Syllabus - University of Florida

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Throughout the semester, we will discuss the history of planning following the topics of Peter. Hall's Cities of Tomorrow with a discussion of theory interspersed  ...
University of Florida

Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning Fall 2005

URP 6100 (Section 4546) History and Theory of Planning Class Meets: Monday (Periods 2 and 3) 8:30 – 10:25 Wednesday (Period 2) 8:30 – 9:20 Room: 439 Architecture Building Instructor: Dr. Kristin Larsen Office: 436 Architecture Telephone: 392-0997, ext. 433 FAX: 392-3308 e-mail: [email protected] Office Hours: Mondays 10:30-2:30 and Wednesdays 9:30-12:30 or by appointment Course Overview This course addresses the history and fundamental theory of planning. Understanding the history and theory of planning requires that we consider three separate but related elements. First is the evolution of the city as a physical, social, and economic entity. Second is the evolution of planning as a process, which takes us beyond the field of city planning. Cities have been planned and built by a wide variety of actors including engineers, politicians, capitalists, architects, lawyers, doctors, radicals, conservatives, craftspeople, and workers. Third, planning has evolved in the United States and in Western Europe since the late 19th Century through a profession of people calling themselves city planners. They, too, have been very diverse, driven by many different motivations and seeing the profession in widely differing ways based upon, among other factors, the various theories of planning. These theories will be discussed within the context of the history of planning and their implications for planning practice. Upon completion of this course, students should have an understanding of the evolution of the planning profession over the past century. Students should also understand the justifications for planning, the styles of planning, how to define the public interest, and how planners interact with other participants in the development of cities and regions. This course is required for students who intend to receive a Masters of Arts in Urban and Regional Planning. Thus, the course is primarily targeted at students who are enrolled, or, plan to enroll in urban planning as a field of graduate study. Graduate students in other related disciplines are also encouraged to take this course. Structure of the Course This course will be run primarily as a seminar and will include lectures, discussions, special readings, and in-class exercises. The four elements to the course are reading assignments, lectures and class discussion, an in-class presentation, and written assignments. Writing well is a critical skill in planning. Thus, being able to effectively communicate your ideas and analysis of course material in writing will form an important component of this course.

Throughout the semester, we will discuss the history of planning following the topics of Peter Hall's Cities of Tomorrow with a discussion of theory interspersed to highlight the conflicts in the profession during a given period. At the end of the semester, we will consider the current status of the planning profession as it relates to the theory of planning and the history of the profession. Each student (with or without a partner) will be expected to present their review of a book – a historical case study – related to the general themes outlined in the text and in other readings. Following each presentation, all students will be expected to discuss how this material relates to the themes outlined in the course and other related readings, and how each example contrasts with previous discussions and presentations on the role of planners. We will also discuss planning theory using selected readings from Readings in Planning Theory (edited by Scott Campbell and Susan Fainstein) and other related readings in planning theory. During the discussion of theory we will consider the following (and other related) questions: (1) What are the justifications for planning (and government intervention, generally)? and (2) What are the types of planning? The types of planning will be discussed within the context of case studies of planners in action and their strategies, successes, and failures. This portion of the course will also bring together the case studies presented during the history portion of the course. Required Texts Hall, Peter. 2002. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (Third Edition). New York: Blackwell Publishers. Campbell, Scott and Susan Fainstein. (eds.) 2003. Readings in Planning Theory (Second Edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. Strongly Recommended Joseph M. Williams. 2002. Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace (Seventh Edition). Pearson Education. Additional required readings, as listed in the syllabus, are on reserve at the Architecture and Fine Arts Library, on-line, or will be available as handouts in class. Optional Readings As background to this course, I assume that all students have a basic understanding of American history. If you have not studied recent American history, I would encourage you to review one of these two basic texts that provide an introduction to American history. Morison, Samuel E. 1965. The Oxford History of the American People. New York: Oxford University Press. Zinn, Howard. 1995. The People’s History of the United States: 1492-present. New York: Harper Perennial, 1995.

