TCP Performance Enhancement over Wireless Mobile Networks ...

2 downloads 674 Views 277KB Size Report
MTech Project Report ... Department of Computer Science and Engineering ... der the inter-operability of the mobile host with different networks , and also could  ...
   !"# $% &'"()(* !+$'&'-,./102  34( 57698 :';=%C%8 ‘QC?H Š ?€Fj’~CB8G> | :G“”8 ‘j:D8•ŽH‘X– ‹ ‘X—€“˜‘~8G8G>'“˜‘X— ‚ƒ‘X–X“˜ŽH‘c‚ƒ‘X™BC%“”C%’~CB8…?H/698 :';X‘~?€˜?H—HJ 57’j4šjŽH“

 





‚•C%ŽH8ZC%;X“ ™ ?HFjF)?H>'C%’X‘X“”C J CB? 81FX>'8 ™%™4J ™%“˜‘X:D8G>%8ˆC%;XŽH‘1™ CB?  J —€’X“˜–X8ct W bju'v Y WA[qp/_ NXW yDP`r1W ŽH‘j– :D? —€’X“˜–~8=t W b`u%v Y v Y v Y v‰t v”a N b2q?H> C%;X8 “”>z™%’XFXF ?H>%C8 ‘X:D?€’X>'Žw—H8 8 ‘{CcŽH‘X– ŽH–Œ“˜:D8H„ 6;~8 “”> :D?€‘j™BC%ŽH‘QC —€’X“˜–XŽH‘j:D8fŽH™ “ ‘wŽH˜’XŽwšj˜8“˜‘ZC%;~8…>%8 ŽH˜“  ŽwC%“˜?€‘o?H9C%;j“˜™ >%8GF ?H>%CG„ L M N{PSR=TsV NXWoY []\9^`_ y y"!$# b V&%9N{P '€ŽH‘1’XŽw>%J)(*+(,-,.(

   

K! W Nj\OV [ O[ b \.† b \ OW b`d4t W b b €b)d]6 Š 'x?H>' K8 ˜ “ ‘  “”>'8 –‘~8GC  ?H> 1™  ;X8G>%8 FjŽH: H8GC…”?€™'™B8 ™!Žw>'8 ŽH“ ‘X”Jo–X’~8 CB?c:D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘ „ ‚ C ;XŽH™ š 8G8 ‘U™%;~?  ‘7C%;jŽwC6 Š < F 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘j:D84–~8G—H>'ŽH–X™  ;X“˜˜8?HF 8G>'ŽwC%“˜‘~—? H8G> V b %s[ d rz[qW r d r\9r  b W  „ 57?Hšj“˜”8 “”>'8 ”8 ™%™K‘~8GC K?H> Œ™ ;XŽ"H8•–X“ ™BC%“˜‘X:DCK:';XŽw>  ŽH:DCB8G>'“˜™BC%“ :G™9?H`;XŽ"Œ“˜‘~—!"#%$"&&(')&*&(+#,$/ŽH‘X–-./#,$0&21#3#,$"./#465"78').9.:$;7 #%8 –X’X:D8 ™cC%;~8UCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘S>'ŽwCB8 –~>'ŽH™BC%“ :GŽH˜”J- >%8 ™%’j”C%“˜‘~— “ ‘ ”8 ™%™B8G> C%;X>%?€’~—€;~Fj’XCK? H8G>!C%;X8 ™B84‘~8GC  ?H> Œ™G„ | 8H8G>'ŽH"ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';X8 ™ ;XŽ H8 š 8G8 ‘ Fj’XC…x?H>%C%; š{J >%8 ŽH™B8G>}ŽH:'; :D?€ ’j‘X“”C JUq?H> ŽH˜”8Œ“˜ŽwC%“˜‘X—cC%;X8 –~8GCB>'“˜8 ‘  C%ŽH 80\ 8 :DC ?H"F ?{?H> :';jŽw>'ŽH:DCB>%8 “˜™BC%“ :G™!?H  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™ :';jŽH‘X‘~8  )šj’~C?€‘j”Jox8 ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™ Žw>%8 FX>%8 ™%8 ‘QCB8 –=x?H> ™B?€ Œ“˜‘~— C%;~84?Hš`“˜˜“”C J>%8 ˜ŽwCB8 –Z“ ™%™%’~8 ™G„ ‹ H8 ‘7“˜‘cC%;~8 ™B8 ŽwCBCB8 FXC%™j?€™BC%”Jc>%8 ]{’j“”>%8 ™ ™%’~FjF)?H>'C q>%?€.šjŽH™%8 ™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘˜“ H8K™B?€8f™%C%ŽwCB8 F)8G>/6 Š < :D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ Q™%?€8 :';XŽH‘~—H8 ™“˜‘4Fj>%?HCB?1:D?€~™%C%ŽH:  8GC%:w„/6 ;X“˜™9>%8 ]{’j“”>'8 ‘{C ?H9C%;X8 ™B84ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';7 ŽH84C%;~8  ’j‘X–~8 ™%“”>}Žwšj”8 ŽH™C%;~8 ™B8 ™%:';~8 8 ™^./#'?€ŽH:';c:GŽH˜”8 – L !† t„Q?6 Š %J?H`C%;X?€™B8ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™  ;X“ :';“”C%“”—€ŽwCB8 ™"C%;~8 –~8G—H>'ŽH–X“˜‘X—80\ 8 :DC?H ?Hšj“˜˜“˜C J  ;X“ ”8 >'8 ]{’X“˜>'“˜‘~— ?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘c?€‘X˜JzŽwC ?Hš`“˜”8…;~?€™BC˜“ H8po  ?  q~>%8G8G8 6 Š '?€ŽH:'; „sr 8 ‘~?HC%“˜:D8 –ˆC%;XŽwC C%;~8•ŽH’~C%;~?H>'™ ?Hto  ? ŽH‘X–hq~>%8G8G86 Š %?€ŽH:'; ;XŽ H8‘X?HC—€“ H8 ‘UŽH‘{J7™BF 8 :G“nm`:4ŽH:DC%“”?€‘UCB?ˆš 84C%ŽH8 ‘  ;X8 ‘=?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™BCf“˜™K™B8 ‘X–~8G> „g?6 Š < “˜™ –X8 ™%“”—€‘~8 –zx?H>f8 ‘X;jŽH‘X:G“˜‘~— C%;~8 F)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8 ?H9š)?HC%;c–X“”>'8 :DC%“”?€‘z–jŽwC%Ž CB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> “ „ 8H„75vu.CB?Uqwu.ŽH‘X–5vu-CB?Uqwu „x?6 Š < “ ™4ŽU?1–j“nmX8 –&H8G>'™%“˜?€‘ ?H6 Š < ŽwC ?Hšj“˜˜8 ;~?€™BC 8 ‘X–ŽH‘j– >%8 ]1’X“”>%8 ™ C%;~8ˆx8G8 –XšjŽH:  Žwš)?€’XC ?€‘X—H?€“˜‘~— ?Hšj“˜˜“˜C J q>%?€ ‘~8GC K?H> ˜Ž JH8G>“˜‘CB8G>'™?H:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ ŽH‘j– –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘o™%“”—€‘jŽH „ r 8:D?€FjŽw>%8 –l?6 Š <  “˜C%;o  ? qX>%8G8G8 6 Š < ŽH‘X–6 Š < E 8 ‘~? ? H8G> ‘X8GC K?H>  ™'“˜ ’j˜ŽwCB?H>"‘X™  (1„w?6 Š < “˜™•™%;X?  ‘ CB?=“˜Fj>%? H8zF)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8?H6 Š < –XŽwC%ŽZCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> “˜‘ š ?HC%;–X“”>%8 :DC%“”?€‘ “ „ 8H„`qxu-CB? 5yu.ŽH‘j– 5yuCB?!qwu4„Tq~?H> –XŽwC%ŽCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> x>%?€zqwuCB?z5vu 9?6 Š %8 –j’X:D8 >%8 ™BF ?€‘X™B8 C%“˜8•ŽH™Io  ? ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};–X?{8 ™sšj’~C “”C4ŽH˜™B?=ŽH:';X“”8H8ˆ;X“”—€;X8G>46 Š %?€’~—€;XFj’~C•“˜‘?€™BC :GŽH™%8 ™G„o‚ C ;XŽH™•š 8G8 ‘™%;~? !‘ C%;XŽwCq?H>™%ŽH˜Œ–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘F 8G>'“˜?1–?6 Š < ŽH‘X–Pq~>%8G8G86 Š < F 8G>%q?H>'™/8 ]1’XŽH˜”J  8 ˜ H?€‘X”J “ ‘:GŽH™B8?H (

”?€‘~— –X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘F 8G>'“”?Œ–!q~>'8G8G8 6 Š < F)8G>'x?H>' ™"š 8GCBCB8G> C%;jŽH‘-?6 Š %8G8G8 6 Š < C%;XŽwC “˜C–~?{8 ™ ‘~?HC>%8 ]1’X“”>%8 FX>'8 –X“˜:DC%“”?€‘ˆ?H/“˜F 8 ‘X–X“ ‘~— –X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘j™G„ | “˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘j™ ™%;~?  C%;XŽwC q?H>^qxu CB?75vu –XŽwC%ŽˆCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G>"ŽH‘ “˜FX>'? H8 8 ‘{C…?H ’~F CB?yo, “ ™ŽH:};X“”8H8 – ? H8G>f™%ŽH˜~E/66 q>%?€’X‘X–CB>}“”FC%“˜8S/:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘X™1ŽH‘X–’~F CB? (,-, ? H8G>K Žw>%—H8 E/66S:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘X™G„gq~?H> 5yu CB?-qwu –XŽwC%ŽCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G>"jC%;~8 “˜FX>'? H8 8 ‘{C!ŽH:};X“”8H8 – “˜™’~F=CB?, ? H8G>…™% ŽH˜E/66 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘X™" ŽH‘X– , ? H8G> ˜Žw>%—H8•E/66 :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ „



    

y \ OW b psT [ b \ w„  6 >}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘ Š ?€‘{CB>%?€%J „•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ T d N> [ b \ ‚ ‘{CB>%?Œ–X’X:DC%“”?€‘=„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ ‚ Fj”8 8 ‘{C%ŽH“”?€‘  8GC%ŽH“˜˜™ „•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ | “˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘ˆ'ŽH8GCB8G>}™ „•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ | “˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘?‘XŽH”JŒ™%“˜™  Š ?€FjŽw>'“˜™%?€‘ „•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ 1„ ~„  qwu CB?z5yu –XŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ 1„ ~„ ( 5vuCB?Zqxu –XŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ | ’X Žw>%J „•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ 1„   † b \ Qd TO[ b \Nj\9psTE AT WAr  b W 1„  Š ?€‘X:G˜’j™%“”?€‘ „•„…„•„4„…„•„•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ 1„ ( qX’~C%’~>'8  ?H> h„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„•„…„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„4„…„•„•„…„•„•„…„4„•„•„…„•„•„ ~„ o l Y[qV 1„  1„ ( 1„ o 1„ 



 

 

o

-( ( mXk (o (o ( ( ( o, o k`m o-( oo 





 

        = () $%()()$' !  ) &7   • !&A 6;~8 69>'ŽH‘X™% “˜™%™%“”?€‘ Š ?€‘{CB>%?€•%?HCB?Œ:D?€ (-( “ Z™ Ž >%8 ˜“ Žwšj”8-!:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘  ?H>'“˜8 ‘QCB8 – …]’X˜…–j’~Fj”8  š1J{CB8 ™BCB>%8 ŽH CB>'ŽH‘X™BF ?H>%Cz:D?€‘QCB>%?€FX>'?HCB?1:D?€ „6;X“˜™Fj>%?HCB?1:D?€™%’~FjF)?H>'C%™ X ?  ŽH‘X– :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘2:D?€‘{CB>%?€  ŽH‘j–

“˜™ ’X™B8 –Zš{JˆŽH‘{Jz8 ‘X– ’X™B8G> ŽwFXF`˜“˜:GŽwC%“”?€‘X™"Œ“ ‘X:G˜’X–X“ ‘~—r 8Gš=šX>%? !™B8G>'™ ŽH‘X–o8  ŽH“˜:G˜“”8 ‘{C%™G„ 6 Š < “˜™•–X8 ™%“”—€‘~8 –  “”C%; Ž=ŽH™%™%’XFjC%“”?€‘ C%;XŽwC FjŽH: H8GC”?€™%™ 8 ŽH‘X™ :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘“˜‘ C%;X8z‘~8GC  ?H> )„o‚ C –~8GCB8 :DC%™"C%;X8 FjŽH: H8GCK”?€™%™/8 “”C%;~8G>š{J C%;~8 C%“˜8G>?€’XC?H`>%8GCB>}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘ C%“˜8G>?H>">'8 :D8GFXC%“”?€‘?H o…–X’~F`˜“˜:GŽwCB8 ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—€8 ‘{CG„g? qCB8G>s–X8GCB8 :DC%“˜‘~—FjŽH: H8GC”?€™%™"A“”C9>%8 –X’X:D8 ™9“”C%™s™B8 ‘X–X“˜‘X— >'ŽwCB8KŽH™9F 8G>9:D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘:D?€‘QCB>%?€ 8 :';jŽH‘X“˜™%o„ ?™ F 8G>:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ :D?€‘QCB>%?€{8 :';jŽH‘X“˜™%)A6 Š '“˜Žwšj˜8/™'™BC%;~>%8 ™% ;  ( {ŽH‘X–…: ‘X–  (  „ r;X8 ‘ 6 Š < –~8GCB8 :DC%™cFjŽH: H8GCo”?€™%™š1J C%“˜8G>  ?€’~C C%;~8 :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘:D?€‘QCB>'?€8 :';XŽH‘X“ ™% >%8 –j’X:D8 ™ C%;X8 ™%™BC%;~>'8 ™%; CB?7;XŽH” ?HfFX>%8 ™B8 ‘{C…80\)8 :DC%“ H8 CB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘ !“˜‘X–~?  q80\)8 :DC%“ H8  “˜‘j–~?  “˜™• “˜‘X“˜ ’X ?HfŽH– H8G>%C%“˜™B8 –  “˜‘j–~? š{J >%8 :D8 “ H8G> ŽH‘X–c™B8 ‘X–~8G>'™K:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“˜?€‘  “˜‘X–~?  : ‘j–TŽH‘X–ˆŽH8…: ‘j– 8 ]1’XŽH`CB? ?€‘X8 ™B8G—€8 ‘{CŽH‘X–ˆ6 Š C%;~8…™%”?   ™BC%Žw>%C Fj;jŽH™B8H„  ’~>'“˜‘~— ™%”?   ™BC%Žw>%C6 Š < “˜‘X:D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™f“”C%™f: ‘j–zš1J ?€‘X8 ™B8G—€8 ‘{C•q?H>48H8G>%J ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—€8 ‘{C “˜C•>%8 :D8 “ H8H„Zr;~8 ‘ : ‘X– š 8 :D?€8  Žw>%—H8G>4C%;XŽH‘ ™%™BC%;~>%8 ™';  6 Š < 8 ‘QCB8G>f:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“˜?€‘cŽ H?€“˜–XŽH‘X:D8Fj;XŽH™%8!–X’~>}“˜‘~—  ;X“ :'; “˜C“˜‘X:D>%8 8 ‘QCK: ‘X–š1J?€‘~8™B8G—€8 ‘{C q?H> ?€‘X8!>%?€’j‘X– CB>'“”FoC%“˜8lq>%CBC}„ r2;~8 ‘h6 Š < –~8GCB8 :DC%™cFjŽH: H8GCc˜?€™%™š1JC%;~87>%8 :D8GFjC%“”?€‘o  –j’~Fj˜“˜:GŽwCB8ZŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—€8 ‘QC:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ :D?€‘QCB>'?€8 :';XŽH‘j“˜™% ŽH8™%™BC%;~>'8 ™%;U8 ]{’XŽHsCB?o;XŽH”?HCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘Z80\ 8 :DC%“ H8  “˜‘X–X?  ŽH‘X–U8 ‘QCB8G>…C%;X8 qŽH™%C>'8 :D? H8G>%J ?Œ–~8H„  ’~>'“ ‘~—z]ŽH™BC…>%8 :D? H8G>%J ?1–X8-: ‘X– “˜™ ™B8GC…CB?Z™%™BC%;X>%8 ™%;UFj˜’X™Aoc™B8G—€8 ‘{CG„ ‹ ŽH:'; C%“˜8ŽH‘X?HC%;~8G>s–j’~Fj˜“˜:GŽwCB8s?:  €“˜‘X:D>'8 8 ‘QC9: ‘X–•š1J…C%;~8K™B8G—€8 ‘{Cs™%“ G8ŽH‘X–•CB>}ŽH‘X™%“”C9ŽFjŽH: H8GC]“”jŽH˜”?  8 – š{JUC%;~8‘~8 AŽH˜’X8 ?H : ‘j–T!ŽH‘X–  ;~8 ‘ C%;X8‘~81C^?:  Žw>%>}“ H8 ™…C%;XŽwC4ŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—H8 ™4‘~8 –jŽwC%Ž 96 Š < ™B8GC : ‘j–ˆCB? ™%™BC%;~>'8 ™%;oŽH‘X–o8 ‘{CB8G>!:D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘7Ž H?€“˜–XŽH‘X:D8H„ 6;1’X™ K8 ;XŽ H8 ™B8G8 ‘ C%;jŽwC•ŽZ–~8GCB8 :DC%“”?€‘ ?H FjŽH: H8GC ”?€™'™ š{J 6 Š %8 –X’X:DC%“”?€‘ “ ‘ ™B8 ‘X–X“ ‘~—>'ŽwCB8H„ 6;X“˜™ >'8 –X’X:DC%“”?€‘=“˜™!™';~?  ‘7CB?zš 8 80\)8 :DC%“ H8“˜‘7>%8 –X’X:G“ ‘~— :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“˜?€‘=q>%?€ C%;~8 ‘X8GC K?H> `„ ‚ ‘x?€˜˜?  “˜‘X— ™%8 :DC%“”?€‘X™.K8 ™%;jŽH˜~–X“˜™%:G’j™%™?Hšj“˜˜8 !“”>%8 ”8 ™%™‘X8GC K?H> 1™ ŽH‘X–6 Š < F 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8 ? H8G> C%;~8 ™%8 ‘~8GC K?H> Œ™G„ 

FH

BS Wired Network

MH BS

qs“˜—€’~>%8 w „ C J{F`“˜:GŽH:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘7™%:D8 ‘XŽw>}“”?

