E.. (2011). Effect of Set Potential on Hexavalent Chromium Reduction and Electricity Generation from Biocathode Microbial Fuel Cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:, 5025–5031. 7. Rodrigo M.A., Canizares P., Lobato J., Paz R., Sũaez C., Linares J.J. (2007). Production of electricity from the treatment of urban waste water using a microbial fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources, 169: 198–204. 8. Venkata Mohan S., Chandrasekhar K. (2011) Solid phase microbial fuel cell (SMFC) for harnessing bioelectricity from composite food waste fermentation: Influence of electrode assembly and buffering capacity. Bioresource Technology, 102: 7077–7085. 9. Escapa, X. Go´mez, B. Tartakovsky, A. Mora´n (2012). Estimating microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) investment costs in wastewater treatment plants: Case study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37: 1864- 1865. 10. Panta D., Singhb A., Van Bogaerta G., Alvarez Gallegoa Y., Dielsa L, Vanbroekhovena K. (2011). An introduction to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy and product generation: Relevance and key aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15: 1305–1313.

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Eco design for green car components: The case of an electric vehicle inverter from Fagor Automation Company I. Gonzalez, D. Garrido, D. Justel Innovation design centre of Mondragon University [email protected]

The European Union in its growth strategy named Europe 2020 define the sustainable growth as one of the key issues for the coming decade. A resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy is the future scenario for Europe [1]. At the same time, INTERREG programme for cooperation among regions in the SUDOE area (France, Spain and Portugal) is driving protection and conservation of the environment through (ERDF) European Regional Development Fund [2]. In this framework, the automotive sector is undergoing a revolution towards more efficient and greener technologies which are driven by the economical situation, the petroleum shortage and its high price and the increase of environmental concerns. This revolution affects, not just those companies that produce final products, like electric vehicles (EV), but also those that design and produce components for EV This is the case of Fagor Automation Company, which designs and produces converters. They have identified an opportunity to enter the electric vehicle market segment with one of their products, the inverter. The aim of “Green Car Eco Design” project [3] is to include the environmental factor during the design stage (UNE 150301) of one of the most important components of the EV according to the “Green Car Eco Design” project. This project is an opportunity to define the eco-design strategies for the inverter, in order to add value to the product, considering that it is designed taking into account the environmental factors from the very beginning of the design process. The paper shows the environmental analysis of the FAGOR MMC 2.50-RS-D1-A1-0-0 technology based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and the strategies proposed form its results. The LCA is an analytical tool which helps to understand the environmental impact associated with a product, process or activity throughout its life from raw material acquisition through, production, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling[4][5]. The results highlight the effect of the energy consumption during the usage stage of the inverter, followed by the material stage. Therefore, the new design approach needs to focus on reducing the energy consumption and increasing the efficiency during the usage stage. Based on the eight strategies of eco-design, several ideas are defined and categorized. Then, the innovation level and the viability of the ideas and the interest of the company are analyzed. Finally, the most interesting one is chosen and further define. The idea is to develop a new product that includes the inverter and the charger function. Thus, the amount of material is decreased, energy consumption is reduced and energy efficiency is improved.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. http://ec.europa.eu 2. http://www.interreg-sudoe.eu 3. http://www.greencar-ecodesign.eu/ 4. ISO 14040(1997). Environmental management - life cycle assessment- Principles and framework. International Standard ISO 14040. 5. SETAC. Technical Framework for Life Cycle Assessment, edited by James A Fava, et al., August 18-23,Smugglers Notch, Vermont, 1990]

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Mathematical modelling and mass transfer research in development of sustainable bioprocesses for production of biofuels M. Novak*, P. Horvat**, B. Šantek***, Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology, Malting and Brewing Technology ** Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology *** University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6/IV HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected] *

Nowadays, as prices of fuel and oil are higher every day, and fossil resources are scarce, good alternative are so called bio-fuels. Most interesting bio-fuel is ethanol. Many studies were made, for understanding of the production process, from various substrates and raw materials. Problem with ethanol production is the price. Lowering the production cost is the main goal in the bio-fuel production. Integration of different technological operations has to be made in order to reduce production costs. Integrated bioprocess [1] for ethanol production usually combines simultaneous extraction of sucrose from raw sugar beet cossettes, fermentation with a high sugar concentration tolerant strain of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ethanol recovery from fermented broth. In this research, integrated bioprocess system that combines vertical column bioreactor (filled with raw sugar beet cossettes) and stirred tank bioreactor was used for the study of simultaneous sucrose extraction from sugar beet cossettes and ethanol production. Process parameters were different water temperatures, different inlet dry yeast mass concentration and residence time. On the basis of obtained results and kinetic analysis, mathematical models were established that describe sucrose diffusion (from sugar beet cossettes and stagnant medium layer around sugar beet cossettes) coupled with convective medium flow and bioprocess kinetics (substrate consumption, metabolism, ethanol production). One of the mathematical models is “cascade” model [3] that describes the whole bioreactor system as series of ideally mixed compartments with back mixing. For each ideally mixed compartment mass balance was established that describes hydrodynamic, mass transfer and bioprocess kinetics. For whole system set of differential equations was obtained and solved by numerical methods. For detailed research of mass transfer and momentum transport, bioprocess model was developed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. Yeast growth at high substrate concentrations was also studied in order to define kinetic parameters of yeast growth by using differential method. Obtained results clearly pointed out that Jerusalimsky [2] model shows the best agreement with experimental data. Integration of different bioprocess operations into one step can considerably reduced ethanol production costs and consequently lower impact on the environment [4]. Established integral bioprocess models could be also used as a good tool for the bioprocess optimization and the evaluation of bioprocess sustainability. 63

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. K. Schugerl, J. Hubbuch (2005), Integrated bioprocesses. In Current Opinion in microbiology, 8, 294-300 2. N.D Jerusalimsky (1968), Bottle-necks in metabolism as growth-rate controlling factors. In: Microbial Physiology and Continuous Culture (Powel, E.O., Editors.), Her Majesty Stationery Office 3. O. Levenspiel (1972), Chemical reactor engineering. John Wiley & Sons, N Y, London, Sydney, Toronto A. Krotscheck, M. Narodoslawsky (1996), The Sustainable Process Index, A new dimension in ecological evaluation. Ecological Engineering, 6, 241-258

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ABSTRACTS Posters presentations:

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Internal and external waste heat utilization in the energy intensive industry of Styria/Austria M. Titz, H. Schnitzer Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering [email protected]

During the development of the Styrian climate protection plan, it turned out that the inventory of the industrial waste in Styria has never been updated since 1983. But the utilization of waste heat is an efficient way to reduce the energy demand going along with a possible reduction of GHG emissions. In the Austrian province Styria approximately 40 % of the final energy demand is used by the production sector. Therefrom three-fourths of this energy demand is needed for just five sectors: • • • • •

Pulp & Paper Iron & Steel Non-metallic Minerals Machinery Food & Tobacco and Beverages

As most of the available data about waste heat in industry are out of date the purpose of this study is to survey the waste heat potential of several industrial companies. With that methods should be developed to improve the efficiency of the processes run by the companies by initiating their self-interest in a waste heat utilization and respectively reduction of the amount. In a first step energy related data were collected from the five production sectors mentioned above in order to calculate their waste heat potential. A rating matrix tool has been developed for this study. With that every waste heat stream can be evaluated separately. The main input data are temperature, the medium itself and the availability of the waste heat source as well as possible waste heat sinks. As a result of the analysis technology options are proposed, which can be assigned to three categories; heat exchange, heat conversion to electricity and heat conversion into cooling energy. The category ‘heat exchange’ comprehends two sets of technologies; internal waste heat recovery (in-house as well as in-process) and external recovery, e.g. the possibility to feed-in the heat into a district heating network. According to the economic needs of the companies, the three technologies with the reliable results are further evaluated by carrying out an economic examination based on the VDI 2067. In order to spark the interest on the waste heat potential, the results of the analysis are handed over to the companies. They can see it as a feedback like a proof of concept. Due to the economic restrictions only state of the art technologies came to the run in the results. 66

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Out of the results it is possible to extrapolate the waste heat potential of the five industrial sectors in Styria. It can be shown that the Styrian production has a theoretical waste heat potential of about 2.730 GWh, but just 520 GWh, not even 20 %, would be economic feasible in its use. The realizable potential with around 335 GWh (12%) is even lower at the moment. 1. Klimaschutzplan Steiermark, (2009) Band Produktion, Graz 2. Statistik Austria. (2010), energy balances Styria, Vienna 3. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI (2012) Richtlinie Wirtschaftlichkeit gebäudetechnischer Anlagen, Düsseldorf