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The following text provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of planning thought from the 1780s to the 1980s. Although this text includes some dense reading and is dated, it probably is the most comprehensive overview of planning theory. Friedmann, John. 1987. Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The following text provides more recent perspectives on planning theory. The book was developed based upon three conference sessions on Planning Theory between 1987 and the mid1990s. Because three individuals who live in three cities and two different countries edited this book, the themes are not as clear as other texts that are edited by one or two individuals. However, this text provides some perspectives not covered in the text for this course or Friedmann’s text. Mandelbaum, Seymour. J., Luigi. Mazza, and Robert W. Burchell, eds. 1996. Explorations in Planning Theory. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Center for Urban Policy Research. The following textbook is used in the undergraduate course, Preview of Urban Planning (URP 4000). Students who have not taken URP4000, or a comparable introduction to urban planning, and who would like a good overview of the profession, are encouraged to read this textbook. Levy, John M. 2003. Contemporary Urban Planning (Sixth Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Student Responsibilities and Grading CLASS ATTENDANCE and CLASS PARTICIPATION are important requirements for this course. Attendance is mandatory and you must arrive on time. Each student will be allowed three (3) absences from class during the semester. After that, absences hurt your grade. Excessive absences or tardiness may justify expulsion from the class and/or a failing grade. If you miss class, it will be your responsibility to find out about discussions and activities you missed while away from the seminar. In preparation for class, each student should complete the readings before class and be prepared to contribute to thoughtful discussion of the readings and related issues. At certain points during the semester, I will require you to prepare brief critiques of the class readings [see ♣ in the schedule]. These are intended to get you thinking about the critical concepts the authors discuss and will be part of your class participation grade. If you have problems with the readings, see me during office hours. If you are not comfortable talking in class, make an effort to talk to me during office hours or at other times to make sure I know that you are completing the readings. Each student will prepare three (3) major assignments, some with multiple steps. Details will be provided when the assignment is given in class. Class attendance and participation will also be a part of the grade. Class participation includes your engagement in various group exercises, class discussions that reflect completion of assigned readings, and other minor written assignments.

Grades will be based on the following scale: 3

A (100%-90%), B+ (89%-87%), B (86%-80%), C+ (79%-77%), C (76%-70%), D+ (69%-67%), D (66%-60%), F (less than 60%). The three assignments and class participation will be weighted as follows: Class participation and discussion Assignment 1: Essay: What is Planning? Assignment 2: Historical Case Study (Presentation and Handouts, 15%; Critique, 15%, Overall Presentation 5%) Assignment 3: Synthesis paper

15% 10% 35% 40%

Your work on the final synthesis paper might be eligible for a national award. There are several national awards that students can compete for including the Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) National Student Research Prize on a topic related to planning history, the Donald Schön Award for Excellence in Learning from Practice, the McClure Best Masters Student Paper, and the Marsha Ritzdorf Award for the Best Student Paper, Report, Group Project, or Presentation. I expect that all graduate students should be able to accomplish the requirements for the course – a "B" grade, but do not hesitate to mark lower when a student does not meet a minimal standard for graduate-level work. "A" grades require performance well beyond the average -- e.g., quality, depth, and synthesis of ideas as well as originality and/or creativity. Meeting deadlines matters! All assignments are due at the beginning of class on the due date or as indicated on the assignment sheet. Late assignments will be marked down half a grade for each day they are late (i.e., from a B+ to a B for being a day late). Students MUST follow the University’s policy regarding cheating and the use of copyrighted materials. In particular, there are rules governing plagiarism, or “the use of another’s words, ideas or creative productions or omissions of pertinent material without proper attribution (without giving due credit to the original source)” (URP Student Handbook, 2001: 10). If you directly quote someone or use an idea from another source, you must attribute that idea or those words. Failure to follow the rules regarding Integrity in Graduate School may result in a failure in this course and possible disciplinary action under the Judicial Process for Academic Honesty Violations (URP Student Handbook, 1997: 9-11). If you are unclear about what constitutes plagiarism, please make an appointment with me to discuss this. You can also consult your Student Handbook, the graduate catalog, and http://www.dso.ufl.edu/stg/ for further information. In written work, the format of all attributions should follow the format used by the Journal of the American Planning Association (JAPA) and based upon The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition. In brief, the references are as shown above and throughout the class schedule (except for references to the two required texts as they appear below). Citations should appear in text as follows (using the course text): (Hall 1996) when using a general idea from the text, or (Hall 1996: 400) when using a specific quote or putting material on the indicated page into your own words (in this case, page 400). Teaching Philosophy The assignments of this course and all courses that I teach have been designed to allow students to practice the kinds of skills they will use as planning professionals. While the course is by its 4