 * !+$'&'.# $% &'"()( /102  34(

?-C J1Fj“˜:GŽHf?Hšj“ ”8  “”>'8 ”8 ™%™4‘X8GC K?H> 1™;XŽH™?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™%C ŽH‘X–šjŽH™B8c™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘X™ „U6;X8 šjŽH™B8ˆ™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘j™ Žw>'8 “˜‘{CB8G>  :D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – Œ“˜Ž !“”>%8 – ‘X8GC K?H> zŽH‘X–ˆ57?Hšj“˜”8 ;~?€™BC%™K:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCfCB?C%;~8 ™B8 šjŽH™B8 ™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘j™ ? H8G>  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ 8 –X“˜Ž  oo  „6;X“˜™9:D?€‘>mX—€’~>}ŽwC%“”?€‘ ?HXšjŽH™B8 ™BC%ŽwC%“˜?€‘X™/ŽH‘X–?Hšj“˜”8K;~?€™BC%™/“˜™sŽH˜™B? :GŽH˜”8 –  “”>%8 – :G’X   “”>'8 ”8 ™%™ ‘~8GC K?H> Œ™G„w?!‘~?HC%;X8G>9C J{Fj“ :GŽH{:D?€‘>mj—€’~>'ŽwC%“”?€‘ “˜™ ŽH˜{;~?€™BCsŽw>%8 ?Hš`“˜”8ŽH‘X– Žw>%8f:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – C%;~>%?€’~—€;  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ 8 –X“˜Ž  :GŽH˜”8 –R?!– ;~?1:ˆ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™G„‚ ‘C%;j“˜™ >%8GF ?H>%C K8ˆ™';XŽH˜f:D?€‘X™%“˜–X8G> C%;X8ˆ6 Š < F 8G>%x?H>}ŽH‘X:D8ˆ? H8G>  “”>%8 – :G’X   “”>'8 ”8 ™%™K:D?€‘>mX—€’~>'ŽwC%“˜?€‘o?Hs?Hšj“˜”8  “”>'8 ”8 ™%™ ‘~8GC  ?H> Œ™ ]™%8G8^mX—€’~>%8 w„ }„ 6;~8 ?Hšj“ ”8  “˜>%8 ”8 ™%™K‘~8GC K?H> Œ™ ;XŽ"H8•™%?€8…–X“˜™BC%“˜‘j:DC :';jŽw>'ŽH:DCB8G>'“˜™BC%“ :G™:D?€FjŽw>%8 CB?  “”>'8 –z‘~8GC  ?H> 1™G„ 6;~8 ™B8‘X8GC K?H> 1™ ;XŽ H8 _s[x^)_ %s[_ =r1WAW b WUWAN> Or ŽH‘X– [q\ r{WwV[_ r1\ Zp/[ €b \s\9r A[ b \ "r1WA[ b px „c6 ;~8 ;X“”—€;cšj“”Cf8G>%>'?H> >'ŽwCB84“˜™ “˜‘j:G’~>%>%8 –zš 8 :D?€’XŽH™B8•?H  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™f8 –X“˜Ž   ;~8G>'88G>'>%?H>?Œ:G:G’~>'™ –X’~8 CB?]ŽH–X“˜‘X—ŽH‘j– >'ŽH–X“”?™%“˜—€‘XŽH “˜‘{CB8G>%x8G>'8 ‘X:D8 ™f8GC%:w„ 69? ™%’~FjF)?H>'C C%;~8•?Hšj“˜˜“”C J?H/;~?€™BCXC%;~8 ™%8•‘~8GC K?H> Œ™ –~?;XŽH‘j–~?)\  ;X8 ‘ C%;~8;~?€™BC ? H8 ™ x>'?€ šjŽH™B8 ™%C%ŽwC%“”?€‘>%8G—€“˜?€‘CB?4ŽH‘~?HC%;~8G> šjŽH™B8 ™%C%ŽH“”?€‘>%8G—€“”?€‘„/6 ;X“˜™;XŽH‘X–X?)\ˆŽOJ“˜‘H?€ H8 ™B?€8 F)8G>}“”?1–o–j’~>'“˜‘~—  ;j“˜:';=?Hšj“˜”8•;X?€™BC!ŽOJoš 84“˜‘XŽH:G:D8 ™%™'“”šj”8  ;j“˜:';o>'8 ™%’X”C%™!“˜‘ZŽ –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ox?H> ™%ŽH˜jF 8G>'“”?Œ– „xu!?€™BC ŽOJz? H8CB??€’~CK?H9:D? H8G>'Žw—H8•>%8G—€“˜?€‘ !;X“˜:';cŽH˜™B?:GŽH’X™B8 –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘zx>'?€ C%;X8 ‘~8GC K?H> Œ™G„"6;1’X™Q?Hšj“˜˜“”C J ?H;X?€™BC :GŽH’X™%8!“˜‘{CB8G>'“”CBCB8 ‘{C –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘X™"ŽH‘X–  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™"8 –X“˜Ž4“˜‘X:D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™ šj“”C•8G>'>%?H> >}ŽwCB8ˆ“ ‘ C%;~8 ™B8cC J1F 8 ?H ‘X8GC K?H> 1™ „=‚ƒ‘ ‘~8ŒC™B8 :DC%“”?€‘ C%;~8c“˜™%™%’X8 ?H6 Š < F 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8z? H8G> C%;~8 ™B8…C J{F 8•?H‘~8GC  ?H> Œ™ !“˜˜`š)8•:D?€‘j™%“˜–~8G>%8 –„

 * !+$'&'.# $% &'"()( /102  34(  

6 Š < !;X“˜”8 ?HF 8G>'ŽwC%“˜‘~—ˆ? H8G>  “”>%8 – ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™ –~8 ˜“ H8G>'™ —H?1?Œ– F)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8ŽH™…C%;~8ŽH™%™'’XFXC%“”?€‘ ŽH–X8 š{Jz6 Š !“”>%8 –c‘~8GC K?H> )„X?!™ !“”>%8 –c˜“˜‘;XŽ H8 H8G>%J ”?  8G>%>'?H>>}ŽwCB8 !;X“˜:';UŽH8 H8G>%J=x8 FjŽH: H8GC%™…—H8GC…:D?H>%>'’~FXCB8 – ŽH‘X–U–~>%?HFjF)8 –U–X’~8 CB?ˆ8G>%>%?H>…“˜‘{CB>%?1–j’X:D8 š{J :};XŽH‘X‘~8  „=6;1’X™ FjŽH: H8GC–~>%?HF ? H8G> !“”>%8 – ‘X8GC K?H>  ’X™%’jŽH˜”J ?1:G:G’X> –X’X8 CB? :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ŽH‘X– 6 Š < F 8G>%x?H>}™ K8 ˜)? H8G>“”CfŽH™“”Cf“˜™fC%’X‘~8 –cq?H> C%;X“˜™G„/‚ƒ‘c:GŽH™%8•?H  “˜>%8 ”8 ™%™K?Hšj“˜˜8‘~8GC  ?H> 1™ C%;j“˜™fŽH™%™%’XFjC%“”?€‘ –~?18 ™‘~?HC";~?€˜–“˜‘ŽH˜~:GŽH™B8 ™"QŽH™"–~8 ™%:D>}“”š 8 – 8 Žw>}˜“”8G>/C%;XŽwCFjŽH: H8GC ”?€™%™/? H8G>C%;~8 ™%8 C J1F)8 ‘~8GC  ?H> ŽH ™B? ?1:G:G’~> 

–X’~8 CB?šjŽH–  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™ :';XŽH‘X‘X8 :D?€‘X–X“”C%“˜?€‘oŽH‘X–o“˜‘{CB8G>'“”CBCB8 ‘{C –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘o“˜‘{CB>%?Œ–X’X:D8 –ˆš1Jc?Hšj“˜˜“”C JH„ r2;~8 ‘~8H8G> 6 Š 'ŽwC%“ ‘~—? H8G> C%;~8 ™B84C J1F)84?H"‘~8GC K?H> Z–~8GCB8 :DC%™!FjŽH: H8GC ”?€™%™%8 ™ :GŽH’X™B8 –7š{Jˆ8 “”C%;X8G> –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ ?H>8G>%>%?H>“˜‘{CB>%?Œ–X’X:D8 –š{J  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™:';XŽH‘X‘X8  O%?€’~—€;~F`’~C•?H:';jŽH‘X‘~8  „U?!™  ;~8 ‘FjŽH: H8GC”?€™'™4?Œ:G:G’~>–X’~8 CB?UšjŽH– :D?€‘X–X“”C%“˜?€‘ ?H  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™z:};XŽH‘X‘~8   H8G>%J x8 FjŽH: H8GCo—H8GCoC%;~>%?€’~—€; –j’~>'“˜‘~— šjŽH–Fj;XŽH™B8-šj’~C +KJ0#,$0& ;+L4 78').T4#'ŽH–X8 ™? H8G> ?Hš`“˜”8  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™ ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™Fj>'“˜Žw>'“ ”J –X’~8 CB? _9[q^)_ %/[_ r1W W b W W N9 Or ŽH‘X– []\ Or1WAV [_ OrŒ\ …ps[ €b \9\9r [ b \ „Xr 8Žw>%8 q?Œ:G’X™%™%“˜‘X—•“˜‘QCB8G>}“”CBCB8 ‘{C –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ “˜™%™%’~8-HŽH™ŽH‘{J ŽwFjFX>%?Œ:';~8 ™/“˜‘X:G ’X–X“˜‘~—     (        o    (    X;XŽ H8fš)8G8 ‘ FX>'?HF)?€™%8 –  ;X“˜:}; Žw>%880\ 8 :DC%“ H8…“˜‘ “˜C%“”—€ŽwC%“˜‘~—•C%;X8ŽH–H8G>}™B8!80\ 8 :DCf?H F ?{?H>  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™:};XŽH‘X‘~8 `:';XŽw>'ŽH:DCB8G>}“˜™BC%“˜:G™G„ IK’XC C%;~8G>%8cŽw>%8z?€‘j”J x8-ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';~8 ™  (    o,   (   (      ;X“ :'; C%ŽH: 1˜8ˆ?Hšj“˜˜“”C J “˜‘X–X’X:D8 – FX>%?Hšj˜8 ™G„ | C%“˜˜ ™B?€8 ?H C%;~8 ™B8 ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';~8 ™o>'8 ]{’X“˜>%8U™'’~FXF ?H>%C%™cx>'?€ šjŽH™B8 ™BC%ŽH“”?€‘  ;X“ :'; ;X“˜‘j–~8G>'™zC%;~8 “˜‘QCB8G>  ?HF 8G>'Žwšj“˜˜“˜C J?H?Hšj“ ”8…;~?€™BC“˜‘o–X“n\)8G>%8 ‘{C‘~8GC  ?H> Œ™G„?!˜™%?C%;~8 ™B84™%:};~8 8 ™!Žw>%84‘~?HC8 ŽH™'“˜”Jz™':GŽH˜Žwšj”8H„ | ? “”C4“˜™ –~8 ™%“”>}Žwšj”8CB?=;jŽ"H8ˆ™%:';~8 8  ;X“ :'; >'8 ]{’X“˜>%8 ™•?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“˜?€‘ “˜‘ ?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™%C4FX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€™%C%ŽH:  ?€‘X˜JH„ @%H$0&;$$01l$`Vw5l+#  = &K'# '78')Nw50# +L70M-'.9NdYw„ 69? C%;j“˜™8 ‘X–  K8 FX>%?HF ?€™B8 –Ž…™%:};~8 8:GŽH˜”8 – L !† t QŽH–XŽwFjCB8 – H8G>'™%“”?€‘?H)6 Š < ŽwC?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™BCG„g?6 Š “˜FX>'? Œ“˜‘~— –XŽwC%Ž CB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>"F 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8 “˜‘ š ?HC%;–X“”>'8 :DC%“”?€‘“ „ 8H„gqwuhCB? 5vuŽH‘X–5yu CB?qwu „€‚ C>'8 ]{’X“˜>%8 ™ x8G8 –XšjŽH: ˆq>%?€.‘~8GC K?H> Z˜ŽOJH8G> Žwš ?€’~C C%;~84™%C%ŽwC%’X™ ?H/?€‘~—H?€“˜‘~—?Hšj“˜˜“”C J “˜‘ˆCB8G>' ™ ?HO78').9.:$;7 #%?Hšj˜8  ?HK6 Š Œ™…“˜™!š)8 “ ‘~— 8ŒF ?€™B8 – „…‚ƒ‘U‘X81C :';XŽwFjCB8G>" C%;~8 AŽw>}“”?€’X™–~8 ™%“”—€‘ ™BFjŽH:D8 ™…ŽH‘j–=:};~?€“˜:D8 ™•Ž AŽH“˜ Žwšj”84CB? “˜FX>'? H8 6 Š %q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8 !“˜˜/š 8 –X“˜™':G’X™%™B8 – ŽH‘j– C%;~8 “”> “˜Fj˜“ :GŽwC%“”?€‘X™…“˜‘ “ Fj”8 8 ‘{C%ŽwC%“”?€‘ !“˜˜/š 8 :D?€‘X™%“˜–X8G>%8 – „ ‚ƒ‘:';XŽwFjCB8G>*o* wŽw>'“”?€’X™ ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™KCB? fŽw>'–X™f“˜Fj>%? Œ“˜‘~—•6 Š %q?H>'ŽH‘j:D8  “˜˜j–X“˜™%:G’X™'™B8 – ŽH‘X–U:D?€FjŽw>%8 – „ Š ;jŽwFXCB8G> !“˜˜–~8GC%ŽH“ ˜™!Žwš ?€’~C]’~C%’~>%8  ?H> U“˜‘ H?€ H8 “ ‘7C%;~8 FX>%?A@B8 :DC…ŽH‘X– :D?€‘X:G˜’X™'“”?€‘  “˜˜"š)8c–~>'Ž  ‘ „U‚ ‘ :';XŽwFjCB8G> )K8 !“˜˜"Fj>%8 ™B8 ‘{C C%;~8ˆ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“˜?€‘ >%8 ™%’j”C4?H ?6 Š < F)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8cŽH‘j– :D?€FjŽw>%8 !“”C%;`o  –X’~Fj˜“ :GŽwCB8 ŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—H8 8 ‘QC3o  ?A!ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';  (   ŽH‘j– q~>%8G8G8 6 Š '?€ŽH:';  o,  „ 







 





  

  

  



    

 

 

s $' ! r 8& “˜˜!–X“˜™%:G’X™'™ –X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{Cc–X8 ™%“”—€‘™BFjŽH:D8 ™oŽ"wŽH“˜˜Žwš`”87q?H>oŽH–XŽwFXC%“˜‘~—6 Š ZC%;~8 ?Hšj“˜”8  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ ‘~8GC K?H> Œ™•ŽH‘X– “˜Fj˜“˜:GŽwC%“”?€‘j™ ?H  ?H> 1“˜‘X—ˆ’XF)?€‘ C%;X8 ™B8™BFjŽH:D8 ™G„‚ C  “˜˜s;~8 ”F ’X™4“˜‘ :D?€FjŽw>'“˜‘X— wŽw>'“”?€’j™ ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™ ŽH‘X– ’X‘j–~8G>'™BC%ŽH‘X–j“˜‘~—cx8 ŽwC%’~>'8 ™4C%;XŽwC Ž7–~8 ™'“”>%8 – ™B?€ ’~C%“”?€‘ ™%;X?€’X˜– ;XŽ H8H„ r 8  “ ˜:D?€‘X™%“˜–X8G>  “”>%8 – :G’X   “”>'8 ”8 ™%™K:D?€‘>mX—€’~>'ŽwC%“˜?€‘ZŽH™™%;~?  ‘Z“˜‘mj—~„ w„  



 

 

"()$ !   ( $;4  '52#P@CBED?!‘ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};

G: ŽH‘ š 8–~8 ™'“”—€‘~8 –  ;j“˜:'; >%8 ]1’X“”>'8 ™•?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘ “ ‘ 6 Š 48ŒŽHF`”8- ŽŒ“˜‘~—Z6 Š sš1J4I | ?H>"5yu wC%;XŽwC–X’~8KCB?  ;XŽwCs>%8 ŽH™B?€‘ŽFjŽw>%C%“˜:G’j˜Žw> FjŽH: H8GC ”?€™%™K;XŽH™"?Œ:G:G’~> „"6;X8 ‘ 6 Š < :GŽH‘cš 8 ŽH–XŽwFXCB8 –zCB? C%ŽH8…ŽwFXFj>%?HFX>'“˜ŽwCB8!ŽH:DC%“”?€‘ Œ“”:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ :GŽH’X™%8 ™/FjŽH: H8GC˜?€™%™sC%;XŽH‘Pq/“ 18 –u!?€™BCš 8 ;XŽ"H8‘X?H>'ŽH˜”J•ŽH™/š 8Gq?H>%8-H?HC%;~8G> !“˜™B8 “”X”?€™%™;jŽH™9?Œ:G:G’~>%8 – –X’X8 ?HC%;~8G>…>'8 ŽH™B?€‘ C%;XŽH‘UF ?€™%™%“”šj˜8 ŽH–XŽwFXC%ŽwC%“˜?€‘ :D?€’X˜–=š)8CB?o™%“˜Fj”Jˆ>%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“”CC%;~8FjŽH: H8GC4ŽH‘j– –~?‘X?HC>%8 –X’X:D8…C%;X84:G’~>%>%8 ‘{C CB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘ !“˜‘X–~?  8GC%:w„ ‚C  :GŽH=T‘=&('š)# ' 8•7')N ?152–X# +“fmX70M8 –o"CB'— Žw—H 8ŽH>%‘Q8GJ—€“˜™%?€:}‘7;~8 ŽH™ 8 ‘X™G? „ FjŽH: H8GC…:D?€’X˜–=š)8 Žwšj”8 >%8 ŽH:'; 5vu4„)‚ C:GŽH‘ ŽH˜™B?cš)8 ?1–j“nmX8 –ZCB?ˆ“˜™B?€ ŽwCB8 !?H>'ŽHxqxu 6 Š '?€ ;XŽH‘j–  ?)\s„ ‚ ™B?€ ŽwC%“”?€‘7:GŽH‘Uš 84–~?€‘~8 š{Još`’H\)8G>}“˜‘~—FjŽH: H8GC%™…ŽwC!I | ŽH‘X–7>'8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“˜CBC%“˜‘~— “”C  ;~8 ‘U“”C –~8GCB8 :DC%™C%;XŽwC 5yu ;jŽH™ ‘~?HC!—H?HCŽF`Žw>%C%“˜:G’X˜Žw> FjŽH: H8GC%™ ?H>!š{JoCB8G>' “˜‘XŽwC%“”?€‘Z™%8 ‘X–~8G>!:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘7ŽwC I | ŽH‘X–7;XŽ"Œ“˜‘~—Ž‘X8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘  “”C%;Z5vu4„ ™B?€b84=T&('8 # ' :'78;j'ŽHN:‘X52“˜™%# +L-7"M CB?c"5v“˜‘~qu ?H>'™B-C%ŽHŽw: zš)?€:G’XŽHC‘ š 8 ?Hšj:}“˜;X˜“˜ŽHC ‘~J —HCB8 ?Z–zqxš{uJ;X6 Ž Š1“˜'“”?€’X™ŽH–XŽwFXC%ŽwC%“˜?€‘=C%;jŽwC :GŽH‘ š 8ŽwFXFj˜“˜8 –ZCB?o6 Š <  “ ˜ š 8 —€“ H8 ‘U–j’~>'“˜‘~—zC%;~8–~8 ™%:D>'“”FjC%“”?€‘ ?H K?H> Œ“˜‘~—?H AŽw>}“”?€’X™ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™!“˜‘o:';jŽwFXCB8G>jo1„





 