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Effects of chemical production methods on the physicochemical amd functional properties of chitosan Khalaf-Allah, A. M.; Abo-Raya, S. H. and Abdel Aziz, M. E. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. [email protected]

Chitosan was produced from shrimp shells using the same chemical procedure as described for the other crustacean species, with minor modifications in the treatment conditions. The influence of modifications of the chitosan production process on the physiochemical and functional properties of the obtained chitosan was examined. The results indicated that preconditioned shrimp shells by treatment with 0.016 mol L-1 benzoic acid (method І) were susceptible to demineralization and deproteinization using 0.68 mol L-1 HCl and 0.62 mol L-1 NaOH, respectively. In comparison with common process (method ІІ), the chemical consumption, the duration of the treatment, ash and protein residues was reduced. Use autoclaving conditions to prepare chitosan under elevated temperature and pressure (15 psi/121 ºC) with 50% NaOH for 30 min gave highest yield of chitosan, with higher degree of deacetylation, higher molecular weight, viscosity, water and fat binding capacity. Effects of the preparation methods of chitosan on antimicrobial activity were studied. Chitosan produced from method ІІІ (Autoclaving process) had exhibited high antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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Implication of Quorum Sensing in bioremediation processes: screening of signal molecules produced by a consortium of diesel degrading strains G.R. Abbamondi1,2,3, G. Tommonaro1, P. Gkorezis2, B. Nicolaus1 and J. Vangronsveld2 1 CNR - National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry Via Campi Flegrei, 34 - 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy 2 Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium 3 “Parthenope” University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy [email protected], [email protected]

The generic term “quorum sensing” (QS) has been adopted to describe the bacterial cell-to-cell communication mechanisms which coordinate gene expression generally, but not always, when the population has reached a high cell density. QS depends on the synthesis of small molecules that diffuse in and out of bacterial cells. [1, 2, 3] Activities under quorum-sensing control include secondary metabolite production, motility, symbiosis, nodulation, conjugal plasmid transfer, biofilm formation and virulence in numerous bacterial genera. [4] Some of these activities are deeply implicated in hydrocarbon degrading capability; in particular motility, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and biofilm formation are known as crucial factors in the adherence to hydrocarbons and the effective degradation rates. [5] 15 strains were selected from a pool of 380 based on their ability to degrade diesel fuel; the isolates originate from the site of the Ford Motor Company in Genk (Belgium). [6] The production of putative AHL signal molecules was initially detected using the Escherichia coli lux-based biosensors pBS536, pSB401 and pSB1075. Dichloromethane extracts of cell-free medium of strains were tested for the detection of QS molecules by using TLC-overlay test with Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4 bioreporter [7]. Signal molecules production was also evalueted by T-streak assay with Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 [7] and Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4 [8] biosensors. Moreover, biological activities (antimicrobial, heavy metal resistance, swimming and swarming abilities) of selected strains were estimated. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of quorum sensing in bioremediation processes, with the aim to increase the effectivity of systems for remediation of soils and groundwater contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons by means of Plant-Microbe partnerships. 69

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. P. William, K. Winzer, W. C. Chan, M. Càmara, 2007; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B; 362, 11191134. 2. S. Atkinson, P. Williams, 2009; Quorum sensing and social networking in the microbial world. Journal of the Royal Society Interface; 6, 959-978. 3. G. Tommonaro, G. R. Abbamondi, C. Iodice, K. Tait, S. De Rosa, 2012; Microbial Ecology, (63) 490–495. 4. J. Joint, J. A. Downie, P. Williams, 2007; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B; 362,1115-1117. 5. Y. -S. Kang and W. Park, 2010; Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109, 1650–1659. 6. P. Gkorezis, N. Weyens, S. Thijs, D. van der Lelie, J. Vangronsveld, 2012; 9th International Phytotechnology Society (IPS); September11th-14th, 2012; Plant-microbe interactions: Organics; Poster D3, 245. 7. L. Steindler, V. Venturi, 2007; FEMS Microbiol Lett.; 266, 1-9. 8. I. Llamas, E. Quesada, M. J. Martìnez-Cànovas, M. Gronquist, A. Eberhard, J.E. Gonzàlez, 2005; Extremophiles; 9, 333–341.

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The green side of automotive sector Russo Angelantonio*, Domenico Morrone*, Catania Emanuele** * LUM University; **Marsh Italia [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

The present paper is a study about the important transformation in the automotive industries, following the new green tendencies. Nowadays, the main competition is focused on the green technology and the sustainable marketing approach. The aim of this paper is to understand the behavior and the impressions of consumers towards the green car in front of large investments in eco-friendly products made by car manufacturers. This analysis is able to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing in promoting and building awareness on a new area that has been recognized as the future key competition field by car manufacturers themselves, scanning the gap between the product and the consumers’ view. The first step is a brief examination about the implications of green marketing policies to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage, observing the considerations of main scholars [1][2][3][4]. Pros and criticisms have been analyzed, highlighting the costs and the benefits of a corporate strategy underpinned on sustainable values. Then the focus shifts on a contextualization of the Corporate Sustainability (CS) [5][6] and green marketing issue nowadays, where a four driving forces framework is presented in order to better understand the dynamics and the forces behind this phenomenon, and how it should be implemented. There is also a little reference to the dark side of the green, since many organizations use green washing strategies in order to clean up their reputation with illusory advertising or reparative campaigns aimed to cover environmental or social misbehaviors. The work proceeds by entering into the automotive industry’s general dynamics through an approach based on dynamic capabilities. Main factors are analyzed, like competitive pressure, production’s trends, power-train evolution, alliances, mergers and acquisitions, pricing, new segmentation and niche products. Afterwards the study moves on the sustainability path undertaken by car manufacturers towards a greener product. The empirical research follows and the analysis is made on descriptive statistics, using as method the questionnaire. It has been submitted through social networks, covering a special area of population. The data collected are about quantitative and qualitative elements. The first step of the analysis has been the determination of four macro-components to group all the questions made: performance, functionality, eco-friendly and brand appeal. The answers pointed out a poor involvement of consumers in the green issue. What is clear is the confusion in the mind of the respondents. They did not seek out properly the greenest companies.

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The automotive is performing below its potential in terms of sustainability for some reasons. First of all the green is growing fast but it is overall at an early stage. The degrees of freedom are still allowing the entrance of new theories and the development of new applications and new technologies. The green niche is emerging and it has passed from the “market introduction stage” to the “growth stage”. It is an interesting scenario for companies that could be able to exploit new increasing market segments. 1. Fisk G. (1973) Criteria for a Theory of Responsible Consumption, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, pp. 24-31. 2. Polonsky M. J. (1994) An Introduction to Green Marketing, Electronic Green Journal, UCLA Library, UC Los Angeles. 3. Peattie K. (2001). Towards Sustainability: The Third Age of Green Marketing, The Marketing Review, pp. 129-146, Westburn Publishers. 4. Grant J. (2007). The Green Marketing Manifesto, John Wiley & Sons. 5. Husted B. W. & Salazar J. J. (2006). Taking Friedman seriously: maximizing profits and social performance, Journal of Management Studies, 43(1), pp. 75-91. 6. Porter E. M. & Kramer (2007). Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility. Creating Shared Value. Harvard Business Review, vol. 84, No. 12.

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Quality characteristics of mango pulp as affected by ohmic heating process Sobhy M. Mohsen*; Michael Murkovic**; Mohamed M. Elnokety* and Tarek G. Mohamed* Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. ** Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Austria

*

The present work aimed to study the use of ohmic heating in the processing of mango pulp comparing to conventional method. Mango pulp was processed by using ohmic heating under the studied suitable conditions. The results showed that processing of mango pulp by using either ohmic heating or conventional method caused a decrease in the contents of TSS, total acidity, total Carbohydrates, total sugars (reducing&non reducing sugar) and an increase in phenolic content, Ascorbic acid and Carotenoids. Mango pulp processed by ohmic heating contained more Phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and vit.c and less HMF compared to that produced by conventional one. Total pectin and its fractions had slightly reduced by ohmic heating and such reduction was increased by conventional method. Results also showed that total plate count and mold& yeast were reduced by processing of mango pulp by using the two methods. However ohmic heated mango pulp showed a less total plate count and mold &yeast after processing and during storage compared to that in conventional method. Coliform and thermophilic bacteria were completely inhibited by using both methods after processing and during storage. Enzymatic activity showed a reduction in poly phenoloxidase (PPO) &Polyglacturonase (PG) activity in mango pulp processed by conventional method. However ohmic heating completely inhibited PPO&PG activities due to the affective heating treatment. An improvement in the Organoliptic properties of mango pulp processed by ohmic heating compared to conventional process was noticed.