nature more theoretical than most of the courses in the curriculum, the exercises have been designed to develop the following skills that will be important in professional practice: (1) critical thinking; (2) presentation (verbal communication); (3) evaluation and critique; (4) argumentation; and (5) written communication skills. Students will be asked to exercise their critical thinking skills throughout the course. In the historical case study, they will read and analyze the perspective of the various authors, understand the authors’ assumptions, summarize and present the argument to the class, and contrast that reading with other course materials. In the writing assignments, students will be asked to consider the diverse perspectives on planning theory and develop their own perspective. All students will develop their presentation skills through the historical case study in which they will be asked to present material that is unfamiliar to their classmates in a suitable format to raise issues for class discussion. In each of the papers, students will be required to develop a basic argument and present it in a manner that is easily understood (thus developing good written communication skills). These skills are important because in professional practice, planners need to write in a manner that clearly states the goals of the writing, develops the argument persuasively, and is written in a manner that is easily understood. Consistent with the expectations of professional conduct in this course, all written assignments must be typed. No hand-written assignments will be accepted (unless otherwise noted in the syllabus). Changes As the course develops, I may make changes in the readings or assignments, and scheduling. If there are theories, issues, ideas or readings that you want included in this course, please let me know. This is your course, and we will make time for any new ideas, within the limits of reason and time. You should be willing to devote some of your time to finding material and leading discussion on those new ideas. Accommodations for Students with Disabilities Students requesting classroom accommodation must first register with the Dean of Students Office. The Dean of Students Office will provide documentation to the student who must then provide this documentation to the Instructor when requesting accommodation.

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Class Schedule

August 24, 2005

Wednesday, August 24 Course Overview. Course goals and requirements. Introduction to the Course. **Assignment 1 (What is Planning?) handed out. Monday, August 29 Common Themes in Planning History and Theory Required readings to be completed before class: • Campbell and Fainstein, “Introduction: The Structure and Debates of Planning Theory,” pp. 1-16. • Friedmann, John, “Toward a Non-Euclidean Mode of Planning,” in Campbell and Fainstein (eds.), pp. 75-80. • Hall, Peter 1989. "The Turbulent Eighth Decade: Challenges to American City Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 275-82. [Online: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings] ** Bring in top four choices of presentations for Assignment 2 (this can be handwritten!). Wednesday, August 31 Introduction to Planning History The Role of The City in Planning History Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 1: Cities of Imagination. • Kostof, Spiro. 1991. From “Introduction” portion of Chapter 1 in The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. Boston, MA: Bulfinch Press Book (Little, Brown and Company), pp. 29-41. [Course Reserve] • Judd, Dennis and Todd Swanstrom. 2002. City Politics: Private Power and Public Policy. Third Edition. New York: Longman (Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.); Chapter 1: The Politics of American Cities: An Introduction pp. 1-12. [Course Reserve] ** Schedule of Presentations handed out. **Assignment 2 (Historical Case) handed out. Monday, September 5 Labor Day holiday – no class. Wednesday, September 7 Introduction to Planning Theory • Klosterman, Richard, “Arguments for and Against Planning,” in Campbell and Fainstein (eds.), pp. 86-101. ***Assignment 1 (What is Planning?) due at beginning of class.

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Monday, September 12 Introduction to Planning Theory♣ Required readings to be completed before class: • Freidmann, John. 1996. “Two Centuries of Planning Theory: An Overview” in Seymour Mandelbaum, Luigi Mazza, and Robert Burchell (eds.) Explorations in Planning Theory. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, pp. 1029. [Course Reserve] • Beatley, Timothy. 1994. “The Nature of Ethical Discourse About Land Use” Chapter 2 in Ethical Land Use: Principles of Policy and Planning. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 18-30. [Handout] Wednesday, September 14 The City Pathological Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 2: The City of the Dreadful Night. • Riis, Jacob 1891. How the Other Half Lives, “The Downtown Back Alleys.” [Course Reserve] Instructor to attend Florida Housing Coalition Conference. Video on New York City to be shown in class. Monday, September 19 The Process of Suburbanization The Suburbanization of Regions Required readings to be completed before class: • Jackson, Kenneth. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapters 5-7, pages 87-137. [Course Reserve] Also skim: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 3: The City of By-pass Variegated. Presentation: Warner, Sam Bass Jr., 1978. Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston (1870-1900). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wednesday, September 21 The City Beautiful Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 6: The City of Monuments (skim: pp. 198-217). Presentation: Wilson, William H. 1989. The City Beautiful Movement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Monday, September 26 The Progressive Movement♣ Required readings to be completed before class: • Judd, Dennis and Todd Swanstrom. 2002. “The Struggle for Political Control: The Reform Legacy” Chapter 4 in City Politics: Private Power and Public Policy. Third Edition. New York: Longman Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., pp. 78-109. [Course Reserve] 7