&}$%K $% !(  ' 4) t78+#'—H8 šjŽH™B8z?H ;~?€™BC%™"/“˜C4“˜™ ‘~?HC48 ŽH™%“ ”J x8 ŽH™%“˜šj”8-sšj’~C  Ž J š 8z’X™%8Gq’X"x?H>‘~8 m18 –;~?€™BC š 8 “˜‘~— “˜‘j™BC%ŽH˜”8 – „  ' 4) t78+#%?1–j’X:D8…C%;~8…q?€˜”? !“˜‘~—–X“ :G’j”C%“”8 ™ | :GŽH Žwšj“˜˜“”C J 6;~8 ™%8=ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';~8 ™c>%8 ]1’X“”>%8=™B?€8 ŽH?€’X‘{Cz?H4™%C%ŽwCB8 ŽwCˆI | q?H>c8 ŽH:'; 6 Š < :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ „6;X8G>%8Gx?H>'8-X‘~?HC8 ŽH™%“˜˜Jz™%:GŽH˜Žwš`”8H„ ‚ƒ‘QCB8G>'?HF)8G>}Žwšj“˜˜“”C J s6;~8 ™B8 ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';~8 ™f–~? ‘~?HCKŽH ”? 2“˜‘{CB8G> ?HF 8G>'Žwšj“ ˜“”C J?H ?Hšj“˜”8 ;X?€™BC  “˜C%; ?HC%;~8G>!C J1F 8 ™ ?H?Hšj“˜”8 “”>'8 ”8 ™%™ ‘~8GC  ?H> Œ™ ™'“˜‘X:D8…C%;~8GJˆ’X™B8•™BF 8 :G“˜ŽH “˜™B8 –cFX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€˜™G„ ‹ ‘X:D>%J1FXCB8 –  ŽwC%Ž Z6;~8ˆ8 ‘X:D>%J1FXCB8 – –XŽwC%Ž !“˜˜:GŽH’j™B8ZC%;~8 ™B8Z™':';~8 8 ™CB? qŽH“˜f™%“ ‘X:D8oŽH‘‚ < FjŽOJ1˜?€ŽH–) “˜˜)š 8…8 ‘X:D>%J1FXCB8 –ZŽH™ “˜‘ˆ‚ < | 8 :G’~>'“˜C JcFX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€  "(  „  “\ 8G>%8 ‘{CI?: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{CF`ŽwC%;X™ f6;~8 ™B84™':';~8 8 ™ –~?c‘~?HC K?H> Z“”/ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™ q>%?€.C%;~845vu C%ŽH8 Ž–j“\)8G>'8 ‘QC FjŽwC%;Zx>%?€ C%;~8…?€‘~8•C%ŽH8 ‘=š{Jˆ–XŽwC%ŽF`ŽH: H8GC%™G„  ' 4) t78+#%84C%;X8 ‘~?Œ–~8 ™ !;X“˜:';7>%8 ]1’X“”>%8•?Hš`“˜˜“”C Jˆ™'’~FXF ?H>%C C%;~8G>'8Gx?H>%8-sC%;~8 “”>…Fj>%?HCB?1:D?€ ™BC%ŽH:  :GŽH‘ š 8?1–j“nmX8 – „6;~8 ™%8 ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™4Žw>'8 ?€™BC4–X8 ™%“”>'Žwšj˜8ŽH™ C%;~8GJo–~?‘X?HC>%8 ]1’X“”>%8…ŽH‘{Jˆ:};XŽH‘~—H8 ™!“˜‘mŒ8 –Z;~?€™BC 6 Š %Cfq>%?€ ?Hš`“˜”8  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™G„ 6;X“ ™8 ‘X;XŽH‘j:D8 ™!C%;X8 “˜‘{CB8G>%?HFX>}Žwšj“˜˜“”C Jz?H ?Hšj“˜”8 ;~?€™BC “”C%;7–j“\)8G>'8 ‘QC ?Hšj“˜˜8  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™G„ ^Y0&2'“”CŽwš ? H8U8 ‘QC%“˜?€‘~8 –S8G>'“˜CŽH‘X–S–~8 Žw>}“”C –~8GF 8 ‘X–j“˜‘~— ?€‘) ;~8G>%8…C%;X8GJz>%8 ]1’X“”>'8•?1–j“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘X™ „ 













    r 8–j“˜™%:G’X™%™%8 –C%;~>%8G8–~8 ™%“”—€‘c™BFjŽH:D8 ™  ;~8G>%8!>%8 ™B8 Žw>':};~8G>'™K:GŽH‘  ?H> ?€’XCC%;~8 “”>K–~8 ™%“”—€‘ {‘XŽH8 ˜J!qxu 6 Š <  I | FX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€j™BC%ŽH: ŽH‘X–z5vuFX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€j™BC%ŽH: `„ Š ?€‘X™%“˜–X8G>'“˜‘~— “˜Fj “˜:GŽwC%“”?€‘X™s?H ?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘j™ŽwC –X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C ™BFjŽH:D8 ™~“”CK“˜™–X8 ™%“”>'Žwšj˜8C%;XŽwCfŽ ™B?€ ’~C%“”?€‘c™%;~?€’X˜–>%8 ]{’j“”>%8!‘X? ?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“˜?€‘ “˜‘Zqxu6 Š < ŽH‘X–c‘~? ™'’~FXF ?H>%C x>'?€ š`ŽH™B8 ™%C%ŽwC%“”?€‘  šj’~C :D?€’X˜–UŽH–XŽwFXC•5vu FX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€/™BC%ŽH: )„•‚ƒ‘ ‘~81C :';jŽwFXCB8G>" K8 !“˜˜Fj>%8 ™B8 ‘{CŽH‘{J ™%:';X8 8 ™ ŽwCBCB8 FXCB8 –c8 Žw>'˜“”8G> š{J>%8 ™%8 Žw>':';c:D?€ ’X‘X“”C JCB? ŽH˜”8Œ“˜ŽwCB8!C%;~8!–~8G—H>}ŽH–X“˜‘~—•80\ 8 :DCf?H CB8 F ?H>'Žw>%J –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘X™ :GŽH’X™%8 –oš{Jˆ?Hšj“ ˜“”C Jz?H;~?€™BC%™G„  





 

 



  

  

s  $' ! r 8  “ ˜–~8 ™%:D>'“˜š)8 wŽw>'“”?€’j™•™%:';X8 8 ™ FX>%?HF ?€™B8 – q?H> “˜C%“”—€ŽwC%“˜‘~—ZC%;X8 –~8GCB>'“˜8 ‘QC%ŽH80\)8 :DC ?H CB8 F ?H>'Žw>%J –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘U“˜‘X–X’X:D8 –=š1J7?Hšj“˜ “”C Jo?€‘ 6 Š 'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8H„•6;~8:D?€FjŽw>'“˜?€™%‘U?H"C%;~8 ™B8ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™ ŽH‘X–o?HC%“ wŽwC%“”?€‘7x?H>?€’X> ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};) “˜ `š 8•ŽH˜™%?š)8…Fj>%8 ™B8 ‘{CB8 – „ 





 

&'$'K) 34 0 &'      6;~8 ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};oFX>%?HF ?€™B8 –ˆ“˜‘  (   /o  –j’~Fj˜“˜:GŽwCB8 ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™ ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:'; ~>%8 ]{’j“”>%8 ™f‘~8GC K?H> ˆ˜Ž JH8G> CB? FX>'? Œ“˜–~84“˜‘Xx?H>' ŽwC%“”?€‘7Žwš ?€’~C?€‘X—H?€“˜‘~—z?Hšj“˜˜“”C JzCB?cC%;~8 6 Š …ŽwC5vu „ ?fCC%;~84C%“ 8•?H">%8 :D?€‘ ‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ QC%;~8 5yu™B8 ‘X–j™/C%;~>%8G8 –X’XFj˜“˜:GŽwCB8fŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™CB?^qwu „Q6;~8 ™%8ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™ :GŽH’X™%8 C%;~8qwu CB?8 ‘{CB8G>!C%;~84qŽH™BC >%8 :D? H8G>%JoF`;XŽH™B84ŽH‘X–Z>%8 ™BC%Žw>%CCB>}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘ „"6;j“˜™ ™%:';X8 8•>%8 –X’j:D8 ™C%;~84“ –X”8 F 8G>'“”?Œ–=ŽwqCB8G> ŽH‘ 5vu-“˜™ >%8 :D?€‘X‘X8 :DCB8 –  ?HC%;~8G>  “˜™B86 Š < ŽwC•C%;~8!qwu  ?€’X – ;XŽ"H8 KŽH“”CB8 – x?H>4ŽH‘ E/6 8H8 ‘QC!CB??Œ:G:G’~>š 8Gx?H>'8…>%8 ™BC%Žw>%C%“˜‘X—CB>'ŽH‘X™%“ ™%™%“”?€‘ „  



 



$% s      ‚ ‘ ‚  6 Š <    ŽZCB>'ŽH‘X™BF ?H>%C…˜ŽOJH8G> :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ š 8GC K8G8 ‘ ŽH‘[qxumŒ8 – ;~?€™%C ŽH‘X– 5vue]?Hšj“˜”8;~?€™%C “˜™•™BF`˜“”CBCB8 – “˜‘ C K?U™B8GF`Žw>'ŽwCB8z:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘X™  ?€‘~8 š 8GC  8G8 ‘ qwu-CB?=I |  ŽH‘~?HC%;X8G> š 8GC K8G8 ‘ I | CB?U5vu4„  ?H>}ŽHf6 Š < >'’X‘ ?€‘ :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘š 8GC K8G8 ‘ qwu CB? I | ŽH‘X– ™BF 8 :G“˜ŽH˜“ G8 –FX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€f? H8G>zI | CB? 5vu :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘:GŽH‘ š 8’X™%8 – q?H> X?  ŽH‘X–:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ :D?€‘QCB>'?€C%’X‘X8 – x?H>  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™•:D?€‘X–X“˜C%“”?€‘ „lr2;~8 ‘Ž FjŽH: H8GC“ ™>%8 :D8 “ H8 –z?€‘qwu CB?I | :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆ“”Cf“˜™KŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 –o“˜‘X–~8GF 8 ‘X–X8 ‘QC"?H9™B8 :D?€‘X–ˆ:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ š 8GC K8G8 ‘7I | CB?z5vu ŽH‘X–)Œ“˜:D8 H8G>'™%ŽŒ„ r;X8 ‘ Ž75vu? H8 ™•?€’XC•?Hf?€˜– I | >%8G—€“”?€‘ŽH‘X– 8 ‘QCB8G> ‘~8 I | >'8G—€“”?€‘ C%;~8  ;~?€”8™BC%ŽwCB8c:D?€‘X™%“˜™BC%“ ‘~— ?H C  ? ™%?1: H8GCF 8G>:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘o“˜™fCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G>%>%8 –cCB?‘~8 I | „~‚ Cf Ž Jˆ“˜‘X:D>%8 ŽH™B8 C%“˜8 “ ‘H?€ H8•“ ‘c;jŽH‘X–  ?)\/„ 6;X“˜™f™%:};~8 84–X?{8 ™ ‘~?HC FX>%8 ™B8G> H8•™%8 ŽH‘QC%“ :G™ ?Hs6 Š < C%;XŽwC qwu—H8GC%™C%;~8 ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C?€‘X”JˆŽwxCB8G> F 8G8G>6 Š %?€ŽH:};  (   IfŽH™B8™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘=>%?€’~C%“ ‘~—z:D?Œ–~8 “ ™!?Œ–X“nmj8 –oš{JZŽH–j–X“˜‘~— Žc?Œ–X’X”8-`:GŽH˜”8 –U™%‘~?1?HF  C%;XŽwC…?€‘X“”CB?H>}™ 8H8G>%J=F`ŽH: H8GC•C%;XŽwC FjŽH™'™B8 ™ C%;~>%?€’~—€; C%;X8:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ “˜‘U8 “”C%;~8G>•–j“”>%8 :DC%“”?€‘ „•6 ;~8™%‘~?1?HF ?Œ–X’X”8…ŽH“˜‘{C%ŽH“˜‘X™ Ž :GŽH:';X84?H"6 Š %?€ C%;X8qwu m18 –=;~?€™BCKC%;jŽwC!;XŽ H8 ‘ C!JH8GC!š 8G8 ‘ ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 –š1J5yu „r;X8 ‘Ž•‘~8 FjŽH: H8GC Žw>%>}“ H8 ™q>%?€ C%;~8 qwu €™%‘~?1?HF ?Œ–X’X”8fŽH–X–“”C/CB?4“˜C%™":GŽH:';~8 ŽH‘X–F`ŽH™%™B8 ™KC%;~8 F`ŽH: H8GC ?€‘zCB? C%;~8>%?€’~C%“ ‘~—4:D?Œ–~8 !;X“˜:'; F 8G>%x?H>}™"C%;~8‘~?H>'ŽH`>%?€’~C%“ ‘~—•]’X‘X:DC%“”?€‘X™ „/6 ;~8 ™%‘~?1?HFS?Œ–X’X”8ˆŽH˜™B?&H8G8GFj™ CB>'ŽH: ?H ŽH˜KC%;~8ZŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—€8 ‘{C ™B8 ‘{Cq>%?€ C%;~8Z?Hšj“ ”8c;X?€™BCG„Rr;~8 ‘ Ž FjŽH: H8GC7˜?€™%™o“˜™ˆ–~8GCB8 :DCB8 –%q8 “”C%;X8G>Zš{J C%;~8 Žw>%>'“ AŽH!?H Ž –X’XFj˜“˜:GŽwCB8 ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—€8 ‘{Co?H>oš{JŽ ”?Œ:GŽH C%“˜8G?€’~C 9“”C…>%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“”C C%;~8”?€™BC FjŽH: H8GC4CB?ZC%;X8 5yu“” “˜C ;jŽH™…C%;~8FjŽH: H8GC :GŽH:';X8 – „6;1’X™ C%;~8šjŽH™%8 ™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘%]™'‘~?{?HF: ;X“˜–X8 ™ C%;~8F`ŽH: H8GC”?€™%™ x>%?€C%;~8qxuš1J•‘~?HC9FX>%?HFjŽw—€ŽwC%“˜‘X—!–X’~F`˜“˜:GŽwCB8ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—€8 ‘QC%™G„ q~?H>•–XŽwC%ŽcCB>'ŽH‘X™%x8G> q>%?€ 5yu CB?`qxu 5yu “˜™ ‘~?HC%“nmX8 –Uq?H>…ŽH‘QJ=FjŽH: H8GC•”?€™'™!? H8G>  “”>'8 ”8 ™%™:';XŽH‘X‘X8 9š1J IfŽH™B84™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘„X? qCB8G>—H8GCBC%“˜‘X— ‘~?HC%“nmj:GŽwC%“˜?€‘ˆ?H9FjŽH: H8GC!”?€™'™ x>'?€.I | j5yu >%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“”CfC%;XŽwCF`ŽH: H8GC!ŽH‘j– –~?18 ™‘~?HC“˜‘ H?-H8 :D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘7:D?€‘{CB>%?€8 :};XŽH‘X“˜™'o„ 6;~8>%?€’XC%“˜‘~—ˆFX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€"CB>'“˜8 ™…CB?7“˜‘j“˜“ G8;XŽH‘X–~?)\ –X’~>}ŽwC%“”?€‘ š{J  ’X”C%“˜:GŽH™BC%“ ‘~—oC%;~8FjŽH: H8GC%™ CB?=™B8GC•?H šjŽH™B8™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘j™G„IKŽH™%8™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘X™•‘X8 Žw>%š{J=CB?ZC%;~8ŽH:DC%“ H8 I | C%;X>%?€’~—€;& ;X“ :';UFX>%8 ™B8 ‘{C•6 Š < –jŽwC%Ž X?  “ ™ C%Ž1“ ‘~—ˆFj˜ŽH:D8-ŽH‘X–UC%;~8ŽH:DC%“ H8I | q?H>'™…Žˆ ’j”C%“˜:GŽH™BC —H>%?€’~F „?!  šjŽH™%8™%C%ŽwC%“”?€‘X™…“˜‘  ’X”C%“˜:GŽH™BC —H>%?€’XF šj’H\ 8G>'™C%;~87FjŽH: H8GCˆ–~8 ™BC%“˜‘X8 – x?H>ˆ5yu ŽH”C%;X?€’~—€;S?€‘X˜J?€‘~8=šjŽH™B87™%C%ŽwC%“”?€‘X™š`’H\)8G>z“˜™š 8 “˜‘~— ’X™%8 – x?H> >%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘Fj’~>%F ?€™B8H„xr;X8 ‘ Ž 5vu ? H8 ™ CB?‘~8 Žw> š{JI | C%;X8 ‘ ‘~? FjŽH: H8GC –~>%?HF ?1:G:G’~>fŽH™KŽH”>%8 ŽH–~J C%;XŽwC4I | ;XŽH™4šj’H\ 8G>%8 – C%;~8F`ŽH: H8GC !;X“˜:'; :D?€’X˜– ‘~?HC•š 8–~8  “ H8G>%8 – š1J=?€ – I | –X’~>'“ ‘~—c;jŽH‘X–  ?)\/„ !? ™BC%ŽwCB8•CB>'ŽH‘j™Bx8G> C%ŽH84Fj˜ŽH:D84š)8GC  8G8 ‘7?€˜–oI | ŽH‘X–Z‘X8I | –X’~>'“ ‘~— ;jŽH‘X–  ?)\/„  







*  2 ‚ CcŽH™%™%’X8Uo  C%“”8G>ˆŽw>':';j“”CB8 :DC%’~>%8Ux?H>ˆ‘~8GC  ?H>   (  „5=ŽH‘QJ 5vu :GŽH‘ š 87:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 –CB? 5 |X|  5Z?Hšj“ ”8 | ’~FXF ?H>%C | C%ŽwC%“˜?€‘TfŽH‘X–=ŽH‘QJZ5 |X| Žw>'84:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 –=CB? | u | ’~F 8G> Œ“˜™B?H>'Jz;~?€™BCŽH‘X– | u™ Žw>'8 “˜‘{CB8G>%]ŽH:D8 CB?m18 – ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™G„5 |j| ;XŽ"H8“ ‘X“˜ ’X :GŽwFjŽwš`“˜˜“”C J @B’X™%CCB?o™%’XFXF ?H>%C5vu q?H>…:D?€ ’X‘X“˜:GŽwC%“”?€‘ ŽH‘j– | u Žw>%84>'8 ™BF ?€‘X™%“”šj˜8q?H> š`ŽH‘X– “˜–XC%;oŽH‘XŽw—H8 8 ‘{CŽH‘j–7?Hšj“ ˜“”C JˆŽH‘XŽw—H8 8 ‘QCG„!‚ C ŽH ™B?zŽH™%™'’X84C%;jŽwC CB>'ŽH‘X™BF ?H>%CK˜Ž JH8G> ™B8G8 ”? š`“”C8G>%>'?H> >'ŽwCB8 ? H8G>  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™˜“˜‘`„w?!‘j–z5  6 Š < ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';ˆŽH“˜‘X˜J C%ŽH8…:GŽw>%8 ?H9q>%8 ]1’~8 ‘{C ;XŽH‘X–  ?)\ >%8 ˜ŽwCB8 –ZFX>%?Hšj”8 Z„ ‚ Cf’X™B8 ™fC%;X8™BF`˜“”C :D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘oŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';o“ „ 8H„8H8G>%Jc6 Š < :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘o“˜™K™BFj˜“”CK“˜‘zC K?ŽwC | u4„~6;~8 6 Š < ™B8 ‘X–~8G>/?€‘mŒ8 –‘~8GC  ?H> ’X™B8 ™’j‘X?Œ–X“nmX8 – 6 Š < CB?•™B8 ‘X––jŽwC%Ž CB?…C%;~8 | u  ;j“˜”8C%;X8 | uS’X™B8 ™?1–X“fmX8 – H8G>'™%“”?€‘z?H 6 Š < :GŽH ”8 –c5  6 Š < q?H>K–X8 ˜“ H8G>'“˜‘X—4–XŽwC%Ž CB?5vu „Œ6 ;~8!6 Š < :G “”8 ‘QCKŽwC C%;X8 | uF | u  6 Š %8 :D8 “ H8 ™™B8G—€8 ‘{C%™ CB>}ŽH‘X™%“”CBCB8 –7š{JˆC%;~8 ™B8 ‘X–~8G>!ŽH‘X–7“”C FjŽH™%™B8 ™ C%;~8 ™B8 ™%8G—€8 ‘QC%™CB?zC%;~8 5  6 Š –~8  “ H8G>%J…CB?•5yu „)? Š  ™s>%8 :D8 “ H8 –š1J 5  6 Š < ŽwC/C%;~8 | uSŽw>%8fq?H> KŽw>}–~8 –4CB?…6 Š < :G˜“”8 ‘{C q?H>/–X8 ˜“ H8G>%J CB? C%;~86 Š „6;1’X™j–XŽwC%Žc“˜™!ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 –U?€‘X”J  ;~8 ‘U5yu ;XŽH™!>%8 :D8 “ H8 –U“”C!CB?zFX>'8 ™B8G> H84C%;X8 8 ‘X–ZCB?c8 ‘X–=™B8 ŽH‘{C%“˜:G™G„6 Š %C%“ ™B84C%;~8 G8G>%?  “˜‘X–~?  CB?qxu ™%8 ‘X–~8G> !;~8 ‘7“”C!–~?{8 ™ ‘~?HC…>%8 :D8 “ H8 –ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C4q?H>4’X‘XŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—H8 – –XŽwC%Žoq?H>'5vu x?H> ™B?€88 ™BC%“˜ ŽwCB8 – C%“˜8?H>  ;~8 ‘5  6 Š < :G˜“”8 ‘{CŽwC | uS‘~?HC%“˜xJ “”C9C%;jŽwC5yu “˜™/–X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DCB8 – HCB?…FX>%8H8 ‘{CC%;~8f>%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘4C%“˜8G>  