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Application of remote sensing for monitoring land use land cover change in semi arid region T.H.H. Deafalla and M.M. El-Abbas Technische Universität Dresden, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Germany [email protected]

Global environmental change is a fact of life, and one of humanity’s greatest challenges affecting both current and future generations. This change takes several forms such as fragile ecosystems, disability in development, land degradation, force large-scale migration and increased risks to public health in addition to higher poverty rates. Recently, many concerns have been raised about the transnational environmental impacts [1; 2]. This threat is in many regions of the world such as Somalia, Ethiopia and now Sudan which are increasing rapidly. Sudan is typical of other countries in Africa is being highly vulnerable to environmental change and climate variability. The interaction of multiple stresses; endemic poverty, ecosystem degradation, complex disasters and conflicts, limited access to capital, infrastructure and technology have all weakened people’s ability to adapt to changes in environment. Several studies supported that there is strong link between environmental variability and LU/LC changes [3; 4]. This relationship has taken more important dimension when we start thinking of building resilience against insecurity or problems of sustainable management of ecosystem services. This study is attempted to monitor and assess the change by overlaying maps of Land Use/ Land Cover (LU/LC) classes in South Kordofan State of Sudan acquired at different points in time, as well as to assess the vulnerability associated with the environmental change. It also outlines some of the actions being taken to help a country adapting to the changing climate, and makes recommendations for how such actions could become more effective. Data was collected through multi-temporal satellite data (i.e. TERRA ASTER) to study the LULC changes. Post Classification Analysis (PCA) technique was applied. The classifications were performed for the imageries from 2000 and 2011, which allowed for an overall assessment of change over the past decade. Our classification schemes to the LU/LC classes for the study area were result in six classes for each. The initial clustering analysis of the data proves massive changes in LU/LC classes. Furthermore, to evaluate the results of conversions, Post Change Detection (PCD) technique was applied to quantify and locate the changes. A matrix of LU/LC changes from 2000 to 2011 was created. The result of the case studies reveals that, an intensive and dynamic rate of deforestation. Where the natural vegetation has been removed, modified and replaced mainly by crop fields. Cropland area increased approximately to be 68221.0 ha (35%) while forest-land decreased to be 16745.4 ha (8.6%), grassland, scattered forest and scrubland were decreased to 32427.9 ha (16.6%), 28658.7 ha (14.7%), and 33282.4 ha (17.1%) respectively. Relatively, bare-land areas increased to 8.1% from 2000 to 2011. In the current research, it has been possible to identify the areas which are most vulnerable to environmental change in study area by PCD technique based on multi-temporal and multispectral remotely sensed data. This technique demonstrates a great potential as a means 74

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to understanding landscape dynamics by map, monitor and evaluate differences in LU/LC patterns over time [5]. Moreover, new strategies are needed and research development to cope with high levels of environmental change. 1. Goldstone, J. A. (1999): Imminent political conflicts arising from China’s population crisis, in Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Matthew (eds), Contested Ground: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics, Albany: SUNY Press, 247-266. 2. Matthew, R.A.; Gaulin, T. and McDonald, B. (2002): Global Environmental Change and Human Security: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues, University of California Irvine, GES-P 813. 3. Foley, J. A.; Kucharik, C. J.; Twine, T. E.; Coe, M. T. and Donner, S.D. (2004): Land Use, Land Cover, and Climate Change Across the Mississippi Basin: Impacts on Selected Land and Water Resources, Ecosystems and Land Use Change. Geophysical Monograph Series, 153. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union, 10.1029/153GM19. 4. Mahmood, R.; Pielke Sr., R. A.; Hubbard, K. G.; yogi, D. N.; Bonan, G.; Lawrence, P.; McNider, R; McAlpine,C.; Etter, A.; Gameda,S.; Qian,B.; Carleton, A.; Beltran-Przekurat, A.; Chase, T.; Quintanar, A. I.; Adegoke, J.Y. O.; Arambu, S. V.; Conner, G.; Asefi,S.; Sertel, E.; Legates, D.D.R.; Wu, Y.; Hale, R.; Frauenfeld, O.W.; Watts, A.; Shepherd, M. H.; Mitra, C.; Anantharaj, V.G.; Fall, S.; Lund, R.; Treviño, A.; Blanken, P.; Du, J.; Chang, H.; Leeper, R.; Nair, U. S.; Dobler,S.; Deo, R.; and Syktus, J. (2010): Impacts of land use/land cover change on climate and future research priorities, American meteorological society, pp37. 5. Jensen, J.R. (1996): Introductory digital processing; a remote sensing perspective (3 edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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Monitoring the Ecological Footprint at Household Level M. Ripa1, S. Bardi2, G. Bilanzone3, A. Masullo4, M. Pietrobelli3 1 Parthenope University, Naples, Italy 2 WWF Research & Projects, Rome, Italy 3 Cras (Research Center for Sustainable Development), Rome, Italy 4 Greenaccord (Cultural Association), Rome, Italy [email protected]

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In a finite world the increase in the overall environmental pressure associated with consumption activities is undoubtedly crucial. Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) have been on the international agenda since Agenda 21 (1992) identifying unsustainable patterns of production and consumption as the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment. Although there are controversies around the way pressures on the planet’s resources are measured, the message that consistently emerges is that the global economy is consuming and depleting resources with an unsustainable rate. According to this perspective, consumption-based accounting methods (CBA) are becoming increasingly relevant as they are useful in providing several opportunities for policy. CBA methods are capable to include all driving forces for demands on ecological assets associated with consumption activities. The Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) is one of the most widespread methods in order to link life styles and human impact on the environment. The Ecological Footprint is a resource and emission accounting tool designed to track human demand on the biosphere’s regenerative capacity [1][2]. EFA converts the consumption of food, energy, and other materials to the equivalent area of biologically productive land that would be required, directly and indirectly, to produce food, energy and other materials to meet human consumption demands. By using yield factors and equivalence factors, the consumption of resources is converted into a single index: the land area that would be needed to sustain population indefinitely, expressed in units of world average bioproductive area, namely global hectares – gha [3]. The Ecological footprint became important as educational tool in highlighting the unsustainability of global and local consumption and in reporting on progress towards sustainability of the community as a whole. The aim of this study is to provide analysts and decision makers with a ready-touse analysis at household level, enabling them to take the first step towards a sustainability assessment. This work has been developed under the Project “Ecological Footprint – Project to raise awareness for the adoption of sustainable lifestyles”, launched in February 2011 and completed in September 2012. The Project, run by Greenaccord, WWF Research & Projects and Cras, non-profit associations, and financed by Fondazione Cariplo and Fondazione Banco di Napoli, involved the participation of about 300 Italian families. Families measured and quantified their footprint before and after practical environmental-oriented education tips, verifying how household consumption patterns would be impacted by educational activities. Moreover the measure provided a reminder that living a sustainable life style means living more consciously of the importance of nature’s capital assets that are being consumed by our society, in order to sustain our consumer-oriented standard of living.

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Wackernagel M., Rees W. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers. 2. Wackernagel M., Onisto L., Bello P., Callejas Linares A., López Falfán I. S., Méndez Garcı́a J., Suárez Guerrero A. I., Suárez Guerrero M. G. (1999). National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics, 29 (3): 375-390. 3. Monfreda C., Wackernagel M., Deumling D. (2004). Establishing national natural capital accounts based on detailed Ecological Footprint and biological capacity assessments. Land Use Policy, 21(3): 231-246.

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Re-use of Agro-industrial wastes: recovery of valuable compounds by eco-friendly techniques Valentina Taurisanoa,b, Gianluca Anzelmoa, Annarita Polia, Barbara Nicolausa,b, Paola Di Donatoa,b a CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry - Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Na), Italy b University of Naples “Parthenope”, Department of Environmental Sciences - Centro Direzionale (Isola C4), 80143 Naples, Italy; [email protected]

The global demographic expansion has determined a voracious demand for edible goods, thus also originating the primary issues about the disposal of wastes and by-products derived from the cultivation procedures and the industrial processing of crops and vegetables. Food production based on the processing of fruit and vegetables is a pivotal industrial area for Italy and other European countries, nevertheless it also represents a source of environmental pollution related to high amount of wastes that have to be managed as material with high environmental impact, thus requiring a high economic cost for their disposal. In particular, in Italy 12.000.000 t/y [1] of agro-industrial wastes are produced and only the 2.8%[2] of them, coming from market packaging and canning industry, is re-used for energy and compost production. Wastes, by-products and effluents coming from industrial processing and agricultural procedures of vegetables and fruit can be defined as biomass. Actually, according to CE directive 2001/77 biomass is “the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste”. Currently, the residual biomass is valorized by means of compost, animal feed and biofuel production but it can also be valorized by its conversion into the starting substrates for the creation of high value-added products according to the biorefinery concept: industrial districts with zero emissions and sustainable transformation of biomasses in a wide range of high added value products and energy. Indeed, residues from vegetables processing represent an interesting chemical feedstock for extraction of useful products that include chemically different species such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, natural pigments, tannins, pectins, collagen, carotenoids and other antioxidant and bioactive molecules such as polyphenolic compounds.