Rowe, Peter. 1993. Modernity and Housing. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 5-18, pp. 35-37, and pp. 75-102. [Course Reserve] • Wirka, Susan Marie. 1996. “The City Social Movement: Progressive Women Reformers and Early Social Planning,” pp. 55-75; Chapter 2 in Planning the Twentieth-Century American City (Mary Corbin Sies and Christopher Silver, eds.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [Course Reserve] Presentation: Howard, Ebenezer. 1946 (1898). Garden Cities of To-morrow. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. Wednesday, September 28 Garden City Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 4: The City in the Garden, pp. 110-141 (skim 110-128 and 138-141). • Fishman, Robert, “Urban Utopias: Ebenezer Howard and Le Corbusier,” in Campbell and Fainstein (eds.), pp. 21-52. Also skim: pp. 52-60. • Clavel, Pierre. 2002. “Ebenezer Howard and Patrick Geddes: Two Approaches to City Development,” pp. 38-57; Chapter 2 in From Garden City to Green City: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard (Kermit C. Parsons and David Schuyler, eds.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [Course Reserve] Monday, October 3 The City Functional Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 9: The City on the Highway, pp. 294-315. Presentation: Foster, Mark S. 1981. From Streetcar to Superhighway. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Wednesday, October 5 The City Functional vs. City Beautiful Required readings to be completed before class: • McDonough, Michael. 1998. “Selling Sarasota: Architecture and Propaganda in a 1920s Boom Town” in The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 23: 10-31. [Course Reserve] Presentation: Weiss, Marc R. 1987. The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning. New York: Columbia University Press. Monday, October 10 The City Visionary (The New Deal and Regional Planning) • Sussman, C. 1976. Planning the Fourth Migration: The Neglected Vision of the Regional Planning Association of America. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 1-45. [Handout] Students will be assigned into four groups to read additional portions of Sussman, C. 1976. Planning the Fourth Migration: The Neglected Vision of the Regional Planning Association of

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America. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. During class, students will meet in small groups to prepare for short in-class presentation on October 17. Wednesday, October 12 The City Visionary (The New Deal and Regional Planning) Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 5: The City in the Region (skim: pp. 178-187). • Parsons, Kermit. 1994. “Collaborative Genius: The Regional Planning Association of America,” Journal of the American Planning Association 60, 4: 462-82. [On-line: UF FullText Electronic Journal Holdings] Monday, October 17 The City Visionary (The New Deal and Regional Planning) **In-class presentation on RPAA Wednesday, October 19 The City Visionary (The New Deal and Housing) Required readings to be completed before class: • Jackson, Kenneth. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapters 11-12, pages 190-230. [Course Reserve] Presentation: Radford, Gail. 1996. Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Monday, October 24 The City Renewable Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 7: The City of Towers (skim: pp. 227-247). • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 9: The City on the Highway pp. 315-351 (skim: pp. 330351). Presentation: Silver, Christopher and John Moeser. 1995. The Separate City: Black Communities in the Urban South, 1940-1968. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. Wednesday, October 26 The City Grassrooted Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 8: The City of Sweat Equity (skim: pp. 263-279 and pp. 286-293). • Davidoff, Paul, “Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning,” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 210223. • Checkoway, Barry, 1994, “Paul Davidoff and Advocacy Planning in Perspective,” Journal of the American Planning Association. Vol. 60, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 139-161. (Contributions by Peter Marris, Pierre Clavel, Norman Krumholz, Lisa R. Peattie, John Forester, Chester Hartmann and Delores Hayden). [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings] 9