, 

?€’~C8H8 ‘{CfŽwCqwu ™B8 ‘j–~8G> „xr;~8 ‘ | u  6 Š %C%“ ™B8 ™q’X   “˜‘X–X? CB?`qwu ™B8 ‘j–~8G>")C%;{’X™?HF 8 ‘X“˜‘X—q’j˜  “ ‘X–~?  Žw—€ŽH“˜‘ „ 6;1’X™ “”C 8 ‘X™%’~>'8 ™C%;XŽwCC%;X8 qwu  “˜˜Œ‘~?HC“ ‘H?-H8:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘c:D?€‘QCB>'?€`–X’X8 CB? –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘?H5vu4„r;X8 ‘ Ž 5vu ? H8 ™ q>%?€ ?€‘~8 | u >%8G—€“˜?€‘ CB?=ŽH‘~?HC%;X8G> | u>%8G—€“”?€‘ s™%ŽH˜™%C%ŽwCB8 CB>'ŽH‘X™%x8G>•C%ŽH8 ™ Fj˜ŽH:D8z™B?oC%;XŽwC ‘X8 | u :GŽH‘oŽH“ ‘QC%ŽH“˜‘cC%;~8…–XŽwC%Ž j? 2š 8GC K8G8 ‘Z™BFj˜“˜CBCB8 –z:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆ?H C%;~8…6 Š < :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆš 8GC K8G8 ‘ qwu ŽH‘X–Z5vu4„



#  6;~8^r26 Š %?€ŽH:';    “˜™ –~8 ™'“”—€‘~8 –ZFj>'“˜Žw>'“ ”J q?H>Irrh?  8 ‘ Œ“”>%?€‘X8 ‘{C%™G„ ‚ C!ŽH™%™'’X8 ™!C%;XŽwC!C%;X8 5yu  “˜˜ š)8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – CB?ˆŽˆ–~8 –X“˜:GŽwCB8 –UFX>'?"ŒJ7ŽH‘X–UC%;XŽwC š ?HC%;  “ ˜š 8 ?Hšj“˜˜“”C JZŽ"fŽw>%8H„•6;~8™B8 ‘X–X8G> ]“ „ 8H„sFX>%?"ŒJ9  “˜ €;XŽ"H8 Ž!‘~8>}ŽwCB8 šjŽH™%8 –4CB>'ŽH‘j™%“˜™%™'“”?€‘•:D?€‘{CB>%?€1š)8 ;jŽ"Œ“”?€’~> „r“”C%;4C%;~8f;~8 ”F4?H~q8G8 –~šjŽH:  x>'?€-C%;~8•>%8 :D8 “ H8G> XC%;~8•™B8 ‘X–X8G> CB>'“”8 ™ CB? “ –~8 ‘QC%“˜xJC%;X8•>%8 ŽH™B?€‘oq?H>C%;~8•˜?€™%™B8 ™ ;X8GC%;~8G>C%;~8GJˆŽw>%84–X’X8CB? ;XŽH‘X–~?)\  šj“”C8G>%>%?H>'™ ?H>•:D?€‘X—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ ”?€™%™%8 ™…ŽH‘X–UC%;{’X™ CB>}“”8 ™ CB?o“˜‘X“˜ “ G84C%;~880\ 8 :DC•?H ‘X?€‘  :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘ >%8 ˜ŽwCB8 –Z˜?€™%™B8 ™ ?€‘oC%;X8•F 8G>%x?H>}ŽH‘X:D8H„ 







 "   2 6;~8ŽH“˜‘c“˜–~8 Ž ?H C%;X“˜™KŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';  o,“˜™ C%;XŽwC  ;~8 ‘ˆ5yu™B8 ‘X™B8C%;XŽwC “”C—H?€“ ‘~— CB?–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCKx>'?€ C%;X8 ‘~8GC K?H> 7“˜CŽH–H8G>'C%“˜™B8 –U“”C%™ !“˜‘X–~? CB? G8G>%?  ;X“˜:};7:GŽH’X™%8qwu ™%8 ‘X–~8G>CB?c—H?ˆ“˜‘{CB?zF 8G>'™'“˜™BC ?Œ–~8H„A?!‘j–  ;~8 ‘c?Hšj“˜˜8;~?€™%Cf:D?€‘j‘~8 :DCfšjŽH: cCB?‘~8GC K?H>  j“”Cf™B8 ‘X–`o  –X’~Fj “˜:GŽwCB8ŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—€8 ‘QC ?Hs˜ŽH™BCf>%8 :D8 “ H8 – š{J1CB8H„"6;1’X™ x?H>':G“ ‘~— qwu  ™B8 ‘X–~8G>fCB? C%ŽH8…qŽH™BCK>%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“”CŽH‘j–z]ŽH™BCK>%8 :D? H8G>'JzŽH:DC%“”?€‘ˆŽH‘X–c™BC%Žw>%C ™B8 ‘X–j“˜‘~— –XŽwC%ŽZ“˜ 8 –X“˜ŽwCB8 ”JUŽwxCB8G>5yu-:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC•šjŽH:  CB?=‘~8GC K?H> )„z6;X“ ™…ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:}; –~?18 ™•‘~?HC4–X8 ŽH  “”C%; ;X“˜—€; šj“”C"8G>'>%?H>f>'ŽwCB8!?H  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™:';jŽH‘X‘~8  „6;~8 ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';c>%8 ]1’X“”>%8 ™C%;~8‘X8GC K?H> z˜ŽOJH8G>fCB? —€“ H8…ŽH‘c“˜‘X–X“ :GŽwC%“”?€‘ ?Hs“ F 8 ‘X–X“˜‘~— –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ „ 









   $'(`  6;~8 ™B8ˆŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';~8 ™  “˜ "š 8z‘~? .:D?€FjŽw>%8 – ?€‘–X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C ]ŽH:DCB?H>'™“˜‘C%Žwšj”8o1„ Xo1„ (1„  8 ™':D>'“”FXC%“”?€‘?H ™B?€8…?H/C%;~8 ™B84qŽH:DCB?H>'™!Žw>%8•—€“ H8 ‘Zš)8 ˜?  ~q?H>]’~>%C%;~8G>:G˜Žw>}“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘ „ | :GŽH Žwšj”8 Š ŽH‘ZŽ ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};Z“˜™™%:GŽH Žwšj”8…“”/‘{’X š 8G> ?Hs?Hšj“˜”8…;~?€™BC!“˜‘X:D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™CB? ˜Žw>%—H8 wŽH˜’~8H„ ‚ƒ?€‘Q‘~CB8 8G>'‘~?H8GF)C K8G>}?HŽw> šjˆ”8 CB?  ŽH?{‘~8 ?H™ C%;~Ž 8GŽw>FX‘~FX8G>%C ?€KŽH?H:}> ;o)„ŽH˜”? ?Hš`“˜”8!;X?€™BC CB?š 8!“ ‘QCB8G>%?HF 8G>'Žwš`”8  ;X8 ‘z“”Cf? H8 ™ x>'?€ ‹ ‘X:D>%J1FXCB8 –ˆCB>'Ž :•™'’~FXF ?H>%C  ?{8 ™!ŽŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:}; K?H> c8H8 ‘7“”sC%;~8…FjŽOJ1”?€ŽH–Z?Hs‚ƒ%J1FXCB8 – „ Fj Žw“\C%;Z8G>%?H8 C%‘{;~C-8G> ?C%: ;XŒŽH‘~‘Z? !C%Ž”8 H–~8 —H‘Z8 š1Jˆ8 ‘{“ ‘XCo:DFj?€ŽwC%“˜;‘~—™%’~–XFXŽwF C%Ž ?H`>%C C%;~8 ‚ ‘Z•™BŽH?€: Œ‘~84? CB 8 ˜:'8 ;X–~‘X—H“68 ]{’~8 8 ‘{KCo?€x’X?H˜>o–ˆ–X]ŽHŽw“˜C% Ž„ C%ŽH8 ™Z–X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C 





 

69Žwšj˜8o1„  Š ?€F`Žw>'“˜™B?€‘ˆ?H wŽw>'“”?€’X™ ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™ 



 0 12+3 %(2+-

  *%452+*%1

  ! "$#  % #&(')#+* 67 8    1 0 2+3) /(2+? *;6 ? *;6

,.-$!*/ */ (')#+*

9;:=< )#&2& %(7*  8-;@A#+*%1B * 0 *%-$

*/*%C/*%

>

>

>

>

? *;6

? *;6

? *;6

 : A G 

>   ?D*%6

?D*%6 ?D*%6

? *;6 ? *;6

< 2+EF /#+ ? *;6

>A ? *;6

, : A

>

?D*%6

? *;6

< 2+EF /#+

>A

-5 

>

?D*%6

? *;6

< 2+EF /#+

>A

AH

>

>

? *;6

? *;6

? *;6

? *;6

 wŽ C%Ž 69>'ŽH‘X™%x8G>  “”>%8 :DC%“˜?€‘ | ’~FXF ?H>%CB8 –  ?18 ™Ž ™%:};~8 8ZCB>%J CB? ŽH˜”8Œ“˜ŽwCB8Z–~8G—H>}ŽH–X“˜‘~— 80\ 8 :DC ?H ?Hš`“˜˜“”C J ?€‘ qwu CB?z5vu ŽH‘j–Z5yu CB?lqwu –XŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘j™Bx8G>O„ ‹ ‘X– CB?78 ‘j– ™B8 ŽH‘{C%“˜:G™ r;~8 ‘Ž7™B8 ‘j–~8G>•—H8GC4C%;X8 ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—€8 ‘{C ?€‘j”J !;~8 ‘ C%;~8 “ ‘QCB8 ‘X–X8 – >%8 :D8 “ H8G>!;XŽH™ >'8 :D8 “ H8 –7“”C~8 ‘j–oCB?8 ‘X–o™B8  ŽH‘QC%“˜:G™!“˜™ ™%ŽH“˜–ZCB?FX>%8 ™B8G> H8 –o?HC%;~8G>  “ ™B8•‘~?HC…„

JI *  $% K $%  ! S 

‚ C :GŽH‘ š 8 ?Hšj™B8G> H8 –q>%?€ C%Žwšj˜8Io1„ jo1„ (*1C%;XŽwCK“”C“˜™"–X8 ™%“”>'Žwšj˜8Kq?H> ŽH‘zŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:}; CB? >%8 ]1’X“”>%8?Œ–X“nm`:GŽwC%“”?€‘ ?€‘X”JŽwCK5vu :D?€F`Žw>%8 CB? >%8 ]1’X“”>'“˜‘X— ™'’~FXF ?H>%C"q>%?€ I | ŽH˜™B?~„/‚ C8 ‘XŽwšj˜8 C%;~8ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:}; CB? š 8 ŽwFXFj˜“ :GŽwšj”8 8H8 ‘ !;~8 ‘ZCB>'Ž : “˜™ 8 ‘X:D>%J1FXCB8 –Z?H> ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C FjŽH™%™!C%;~>%?€’~—€;=–X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C FjŽwC%; „ ‚ƒ‘7ŽH–j–X“”C%“”?€‘oCB? C%;X“˜™ŒC%;~8•ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';7‘~8 “”C%;~8G>;XŽHF)8G>“ ‘QCB8G>%?HF 8G>'Žwš`“˜˜“”C J‘~?H>“˜‘{CB>%?1–j’X:D8…™%:GŽH˜Žwšj“˜ “”C Jc–X“ :G’X˜C JH„If’~C ?€‘X”J x8 ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';X8 ™ qŽH˜/“˜‘{CB?ˆC%;X“˜™ :GŽwCB8G—H?H>%J-sC%;~8lo  ? 3o   ’~Fj˜“˜:GŽwCB8!?: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C4ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';  (   ŽH‘X–`q~>%8G8G86 Š <  o,  „ 6;~?€’~—€;ˆC%;X8o  ? ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};Z“˜‘X:D>'8 ŽH™B8 ™ C%;~8•6 Š < >%8 ™BF ?€‘X™B8 C%“˜8…š{Jc>%8 –X’X:G“ ‘~—“˜–X”8C%“˜8•ŽwqCB8G>!?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™BC —H8GC>%8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 –CB? C%;~8ˆ‘~8GC K?H> )„ If’~C “˜C ;XŽH™ C%;~8ˆ–~8G—H>'ŽH–j“˜‘~—=™'“˜–~8 80\ 8 :DC ?€‘ C%;~>'?€’~—€;~Fj’~CG„U‚ C :GŽH’X™B8 ™!6 Š < CB? 8 ‘{CB8G>“˜‘ZqŽH™BC!>%8 :D? H8G>'J7?Œ–~84ŽwqCB8G> >%8 :D8 “ Œ“˜‘~—-o–X’~F`˜“˜:GŽwCB8•ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™G„6;j“˜™ >%8 ™%’X˜C%™“˜‘>%8 –X’X:DC%“˜?€‘ “˜‘ :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘  “˜‘X–X?   ;X“ :';>%8 –X’j:D8 ™C%;~8oCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘>}ŽwCB8H„ ?™Ž >%8 ™%’j”C ”8 ™%™B8G> C%;X>%?€’~—€;~Fj’XCf“ ™ŽH:';X“˜8H8 –Z? H8G>C%;~8•:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ „ q~>%8G8G8 6 Š %8 ]{’j“”>'“˜‘~— ˜? K8G>ˆ Ž JH8G>'™cCB? FX>%8 –X“˜:DCzq’XC%’~>%87–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘j™G„ 6;~8FjŽwF 8G> ™%’~—H—H8 ™BC%™ C%;jŽwCKš1Jz?€‘X“”CB?H>'“˜‘X— ™%“˜—€‘XŽH ™BCB>%8 ‘~—HC%; ŒC%;~8…?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™BC Ž JcFX>%8 –j“˜:DCK“ F 8 ‘X–X“˜‘~— "( 



69Žwšj˜8o1„ ( Š ?€F`Žw>'“˜™B?€‘ˆ?H AŽw>}“”?€’X™ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™

C  !$ 

D-1 ! *%-1 67* 0  -$!2& %6 *%6!*/ *;1 ? *;6

< ( 7  -6 */ 12+*% "2+*%-  - "*;1

 ! 

- " 57*;1 7,  ! E 6 !*%1 ? *;6

< 2 */*%-$  !8-;@#+*;1B * 0 *%-5 )( 6! 7*;1 ? *;6

? *;6

 ! 

? *;6

? *;6

 :A  H G AH

? *;6 ? *;6

 7        7  

 7       7  

>A >  A

> > 

, : AH

>A

 7   7 

>A

>

-5 

? *;6

 ! 

>A

>



? *;6

 7   7 

? *;6

? *;6

9;:=< )#&2& /(!*  !8-J@#+*%1B* 0 *%-$

!*%*/C/*;A

  0 0 *%-$6

 /6- *%1 %2&-B ,.1#+* !2 0 *   !*/*% /--*% /!2+ *%452+*%6A  ! !*;12& " 12&6 "--*% /!2+$-6 5)#&2+H "--*; "2 $-  ! >*/@ #+B   2+! 0 6H 

  

 %6H- G G A>A6 -1 ! *%-1 6!* 0  -$2& /6A- H*%6!*/ *%1 5)#&2+H "--*; "2 $-  ! , 0 !   *%6!2&-B !7 /# 7 *%1 /* ! *  -1  !2 0 *  -1 ) !8*/A#+66

 /6H$- '  @  1( ! -6  */ *%    0  - /*

1*%#&   -1  !$B ) 

X– “˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ „ If’~C “”C“˜™–X“ :G’X˜Cx?H>C%;~85yu # ' 4$"#,$87 #O#>$CJ2GH#5PVg'˜“˜8G> C%;XŽH‘ C%;~8E/66 ?HjC%;~8 :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ q~>'8G8G8 6 Š < ™ŽH:DC%“”?€‘?H`q>%8G8 “˜‘X—!C%;~8 ™B8 ‘j–~8G>"Ž J ”8 ŽH–CB?…–~8G—H>'ŽH–~8 – F 8G>%x?H>}ŽH‘X:D8H„•‚ C…:GŽH‘ š)8‘~?HC%“˜:D8 – C%;jŽwC•ŽH:G:G’~>'ŽwCB8FX>%8 –j“˜:DC%“”?€‘X™–~8GF 8 ‘X–=?€‘ >%?€’X‘X–UCB>'“”FUC%“˜8ŽH‘X– C%;jŽwC –X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C6 Š %?€ŽH:}; :GŽH˜”8 –y?6 Š < + ;j“˜:';7>%8 ]{’j“”>%84?Œ–X“nm`:GŽwC%“”?€‘ ŽwC?Hšj“˜”8c;~?€™BC?€‘X”J- –~?{8 ™‘~?HC>%8 ]1’X“”>'8zFX>'8 –X“˜:DC%“”?€‘?H ]’~C%’~>%8ˆ–X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜‘X™"/–X?{8 ™‘~?HC>%8 –X’j:D8cC%;X8 :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘  “˜‘j–~? S?H C%;X8!™B8 ‘X–X8G> ŽwqCB8G>K?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™%C"—H8GC >'8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 –  ;X“˜˜8“”C">%8 –X’j:D8 ™"C%;~8“˜–X”8 C%“˜8 ™%’X:G:D8 ™%™%q’X ”JH„?6 Š < ŽH ™B? q?1:G’j™B8 ™?€‘ 5yu CB?-qwu –XŽwC%ŽCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> „f‚ C’~C%“˜˜“˜™%8 ™ ‘~8GC K?H> 7˜ŽOJH8G>!q8G8 –~šjŽH:  Žwš ?€’~CC%;~8 ™BC%ŽwC%’X™!?H":D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ Œ“”C J7CB?z‘~8GC  ?H> Œ™G„ ? K8G>…˜Ž JH8G>'™!—€“ H8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ Œ“”C JZ™%C%ŽwC%’X™ “˜‘oCB8G>'™!?H :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ ™'“”—€‘XŽHsŽH‘X– –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘U™%“”—€‘XŽH  :D?H>%>'8 ™BF ?€‘X–X“˜‘~—zCB?Z:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ ?H>•–j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘  “˜C%; C%;~84‘~8GC  ?H> `„  8GC%ŽH“˜˜™ ?Hw?6 Š < !“˜˜ š 8…—€“ H8 ‘U“˜‘o‘~8ŒC!:';jŽwFXCB8G>ŽH‘j–o>%8 ™%’X˜C%™ ?H:D?€FjŽw>'“˜™%?€‘ZC%;~>%?€’X—€; ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘ˆ“˜‘o‘j™  (  “˜ jš 8…FX>%8 ™'‘QCB8 –Z“ ‘o:';XŽwFXCB8G> 1„ 





o 



    ‚ ‘C%;X“˜™:};XŽwFXCB8G>"*K8 >%8Œ“”8K8 – ŽH‘{J8Œ“ ™BC%“˜‘~—4ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';X8 ™  ;j“˜:';ŽwCBCB8 FXC CB? ŽH˜”8Œ“˜ŽwCB8C%;~8–~8G—H>'ŽH–X“ ‘~— 80\)8 :DC!?H"?Hšj“˜ “”C Jz?€‘76 Š %x?H>}ŽH‘X:D8H„ | ?€84ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™ >%8 ]1’X“”>%8•?Œ–X“nm`:GŽwC%“”?€‘X™ŽwCš`ŽH™B8 ™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘ ŽH‘X– ?Hšj“ ”8 ;X?€™BC  ;X“˜”8™B?€8?HC%;X8G>4ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™…>%8 ]1’X“”8?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“˜?€‘X™?€‘X”J=ŽwC•?Hšj“˜”8;~?€™BCG„ ŽwCB8G> ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™ ;jŽ"H8ŽH‘{J…ŽH–wŽH‘QC%Žw—H8 ™9? H8G>sC%;~8q?H>'8G>?€‘~8-w˜“ H8"™'’~FXF ?H>%C)x?H>98 ‘X:D>%J1FXCB8 –…CB>'Ž :w–X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C/FjŽwC%; €“˜‘{CB8G>%?HF 8G>'Žwšj”8 ŽH‘X–™%:GŽH˜Žwšj”8H„57?HC%“ AŽwC%“˜?€‘ q?H>‘~8ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};e?6 Š }“”š 8 –c“ ‘o‘~81C!:';XŽwFXCB8G>O„ 









 

 

  

  

    