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In this study the biorefinery concept has been applied on wastes obtained from the industrial processing of lemon for liquor production and juice extraction. Lemon (citrus limon) is one of the most important vegetable on italian market, especially annual crop production amounts to 488.000 tons and wastes (pomace and peels) represent 60% of lemon fruit [3]. In particular, lemon pomace has been used as source of polyphenols and polysaccharides by means of green chemistry technologies such as microwave and ultrasound assisted extractions. Phenolic extracts have been investigated for antioxidant properties that could suggest their applications as food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics preservatives instead of chemical compounds dangerous for human health, whereas polysaccharides have been investigated for the chemical composition, physico-chemical and biological properties [4].

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This research highlights the biorefining approach related to biomass wastes, which are transformed by means of eco-friendly techniques, thus solving the problem of the disposal of residual by-products and also providing valuable compounds, which may be applied in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. 1. Data from C.R.P.A., Animal Production Research Centre, Italy 2. Data from Itabia 3. Data from INRAN (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione) 4. Poli A., Anzelmo G., Fiorentino G., Nicolaus B., Tommonaro G., Di Donato P. (2011). Polysaccharides from wastes of vegetable industrial processing: new opportunities for their eco-friendly re-use. In: “Biotechnology of Biopolymers”, Magdy Elnashar (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-179-4, In Tech.

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Extremophiles as model microorganisms for Astrobiology studies V. Mastascusaa,b, I. Romanoa, P. Di Donatoa,b, V. Della Corteb, A. Rotundib, E. Bussolettib, B. Nicolausa a CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry - Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Na), Italy b University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy [email protected]

Astrobiology studies the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe [1] with a multidisciplinary approach. In 2010 Davila [2] introduced the term “Astromicrobiology” as small microorganisms and simple cells are more likely to originate first than the complex multicellular organisms. Microorganisms can be transported from one planet to another (panspermia) and are the most widespread forms of life able to colonize different environments. In this regard, studying extremophiles’ biology and ecology allows to formulate hypotheses on the conditions required for the origin and the diversification of life, defining its potential present and past habitats, i.e. terrestrial life boundary conditions. Extremophiles [3] are a group of microorganisms able to survive and to grow optimally at (or near) to the full range of chemical, physical and environmental parameters that are considered “ extreme” from an anthropocentric point of view: they therefore represent possible life forms in a scale of Astrobiology. On the Earth it is possible to individuate many “extreme” environments, some of them with characteristics similar to the Martian one, i.e. among the most promising extraterrestrial worlds to harbor living microbes. It is presently known that the chemical and physical features of early Mars and the Earth are similar. Geological erosion observations demonstrated that Mars was quite rich of water and more temperate in earlier times when life was already appeared on the Earth. Thus, it can be supposed that life was present on the surface or in the subsurface of Mars and could have been preserved up to the present time.

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On the basis of such considerations we focused our attention on some extremophilic microorganisms that will be studied on the basis of their resistance to a wide variety of environmental stresses in order to assess their suitability as model organisms for Astrobiology studies. Such microorganisms include: Thermotoga neapolitana [4] a thermo-anaerobic microorganism isolated from a black smoker in the bay of Naples (Italy); Geobacillus thermantarcticus [5] a thermophilic microorganism isolated from geothermal soil from Mt. Melbourne, an active volcano in Antarctica; Sulflobus solfataricus [6] a thermo-acidophilic archeon isolated from Solfatara volcano, southern Italy and finally Haloterrigena hispanica [7] an extremely halophilic archaeon from Fuente de Piedra, southern Spain. All the experiments will be carried out by comparing our samples with mesophilic microorganism Escherichia coli assumed as a model.

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Des Marais D., Nuth J. A., Allamandola L.J. (2008). The NASA Astrobiology roadmap. Astrobiology 8: 715-730 2. Davila A. F. (2010). Astromicrobiology. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester 3. MacElroy R. D. (1974). Some commentson evolutionof extremophiles. Biosystems 6: 7475 4. Jannash W. J., Huber R., Belkin S., Stetter O. (1988). Thermotoga neapolitana sp. nov.of the extremely Thermophilic eubacterial genus Thermotoga. Arch. Of Microbiology 150: 103-104 5. Nicolaus B., Marsiglia F., Esposito E., Trincone A., Lama L., Sharp R., Di Prisco G., Gambacorta A. (1991). Isolation of live of thermophilic eubacteria in Antarctica. Polar Biology 11: 425-429 6. Zilling W., Stetter K. O., Wunderl S., Schulz W., Priess H., Scholz I. (1980). The Sulfolobus – “Caldariella” Group: Taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNAdependent RNA polymerases. Achives of Microbiology 125: 259-269 7. Romano, I., Poli, A., Finore, I., Huertas, F.J., Gambacorta, A., Pelliccione, S., Nicolaus, G., Lama, L., Nicolaus, B.: Haloterrigena hispanica sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from Fuente de Piedra, southern Spain. IJSEM 57, 1499-1503 (2007).

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Comparison of biomass production and total lipid content of marine green microalgae cultivated under various culture conditions. Geun Ho. Gim, Hyeon Seok. Kim, Si Wouk. Kim Department of Environmental Engineering, BK21 Team for Biohydrogen Production & Pioneer Research Center for Controlling of Harmful Algal Bloom, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea [email protected]

Generally most of the microalgae were cultivated photoautotrophically using the light and carbon dioxide in the air. In this study, we tried to cultivate them heterotrophically or mixotrophically to increase both biomass and lipid production. For photoautotrophic cultivations, Nannochloropsis sp. was cultured at 25-27°C, light intensity of 90 μmol/ m2/s, and light cycle of 12h:12h (light/dark), and Nannochloropsis oculata CCAP849/1 was cultured at 25-27°C, light intensity of 80 μmol/m2/s, and light cycle of 12h:12h (light/ dark), respectively. Under these conditions, biomass production and total lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp. were 0.72 g/L and 8.7 % (dry wt.), respectively, and those of N. oculata CCAP849/1 were 2.72 g/L and 13.3%, respectively. The influence of glucose concentration on both biomass and lipid production was investigated. At 1.5% glucose concentration, biomass and total lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp. and N. oculata were 1.13 and 2.97 g/L and 8.3 and 13.2%, respectively. Under mixotrophic conditions, those of Nannochloropsis sp. and N. oculata CCAP849/1 were 0.84 and 2.92 g/L, respectively, and 22.4 and 26.8% (DW), respectively. There is no significant difference in the biomass production between mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, however, total lipid content increased in 2~3-fold under mixotrophic condition. Consequently, the highest total lipid contents of the two green microalgae were observed under mixotrophic culture condition. 1. Cho S, Ji SC, Hur S, Bae J, Park IS, Song YC (2007) Optimum temperature and salinity conditions for growth of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea and Nannochloris oculata. Fish Sci 73:1050-1056 2. Liang YN, Sarkany N, Cui Y (2009) Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions. Biotechnol Lett 31:1043-1049 3. Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS (2010) Microalgae for biodiesel production and other application: review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:217-232

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Screening, isolation and identification of novel chitinase producing bacterial sps. from yellow loess soil Ki Moon.Bong, Jong Min.Kim, Mathur Nadarajan.Kathiravan and Si Wouk.Kim Department of Environmental Engineering, BK21 Team for Biohydrogen Production, Chosun Universuty, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea TEL: +82-62-230-7875, FAX: +82-62-230-6040 [email protected]

Recently, microbial chitinase were widely used in various processes including agricultural, biological and environmental fields, especially, to control plant pathogenic fungal. Chitinases cleaves the b(1-4)glycosidic linkage of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine present in the fungal cell wall. In the present study, 10 different chitinase producing bacterial sps. were isolated from soil samples collected at barren losses agricultural soil (Cabbage, potato and beans field). To obtain enhanced chitinase producing bacterial sps., was performed using 0.5% swollen chitin as carbon source with modified M9 media. The temperature, pH and incubation time was followed as: 30°C, 6.8 and seven days respectively. These enhanced samples were used to screen the chitinase producing bacterial with clear zone appearance in the chitin agar plates. The genomic DNA extracted from the isolated colonies was used to identify the chitinase producing gene. Further, biochemical tests, 16srDNA amplification and sequencing were carried out to identify the organism. From the results, there are 6 Pseudomonas sps., 3 Stenotrophomonas sps., and one Paenibacillus sp. were obtained with higher chitinase producing bacteria sps. 1. Xiong J, Zhang RY, Liu KK, Huang B, Nie ZY (2011) Production of Chitinase and its Optimization from a Novel Isolate Serratia marcescens XJ-01 Xia JL. Indian J Microbiol. Jul; 51(3): 301-6. 2. S. C. Hsu, J. L. Lockwood (1975) Powdered chitin agar as a selective medium for enumeration of actinomycetes in water and soil. Appl. Microbol. 29(3): 422.