Presentation: Peattie, Lisa. 1987. Planning: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Monday, October 31 The City Enterprising♣ Required readings to be completed before class: • Jacobs, Jane, “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” in Campbell and Fainstein (eds.), pp. 61-74. • Krumholz, Norman, “Equitable Approaches to Local Economic Development” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 224-236. • Lindblom, Charles E., “The Science of ‘Muddling Through’” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 196-209. Presentation: Frieden, Bernard J. and Lynne B. Sagalyn. 1989. Downtown, Inc. How America Rebuilds Cities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Wednesday, November 2 The City Enterprising Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 11: The City of Enterprise. • Levy, John M. “What Local Economic Developers Actually Do: Location Quotients versus Press Releases,” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 262-274. • Foglesong, Richard E. “Planning the Capitalist City” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 102107. Presentation: Foglesong, Richard. 2001. Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Monday, November 7 The City of the Tarnished Belle Époque Required readings to be completed before class: Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 12: The City of Tarnished Belle Époque. Instructor to attend HUD Urban Scholars meeting in Washington, D.C. Movie: Dark Days Wednesday, November 9 The City of the Permanent Underclass Required readings to be completed before class: • Flyvbjerg, Bent, “Rationality and Power,” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 318-329. • Fainstein, Susan S. “New Directions in Planning Theory” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 173-195. Presentation: Haar, Charles M. 1998. Suburbs Under Siege: Race, Space, and Audacious Judges. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Monday, November 14 The City of the Permanent Underclass♣ 10

Required readings to be completed before class: • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 13: The City of the Permanent Underclass (skim: pp. 461468). • Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, Chapter 10: The City of Theory. • Young, Iris Marion. “City Life and Difference” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 336-355. Presentation: Portes, Alejandro and Alex Stepick. 1993. City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami. Berkeley, California: University of California Press Wednesday, November 16 The City of Ecologically Conscious NIMBYism Required readings to be completed before class: • Fischer, Frank. “Risk Assessment and Environmental Crisis: Toward an Integration of Science and Participation” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 418-434. • Campbell, Scott. “Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities? Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 435-458. • Pulido, Laura. 2000. “Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90, 1: 12-40. [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings] Presentation: Faber, D (ed.) 1998. The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. New York: The Guilford Press. Monday, November 21 Current Issues in Planning Required readings to be completed before class: • Dear, Michael. 2000. “Deconstructing Urban Planning” Chapter 6 in The Postmodern Urban Condition. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 117-39. [Course Reserve] • Baum, Howell S. “Community and Consensus: Reality and Fantasy in Planning,” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 275-295. • Beauregard, Robert A. “Between Modernity and Post-Modernity: The Ambiguous Position of U. S. Planning” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 108-124. Presentation: Neill, William J. V. and Hanns-Uve Schwedler (eds.) 2001. Urban Planning and Cultural Inclusion: Lessons from Belfast and Berlin. Hampshire, England: Palgrave Publishers. Wednesday, November 23 Class will not meet. Monday, November 28 Current Issues in Planning Required readings to be completed before class: • Teitz, Michael B. 1996. “American Planning in the 1990’s: Evolution, Debate, and Challenge,” Urban Studies 33, 4-5: 649-71. [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings – use Academic Search Premier]

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Teitz, Michael B. 1997. “American Planning in the 1990’s: Part II, The Dilemma of the Cities,” Urban Studies 34, 5-6: 775-97. [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings – use Academic Search Premier]

Wednesday, November 30 Future Directions for Planning Required readings to be completed before class: • Klosterman, Richard E. 1997. “Planning Support Systems: A New Perspective on Computer-Aided Planning,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 17: 45-54. [Handout] • Heikkila, Eric J. 1998. “GIS is Dead; Long Live GIS!” Journal of the American Planning Association 64, 3 (Summer): 350-360. [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings] Monday, December 5 Future Directions for Planning Required readings to be completed before class: • Healey, Patsy. “The Communicative Turn in Planning Theory and its Implications for Spatial Strategy Formation” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 237-255. • Innes, Judith Eleanor. 1992. “Group Processes and the Social Construction of Growth Management: Florida, Vermont and New Jersey,” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Autumn), pp. 440-53. [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings] • Talen, Emily. 2002. “The Problem with Community in Planning,” Journal of Planning Literature 15 (2): 171-183. [On-line: UF Full-Text Electronic Journal Holdings] Wednesday, December 7 Summary and Conclusions • Thomas, June Manning. “Educating Planners: Unified Diversity for Social Action” in Campbell and Fainstein, pp. 356-375. ***Assignment 3 (Synthesis paper) due by 4:00 p.m. on Tuesday, December 13.

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