 

s  $' ! ?6 Š %?€ŽH:};7CB?c“˜FX>'? H84–XŽwC%ŽzCB>'ŽH‘X™%x8G>!F)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8•“˜‘7?Hšj“˜”8  “˜>%8 ”8 ™%™ ‘~8GC  ?H> 1™ “˜‘oC%;X8 FX>%8 ™B8 ‘j:D8?H CB8 F ?H>'Žw>%J–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘X™":GŽH’j™B8 –š1J?Hšj“˜˜“˜C JH„s‚ C“ ™"–~8 ™%“”—€‘X8 –CB? “˜FX>%? H8 F)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8 x>'?€ qwu CB? 5yu ŽH™  8  KŽH™z5yu CB? qxu šj’~C“˜‘ H?€ H8 ™?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“˜?€‘X™ CB?UC%;X8Z‘~8GC K?H> ™%C%ŽH: ?€‘X”J ŽwCC%;~875vu4„s?6 Š < >%8 ]1’X“”>%8 ™‘~8GC  ?H> ˜ŽOJH8G>x8G8 –XšjŽH: >%8G—€Žw>'–j“˜‘~—UC%;~8Z™BC%ŽwC%’X™?H :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ 1“”C J  “˜C%; C%;~8o‘~8GC K?H>  “˜‘ C%;~8ˆx?H>' ?H78').9.:$;7 # 1™ C%;~8•‘~8GC  ?H> ˆ˜ŽOJH8G> C J1Fj“˜:GŽH ”J ;XŽH™ C%;j“˜™f“˜‘~q?H>'ŽwC%“”?€‘ qq?H> “˜‘X™BC%ŽH‘j:D8- 5Z?Hš`“˜”8 ‚ <   }„ ŽH‘X')–& :};XŽH‘~—H# '8 ™ C% ;~8!4ŽH+:D# C%+y“”?€#Ž5HJ"8 $"‘z& xŽw?CK6 E/Š6 < ’jq>%™B8G8 CB™>}ŽHC%;~‘X8 ™%™B8“˜™'™%™%“”“”—€?€‘j‘ŽH˜C%™ “˜CB?o8G> q>%?€8G’~8CGs88?HH>•8 ‘{’XCG‘X„Xx?>%8G6 8GŠ 8< –XŽHŽw™%C%™%Žc’jCB>'ŽH8 ‘j™"™%C%;XŽw“˜™%CK™'“”“”?€‘Ž –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ ;jŽH™ ?Œ:G:G’~>%>'8 – 1ŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—H8 8 ‘QC%™ Ž Jš 8 ”?€™BCK–X’~>'“˜‘X—•C%;~8 –X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ „wr“˜C%; C%;X“ ™ ŽH™%™%’XFXC%“”?€‘ x?6 Š < ?1–j“nmX8 ™•C%;X8zŽH:DC%“”?€‘C%ŽH8 ‘ š{J 6 Š '>'ŽH‘X:D8 ?HE/6 8H8 ‘{CG„v?fC E/6 8H8 ‘QC“”C•:};~8 : Œ™  ;~8GC%;~8G> Ž7;XŽH™ –X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ ?Œ:G:G’~>%>%8 – s“”f™B?7C%;~8 ‘“˜‘X™BCB8 ŽH– ?Hf>%8 –X’X:G“˜‘X—Z™%™BC%;~>%8 ™';  ?6 Š < “˜‘j:D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™ C%;~8ˆ™%™BC%;~>%8 ™'; CB? C%;~8 wŽH˜’~8c?H : ‘X–ŽwCC%;~8cC%“˜8c?H!–X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ „ 6;X“ ™ ŽH:DC%“”?€‘ ;~8 ”Fj™t?6 Š < “˜‘ >%8G—€ŽH“˜‘X“ ‘~—48 Žw>' “”8G>KŽH:};X“”8H8 –  “˜‘j–~? 2“˜‘ ™'”?  ™%C%Žw>%C F`;XŽH™B8 “”C%™B8 ” QC%;1’X™K>%8 –X’X:G“ ‘~—4’X‘X–X8G>  ’~C%“˜˜“  ŽwC%“”?€‘c?HsC%;X8•Ž"wŽH“˜˜Žwšj”8• “˜‘ :GŽwFjŽH:G“˜C JH„ C%;~')8Z& qw u.F™B# 8 ' ‘j–~8G > „c4L‚+C # +Zx>%#8 5_™ J $0C%& ;~/8z?™B6 8 Š‘X–~ ’X™B 8 “”™ C%;:D?€G‘X8G‘~>'8 ? :DC% “˜?€“˜‘j‘o–~™%? “”—€ ‘XŽHŽH)–CBH?8G>%mXC%>'“˜™B™B8 Cfq>%8 8G‘{8C` “˜‘~ —rUŽH?p‘X–ˆ…C%ŽH;~‘j8 – ‘ˆ’X’X‘~‘Xqx>%>%8G8G88G 8c“ ‘~“”— C  “”C%; ]’X˜  “ ‘X–~?  ŽH–H8G>%C%“˜™B8 8 ‘{C-%8G8 “ ‘~—7:GŽH’X™B8 ™eqwuCB?7q>%8G8G8z“”C…>'8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“ ™%™%“”?€‘ C%“˜8G>"  “”C%;~?€’XC>%8 –X’X:G“ ‘~— “”C%™:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘  “ ‘X–~? 4„ !‘Xx>%8G8 “ ‘~— >%8 ™'’X”C%™ “ ‘yqwu ™B8 ‘X–j“˜‘~— ŽH˜9’X‘XŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 – FjŽH: H8GC “”C%;o‘X?>%8 –X’X:DC%“˜?€‘Z“˜‘o:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“˜?€‘  “ ‘X–~? 4„6;1’X™9?6 Š %8 –X’X:D8 ™!“˜–X”8 C%“˜84ŽwxCB8G>!>%8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :  C%“”?€‘) “˜C%;~?€’~Cf>%8 –X’X:G“ ‘~—:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘  “˜‘X–~?  ’X‘X˜“ H8Ao  ? ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';„ 

 











Case 1: State : Send window open at disconnection event. Action: Start sending new packets at reconnection and set new rtx timer. FH

MH

Disconnection Reconnection

RTO new

Initail Window = 8 packets.

q/“”—€’~>%8 ~„  

Case 2: State: Send window closed and waiting for acks at disconnection event. Action: retransmiiting the last unacked packet with ssthresh set to window reached till disconnection at reconnection. FH

MH Disconnection

Connection RTO new

RTO old Initial Window = 8 packets.

q/“”—€’~>%8 ~„ ( 

Case 3: State: send window was closed and waiting for acks at disconnection event. Action: lost packet retransmitted without invoking congestion control mechanism as a disconnection event has occurred during wait period of the ack. FH

MH Disconnection

Connection RTO new

RTO old Initail Window = 8 packets.

q/“”—€’~>%8 ~„ o 









" (`$   $' ! ! S 6;~8ŽH”—H?H>'“˜C%;X “˜™ FX>%8 ™%8 ‘QCB8 – “˜‘ AN ')&+)&2#q?H> 5vu CB? qwu-–XŽwC%ŽˆCB>'ŽH‘j™Bx8G> ŽH‘X– “˜‘ j N ')&2#1 =H+)&0#4q?H> qwuCB?c5yu –XŽwC%ŽCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> „  

 

    !#" $&%'!)(%

6;~8•ŽH:DC%“”?€‘j™ C%ŽH8 ‘7š1J?6 Š '“˜?€’X™ ™%:D8 ‘XŽw>'“˜?€™Žw>%84–~8 ™':D>'“”š 8 – „  “˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘o8H8 ‘{C ‚ !C%;X8U5vu ™ CB>'ŽH‘X™%“ ™%™%“”?€‘ fŽH™ “˜‘{CB8G>%>'’XFXCB8 –SŽH‘X–S“˜C%™™B8 ‘X–X“ ‘~—  “˜‘X–X?  fŽH™?HF 8 ‘ ]:GŽH™B8 /™B8G8lmj—~„ ~„  /C%;~8c5vu.–~?18 ™4‘~?HC KŽH“”C x?H> ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™ ?HKF`ŽH: H8GC%™™B8 ‘{C4š 8Gq?H>%8 –X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ 1C%;X8G>%x?H>'84:GŽH‘X:D8 ˜™ C%;X8•>%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘zC%“ 8G> ]E/6+*^}„ ‚ X5yu ™/™B8 ‘X–X“˜‘X—  “˜‘X–~? “˜™9:G”?€™B8 – ŽH‘X– “˜C KŽH™ fŽH“”C%“˜‘~— x?H>/ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™sCB?Žw>%>}“ H8-H“”C –~?18 ™‘X?HC:GŽH‘X:D8 XC%;X8 >%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“˜™%™'“”?€‘ C%“˜8G> „g?6 Š < ŽH™%™%’j8 ™C%;XŽwC C%;~8 ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™ “˜—€;QC;XŽ H8•š 8G8 ‘o”?€™BC–X’X>'“˜‘~— C%;~8•–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆ8H8 ‘{C ŽH‘X–oš 8 ;XŽ H8 ™ŽH:G:D?H>'–X“˜‘X—€”J ?€‘oC%;X8 ?Œ:G:G’~>%8 ‘X:D84?HsŽH‘=Es6 8H8 ‘QCG„ E/6 8H8 ‘{C “”…5vu “˜™–X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 –Sq>%?€ C%;~87‘~8GC  ?H>  ]:GŽH™B8 (*™B8G8vmX—~„ ~„ (L  ?6 Š < “˜‘j:D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™C%;X8 ™%™%C%;~>%8 ™%;ˆCB?C%;X8  “˜‘X–X?  ™%“ G8…>'8 ŽH:';~8 –7š)8Gq?H>%8•–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘oŽH‘j–Z™B8GC%™C%;X8•: ‘X–oCB??€‘X8H„ “”K5yu“˜™ :D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – CB?oC%;X8‘X8GC K?H> R]:GŽH™%8lo* ™B8G8PmX—~„ ~„ oL  >'8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“˜C%™!C%;X8˜?€™BC FjŽH: H8GC  “˜C%;~?€’~C ?1–j“”xJŒ“˜‘~—zC%;~8™%™BC%;~>'8 ™%; ŽH‘X– : ‘X– FjŽw>'ŽH8GCB8G>'™G„ 6 ;X“˜™“˜™ –~?€‘~8  ;~8 ‘ Žo–X“˜™':D?€‘  ‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘o;XŽH™ ?Œ:G:G’~>%>%8 –  ;j“˜”8KŽH“”C%“ ‘~—x?H>ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QC!CB?:D?€8H„ C%;X8G>  “˜™B8 ‘~?H>' ŽH 6 Š %8•C%ŽH8 ‘ „ Š ?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘o8H8 ‘{C “” ™B8 ‘X–& “˜‘j–~?  “˜™?HF 8 ‘  5vu ™B8 ‘j–X™…‘~8 –XŽwC%ŽZŽH™ F 8G>'“˜CBCB8 –=š1JUC%;~8?HF)8 ‘&!“˜‘X–~?  ŽH‘j– ™B8GC%™=ŽS‘~8 >'8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“ ™%™%“”?€‘C%“˜8G>O„ ?!™7ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™UŽw>'8 :G’X ’X˜ŽwC%“ H8- C%;~8 ‘X8 ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QC  “˜˜ ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 C%;~8•–XŽwC%Ž™B8 ‘{Cš 8Gq?H>%8•–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ „ “”s™B8 ‘X–)!“˜‘X–~?  “˜™ :G”?€™B8 – , ‚ !E/6 8H8 ‘{C ;XŽH™;jŽwFXF 8 ‘~8 –  ;X“˜”8o5vu fŽH™ –X“ ™%:G‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – t?6 Š < ™%C%Žw>%C%™™B8 ‘X–j“˜‘~— ‘~8 –XŽwC%Ž7ŽH‘X–[]{’j“˜: Œ”J7>'8 ŽH:';~8 ™ C%;~8 Fj>%81“˜?€’X™  “˜‘X–X?  ™%“ G8™%“˜‘X:D8 ™'™BC%;~>%8 ™%; “˜™•™B8GC•CB? C%;~8 8 Žw>' “”8G>fq’X   “ ‘X–~?  wŽH˜’~8H„"6;X8 ˜?  wŽH˜’~8?Hs: ‘j–h]“ „ 8H„ KŽwC >'8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘)!“˜˜ >%8 –j’X:D8…C%;~8•FX>'?HšjŽwšj“˜˜“˜C J?H/:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘=“˜‘ˆC%;~84‘X8GC K?H> `„ , 8 ˜™%8^?6 Š < fŽH“”C%™ x?H> E/6 8H8 ‘QCG„ 





























L !† t

  r1\  | 8 ‘X– Š ŽH˜ w? FjFj˜“˜:GŽwC%“”?€‘ˆ˜ŽOJH8G>!–~8  “ H8G>%8 ™–XŽwC%ŽCB? 6 Š < q?H>CB>'ŽH‘j™%“˜™%™'“”?€‘ „ ? : ŒE  6 Š < ;XŽH™ >%8 :D8 “ H8 –=ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C q>%?€.F 8G8G>6 Š < ˜Ž JH8G>ŽwC?HC%;~8G>!8 ‘X– „ E/6 XE 8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“ ™%™%“”?€‘ˆ6“˜8G>ŽwC!5yu ;XŽH™81Fj“˜>%8 – „

 ˜“ ™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ ?  8G>˜Ž JH8G>;XŽH™ —€“ H8 ‘=–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘o™%“”—€‘jŽH CB? 6 Š < ˜Ž JH8G> „ Š ?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ ?  8G>˜Ž JH8G>;XŽH™ —€“ H8 ‘7:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘=™%“”—€‘XŽH CB? 6 Š „  ŽwC%ŽHE :Œ–  ŽwC%Ž FjŽH: H8GC!>%8 :D8 “ H8 –Zq>%?€.F 8G8G>6 Š ?Hwqxu „ ?:  | 8 ‘X– C%“˜8…CB? ™B8 ‘X–oF 8 ‘X–j“˜‘~—ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{CG„  NXWw[xN % d rQ !8GC K?H>  | C%ŽwC%’X™ ‚ CŽH“˜‘{C%ŽH“˜‘X™ ™BC%ŽwC%’X™ ?H:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ 1“”C J !“”C%;ˆC%;~84‘~8GC  ?H> `„ | C%ŽwC%’X™'E8 :D?H>'–~8 – ‚ C>'8 :D?H>'–X™ C%;~8 ™BC%ŽwCB8•?H"5yu 6 Š %8 – 7‚ Cz“ ™ ’X™B87CB?>%8 :D?H>}–SC%;XŽwCˆŽ –X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘S8H8 ‘QCo;XŽH™ ?1:G:G’~>'>%8 –  ;X8 ‘ fŽH“”C%“˜‘~—q?H>ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C!ŽwqCB8G> ™B8 ‘X–X“ ‘~—FjŽH: H8GC%™ x>%?€ FX>%8 ™B8 ‘{C  “˜‘X–X? •„/‚ C’X™B8 –oŽwC C%;~8…C%“˜8 ?H E/6 8H8 ‘{CCB? :};~8 :  !;~8GC%;~8G> 5vu—H?HC –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – !;X“˜”8fŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™  8G>%8!“˜‘CB>'ŽH‘X™'“”CG„ E/6 ?Œ:G:G’~>%>%8 – !6;X“ ™“ ™’j™B8 – CB?o>%8 :D?H>'– C%;~8?Œ:G:G’~>%>'8 ‘X:D8?HKŽˆE/6 8H8 ‘{C  ;~8 ‘ 5vu fŽH™•–X“˜™':D?€‘  ‘~8 :DCB8 – „  ’~Fj˜“ :GŽwCB8 ?!˜˜? K8 – 6;j“˜™4“˜™4’X™B8 –CB?=:';X8 :  C%;jŽwC “” –X’~F`˜“˜:GŽwCB8ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—€8 ‘{C%™:GŽH‘š)8z™B8 ‘X– ?H> ‘~?HCG„ – "6;X8•–~8 ˜Ž Jc—€“ H8 ‘oCB?z˜ŽH™BC ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QC  ;~8 ‘o–XŽwC%ŽCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G>?1:G:G’X>'™ q>%?€ qwu CB?z5yu „ ?: Œ%?€’X‘X–ˆCB>}“”FoC%“˜8•ŽwC ?Hšj“˜”8…;~?€™BCG„ y \9[_ [qN d [ N> A[ b \ !8GC K?H>  | C%ŽwC%’X™  :D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – | C%ŽwC%’X™'E8 :D?H>'–~8 –  “˜–X”8  “˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ :G:G’~>'>%8 –  qH? |Œ‹ E/6 ?Œ:G:G’~>%>%8 –  qQ? |~‹  ’~Fj˜“ :GŽwCB8 ?!˜˜? K8 –  6E  ‹ –  (,-,H™ ?: Œ  | C%ŽwC%’X™  “ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 –  | C%ŽwC%’X™'E8 :D?H>'–~8 –  | C%ŽwC%’X™   [ u        _9r1\ ‘~? ŽH:DC%“˜?€‘  rŒ\ p[ u [ u          ! A_ rŒ\ Š ŽH‘X:D8 C%;~84E8GCB>}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘ˆ6“˜8G>]E/6+*^  | CB?HF | 8 ‘X–X“˜‘X —  E8 :D?H>}–7™B8 ]1’~8 ‘X:D8H„‘X?~„"?Hs ŽH™BC ™B8 ‘X–ˆF`ŽH: H8GC  rŒ\ p[ u [ u      #"  $  ! A_ rŒ\ E/6 ?Œ:G:G’~>%>%8 –  qH? |Œ‹   “˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ :G:G’~>'>%8 –  6E  ‹  rŒ\ p[ u 





a !  [& u % $'(*)+$,  .- /01   _9r1\ [ u32  /4/01 5768*   :9 = A_ rŒ\  “˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ :G:G’X>%>%8 –  qH? |Œ‹  >%8GCB>}ŽH‘X™%“”C ŽH™BC™B8 ‘{CFjŽH: H8GC  r d Or ‘~?H>}ŽH6 Š 'ŽH‘X™%x8G>"q>%?€ qwuCB? 5vu „Q6;~8ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QCKx?H>C%;~8 ™B8 C  ? š{J1CB8 ™ !“˜˜ š 8 –X8 ˜Ž JH8 –UŽwC?€™BC!š1J 4 ™B8 : ™B?zC%;XŽwCjqwu –X?{8 ™‘~?HC ;XŽ"H8 CB? fŽH“”C ’X‘{C%“˜“”C!C%“˜8 ™!?€’~CG„!6;j“˜™ ŽH:DC%“”?€‘ ?H –X8 ˜Ž JŒ“˜‘~—=C%;~8cŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—H8 8 ‘QCq?H>C%;~8ˆ˜ŽH™BC4C  ? š1J1CB8 ™ “ ‘X:D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™ C%;~8cFX>%?HšjŽwš`“˜˜“”C J C%;XŽwC!“˜‘o:GŽH™B8•?HŽ–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆ8H8 ‘{CT?6 Š o:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“ 1“˜C Jˆ™BC%ŽwC%’X™G„ Š ?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ O?fC >%8 :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘  ?6 Š %?& “ ‘X–~? ŽH–H8G>%C%“˜™%8 8 ‘QC ŽH‘X– qxrU? qq’X   “˜‘j–~? ŽH–H8G>%C%“˜™B8 8 ‘QC ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™G„ @%H$ zVgN_N/=T&(' 7$0585!#H$05"$!+70MS. ')V*Nn$84 $"1l$0./#5l+5#H$0YQ+ )$!+H$0&e5 $ "G/$".T7$P.9GH1!$0&  (o  C%;XŽH‘cŽH˜)ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™ ™B8G8 ‘ˆ™B? qŽw> „6;X8 mX>'™%C ŽH: Œ‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C “˜™  “”C%; Ž )8G>%?er2“˜‘X–~?  ?–H8G>%C%“˜™%8 8 ‘QCp rh?AŽH‘X–zC%;~8 ™B8 :D?€‘X–  “”C%;zŽ qX’j˜9r2“˜‘X–~? ?–H8G>%C%“ ™B8 8 ‘{CA'?HFXF 8 –oš{JoC%;X8 5vu ŽH™“˜C  “˜˜ ‘X?HC;XŽ H8 ™%FjŽH:D8 “˜‘=“”C%™!šj’H\ 8G> „ 6;~8G>%8Gq?H>%8-Tqwu q>%8G8G8 ™ ™B8 ‘X–j“˜‘~— C%;~8ˆ–XŽwC%ŽUŽH‘X– ŽH˜™B?Ux>%8G8G8 ™ C%;~8c>%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“˜™%™'“”?€‘ C%“˜8G>  (o  „ r2;~8 ‘Žvqwu.>'8 :D8 “ H8 ™Ž :rU? s“˜C%™ ™B8 ‘j–X“˜‘~— !“˜‘X–~?   “˜ "™%;~>'“ ‘=q>%?€ C%;~8 >}“”—€;QC ŽH™™%;~? !‘“˜‘[q/“”—~„ ~„ ~„h?”C%;~?€’~—€;Ž7>%8 :D8 “ H8G>“ ™ –X“ ™%:D?€’~>'Žw—H8 –q>%?€ ™%’X:};ŽH‘ŽH:DC%“”?€‘™%“˜‘j:D8KC%;X8f’j™%Žwšj”8  “˜‘j–~?   ( Xš 8 :D?€8 ™‘~8G—€ŽwC%“ H8-{C%;~8™B8 ‘X–X8G>  ’X™BC >%8 :D? H8G> x>%?€ C%;X“˜™  (o  „K6;~8^qxrU? :GŽH’X™%8 ™ qwu CB? >%8 ™%’j8•™B8 ‘X–X“ ‘~— C%;X84’X‘XŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 – –XŽwC%Ž7ŽH™^qxrU?-?HF 8 ‘X™…’~F C%;X8 ™B8 ‘X–~8G> ™  “˜‘X–~? •„6;X“˜™…ŽH:DC%“˜?€‘ 8 ‘X™%’~>'8 ™…C%;XŽwCqwu  “˜˜/‘~?HC•C%ŽH8 :D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘7:D?€‘{CB>%?€ŽH:DC%“”?€‘  ;~8 ‘ˆFjŽH: H8GC%™!Žw>'8•”?€™BC  ;X“ ”8 5vu KŽH™ –X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DCB8 – „"6;1’X™*?6 Š < :GŽH’X™%8 ™jqwu CB?c>'8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“˜C C%;~8 FjŽH: H8GC%™4”?€™BC –X’~>'“˜‘X— –X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ !“”C%;~?€’~C ŽH‘QJ=“˜‘H?-wŽwC%“”?€‘U?H :D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘7:D?€‘{CB>%?€ 8 :';XŽH‘X“ ™%™G„ 