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Comparison of halophilic green microalgal growth under different hypersaline medium Hyeon Seok. Kim, Geun Ho. Gim, and Si Wouk. Kim Department of Environmental Engineering, BK21 Team for Biohydrogen Production, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea TEL: +82-62-230-7875, FAX: +82-62-230-6040 [email protected]

The growth of three marine green microalgae such as Dunaliella salina DCCBC2, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Dunaliella sp., were compared under 7 marine media. The algal cells were cultured in 500 mL flask with 300 mL of working volume and the culture conditions were followed as: temperature 25-26°C, light intensity 100 µmol/m2/s, and light cycle 12h:12h (light/dark). Among the seven different marine medium used in the present study, the highest biomass obtained in Spirulina and Zarrouk’s medium was 0.726 g/l and 1.09 g/l (D.salina DCCBC2), 0.66 g/l and 0.76 g/l (D.tertiolecta) and 0.924 g/l and 0.76 g/l (Dunaliella sp.) respectively. The growth of all three marine algae was better in Spirulina and Zarrouk’s medium than other media tested. This is mainly due to the presence of bicarbonate inorganic carbon source in Spirulina and Zarrouk’s medium. The bicarbonate has high soluble nature than gaseous CO2 in the media and the marine algal species synthesis an important extracellular enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which catalysis the inter-conversion of HCO3- and CO2. Many microalgal species were actively uptake these compounds for their growth as well as lipid accumulation in the cells. In summary, the addition of inorganic bicarbonate carbon sources in the Spirulina and Zarrouk’s medium showed highest microalgal growth and these two media are better for the cultivation of microalgae in industrial scale. 1. Zarrouk, C. (1966), Contribution à l’étude d’unecyanophycée. Influence de divers facteurs physiqueset chimiques sur la croissance et la photosynthèse de Spirulina maxima. PH.D Thesis, Université De Paris. 2. modified from Aiba, S. & Ogawa, T. (1977): Assessment of growth yield of a blue-green alga: Spirulinaplatensis, in axenic and continuous culture. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1977, 102: 179-182. 3. Stanier, R. Y., Kunisawa, R., Mandel, M. & Cohen-Bazire, G. (1971). Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales). Bacteriol. Rev. 35: 171205. - modified according to Rippka, R. & Herdman, M. (1993) 4. Mendiola JA, Santoyo S, Cifuentes A, et al. Antimicrobial activity of sub- and supercritical CO2 extracts of the green alga Dunaliella salina. J Food Prot. 2008 Oct;71(10):2138-43.

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Production of Exopolysaccharides by Halomonas eurihalina F2-7 and Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris from salted whey A.A. Ali, M.A.A. Azzam, A.M. Metwally, A.A. Awad Dairy Dept., Fac. Of Agric. Cairo Univ. [email protected]

Salted whey produced from the Egyptian Domiati cheese (soft cheese) after supplementing of its carbon and nitrogen sources was used for production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Halomonas eurihalina F2-7 and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. The effect of whey pH, salt percent, sugars and non-protein nitrogen contents and the microorganism inoculum size, fermentation temperature and period on microorganism growth and EPS yield and their dry mutter and sugar content were studied. Fermentation medium components which produce maximum cells growth and EPS yield varied between both microorganisms. H.eurihalina F2-7 (3.0% inoculum) produced maximum EPS yield (2.8 g/L) when the whey contained 7.0% salt, supplemented with mannitol (10 g/L) and yeast extract (6 g/L) and the pH was 7.2 at 32°C for 10 days. While X.campestris pv. campestris (3.%inoculum) resulted in 13.6 g/L EPS (~ 5 times of Halomonas EPS) when grown in whey which its protein was hydrolyzed (87.0% hydrolysis ratio), salted with 3.0% NaCl, and supplemented with 3.0% sucrose at pH 7.5 for 5 days under shaking (200 rpm/min) at 25°C. Sugars content of the EPS was also affected by the growth medium and the produced organism. Glucose and mannose appeared to be the principal sugars but with varying ratios. The EPS yield followed the trend of its cells count growth and the yield reached the maximum at the microorganism stationary phase. Both microorganisms differed in their EPS yield and their effect on fermentation pH. While H.eurihalina F2-7 increased the pH from 7.2 to 7.95, X. campestris pv. campestris reduced the pH from 7.5 to 6.65.

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Preliminary application of two biological indices to assess river water quality S. De Bonis*, A. Giorgio*, R.A. Nastro°, M. Guida* Department of Biology University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy. °Department of Sciences for the Environment, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Italy. [email protected] *

The European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE, and the following Italian National Laws, changed significantly the approach to the problems related to water quality [1,2]. In this context, the surface waters ecological and chemical status must be assessed also according to biological parameters. In fact, the development of a biological index allows to evaluate changes in the biota as a function of water quality and anthropic disturbance [3]. Water bodies, such as rivers, are strongly affected by anthropic pressure with consequent variations of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems, spatial discontinuity and loss and / or disappearance of specific taxa [4]. In 2010, the Italian Ministry for the Environment introduced new indices for the evaluation of rivers ecological status through the utilization of Biological Quality Elements (BQE). In particular, ICMi (Intercalibration Common Metrix index) for diatoms and STAR_ICMi (MacrOper system) for macroinvertebrates community were introduced [5,6,7]. With the aim to verify the accuracy of both indices in the ecological state assessment of a water body, a survey was carried out on river Crati. The Crati river flows thought the Calabria Region (Italy) for 91 Kms, passing from a low disturbed environment to a highly antropized land, characterized by high population density. Industries, farms, mines and a dam are also present along the rivercourse. Such factors led us to consider this river as a test bench for new environmental indices. Ten different sampling stations were chosen along the course at approximately 9 Kms far from each other and before and after the dam and significant wastewater intakes [8,9]. All samples were taken in Spring. A taxonomic identification of all species and the calculation of biological indices were carried out [10,11,12,]. The analysis of macroinvertebrates community showed a small number of species considered as indicators. Moreover, each taxon showed a low population density, relatively to the examined samples, and in accordance to reference data available. As to diatoms, we obtained a different result: in some stations we observed an over-estimation of water quality in comparison to the estimation of the ecological state by MacrOper system. Our findings showed the presence of a mismatch between the investigated indices and further investigations are needed in order to assess the validity of both approaches. The monitoring program will be carried in order to obtain further data on river Crati water quality and propose specific guidelines to improve it.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. CE, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official of the European Communities Journal, L327 (43): 1-72. 2. Decreto del Ministero dell’Ambiente e Della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare n. 260 del 8 novembre 2010. Regolamento recante i criteri tecnici per la classificazione dello stato ecologico dei corpi idrici superficiali, per la modifica delle norme tecniche del decreto legislativo 3 aprile 2006, n. 152. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. L 30 del 7/02/2011, Supplemento ordinario n. 31. 3. Ghetti P.F.,1995. Indice Biotico Esteso (I.B.E.). Notiziario dei metodi Analitici, IRSA (CNR), ISSN:0333392 -1425:1-24. 4. Ghetti P.F., 1997 - Indice Biotico Esteso (I.B.E.). I macroinvertebrati nel controllo della qualità degli ambienti di acque correnti. Manuale di applicazione. Prov. Autonoma di Trento, APPA. 5. Buffagni A., Erba S., 2007a. Macroinvertebrati acquatici e Direttiva 2000/60/EC (WFD)Parte A. Metodo di campionamento per i fiumi guadabili. IRSACNR, Notiziario dei Metodi Analitici, Marzo 2007: 2-27 6. Buffagni A., Erba S., Aquilano G., Armanini D., Beccari C., Casalegno C., Cazzola M., Demartini D., Gavazzi N., Kemp J.L., Mirolo N., Rusconi M., 2007b. Macroinvertebrati acquatici e Direttiva 2000/60/EC (WFD)- Parte B. Descrizione degli habitat fluviali a supporto del campionamento biologico. IRSA-CNR Notiziario dei Metodi Analitici, Marzo 2007: 28- 52. 7. Mancini L., Sollazzo C., 2009. Metodo per la valutazione dello stato ecologico delle acque correnti: comunità diatomiche. Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità. (Rapporti Istisan 09/19). 8. APAT, 2007. Protocollo di campionamento dei macroinvertebrati bentonici dei corsi d’acqua guadabili. In: “Metodi Biologici per le acque. Parte I”. Manuali e Linee Guida APAT, Roma. 9. UNI EN 13946:2005 Qualità dell’acqua- norma guida per il campionamento di routine ed il pretrattamento di diatomee bentoniche da fiumi. 10. Buffagni A., Belfiore C., 2007. ICMeasy 1.2: A Software for the Intercalibration Common Metrics and Index easy calculation. User guide. IRSA-CNR Notiziario dei Metodi Analitici, Marzo 2007 (1):101-114. 11. Campaioli S., Ghetti P. F., Minelli A., Ruffo S., 1994. Manuale per il riconoscimento dei macroinvertebrati delle acque dolci italiane.Provincia Autonoma di Trento, vol. I-II. 12. Krammer K., 2000. Diatoms of Europe. Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats. Vol 1, 3, 4. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K. G., Ruggell.

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The influence of socio-economic factors on MSW production in Campania Region A. Grosso, G. De Palma ARPAC (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Campania), Naples, Italy. [email protected]

The production of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) is a function subject to several variables such as economic development, migratory flow, tourist presence, population density, etc. These factors cause a strong variability in the MSW production at regional level in Italy: Northern regions show an average MSW production rate per capita of 530 kg/yr, value close to the national average (533 kg/inhabitant*year), Central regions are characterized by a slightly higher waste production (607 kg/inhabitant*year), while, on the contrary, almost all Southern regions show values significantly decreased (with an average of 485 kg/ inhabitant*year) [1]. In 2011, Campania region, in the Southern Italy, produced 2,641,490 tons of MSW, with an average rate per capita (453 kg/inhabitant*year) resulting to be under the national average values. In the last ten years, the MSW production trend shows a constant growing rate except for 2009-2010 (-0.39%) and 2010-2011 (-4.45%), providing a decreasing pattern. One of the most important aspect in Campania region is the ambiguous meaning of the MSW production per capita due to the existence of a particular category of waste that, although deriving from industrial, handmade, business and facilities activities, is improperly included in the urban waste collection and thus assimilated to municipal waste. According to this perspective, the MSW production per capita does not really reflect the waste production at household level, which, according to estimations, should vary between 0.7-1 kg per day (250-350 kg/yr) [2]. The aim of this study is to analyze in more details the production of MSW in Campania region, picking out factors of correlation with others local variables. To this purpose, statistical elaborations were performed and their results clearly confirm that the per capita data are strictly related to territorial and socio-economic factors (morphology of the region, roads network, population density, family composition, per capita income, presence or not of productive, business, handmade or relation structures, education level, etc.); this influence results to be particularly evident when per capita rate assumes value under 0,5 kg/inhabitant*day or over 2 kg/inhabitant*day. Moreover the analysis shows that per capita waste production is also influenced by the implementation of ‘door to door’ collection systems which provide undeniable benefits in terms of separate collection performance: considering the same socio-demographic class, the average percentage of separate collection grows with the decreasing of per capita waste production. In addition, considering the same waste generation rate per capita, the average percentage of separate collection decreases with the increase of population density. These results make clear that the per capita values became strongly meaningful when related to local sociodemographic indicators.

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SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. ISPRA, 2012. Rapporto Rifiuti Urbani 2012 (in Italian). http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/ archivio/notizie-e-novita-normative/notizie-ispra/pubblicazioni/rapporti/rapporto-rifiutiurbani-2012 2. Emilia-Romagna Region and Arpa Emilia-Romagna, 2011. La gestione dei rifiuti in Emilia-Romagna, Report 2011 (in italian). http://www.arpa.emr.it/dettaglio_documento. asp?id=3474&idlivello=216

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Comparison between conventional and minimum tillage for a Mediterranean maize crop by means of the LCA approach A. Forte*, A. Zucaro*, M. Fagnano**, A. Fierro* Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy ** Dipartimento di Ingegneria Agraria e Agronomia del Territori, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy [email protected] *

A wide scientific debate has recently been focused on the potential benefits of conservation tillage systems in relation to their potential offsetting role on global warming through the reduction of soil biogenic CO2 emission and the enhancement of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Decreasing soil disturbance by converting conventional crop management to no till or reduced tillage scenarios can efficiently reduce soil aggregate C exposure to microbial decomposition [1, 2]. Anyway, depending on site-specific conditions, there is no general consensus about the real soil potential for C accumulation [1, 3] and the effects on direct field emission of nitrous oxide, which also could be enhanced as a result of increased soil water retention following the higher surface residues. In this work the LCA approach, compliant with ILCD system and ISO 14040-44 standards [4, 5, 6, 7], was implemented, by means of SimaPro 7.3.3 software and ReCiPe Midpoint method, in order to compare maize crops under conventional CONV and minimum tillage MIN. Data came from the MESCOSAGR Project, focused on field measurements of crop development, short term soil fertility and trace gas emissions from soil. Results obtained refer to 1 Kg of maize dry biomass at the Mediterranean experimental site of Torre Lama (Southern Italy) for CONV (mouldboard plowing at 30 cm+ 2 rotary harrowings at 10 cm) and MIN (2 rotary harrowings at 10 cm) managements in 2008 (time series are still in progress). For both crops the inventory took into account well-specified processes (seedbed preparation, field maintenance, harvesting), resource use (material and energy, manufacturing and transportation, resource extraction and refining, final use) and direct field emissions DFE of N2O, NH3, NOX, P, CO2 (fossil, from urea molecule) and CO2 uptake (through sequestration in SOC) according to the latest LCA guidelines for agricultural phase [8], except for N2O and soil carbon storage, which were experimentally derived. On the whole higher impacts, for all categories, were detected in CONV as compared to MIN clearly as a result of the omitted mouldboard ploughing and its related fossil fuel consumption. 90

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The difference was more marked for climate change, in consequence of the following two factors: the reduced biogenic N2O emissions from soil (both direct and indirect) during seedbed preparation and crop establishment (0,0361 kg CO2 eq and 0,0238 CO2 eq for CONV and MIN respectively); the short term carbon storage under MIN (- 0,0381 Kg CO2 eq Kg-1 dry biomass) as compared to CONV. Among the above mentioned findings CO2 sequestration in SOC appeared to be the most relevant factor, determining a reduction of about 43% of the total climate change category. Anyway for both crop management the most relevant impact categories were those ones related to DFE of particulate phosphorus to river and costal waters by soil erosion through runoff water (Freshwater Ecotoxicity, Marine Ecotoxicity and Freshwater Eutrophication) and ammonia emissions through volatilization following the N mineral fertilization (Terrestrial Acidification and secondary Particulate Matter Formation). 1. Alluvione, F., Fiorentino, N., Bertora, C., Zavattaro, L., Fagnano, M., Quaglietta, Chiarandà, F., Grignani, C., 2012. Short-term crop and soil response to C-friendly strategies in two contrasting environments. Eur. J. Agron., in press available on line: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.09.003. 2. Fagnano, M., Quaglietta Chiarandà, F., 2008. Environmental effect of soil tillage. In: Formato, A. (Ed.), Advances in Soil & Tillage Research. Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India, pp. 203–217. 3. Alluvione, F., Halvorson, A.D., Del Grosso, S.J., 2009. Nitrogen, tillage, and crop rota-tion effects on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from irrigated cropping systems. Journal of Environmental Quality 38, 2023–2033. 4. ILCD, International Reference Life Cycle Data System, Handbook. General guidance for life cycle assessment. Detailed guidance. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EC-JRC; 2010. 5. ILCD, International Reference Life Cycle Data System, Handbook. General guidance for life cycle assessment. Previsions and action steps. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EC-JRC; 2010. 6. ISO 14040, International Standard. Environmental management life cycle assessment principles and framework. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, www.iso.org; 2006. 7. ISO 14044, International Standard. Environmental management life cycle assessment requirements and guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, www.iso.org; 2006The reference should be numbered consecutively in the text. 8. Nemeck and Shnetzer, 2011, Direct field emissions and elementary flows in LCIs of agricultural production systems. Updating of agricultural LCIs for ecoinvent data v3.0 (2012), Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART. Published on www. ecoinvent.org.