 



 ~’ F/?  – 6;X“˜™!8H8 ‘{C4ŽH˜”?  ?6 Š < CB?o™B8 ‘X– –X’XFj˜“˜:GŽwCB8 ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{CG„69>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘Z?H –X’XFj˜“˜:GŽwCB8"ŽH: 1‘~?  ˜–~—H8 8 ‘QC/“˜™ –j“˜™%Žwšj”8 –…ŽwqCB8G>/>%8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘•q?H>sŽ C%“˜8"F 8G>'“”?Œ–…?HŒ?€‘~8KEs6 6…„ 6;j“˜™ “˜™ –~?€‘~8  “”C%;7:D?€‘X™%“˜–~8G>}“˜‘~— C%;~84:GŽH™B8  ;~8 ‘ qwu “”—€;{C;XŽ"H8 ™B8 ‘{C!–XŽwC%ŽF`ŽH: H8GC%™š 8Gx?H>%8…>'8 :D8 “ 1“ ‘~— C%;~8 :rU? ŽH‘X– qxrh? ŽH: Œ‘~?  ˜8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™G„ 6;X8 ™B8oFjŽH: H8GC%™cŽOJ:GŽH’j™B8ZC%;~8=5vu CB? —H8 ‘~8G>'ŽwCB8 –X’XFj˜“˜:GŽwCB8•ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QC%™ “˜‘X™%CB8 ŽH–Z?H"–~>%?HFjFj“˜‘~—C%;~8 ™B8 FjŽH: H8GC%™ ŽH™!C%;~8 ™B8 FjŽH: H8GC “˜˜ š 8•>'8 CB>'ŽH‘j™%“”CBCB8 –4š{J^qwu ŽwqCB8G>9>%8 :G“˜8 “˜‘~— qxrh?4„A6;~8 –j’~Fj˜“˜:GŽwCB8"ŽH: 1‘X?  ”8 –X—H8 8 ‘QC%™/™%’Xšj™B8 ]1’~8 ‘QC%˜J  Ž J :GŽH’X™%84C%;~8eqxu CB?ˆ’X‘X‘X8 :D8 ™%™%Žw>'“˜˜Jz8 ‘{CB8G>!C%;X84]ŽH™BC >%8 :D? H8G>%J7F`;XŽH™B8-j>'8 –X’X:G“˜‘~—“˜C%™ :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“˜?€‘  “ ‘  –~? •„6;~8G>%8Gq?H>%8- ŽwqCB8G>4™B8 ‘j–X“˜‘~—ˆC%;~8  rh?ŽH‘X– qxrU?ŽH: Œ‘~? !”8 –~—H8 8 ‘{C%™w?6 Š ?€‘X8•>%?€’X‘X–ˆCB>}“”FoC%“˜8H„  #       

q~?H> 5vuCB?yqwu –XŽwC%ŽZCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>"%?6 Š 'ŽH:DCB8G>'“˜™BC%“ :G™?H C%;~8:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘cŽOJ;XŽ"H8 :';XŽH‘X—H8 –z–X’X8CB? C%;X8 ( 

Sent but unacknowledged Acknowledged Usable Window

Sender Window FH’s sending window space before ZWA received.

Negative Usable Window Acknowledged

FH’s sending window space after ZWA received.

q/“”—€’~>%8 ~„ qs“˜—€’~>%8 ~„  6 Š < r2“˜‘X–~? 57ŽH‘jŽw—H8 8 ‘QC 5yu 8 ‘{CB8G>'“˜‘~—Ž ‘~8‘~8GC  ?H> c?H>–X’~8…CB? –j“\)8G>'8 ‘QC”?€ŽH–7:D?€‘X–X“”C%“”?€‘j™ FX>%8wŽH“˜˜“˜‘X— “˜‘ˆC%;X84™%ŽH84‘X8GC K?H> `„ 6;~8G>%8Gq?H>%8-"C%;X8Z: ‘X–“˜™™B8GCCB? ?€‘~8ZŽH‘j– ™%™BC%;~>%8 ™';CB? !“˜‘X–~?  wŽH˜’~8ˆ>%8 ŽH:};~8 –  ;X8 ‘ –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ 8H8 ‘QC ?1:G:G’X>%>%8 – „6;j“˜™ –~8 ™%“”—€‘ 8 ‘X™'’~>%8 ™…C%;XŽwC ?6 Š 4Ž=”?€‘~—oC%“˜8y]’XFXCB? ,7™%8 :D?€‘X–X™q?H>•>%8 ™%C%Žw>%C%“˜‘~—ZCB>}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘ “”C%™B8 ” 9ŽwqCB8G>4>'8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘„ ‚ ‘yqxu CB?z5=;7–jŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>"j6 ;~8 AŽH ’~8…?H–7“˜‘ˆ?€’~>!™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘X™ “ ™:';~?€™%8 ‘7ŽH™ (,-,H ™!™%“ ‘X:D8•“”C“˜™ C%;X8 AŽH ’~8š{J  ;X“ :'; ?€™BC4FX>'ŽH:DC%“˜:GŽH"“ Fj”8 8 ‘{C%ŽwC%“”?€‘X™?H 6 Š f–~8 ˜Ž JŒ“˜‘~—4C%;~8!ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QC“˜™ ,-,H™fŽH:G:D?H>'–X“˜‘X—4CB?E q Š  "(-(  (o  „ 









    ‚ ‘ZC%;X“˜™:};XŽwFXCB8G>"+ 8•Fj>%8 ™B8 ‘{CB8 –Z?€’~> ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:'; T?6 Š < jŽH‘=ŽH–XŽwFXCB8 – H8G>'™%“”?€‘o?H"6 Š %8 ]{’j“”>%8 ™?Œ–X“nm`:GŽwC%“”?€‘ˆ?€‘X”JˆŽwC ?Hšj“ ”8•;~?€™BC ŽH‘j–o>%8 ]1’X“”>%8 ™ q8G8 –~šjŽH: oŽwš)?€’XC ?€‘~—H?€“˜‘~—…?Hš`“˜˜“”C J•x>'?€ C%;~8”? K8G>˜ŽOJH8G>'™G„"6;j“˜™9ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';qŽH˜ ™“˜‘ CB?…C%;~8:GŽwCB8G—H?H>%J?H o  ?2ŽH‘X–Pq~>%8G8G8 6 Š %?€ŽH:}; „c6 ;~8 ™B8 ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™ ŽH˜™B?7 “”C%“”—€ŽwCB8 –~8GCB>}“˜8 ‘{C%ŽH"80\ 8 :DC4?H ?Hšj“˜ “”C J  ;X“˜˜8 >'8 ]{’X“˜>'“˜‘~— ?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘?€‘j”J ŽwC ?Hšj“˜”8;X?€™BCG„/‚ ‘‘X81C:};XŽwFXCB8G>"  8  “˜˜1FX>'8 ™B8 ‘QC AŽw>'“˜?€’X™™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘>'8 ™%’X”C%™"ŽH‘j– :D?€FjŽw>%84C%;~8 ™B8•ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:';~8 ™G„  



(-(

 

  

   

  

s  $' ! 6 ?•:D?€FjŽw>%8 wŽw>'“”?€’X™ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™"K8;XŽ"H8 “ Fj”8 8 ‘{CB8 – C%;~8 ™B8“˜‘‘X8GC K?H>  ™'“˜ ’j˜ŽwCB?H>"‘X™  (  (  „6;j“˜™ ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB?H>K“˜™  “ –~8 ”J’X™B8 –z“˜‘>%8 ™%8 Žw>':';ˆ:D?€ ’X‘X“”C Jq?H>K™%“  ’X ŽwC%“”?€‘X™?HFj>%?HCB?1:D?€ ™ ’X™%8 –z“˜‘z“˜‘{CB8G>'‘~8GC  “ H8 6 Š %q?H>%8- K8 Žw>'8 ’X™'“˜‘~—C%;X“ ™q?H>:D?€F`Žw>'“˜™B?€‘=?H AŽw>}“”?€’X™?1–j“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘X™CB?ˆ6 Š %8 ™%’X˜C%™ “˜‘UŽo8 ŽH‘X“˜‘~—H]’X9:D?€FjŽw>'“˜™%?€‘ ?H wŽw>'“”?€’X™ ™%:};~8 8 ™G„ 6;~8G>%8Gq?H>%8- CB?Z:D?€FjŽw>'8Po  ? %qX>%8G8G8 6 Š < ŽH‘j– ?6 Š < -K8 ;XŽ"H8“˜Fj˜8 8 ‘QCB8 – C%;~8 ™%8 “˜‘‘X™  (1„ !81C ™B8 :DC%“”?€‘ !“˜˜{FX>%? Œ“˜–~8 C%;X8 AŽw>'“˜?€’X™"“˜F`˜“˜8 ‘{C%ŽwC%“”?€‘ –~8GC%ŽH“˜˜™ „ 

 



&'  )$' ! / $'&%( r 8 ;jŽ"H8“˜Fj”8 8 ‘QCB8 –Uo  ?  q~>'8G8G86 Š < ŽH‘j–v?6 Š < )“˜‘ZC%;X8 ‘~8GC  ?H> =™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB?H> \ ‡ m v %jN „ r 8 ŽH˜™B? ?Œ–X“nmj8 –‘X™x?H>™%“  ’X ŽwC%“˜‘~—UC%;~8ZŽH:DC%“”?€‘X™ C%ŽH8 ‘Sš1J 6 Š < ŽwCC%;~8 qwu ;~8 ‘ G8G>%? !“˜‘X–~? -ŽH– H8G>%C%“˜™B8 8 ‘QCcFjŽH: H8GCo“˜™ >%8 :D8 “ H8 – „ 5Z?Hš`“˜˜“”C J ?H…C%;X8 5vu “˜™z™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB8 –Sš1JSŽH“˜‘{C%ŽH“˜‘X“ ‘~— Ž wŽw>'“˜Žwš`”8-  $ #%?€ Bg')./. $;7#,$;4 ')&_507').9. $87 #,$;4 ŽH™4–~8GCB8G>  “˜‘~8 –ˆš1JoŽ`Q+.T4L'Ki # :GŽH‘=š 84:D?€‘>mX—€’X>%8 –oCB?zŽH˜CB8G>'‘XŽwCB8 ”Jo:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC ŽH‘X–U–X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC CB?o™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB8 ;XŽH‘X–~?)\/„Ir 8;XŽ H8ŽH˜™B?ˆ?1–j“nmX8 –  b %/[ d r{y t   “˜‘=‘X™x?H>FX>%? 1“˜–j“˜‘~— ?Hšj“˜ “”C J “˜‘~q?H>'ŽwC%“”?€‘CB?•C%;X8 6 Š :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ Œ“”C JCB? ’~FXF 8G> ˜ŽOJH8G>!“ „ 8H„"6 Š %8 ŽH“˜‘{C%ŽH“˜‘~8 – CB? š 8!8 ]{’XŽH)™B? C%;XŽwCK‘X? FjŽH: H8GCK”?€™%™B8 ™ –X’~8 CB?•š`’H\)8G>? H8G> X? “ ‘>%?€’~CB8G>:D?€’j˜–?Œ:G:G’~> „6;~>%?€’X—€;~Fj’~C/?H 6 Š '8 8 ŽH™%’~>'8 – q?H> –j“\)8G>'8 ‘QC–X’~>'ŽwC%“˜?€‘X™•?H ;jŽH‘X–~?)\SF 8G>'“”?Œ–X™ !“”C%; ŽU:D?€‘X™BC%ŽH‘{Cx>%8 ]1’~8 ‘X:DJ ?H?€‘~8ˆ;XŽH‘X–~?)\ 8H8G>%J ,™B8 :D?€‘X–j™G„6;~8 ™B8 ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘j™  8G>'8 :D?€‘j–X’X:DCB8 –zx?H> –X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C wŽH˜’~8 ™ ?H>%?€’X‘j–CB>'“”FzC%“˜8x>'?€ C%;~8^qwu CB?z5yu „ 6;~8…™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“˜?€‘c™':D8 ‘XŽw>'“”?“˜™ ™';~?  ‘7“˜‘mX—€’~>%8 1„ w„K6;~8…™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘cFjŽw>}ŽH8GCB8G>'™ ŽH‘j–ˆ>%8 ŽH™B?€‘X™ q?H>FjŽw>  C%“˜:G’X˜Žw>:};~?€“˜:D8 ™ ?H wŽH˜’~8 ™Žw>'84™BC%ŽwCB8 –Zš 8 ”? •„ ==TNd378+L#%—H84–XŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G> „ +.T4L'KiF4GQ&(+#4Ž  “˜–~8•>}ŽH‘~—H8 ;jŽH‘X–  ?)\ –X’~>'ŽwC%“˜?€‘X™G„ 6J1Fj“˜:GŽH˜˜J ™%ŽH˜ AŽH ’~8 ™ ?1:G:G’~>“˜‘  “˜>%8 ”8 ™%™ %? !™ŽH‘X–˜Žw>'—H8 wŽH˜’~8 ™ ?Œ:G:G’~>'™“˜‘  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ rU? ™  (  „ *')GH.T4 @9&2 =z@1l$ 6;~8 AŽH˜’X8 ™z:};~?€™B8 ‘  8G>'8 €™ˆŽH‘X– ,-,H™G„ 6;X8 €™ wŽH˜’~8 fŽH™ˆ:';~?€™%8 ‘ CB? >%8GFX>%8 ™%8 ‘QC Ž  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™ %?  r %? p 8 ‘ 1“˜>%?€‘X8 ‘{C  ;~8G>%8 Es6 6 AŽH ’~8 ™ Žw>%8 “˜‘oC%;~8•?H>}–~8G>?H“˜˜ “˜™B8 :  ?€‘X–X™G„Z6 ;~8z˜Žw>'—H8 wŽH˜’~8 ™4?H ,-,H™  8G>'8zC%ŽH8 ‘ CB?U>%8GFX>%8 ™B8 ‘{CŽ  “”>'8 ”8 ™%™^rh?  r rh? A48 ‘ 1“”>'?€‘  8 ‘{C  (     (  „ +.T4L'KiRJ2&( $ "G/$0.T7 Y  fŽH™:};~?€™B8 ‘7ŽH™ ,™B8 :D?€‘X–j™j“˜‘X–j“˜:GŽwC%“˜‘~—?Œ–~8G>'ŽwCB8•CB? ;j“”—€;o?Hšj“˜ “”C JH„ w.>M78+=>+L7"%?€’j‘X–CB>'“”FC%“˜8]E/66j9?H €™ KŽH™"™%8 ”8 :DCB8 – ŽH™ ,€57šXFj™ CB?Z>%8GFX>'8 ™B8 ‘QC Ž`r ?   (  9“˜‘U:GŽwFjŽH:G“”C J q?H>4ŽZ Žw>%—H8 E/66 ?H ,-,H™ KŽH™ :';~?€™B8 ‘ ŽH™ ,-,  šjFj™ CB? >%8GFX>%8 ™%8 ‘QCŽPrrh?   (    „  































 

  



$'  %& K $%  





& 4()$'( 2 !   $%() !

(% ! $&%    

r 8  “˜˜€ŽH‘jŽH”J G8fŽH‘X–:D?€FjŽw>'8 C%;~8KF 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8 ?H o  ? q~>%8G8G86 Š < )?6 Š < ŽH‘X–6 Š <  E8 ‘~? ;X8 ‘ qwu“ ™™B8 ‘X–~8G> „gq~?€ ”?  “ ‘~—…?Hšj™B8G> wŽwC%“”?€‘X™:D?€’X˜–š 8ŽH–~8 q>%?€ C%;X8—H>'ŽwFj;X™"Fj”?HCBCB8 –y]™B8G8ImX—€’~>%8 1„ * Q}„ !† t ‡'a r1\ b A_ W b T9^`_ sT% z_9N9!" r ‡ z[ r %r1_9N  [ b T WˆNX^`Nj[]\%" zps[ €b \9\9r [ b \ "r1WA[ b p g ‚ C :GŽH‘ š)8 ?Hšj™B8G> H8 –c:G”8 Žw>'”J“˜‘—H>'ŽwFj; ™';~?  ‘z“˜‘PmX—€’X>% 8  4q?H> z[qWAr d rQ  fL e rŒ\  [xW b \sVr1\   C%;XŽwC!6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?C%;~>%?€’X—€;~Fj’~CK8Œ;j“”šj“”C%™ ™BCB8GF* “˜™%8 AŽw>'“ ŽwC%“”?€‘oŽH™ C%;~84–j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ˆF)8G>}“”?1–ˆ“˜™  “˜‘  8G>'ŽH˜J “˜‘X:D>%8 ŽH™%8 – „"6;X“˜™K“˜™Kš 8 :GŽH’X™B8 ?H9“˜Cf–X?{8 ™KC%;~8 >%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“˜™%™'“”?€‘zŽwC –X“ ™%:D>%8GCB8 C%“˜8…ŽwqCB8G> FjŽH: H8GC ( 







c capacity d msec delay

FH

c capacity d msec delay

BS For Simulating WLAN

MH c = 2 Mbps d = 15 msec

For Simulating WWAN c = 100 Kbps d = 150 msec

q/“”—€’~>%8 1 „  | “˜ ’X˜ŽwC%“”?€‘ˆ™B8GC%’~F

120000 TCP-Reno AwareTCP 110000

Throughput(KB)

100000

90000

80000

70000

60000

50000 0

500

1000

1500 2000 2500 Disconnection Period(ms)

3000

3500

qs“˜—€’~>%8 1 „ ( K5vu CB?lqwu –XŽwC%Ž69>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G> "E/66  € ™ 

(

4000

14000 TCP-Reno ATCP 12000

Throughput(KB)

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 0

500

1000

1500

2000 Handoff(ms)

2500

3000

3500

4000

qs“˜—€’~>%8 1 „ o 5vu CB?lqwu –jŽwC%Ž6 >}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> "E/66  ,-,H™ 

130000 TCP-Reno 3DA ATCP Freeze TCP (4 ms)

120000

Throughput(KB)

110000

100000

90000

80000

70000

60000

50000 0

500

1000

1500 2000 2500 Disconnection Period(ms)

3000

3500

qs“˜—€’~>%8 1 „ tqwu CB?z5vu –XŽwC%Ž69>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G> "E/66  € ™ 

(





4000

11000 TCP-Reno 3DA ATCP Freeze TCP (600ms) Freeze TCP (60ms)

10000 9000 8000

Throughput(KB)

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0

500

1000

1500 2000 2500 Disconnection Period(ms)

3000

q/“”—€’~>%8 1 „  qxu CB?z5vu –XŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘j™Bx8G> "Es6 6  ,-,H™ 

Window

Retransmitted packets arrival

Time Long disconnection TCP in long disconnection condition.