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Emergy in Life Cycle Assessment Software Christopher D. De Vilbiss and Mark T.Brown University of Florida, Gainesville

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) software facilitates environmental accounting by utilizing environmental indicators in conjunction with large datasets of environmental flows. Indicators differ based on the desired representation, but share the common goal of quantifying nature’s role is supporting human activities. Indicators of mixed units can be cumbersome to aggregate and interpret. Traditional thermal energy units used in the thermodynamic analysis of (environmental) systems commonly add energies of different type to obtain consolidated perspectives. However different forms of energy are not equivalent in their ability to feedback useful work to the system, and should therefore be scaled by some factor of quality that addresses their common value before being aggregated. Solar emergy is an indicator which measures all flows in common units of solar equivalent energy needed to produce a flow. In order to holistically integrate emergy within LCA datasets, boundary conditions for calculation indicators are addressed. A main criticism of the emergy method is double accounting source energy. This is discussed along with comparisons drawn with prior emergy indicators particularly in reference to recent influences by the framework of exergy methods.

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Cardiovascular drugs and their mixture: a study of relative toxicity and mutagenicity in aquatic environments A. Siciliano*, R. Gesuele*, R.A. Nastro#, C.De Conno*, M.Inglese§, R. Liguori*, S. Meric±, M.Guida* * Department of Biology, University “Federico II” of Naples, Italy # Department of Sciences for the Environment, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Italy ± Department of Environmental Engineering, Namik Kemal University, Çorlu/TekirdağTurkey § “Laboratorio Analisi Inglese s.r.l.”, Italy [email protected]

According to recent studies, pharmaceuticals are of great concern of being emerging pollutants in aquatic environments [1]. One of the main sources of pharmaceuticals is originated from human excretes, since significant fractions of drugs are not metabolized in human body and they reach Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) which are mostly not effective in removing such compounds from wastewaters [2-3]. Therefore, drugs get into rivers, streams or lakes as parent compounds or as active metabolites, contributing to a widespread pollution. It is important to remark that even if the concentrations of drugs in water bodies are of the order of ng/L, acquatic organisms are exposed to these pollutants continuously and for a long-term. period. This exposure may produce subtle effects on non-target species, such as reproduction inhibition [4], endocrine disruption [5], or ecosystem-level responses [6]. In the present study, the aquatic toxicity of four cardiovascular drugs widely used in Europe (i.e. Atenolol, Propanolol, Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide) are evaluated at single compositions and at their mixtures of equimolar quaternary and binary in order to determine the type of interaction (i.e. additivity, synergism, antagonism) among the drugs [7]. In fact, once in the environment, chemicals interact with other active compounds, leading to enhanced or reduced toxic effects on the aquatic organisms and, indirectly, on human beings. Daphnia magna and Pseudokirchniella subcapitata were chosen for acute toxicity and chronic evaluation tests respectively while the potential mutagenic effects were tested on an hystidine-depandant Salmonella typhimurium strain. D.magna and P.subcapitata tests were carried out according to standard procedures [7,8], Ames test was performed as described elsewhere [9]. According to single tested drugs toxicity results Propanolol was found to be the most toxic compound to D.magna (EC50: 4,4 mg/L, and P.subcapitata (EC50:0,86 mg/L) followed by Atenolol (D.magna test EC50: 292 mg/L; P.subcapitata EC50: 10 mg/L). Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide showed no significant percentage of immobilization of D.magna at any assayed concentration. Toxicity effect to some extent was observed to P.subcapitata (EC50 of 9 mg/L; and EC50 of 27 mg/L for Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide respectively). None of the drugs exhibited any mutagenic response during the Ames test. As mixtures showed a decrease in toxicity, it was noted that the predominant interaction between the tested cardiovascular drugs resulted in an antagonistic effect. 93

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy 1. Zuccato E, Calamari D, Natangelo M, Fanelli R. (2000),”Presence of therapeutic drugs in the environment.” Lancet; 355: 1789-90 2. Heberer, T. (2002); “Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data” Toxicol. Lett., 131, 5-17. 3. Andreozzi, R.; Raffaele, M.; Nicklas, P.; (2003). “Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment” Chemosphere, 50, 1319-1330. 4. Park S, Choi K (2008). Hazard assessment of commonly used agricultural antibiotics on aquatic ecosystems. Ecotoxicology 17:526–538 5. Ji K, Choi K, Lee S, Park S, Khim JS, Jo EH, Choi KH, Zhang X, Giesy JP (2010) Effects of sulfathiazole oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline on steroidogenesis in the human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cell line and freshwater fish Oryzias latipes. J Hazard Mater 182:494–502 6. Ginebreda A, Munoz I, de Alda ML, Brix R, Lopez-Doval J, Barcelo D (2010) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in rivers: relationships between hazard indexes and aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes in the Llobregat River (NE Spain). Environ Int 36(2):153–162 7. ISO 6341:2012 Water quality -- Determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) -- Acute toxicity test 8. ISO 8692:2012 Water quality -- Fresh water algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae 9. Sebastian Tejs (2008) The Ames test: a methodological short review. Environmental Biotechnology 4 (1), 7-14 10. Backhaus, T., Faust, M., Scholze, M., Gramatica, P., Vighi, M., Grimme, L.H., 2004. Joint algal toxicity of phenylurea herbicides is equally predictable by concentration addition and independent action. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23, 258–264.

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Bacteria Induced Clay Formation D. Hlayem, S. Dumontet, V. Pasquale Department of Environmental Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples Centro Direzionale - Isola C4 (80143) Napoli – ITALY [email protected]

Weathering is inextricably bound to biological processes, for organisms inhabit a wide range of niches in surface and subsurface environments and influence various mineral transformation processes, especially in the case of clay minerals. The formation of Kaolinite by direct precipitation from Si-Al solutions (Linares and Huertas, 1971)1 at ambient temperature, a fundamentally important issue for understanding the formation of kaolinite in soils, was never reproduced, despite the large number of experimental attempts made for years. Finally, Fiore et al. (2011)2 using a bacteria inoculated solution of Si-Al, containing oxalic acid as organic ligand, obtained the precipitation of kaolinite at room temperature. The state-of-the-art of research on bacteria induced clay formation will be reviewed here in order to analyze the theoretical background underpinning the bio-formation of the kaolinite at room temperature and the mechanisms allowing bacteria to precipitate kaolinite. 1. Linares, J., Huertas, F., 1971. Kaolinite synthesis at room temperature. Science 171, 896– 897. 2. Fiore, S., Dumontet, S., Huertas, F.J. and Pasquale, V., 2011. Bacteria-induced crystallization of kaolinite. Applied clay science, 53, 566-571.

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Proteomic approach on leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in the industrial area to understanding plant stress response B. Conte, V. Spada, C. Guarino Dipartimento di Scienze per la Biologia, la Geologia e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy. : [email protected]

Growth and development of plant can be severely limit by abiotic stress factors. Plants can activate two major strategies to react on stress: 1) a survival of stress in a physiologically non-active stage such as mature seeds; 2) in plant stress tolerance, i.e., an active reversible adjustment to stress conditions generally termed acclimation. Acclimation to stress is mediated via profound changes in gene expression which result in changes in composition of plant transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Investigation of changes in plant proteome is highly important since proteins, unlike transcripts, are direct effectors of plant stress response. Proteins not only include enzymes catalysing changes in metabolite levels, but they also include components of transcription and translation machinery, i.e., they also regulate plant stress response at transcript and protein levels [1]. The area of our study, “Ex-Pertusola South” of Crotone, is characterized by heavy metals contamination (As, Cd, Pb e Zn) widespread in the hight part of the soil (0-100 cm). This area is part of SIN (Site of National Interest), or industrial sites that need to be rehabilitated before being reused; this area will be reclaimed using phytoremediation processes. The aim of this work is to evaluate how change the protein pattern of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. collected in situ respect plants that grown in unpolluted area. Also microbiological analysis and enzyme profile (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and gluthatione S-Transferase (GST)) was made. Comparative analysis of leaves proteome of E. camaldulensis shown the differentially expressed spots. Data show the high adaptation of this plant to heavy metals and the important role by ecto- and endomycorrhizal and bacterial colonization of eucalyptus root alleviate the heavy metals stress. Proteomics may represent a key to identify pollutants from the soil, to remove them and finally to restore the contaminated soil.

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1. Kosová K, Vítámvás P, Prášil IT, Renaut J (2011) ”Plant proteome changes under abiotic stress-contribution of proteomics studies to understanding plant stress response”. J. Proteomics 1301-1322.

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Naturally plant-associated bacteria as a tool to optimize phytoextraction of cadmium W. Sillen, J. Dupae, N. Weyens, J. Vangronsveld Hasselt University, Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium [email protected]

Cadmium is toxic to many organisms, and has no known physiological function [1]. Therefore, the demand for remediation of cadmium polluted areas is prominent. Traditional methods of decontamination have a negative environmental impact and are restricted to smaller, highly polluted sites [2]. Phytoextraction is an alternative decontamination method in which plants absorb pollutants and translocate them to harvestable parts. In recent years, research increasingly focused on this technique and on how to improve its efficiency. Plant associated bacteria can contribute to the process because of their unique relation to their host. To be precise, rhizosphere bacteria and endophytes that are resistant to cadmium, promote plant growth, increase cadmium absorption by plants and/or enhance the translocation of the metal to harvestable plant parts, offer the possibility to improve the technique’s efficiency. Our research focuses on the question of whether bacteria with such advantageous properties are associated with poplar plants (Populus deltoides x (trichocarpa x deltoides) var. Grimminge) - a very suitable plant for phytoextraction – growing on cadmium polluted soil. In the first part of this research, rhizosphere bacteria and endophytes were isolated from poplar and consequently characterised, meaning the genetical identification of the bacteria and the search for any phenotypical characteristics that can prove useful in the phytoextraction process. Based on these results, the influence of these in vitro tested characteristics were studied in planta in the second part. The bacteria were inoculated on cadmium-stressed poplar cuttings (Populus deltoides x (trichocarpa x deltoides) var. Grimminge) in hydroponics under greenhouse conditions. The results indeed indicate that several bacteria have interesting effects on their hosts, and two bacteria in particular – Staphylococcus caprae and a Veillonella sp. – show significant potential to be used in the process of phytoextraction and are thus highlighted for further research. 1. Schützendübel A., Polle A. (2002). Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. J. Exp. Bot., 53: 1351–1365. 2. Martin I, Bardos P. (1996). A review of full scale treatment technologies for the remediation of contaminated land. Richmond, Surrey: EPP Publications.

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Environmental quality of surface water bodies at the light of the European water framework directive: rivers and lakes perspective M. Insolvibile*, F. De Giacometti*, P. Negri**, S. Bernabei* ISPRA “Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale”. ** APPA Trento “Agenzia Provinciale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Provincia autonoma di Trento”. [email protected] *

The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD)1, adopted in Italy by Legislative Decree 152/2006, led to a radical transformation in control and classification of water bodies, setting the management of water resources through an unified scale planning of hydrographic basin . Three additional implementing Ministerial Decrees were issued to complete the Legislative Decree 152/2006: • Ministerial Decree 131/2008 for the characterization and typing, • Ministerial Decree 56/2009 regarding the monitoring and identification of reference conditions, • Ministerial Decree 260/20102 concerning the methods of classification of the status of surface water bodies. According to M.D. 260/2010, the ecological status is evaluated through the study of biological elements, Biological Quality Elements, BQE, (composition and abundance of phytoplankton, macrophytes and phytobenthos, benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes populations), supported by hydromorphological data (hydrological regime, river continuity, morphological conditions) and chemical and chemical -physical data (general conditions, specific synthetic pollutants, specific non-synthetic pollutants). Monitoring of water bodies is nowadays widely undertaken activities in the different territorial italian realities3. With the M.D. 260/2010 enforcement, for each type of surface water body, hydromorphological conditions and type-specific physico-chemical properties and type-specific biological references’ conditions are defined. Reference conditions represent a very low pressure state, without mass industrialization’s effects, urbanization and intensive agriculture’s effects, reference conditions only occur slight modifications in biological quality elements and hydromorphological and physicochemical quality elements. The identification of reference conditions allows to calculate, on the basis of biological monitoring results for each quality element, the “Ecological Quality Ratio” (EQR), expressed 98

SDS2013-Sustainable Development Symposium, 13-15 February 2013, Naples, Italy

as a number ranging between 0 and 1, where the high state is represented by values close to 1. EQR relates the observed values of biological parameters with the value for those same parameters referred to reference conditions of the same type of water body. The deviation helps the classification of a water body’s ecological status in 5 classes: high, good, adequate, poor, bad. The status confirmation is done through the examination of the physico-chemical and chemical elements. If such confirmation is negative, the water body is downgraded. If the water body is a Class high, the same classification must be confirmed with the hydromorphological elements. Another change introduced by the legislation is related to the monitoring procedure. The purpose of monitoring programs, with valence six-year, is to establish a general framework, coherent and comprehensive of ecological and chemical status, within each river basin. According to the state of the water body relative to the “risk” of not achieving the objectives of quality standards by 2015, a monitoring strategy (surveillance, operational and investigative) will be specifically chosen. The monitoring programs contribute to management plans’ elaboration and water protection plans. In conclusion, M. D. 260/2010 introduced an innovative approach for quality status of the water body, integrating biological, chemical and hydromorphological aspects. Monitoring programs are set to collect data in six years period. The first classification will be available in 2015 and then an evaluation of this enforced new approach will be possible. 1. Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD). 2. D.M Ambiente 8 novembre 2010, n. 260 “Criteri tecnici per la classificazione dello stato dei corpi idrici superficiali - Modifica norme tecniche Dlgs 152/2006. 3. ISPRA (APAT), Environmental Data Yearbook 2011.

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Sustainable Development: a subject for natural philosophers M. Casazza Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino (Italy) [email protected]

Sustainable development is a goal to achieve either trough science and technology or social solutions or policy actions. Anyway it could be also considered within a more general philosophical perspective. In fact we could include this subject into the framework of men-nature relationship, which we can consider as a part of our real metaphysical research programme [1]. Considering this point of view, we could also develop both ontology and epistemology and ethics and the theory of myth [2] and even aesthetics in relation to nature. Physicists might return to be natural philosophers. In fact environmental issues should be discussed within a larger and non utilitaristic cultural perspective. The ‘new’ natural philosopher should discuss about some subjects, as I will briefly do: the properties of nature and life; the way for knowing nature; ethics and aesthetics in relation to life; some issues about the theory of myth applied to nature. 1. Popper, K., 2008. Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery. Klagenfurt: University Klagenfurt / Karl Popper Library. 2. Vattimo, G., 1999. La società trasparente. Milano: Garzanti Editori.

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Reconsidering pre-industrial monastic communities as sustainable energy consumption case studies M. Casazza, ** R. Alciati University of Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino (Italy) ** University of Torino, Dipartimento di Studi Storici, Via S. Ottavio 20, 10124, Torino (Italy) [email protected] *

*

We need to lower our energy consumption levels. Some quality limits have been fixed and discussed previously [1]. The 2000 W/capita power consumption would represent an improvement respect to the present. Nevertheless we cannot say if this choice is either really sustainable or still unsustainable. We should refer to real sustainable human communities. This could be done using the huge amount of unpublished data, available from historical archives of monastic communities, going back to the Medieval age. Those settlements were low-carbon by definition and sustainable too. We will both define a methodology background [2, 3] and discuss the main issues in relation to case studies to develop. 1. Spreng, D., 2005. Distribution of energy consumption and the 2000 W/capita target. Energy Policy 33, 1905-1911. 2. Sertorio, L., Renda, E. 2009. Ecofisica. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri. 3. Casazza, M., 2012. Energie da vendere: Appunti su tecnosfera, metabolismo urbano, crescita economica. Torino: Cartman Edizioni.

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A model study of the south Tyrrhenian Sea circulation using COSMO-SKYMED© SAR wind data P. de Ruggiero, A. Montuori**, S. Pierini*, G. Spezie* and M. Migliaccio** * Dipartimento di Scienze per l’Ambiente ** Dipartimento per le Tecnologie Università degli studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy [email protected]

*

The southern Tyrrhenian coastal domain including the Gulf of Naples and the nearby gulfs of Gaeta and Salerno is an highly-urbanized area which results to be particularly relevant from an oceanographic, ecological and social viewpoints. The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is implemented with a 1/144°-resolution on the above mentioned and takes initial and boundary conditions from a 1/48°-resolution POM model integration on the whole Tyrrhenian Sea (implemented by Dr. Ernesto Napolitano and Dr. Roberto Iacono of the ENEA-Casaccia modeling group), that is in turn nested with the OPA-INGV 1/16°-resolution model of the whole Mediterranean Sea. The main forcing is provided by ECMWF surface wind data, but a blended wind product that includes Surface winds obtained from the Italian Space Agency COSMO-SkyMed© Synthetic Aperture Radar data by means of a SAR wind speed retrieval algorithm based on the azimuth cutoff procedure is used. The different wind products, ECMWF, Ascat and SAR wind data are intercompared to analyze satellite high resolution wind data forcing capabilities for a coastal circulation modeling. Several simulations referring to different seasons, and episodes of Kelvin wave propagation are presented and compared with observations, thus obtaining a significant validation of the modeling approach.

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This we know, All things are connected Like the blood Which unites one family… Whatever befalls the earth, Befalls the sons and daughters of the earth. Man did not weave the web of life; He is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, He does to himself. Ted Perry, inspired by Chief Seattle (from book, The Web of Life by Fritjof Capra)

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