Window

Retransmitted packets arrival

Time Frequent Disconnections TCP in frequent disconnections condition.

q/“”—€’~>%8 1 „

(





3500

4000

11000 d = 100ms d = 200ms d = 300ms d = 500ms

10000

9000

Throughput(KB)

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000 0

500

1000

1500

2000 Handoff(ms)

2500

3000

3500

4000

q/“”—€’~>'8 1 „ tqwu CB?z5yu /?6 Š %?€’X—€;~Fj’~C~E/66  ,-,H ™ 



” ?€™'™B8 ™ Žw>%8–~8GCB8 :DCB8 – „46 Š <  E8 ‘X?z>%8GCB>}ŽH‘X™%“”CBC!FjŽH: H8GC ŽwxCB8G>…>%8GCB>}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘ZC%“ 8G>!8ŒFj“”>'8H„ | ?  ;X8 ‘7FjŽH: H8GC%™…Žw>%8”?€™BC8 “”C%;~8G> “˜‘7™% ŽH˜ –X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘7F 8G>'“”?Œ–Z?H> ”?€‘~—H8G>" 6 Š '8 CB>'ŽH‘j™%“”CBCŽwCE/6 8H8 ‘{C"?€‘X˜JH„/6 ;{’X™"HC%;~8G>%8“˜™™%ŽH8 “˜–X”8KC%“˜8 ? H8G>C%;~8:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘q?H>"Ž…>'ŽH‘X—H8 ?H–X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆF 8G>'“”?Œ– „gq~?H>–X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆF 8G>'“”?Œ–  !;~8 ‘o>%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“˜“”CB8 –ˆF`ŽH: H8GC!“ ™ŽH˜™B?”?€™%C ŽzŽ @ƒ?H> :';jŽH‘~—H8 “ ‘ZC%;~>%?€’X—€;~Fj’~C ?Œ:G:G’~>'™:D?HFjŽw>%8 CB?c–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ZF)8G>}“”?1–  ;~8 ‘Z>'8GCB>'ŽH‘X™%“˜CBCB8 – FjŽH: H8GC “˜™…‘X?HC•”?€™BCG„6;~8 ‘ Žw—€ŽH“˜‘ q?H>4Žˆ>'ŽH‘~—H8?Hf–X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ F 8G>'“”?Œ–  C%;~>%?€’X—€;~Fj’~C>%8 ŽH“˜‘j™ ŽH˜?€™BC™%ŽH8H„ ‚ƒ‘ :GŽH™%8 ?H c[xWAr d rQ  L e rŒ\  [qW b \9Vr1\ S w>%8Gx8G>xmX—€’~>'8 1„ *.K8 ?Hš`™B8G> H8 – C%;XŽwCsC%;~>%?€’~—€;~F`’~C?H 6 Š <  E8 ‘X?4“˜™"”8 ™'™x?H> ,-,H™K–X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘F 8G>'“”?Œ–:D?€FjŽw>%8!CB? ,-,-,H™f–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘F 8G>'“”?Œ– ŽH‘X–zŽwxCB8G>KC%;XŽwCK“”Cq?€˜”?  ™"™BCB8GF !“˜™B8š 8 ;XŽ 1“”?€’X> ŽH™–X8 ™%:D>'“”š 8 –8 Žw>' “”8G> „wq~?H> ,-,H™ –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ F 8G>'“”?Œ–  6 Š <  E 8 ‘~? 8 ‘QCB8G>}™Z“˜‘{CB? qŽH™BCo>'8 :D? H8G>%J ?Œ–~8 ŽH‘X– –X’X8 CB?S ’X˜C%“”Fj”8UFjŽH: H8GC%™=”?€™%™B8 ™" “”Cˆ:D?€’X˜– >%8 :D? H8G>'™o™%”?  ”JH„ | ”?  >%8 :D? H8G>%J2“˜™z:GŽH’j™B8 –š{Jh–X8G8 :DC%“˜‘~—q’X>%C%;~8G> F`ŽH: H8GCZ”?€™%™%8 ™zš1J >%8GCB>}ŽH‘X™%“˜™'™%“”?€‘C%“ 8G> ?€’XC 8H8 ‘{CG„Xq~?H> ,-,-,H™ –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ F 8G>'“”?Œ– Q“˜CK–~?18 ™K‘~?HCf8 ‘QCB8G> “˜‘zqŽH™%C >%8 :D? H8G>%Jˆ?1–X8ŽH™ “”Cf–~8GCB8 :DC%™ŽH `F`ŽH: H8GC”?€™%™Kš1JzE/6 8H8 ‘{CŽH‘X–ˆŽwšj”8CB?!]{’X“ : Œ”J>%8 :D? H8G>!x>'?€ “”CG„ k L N 9W b N _p b rQ \ b N d N{PE []V sW b  rWArQ b \ rv []V r g r 8 ?Hšj™%8G> H8 – –X’~>'“ ‘~—™%“  ’X ŽwC%“”?€‘SC%;XŽwCyo  ? “˜™ˆ‘~?HCoŽwšj˜8UCB?>%8 –j’X:D8 “˜–X”8=C%“˜8 ŽwxCB8G>=5vu“ ™ >%8 :D?€‘j‘~8 :DCB8 –c8H8 ‘ˆC%;~?€’~—€;c“”C ™B8 ‘j–X™o –X’~F`˜“˜:GŽwCB8 ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QCG„K6;X“˜™ ;XŽwFXF 8 ‘X™  ;X8 ‘ C%;~8G>'8 Žw>%8ˆ ’X”C%“”Fj˜8FjŽH: H8GC”?€™'™B8 ™ “ ‘ Ž  “˜‘X–~? •„76;X8 ™B8z”?€™'™B8 ™ŽH8c6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?ymX>}™BC4CB? C%ŽH8ˆqŽH™%C >%8 :D? H8G>%J ŽH:DC%“”?€‘ŽH‘X– C%;~8 ‘–~8GCB8 :DC4]’~>%C%;~8G>…F`ŽH: H8GC”?€™%™B8 ™…š1J >%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘=C%“ 8G>•?€’~CG„o  ? ( 





















wŽ FXFj>%?€ŽH:';:D?€’X˜– ‘X?HC4;~8 ”F “ ‘ C%;X“˜™•:GŽH™%8zš 8 :GŽH’X™B8z6 Š '8 ŽH–~J ;XŽH™4™% ŽH˜ wŽH˜’~8H„ k L "L !† t  WAr{r€r&!† t N sW b N _ b Vr []Vrpsr1^jWANXp9rQP _9rv _ W b T9^`_ /TE g o  ? ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};:GŽH’X™B8 ™ 6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?UCB?=>%8 –j’X:D8z“”C  “˜‘X–X?    ;X“˜:}; “˜™ ™B?€8cC%“˜8c‘~?HC >'8 ]{’X“˜>%8 – ŽH™•6 Š <  E 8 ‘~? @B’j™BC…;XŽH™…>%8GCB>'ŽH‘j™%“”CBCB8 – C%;~8˜?€™BC…FjŽH: H8GC ŽwxCB8G> E/6 8H8 ‘QCG„ | ? C%;~8 ™%881CB>'Žvo –X’XFj˜“˜:GŽwCB8 FjŽH: H8GC%™!š 8 :D?€8 ™!’X™B8 ”8 ™'™G„ 6;j“˜™ “˜™ 8Œ“˜–~8 ‘{C x>'?€ C%;~8•—H>}ŽwFj;Z“˜‘`mj—€’~>%8  j;~8G>%8eo  ? ;XŽH™ ŽH˜?€™BC™%ŽH8•C%;~>%?€’~—€;XFj’~C ŽH™ 6 Š <  E8 ‘X?~„ ?–X–X“”C%“˜?€‘XŽH˜”J-1™B?€8•?H/–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘cF 8G>'“”?Œ–c“ ™K‘X?HC 81F 8G>'“”8 ‘j:D8…š{Jc6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?XŽH™“”C%™fF`ŽH: H8GC%™ K8G>%8=“ ‘ CB>'ŽH‘X™%“˜CKš`’~CZo  ? ?6 Š <  q~>%8G8G8 6 Š < C%ŽH8 ™ˆ:D?H>%>%8 :DC%“ H8UŽH:DC%“”?€‘h8H8 ‘ q?H>zC%;~8 ™%8 –X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘j™ !;X“˜:'; “ ™…’X‘X–~8 ™%“˜>%8 – „46;1’X™:GŽH’j™%“˜‘~—o™B?€8–X8G—H>'ŽH–XŽwC%“”?€‘ “ ‘ C%;~>%?€’~—€;~F`’~C >%8Gx8G> mX—€’X>%8 1„ q?H> ,H™ –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ˆF)8G>}“”?1–„ y \ KL e r1\  [qW b \sV rŒ\  9L !† t N`\ p  WAr1r €r !† t "r{W u b WAV[4N d V b  4r T9N d]d P r d]d g ‚ƒ‘  “”>'8 ”8 ™%™ %?  8 ‘Œ“”>%?€‘j8 ‘QC >'?€’X‘X– CB>'“˜F C%“˜8[]E/66I“˜™™%ŽH   ;X“˜:}; ;~8 ”Fj™ “˜‘SŽH:';j“”81“ ‘~— Ž ~“˜ ’X  “˜‘j–~?  wŽH˜’~8Žw—€ŽH“˜‘ŽwxCB8G> ŽZ:D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“˜?€‘ :D?€‘{CB>%?€ŽH:DC%“”?€‘„ 6;~8G>%8Gq?H>%8-s“˜‘ C%;~8 ™B88 ‘ Œ“”>%?€‘X8 ‘QCf“˜–X”8ˆF 8G>'“”?Œ– qC%;~8ZF 8G>'“˜?1– ŽwqCB8G>ˆ5vu —H?HC >%8 :D?€‘j‘~8 :DCB8 – ŽH‘j–S–XŽwC%Ž CB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> ™BC%Žw>%C%™ “˜™FX>'“˜Žw>'J]ŽH:DCB?H>o“˜‘S–~8G—H>'ŽH–j“˜‘~— C%;~8=C%;~>%?€’~—€;~F`’~C>'ŽwC%;~8G>cC%;XŽH‘S>'8 –X’X:D8 –h:D?€‘X—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘  “˜‘X–~?  wŽH˜’~8H„b?™l?6 Š < ŽH‘X–bq~>%8G8G8 6 Š < š ?HC%; >%8 –X’X:D8 ™ C%;~8Z“˜–X˜8cF 8G>'“˜?1–  C%;~8GJ ŽH˜?€™BCŽH:};X“”8H8 – ™%ŽH8•C%;~>%?€’~—€;XFj’~C~™B8G8^mX—€’X>%8  X„ y \ L e rŒ\  [xW b \sVr1\  )L !† t "r{W u b WAV[N d V b " !r T9N d b 9W r1r €r !† tu b WAOVN d]d p/[ €b \s\9r A[ b \ "r{Ww[ b p g ‚ƒ‘ C%;~8 ™%8z8 ‘ 1“˜>%?€‘X8 ‘{C9š ?HC%; C%;~8z“˜–j”8F 8G>'“”?Œ– ŽH‘X– >'8 –X’X:D8 – :D?€‘~—H8 ™BC%“”?€‘  “˜‘X–X?  F`˜Ž J ™%“”—€‘j“nm :GŽH‘{C>%?€”8z“ ‘–~8G—H>}ŽH–X“˜‘~—=C%;~8 C%;~>'?€’~—€;~Fj’~CG„U?6 Š < ŽH:};X“”8H8 ™ŽH˜?€™BC C%;~8ˆ™%ŽH8cC%;~>%?€’~—€;XFj’~C ŽH™ q~>'8G8G86 Š <  ;~8 ‘U‘~?c>%8 –X’X:DC%“”?€‘U“˜‘7>%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™% “˜™%™%“”?€‘7C%“˜8G>?€’~C 8H8 ‘QC…;XŽH™?Œ:G:G’~>%>%8 – )ŽH™>%8 ™%’j”C :D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘  “˜‘j–~?  wŽH˜’~8f>%8 ŽH“ ‘X™/’X‘X:';jŽH‘~—H8 – „gq~?H>”?€‘X—•–X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ F)8G>}“”?1– )?6 Š < “˜™Žwš`”8 CB?=>%8 –X’X:D8c“˜–X”8F 8G>'“”?Œ– C%;X8G>%8Gx?H>'8zF 8G>%q?H>'™…š 8GCBCB8G> C%;XŽH‘ 6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?/šj’~C4:D?€’X – ‘~?HC4Fj>%8H8 ‘QC >%8 –j’X:DC%“”?€‘o“˜‘o:D?€‘~—H8 ™%C%“”?€‘  “ ‘X–~?  wŽH˜’~8-X™%? ;XŽ"H8 ”8 ™%™B8G>C%;X?€’~—€;~Fj’~CfC%;XŽH‘vq~>%8G8G8 6 Š }“˜Žwšj”8Z4 K8G>%8 CB>'“”8 –=CB?-m`‘X–7ŽH‘=?HFXC%“˜ ’X AŽH˜’X8-)™B8G8emX—€’~>'8   1„ {„ q~?H>!™%ŽH˜ E/66 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ K8 AŽw>%Jc–ˆx>'?€$(,H™ CB? ,-,H™!ŽH‘X–ˆx?H> Žw>%—H8•E/66 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘  (















































K8 AŽw>%J“”C q>%?€ ,-,H™CB? ,-,H™ „ 6;~8c—H>'ŽwFj;X™™%;X? .C%;XŽwCC%;~8 AŽH ’~8z?H––~?{8 ™‘~?HCŽH8  ’X:'; –X“n\)8G>%8 ‘j:D8 “˜‘=C%;~>%?€’X—€;~Fj’~C ŽH:};X“”8H8 –  8~:D8GFXC…ŽwC C%;~8˜Žw>%—H8 AŽH ’~84?H ,-,H™G„…‚ƒ‘7C%;X“ ™!:GŽH™B8 `C%;~8•C%;~>%?€’X—€;~Fj’~C –X8 :D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™™B?€8GC%“˜8 ™!–X’~8•CB?c˜Žw>%—H8 “˜–X”8…F 8G>'“”?Œ–ˆ? H8G>C%;~8 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ „ | “ ‘X:D8 ŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QC%™•Žw>'8 —H8 ‘X8G>'ŽH˜”JZ–~8  Ž JH8 – š1J (,-,H™  (-(  C%;~8 wŽH˜’~8 ?H– :GŽH‘ š 8 ™B8 ”8 :DCB8 – CB? (,-,H™ „ ! _ b T ^)_ /T% o† b V sNXWA[ b \ b`uk L  WAr{r €r&!† t Nj\ p2L !† tg ‚ƒ‘  “˜>%8 ”8 ™%™ %?  8 ‘Œ“”>%?€‘X8 ‘QC 6 Š <  E8 ‘~?cŽH‘X–Uo  ? ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:}; ;XŽ"H8ŽH˜?€™BC ™%ŽH8 C%;~>%?€’X—€;  Fj’XC1ŽH‘X–-?6 Š < ŽH‘j–-qX>%8G8G8•6 Š %8 Žwšj”8CB?“˜FX>%? H8!C%;X>%?€’~—€;~Fj’XC’~FcCB?Po, CB? ., q?H>f˜?€‘~— –X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆF 8G>'“˜?1–ˆ:D?€FjŽw>'8•CB? 6 Š <  E8 ‘~?C%;X>%?€’~—€;~Fj’XCG„ ‚ƒ‘  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™%rh?  8 ‘ 1“”>'?€‘X8 ‘{C€™%“”—€‘X“nm`:GŽH‘QCs“˜FX>%? H8 8 ‘{C%™Žw>%8 ?Hšj™B8G> H8 –š1J?6 Š < ŽH‘X–q~>%8G8G8 6 Š < “˜‘h:D?€FjŽw>%8 – CB? 6 Š <  E 8 ‘~? ŽH‘X–o  ?4„*q~?H>o–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘SF)8G>}“”?1–S>'ŽH‘~—H87CB? ,-,-,H™ ?6 Š %8G8G8ˆ6 Š %? H8 8 ‘{C ŽH‘j– x?H> ”?€‘~—H8G>4–j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ ?6 Š „ 6;~8G>'8Gx?H>%8- K8 ;XŽ"H8c–~?€‘~8C%;X8 :D?€FjŽw>'“ ™B?€‘ ?H?6 Š wŽwC%“”?€‘X™•Žw>%8 ŽH–~8x>'?€ C%;~8—H>'ŽwFj;j™  | 8G8^mX—€’X>%8   1„ (L}„ !† t ‡'a r1\ b A_ W b T9^`_ sT% z_9N9!" r ‡ z[ r %r1_9N  [ b T WˆNX^`Nj[]\%" zps[ €b \9\9r [ b \ "r1WA[ b p g 6;j“˜™s?1:G:G’~>}™–X’~8fCB?•C%;~8™%ŽH8 >%8 ŽH™B?€‘)€q?H>  ;j“˜:';“”C/?Œ:G:G’~>'™"“˜‘:GŽH™B8 ?H qwu CB? 5yu–XŽwC%Ž CB>'ŽH‘j™Bx8G>O„ !\9r _ r [ r1b \s\_ [qN`\ \ WArŒr{VN/ r1r\  Z„ 6[]\ ;X“ ™K_9“ ‘XW b:D>%T 8 ^)ŽH™B_ 8•/“˜T%‘Z 7F)[q8G\ >' x?HWA>'r{ N/ ŽHr‘Xo:D8…N/“˜Z™–X A_’~r8 CBp/?T9C%W ;XN>8• Ax[ ?€b  \ ”?  b`u“ ‘~N —>% 8 [q\9ŽH™B^ ?€d ‘Xr™ ps[ €b \ ‡ 6 Š '™ –X’~>}“˜‘~— C%;~8•–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :  C%“”?€‘„*r;~8 ‘=C%;~85yu “ ™>%8 :D?€‘X‘X8 :DCB8 –  6 Š <  E 8 ‘~? fŽH“”C%™!x?H> “”C%™ >%8GCB>'ŽH‘X™% “˜™%™%“”?€‘ZC%“˜8G> CB? 8ŒFj“”>%8H„g?6 Š }Žwšj”8“”X“˜C/“ ™ ?Œ:G:G’~>%8 ––X’X8 CB?45vuh“˜™/–X“ ™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DCB8 – „w?6 Š < ™%8GC%™/C%;~8 ™%™BC%;~>%8 ™'; CB?  “˜‘X–~?  AŽH ’~8•>%8 ŽH:};~8 –=’XFXCB?–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘Z“˜‘j™BCB8 ŽH–Z?H–~8 :D>%8 ŽH™'“˜‘~— “”CG„K6;X“˜™>%8 ™%’X”C%™ “ ‘ ?6 Š %8GCB>'ŽH‘X™'“˜™%™%“˜?€‘ C%“˜8G>O„v?fC8H8G>%J E/6 8H8 ‘{C"C%;X“˜™ AŽH ’~8 –~?€’Xšj”8 ™G„  ’~8!CB? C%;X“˜™K6 Š <  E8 ‘~? ŽH:';X“˜8H8 –c˜8 ™%™C%;X>%?€’~—€;~Fj’XC:D?€FjŽw>%8 –cCB??6 Š < ŽH™K™%;~?  ‘z“ ‘ q/“”—~„ 1„ o1„ t r{W rŒ\ ONX^`r []V 9W b  rŒV rŒ\ []\ _9W b T9^`_ sT% g 6 Š <  E8 ‘X?? H8G>ZŽ ™'ŽH˜Es6 6 :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ “˜™cŽwšj”8UCB?R]1’X“˜: 1˜J >%8 ŽH:'; “”C%™z]’X˜ !“˜‘X–~?  ™%“ G8H„ 6;X8G>%8Gx?H>'8-XF 8G>':D8 ‘QC%Žw—H8 “˜FX>'? H8 8 ‘{C?H’~FXCB? ., “˜™f?Hšj™%8G> H8 –Z? H8G> 6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?x?H>”?€‘~—–X“ ™  :D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘ F 8G>'“”?Œ– „6 ;X“˜™“˜™ ŽH:';X“”8H8 – FX>'“˜Žw>}“˜”Jcš{J=8 ˜“˜“˜‘jŽwC%“˜‘~—C%;~8“˜–j”84F 8G>'“”?Œ–7ŽwqCB8G>•>%8 :D?€‘ ‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘ „ Žw>%—H8 E/66 :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘j™™%’H\ 8G>–X’X8 CB?•C%;~8 ˜Žw>'—H8 “˜–X”8fF 8G>'“”?Œ–ŽwqCB8G> –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ŽH‘j– C%;~8ˆ˜Žw>%—H8zC%“˜8cC%ŽH8 ‘ CB?U>'8 ŽH:'; C%;~8cq’X   “˜‘X–X?  ™'“ G8H„v?6 Š < ŽH:};X“”8H8 ™ŽH‘ “˜‘X:D>%8 ŽH™%8z?H’~FjCB?  , “˜‘ˆC%;~>%?€’~—€;XFj’~Cfx?H>–X“˜™%:D?€‘j‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘ˆF 8G>'“”?Œ–c?Hwo,-,-,H™ „ 













   8GC  ?H> ˆ™'“˜ ’j˜ŽwCB?H>‘X™  ( “˜™ ’X™%8 –ˆx?H>:D?€F`Žw>'“˜‘~— wŽw>'“”?€’X™ ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™ “ „ 8H„to  ? /q~>%8G8G8 6 Š < >?6 Š <  “”C%; 6 Š <  E8 ‘~?~„!qX?H> q/; CB?=5vu–jŽwC%ŽˆCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>" “”C•;jŽH™…š 8G8 ‘ ™%;~? !‘ C%;XŽwC•“˜‘ C%;~8:GŽH™%8?HK ’X”C%“˜Fj”8 FjŽH: H8GCZ˜?€™%™B8 ™c“˜‘ Ž ™%“˜‘X—€”8  “ ‘X–~?  ™B?€8GC%“˜8 ™`o  ? “˜™c‘~?HCˆŽwšj”8UCB?>%8 –j’X:D8U“ –X”87C%“ 8=ŽH‘X–2™B?€8 C%“˜8 ™K“”C ŽH ™B? –X8 :D>%8 ŽH™B8 ™fC%;~8C%;~>%?€’~—€;XFj’~C“˜‘c:D?€FjŽw>}“˜™B?€‘CB?6 Š <  E8 ‘X?~„s?6 Š %q?H>' :D?€FjŽw>'Žwš`”87CB? q~>%8G8G8 6 Š %8 ”8 ™%™ %?  8 ‘ 1“”>'?€‘X8 ‘{CG„ ?6 Š %?€’~—€;XFj’~C"ŽH™q~>%8G8G8…6 Š f™%;~?H>'C –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘F 8G>'“˜?1–“ ‘  “”>'8 ”8 ™%™grh? 28 ‘ Œ“”>%?€‘X8 ‘{CG„g?6 Š < –~?18 ™s‘X?HCs>'8 ]{’X“˜>%8K–j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘4FX>'8 –X“˜:DC%“”?€‘ ŽH™/š{Jeq~>%8G8G86 Š <  ;j“˜:'; “˜™/Ž Ž @ƒ?H>"–X>'Ž"š`ŽH: 4?H q~>%8G8G8 6 Š %?€’~—€;XFj’~C?Hq~>%8G8G8 6 Š •5vu CB?`qxu –XŽwC%Ž CB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G>" ?6 Š < “˜™ :D?€FjŽw>%8 –  “”C%;U6 Š <  E8 ‘~?z?€‘X”J- ŽH™Ao  ? ŽH‘X–Uq~>%8G8G8 6 Š cC%;X“˜™c–X“”>%8 :DC%“˜?€‘S?H –jŽwC%Ž:D?€ ’X‘X“ :GŽwC%“”?€‘ „ ?6 Š %q?H>'™ š)8GCBCB8G>ˆC%;XŽH‘ 6 Š <  E8 ‘~? ŽH‘X–C%;~8 “˜Fj>%? H8 8 ‘{C “ ™™%;~?  ‘zCB? š 8 ˜Žw>'—H8G> ? H8G>  “”>%8 ”8 ™'™grU?  8 ‘ 1“˜>%?€‘X8 ‘{CG„/‚ ‘c‘~8ŒC :';XŽwFjCB8G>"K8  “˜˜)–~>'Ž  C%;~84:D?€‘j:G˜’X™%“”?€‘oŽH‘j–Z8 ‘{C%“”?€‘oC%;~8•™%:D?HF 8•q?H>]’~C%’~>%8 K?H> )„  





o

 

      

  

      

  "&  ( $% 

r K8 ŽH‘jŽH”J G8 – C%;~8K“˜™%™%’X8?H~F ?{?H>sF 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8 ?HX6 Š "?Hš`“˜”8  “˜>%8 ”8 ™%™9‘~8GC K?H> Œ™G„s6 ;~8 ;X“˜—€;48G>%>'?H> >'ŽwCB8ŽH‘X– “˜‘{CB8G>'“”CBCB8 ‘{C –X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘X™ “˜‘X–X’X:D8 – š1J…?Hšj“˜ “”C J“˜™ q?€’X‘X–…CB?!š)8C%;X8"FX>'“˜ Žw>%J ]ŽH:DCB?H>'™  ;X“˜:}; –~8G—H>'ŽH–X™sC%;~8fF 8G>%q?H>'ŽH‘X:D8K?H`6 Š H8 –C%;XŽwC  ;X“˜˜8 ™B8H8G>'ŽH~ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:';X8 ™;XŽ"H8 š 8G8 ‘ Fj’~C9x?H>%C%; š{Jc>%8 ŽH™B8G>}ŽH:';7:D?€  ’X‘j“”C Jˆq?H> ŽH˜”8Œ“˜ŽwC%“˜‘~—C%;~8•–X8GCB>'“˜8 ‘{C%ŽH 80\ 8 :DC ?HsF)?1?H>:';jŽw>'ŽH:DCB>%8 “˜™BC%“ :G™?H  “”>%8 ˜8 ™%™ :';XŽH‘j‘~8  €?€‘X˜J q8 ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';~8 ™KŽw>%8Fj>%8 ™B8 ‘{CB8 –q?H> ™B?€ Œ“˜‘~—…C%;X8 ?Hšj“˜ “”C J >%8 ˜ŽwCB8 – “ ™%™%’~8 ™G„ ‹ H8 ‘z“˜‘C%;~8 ™%8 x8 ŽwCBCB8 FXC%™/?€™BC%”JU>%8 ]1’X“”>%8 ™ ™%’XFXF ?H>%C x>%?€ šjŽH™B8 ™BC%ŽwC%“”?€‘˜“ H8™B?€8z™BC%ŽwCB8 F 8G>•6 Š %?€ŽH:};=ŽH8 C%;~8  ’X‘X–~8 ™%“˜>'Žwšj”8 ŽH™C%;X8 ™B8™':';~8 8 ™K:D?€’X˜–c‘~?HCK™%’~FXF ?H>%C8 ‘X:D>'J{FXCB8 –zCB>'Ž :~–X“n\)8G>%8 ‘{CŽH: 1‘~?  ”8 –~—H8 8 ‘QCfFjŽwC%; ŒŽH˜™B? C%;~8GJ “˜‘{CB>%?1–j’X:D8 – ™%:GŽH Žwšj“˜˜“”C JFX>%?Hšj”8  ŽH‘X–c;X“˜‘X–~8G>C%;~8“ ‘QCB8G>  ?HF 8G>'Žwš`“˜˜“”C J ?HC%;X8?Hš`“˜”8 ;~?€™%C  “”C%;c–X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C ‘~8GC K?H> Œ™G„s?˜XC%;~8 ™%8 ?Hšj™B8G> AŽwC%“”?€‘j™ ?HC%“ AŽwCB8 –ˆ’X™CB? –~8 ™'“”—€‘?H Ž ‘~82ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};z:GŽH˜˜8 –Z?6 Š %J?H C%;~?€™%8 ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};~8 ™ !;X“˜:'; “”C%“”—€ŽwCB8 ™"C%;X8 –~8G—H>'ŽH–X“ ‘~— 80\)8 :DCK?H)?Hšj“˜˜“”C J  ;j“˜”8 >%8 ]1’X“”>'“˜‘X—7?Œ–X“nmj:GŽwC%“”?€‘ ?€‘X”J ŽwC?Hš`“˜”8z;X?€™BC  “ H8o  ? sq~>'8G8G876 Š < ŽwFXFX>'?€ŽH:'; „ 6;X8-?6 Š < “˜™Ž ?Œ–X“nmX8 – H8G>'™%“”?€‘ ?Hf6 Š %8 ]1’X“”>%8 ™C%;~8q8G8 –~šjŽH:  Žwš)?€’XC?€‘X—H?€“˜‘~—Z?Hšj“ ˜“”C J x>'?€ ‘~8GC  ?H> 7˜Ž JH8G>O„Ir 8:D?€FjŽw>'8 –v?6 Š <  “”C%;vo  ?  q~>%8G8G86 Š '™ ?Ho  ?-ŽH‘X–hq~>'8G8G8 6 Š < ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:'; ;XŽ H8‘~?HC…—€“ H8 ‘ ŽH‘{J=™BF 8 :G“nm`: ŽH:DC%“”?€‘ CB?ˆš)8C%ŽH8 ‘ !“”C%;U>%8G—H>'ŽH– CB?75vu CB? qwu –jŽwC%ŽzCB>}ŽH‘X™Bq8G> „ ?6 Š < “˜™…™%;~?  ‘UCB?Z“˜FX>%? H8F)8G>'x?H>' ŽH‘X:D8 ?H6 Š 'ŽH‘j™Bx8G>…“˜‘=š ?HC%;=–j“”>%8 :DC%“”?€‘U“ „ 8H„pqwu CB?Z5yu ŽH‘X– 5yu CB?qwu „ q~?H>•–XŽwC%ŽcCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G> x>'?€ qwuCB?ˆ5yu /?6 Š < “˜™ ™%;~? !‘oCB? >%8 –j’X:D8…>%8 ™BF ?€‘X™B8…C%“ 84ŽH™Io  ? ŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:};7–~?18 ™Xšj’XC “”CŽH˜™B?zŽH:';X“”8H8 ;X“”—€;~8G>…6 Š %?€’~—€;~F`’~C“ ‘U?€™BC…:GŽH™B8 ™G„ ‚ C•;XŽH™ š 8G8 ‘ ™%;~?  ‘ C%;XŽwC…q?H>•™%ŽH˜s–X“˜™':D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“”?€‘UF 8G>'“”?Œ– ?6 Š %8G8G8 6 Š %q?H>'™8 ]{’XŽH ”J K8 ˜ j?€‘X”Jo“˜‘Z:GŽH™B8 ?H”?€‘~—c–X“˜™%:D?€‘X‘X8 :DC%“”?€‘oF 8G>'“”?Œ–`q~>%8G8G8 6 Š < F 8G>%q?H>'™"š 8GCBCB8G>fC%;XŽH‘-?6 Š Oq~>%8G8G8•6 Š %8 ]1’X“”>'8Fj>%8 –X“˜:DC%“”?€‘ˆ?H/“˜F 8 ‘X–j“˜‘~— –j“˜™%:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“˜?€‘X™G„ 6;1’X™.K8 :GŽH‘c:D?€‘X:G˜’X–~8 C%;jŽwCt?6 Š < “˜™"ŽH‘zŽwFXFX>%?€ŽH:}; !;X“˜:'; ;XŽH™">%8 ŽH™%?€‘XŽwšj”8>'8 ]{’X“˜>%8 8 ‘{C?H)q8G8 –~šjŽH:  x>'?€ ‘~8GC K?H> ˜ŽOJH8G>KŽwš ?€’~C ‘~8GC K?H> :D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ 1“”C J™BC%ŽwC%’X™ŽH‘j–F 8G>%q?H>'™:D?€FjŽw>}Žwšj”8CB? C%;~8Io  ? ŽH‘j– q~>%8G8G8c6 Š < ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:'; q?H>qwuCB?75yu-–XŽwC%ŽZCB>'ŽH‘X™Bq8G>•ŽH‘X– š 8GCBCB8G>•C%;XŽH‘ 6 Š <  E 8 ‘~?ˆx?H> 5yuCB?yqwu 

o-(

–XŽwC%ŽCB>'ŽH‘j™Bx8G>O„



   -02  3 r 8•;XŽ"H8 ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB8 –ˆ?€’~>ŽwFXFj>%?€ŽH:';o?€‘o‘j™  (‘~8GC K?H> ˆ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB?H> „6;X?€’~—€;ˆC%;~8 ™B8•™%“  ’X ŽwC%“”?€‘X™fŽH™%™%“˜™%CB8 – ’X™K“˜‘cCB8 ™BC%“˜‘~— ?€’~> ŽwFXFX>'ŽH:};ˆŽH‘X–ˆ:D?€FjŽw>'“˜‘X— “”C  “”C%;z?HC%;~8G>'™"1JH8GC 8~ŽH:DC >%8 ŽH ˜“”q8!™':D8 ‘XŽw>'“”?:D?€’X˜–c‘~?HCfš 8 :D>%8 ŽwCB8 – ŽH™ “”C•“˜™…C%;X8 ˜“˜“˜C%ŽwC%“”?€‘U?HKC%;X8 ™%“˜ ’X˜ŽwCB?H> „ | ? K8  ?€’j˜– ˜“ H8CB?U“˜Fj”8 8 ‘QC ?€’~>4ŽwFjFX>%?€ŽH:'; “˜‘=>%8 ŽH/FX>%?HCB?Œ:D?€/™BC%ŽH:  ŽH‘X–UCB8 ™BC•“”C%™ “˜‘{CB8G>  ?H> 1“˜‘X—  “˜C%;U™%8H8G>'ŽH/>%8 ŽH˜“”q8 6 Š < “˜Fj˜8 8 ‘QC%ŽwC%“˜?€‘X™!“ ‘ –X“\ 8G>%8 ‘{C ?HF)8G>}ŽwC%“˜‘~—™BJŒ™BCB8 ™G„ IKJUCB8 ™%C%“˜‘~—v?6 Š < !“”C%; >%8 ŽHK˜“”q86 Š < qs“ 18 –[u ?€™BC“˜F`”8 8 ‘{C%ŽwC%“”?€‘  K8z:D?€’X – ŽH˜™B?ymj‘X– ?€’~C ;~?  AŽw>}“”?€’X™f“˜Fj˜8 8 ‘QC%ŽwC%“˜?€‘X™fš 8 ;XŽ"H8  ;X8 ‘ˆC%;~8 “”>™B8 ‘X–j“˜‘~—  “˜‘X–~? 2—H?{8 ™‘X8G—€ŽwC%“ H8H„‚ƒ–~8 ŽH˜”J-ŒC%;~8GJˆ™%;~?€’j˜– š 8 Žwš`”8…CB?>%8 :D? H8G>!“”C%;~?€’~C ŽH‘{Jc]ŽH“˜˜’X>%8ŽH™ F 8G>E q Š  "(-( >%8 ]1’X“”>%8 8 ‘QC%™G„ r 8…ŽH˜™B? KŽH‘{CfCB? 8ŒFj”?H>'8!Žwš ?€’~CKC%;~8 wŽw>'“”?€’j™F ?€™%™%“˜šj”8 fŽ Jzš{J !;X“˜:';c”?  8G> ˜ŽOJH8G>'™f:GŽH‘ˆ—€“ H8!q8G8 –~šjŽH:  Žwš ?€’~C‘~8GC K?H> o:D?€‘X‘~8 :DC%“ 1“”C JˆCB? 6 Š '™G„ 



oo

     

   | „5=ŽH™%:D?€”? ŽH‘X– Š  ŽH’X–X“”? Š ŽH™B8GCBC%“  @CBEDv$052#M5 T? Š 5 | ‚ …5 IK‚ ‹  ,  E ?€8 “˜C%ŽH”J-T? Š 5 ‚ | I       o  (-(  o  ,   ,  'Q’X”J (,-, w„ 8G?H>'—H8 *!JŒ”?€8 ‘X?€™ „ Š „%C%;{J-w?4„wu!ŽwC%ŽH “  5 „ …˜“˜ŽH‘{CBC%“˜˜Ž  '~„5=ŽH8 ˜Ž E•„/}“˜ (,-,-,Œ„ '€?1:};~8 ‘ | ;X“ ˜”8G>"  '0Nn$-Bg')11GH.9378+##ŽH‘X– „sIf;XŽw>%—€;jŽ"wŽH‘  [@CBED  +h&;$0NW3+0Nf$ #52c =H'&2# =T&K'L# ' 78')NJ0'&jVg&;$0Nf$2585pVg34$0c(+)&;$;+l. $"# „ :D?€o„ 6…„ ?)\  '~„j57?H>%?€‘X™ Œ“ „ &;$8$ S$0c @CBED   @>&2G/$e$".T4)cK# ')c;$0.T4 @CBED $0.9Q+).T72$01l$0./#1l$;7"Q+).9_51 J"')& 1!'"_Nf$P$0. S_&(').91l$"./#   *);QCBCBF     •„ :G“”CB8 ™B8G8G>O„ :D?€o„ “”C%“˜‘ "ŽH“˜–~J€Ž ŽH‘X– 5=“”CB8 ‘ 5Z8 ;{C%Ž  e$"N+YL$84 GS=TNW ŽH‘j– E•„ r2“˜–X”8G>   {„   eu „~IKŽH Ž{>'“ ™%;X‘XŽH‘  „  „~+)&_50'. 'KJ  $870c +)./6521 5xJ0'& 1I=T&(' S_.h@CBED DI$0&J0')&21!+).T72$'$0& `&($"Nn$0585 w.>M5 {‚ ‹‹ ‹ ? Š 5 69>'ŽH‘X™%ŽH:DC%“˜?€‘X™?€‘ !8GC K?H> Œ“˜‘~—  8 :D8  š)8G>  {„     „fIK>%? !‘ŽH‘j– | „ | “ ‘~—€;  c"@CBED l@CBED J"')&  '"_Nf$ Bs$"N_NWGHN+)& e$"#'™ ’X‘j“ H8G>'™%“”C J-X57ŽOJ  *`;{CBCBF     •„ :G™ „ >'’~CB—H8G>'™G„ 8 –j’ šjŽH–~>}“ %@ƒ?€’X>'‘XŽH A:D?€‘{CB8 ‘QC%™  w„ ;QC% „  (, eu „ IfŽH˜Ž1>'“˜™%;j‘XŽH‘  „  „ 1™" H?€ „ w„)‘~?~„ ~„   8 :  1„  (   E!ŽH?€‘ Š ŽH:D8G>%8 ™sŽH‘X– 9“ Œ“˜’‚ qCB?1–X8- 1I=T&(' .#H$%=>$"&_J"')&21P+.T7$j'KJt&($"Nd3+0Nf$C#5,=H')&0#H=T&('# ' 7')N>_. 1!'"_Nf$7')1I=TG>#%? !‘ŽH‘j– | „ | “ ‘~—€;  c"@CBED l@CBED J"')&  '"_Nf$ Bs$"N_NWGHN+)& e$"#%?€‘X™ Œ“ „ &;$8$S$0c @CBED   @>&2G/$e$".T4)cK# ')c;$0.T4 @CBED $0.9Q+).T72$01l$0./#1l$;7"Q+).9_51 J"')& 1!'"_Nf$P$0. S_&(').91l$"./#   *);QCBCBF     •„ :G“”CB8 ™B8G8G>O„ :D?€o„ $"N+)Y$84 GS=TNW$0&J0'&1!+).T72$ 'KJZ@CBED ' )$0&Vg_&;$0Nf$255   * ;QCBCBF     •„ :G“”CB8 ™%8G8G> „ :D?€o„ I„wIKŽŒ™%;X“ w'“ ™%;X‘XŽ  4„ u „ "ŽH“˜–~J€Ž 1I=T&(' S_.^DI$0&J0'&1!+).T72$j'KJ@CBEDb' $0&CVg&($"Nn$0585  $ #