Technology Development in Bioethanol. Production in .... Production. Source :
Research Center for Starch Development, BPPT, Lampung .... Strain
Improvement.
Technology Development in Bioethanol Production in Indonesia Wahono Sumaryono Deputy Chairman of BPPT for Agroindustry dan Biotechnology
The Asian Science and Technology Seminar Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-BPPT Jakarta, March, 8-9, 2007 1
Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006
National Energy Policy
Promoting utilization of renewable source of energy: biofuels, solar energy, wind energy, ocean wave and current energy, geothermal etc. Energy efficiency and conservation. Optimalization on energy production Reduction of subsidy on fuel price Reduction of energy elasticity.
objectives Domestic Energy Supply Security goals 1. 2.
Energy Elasticity from 1.84 (2006) to < 1 by 2025 Optimized primary Energy Mix by 2025, consisting of: – – – – – –
Petroleum < 20% Natural gas > 30% Coal > 33% Biofuels > 5% Other new & renewable energy > 5% (biomass, hydro, solar, wind, nuclear) 2 Liquified Coal > 2%
PROJECTED BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION (Mio KL) BIOETHANOL 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1,71 1,75 1,78 1,82 1,85
BIODIESEL 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1,19 1,20 1,22 1,23 1,24
BIO-OIL 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0,37 2,43 4,71 4,77 4,82
Source : Dept. of Energy & Mineral Resources, 2006 3
THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL IN INDONESIA 2000 - 2006
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 THE EXISTING CONDITION
Productions of ethanol (KL) 110 000 125 000 125 000 130 519 132 000 175 000 176.000
Increase (%) 13.64 0 4.42 1.54 32.58 0.55 4
Estimated Potential Land for Sugarcane Outside Jawa (In addition of existing plantation) No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Location South Sumatra North Sumatra Middle Kalimantan East Kalimantan South Sulawesi North Sulawesi Middle Sulawesi South-east Sulawesi Maluku West Nusatenggara East Nusatenggara Irian Jaya Total
Area (Ha) Bruto
Netto
55 000 18 450 200 847 65 000 36 000 219 375 90 300 104 300 441 500 51 900 32 500 750 000
33 000 15 454 36 017 39 000 13 000 95 700 54 200 64 000 253 200 36 500 21 000 500 000
2 065 172
710 829
Note : Existing Sugarcane Plantation : 391.000 Ha ~2,3 Mio Tons Sugar
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Estimated Potential Land for Cassava Plantation (in addition of existing plantation) NO.
PROVINCE
AREA (Ha)
PROJECTED PRODUCTION (Tons/year)
Potential Bioethanol Production (KL/year)
1
North Sumatera
23.000
575.000
88.400
2
South Sumatera
37.000
925.000
142.300
3
West Sumatera
19.500
487.000
75.000
4
Lampung
47.000
1.175.000
180.700
5
Central Java
29.000
750.000
115.000
6
West Java
42.000
1.050.000
161.500
7
East Java
33.000
825.000
126.900
8
Yogyakarta
9.500
237.000
34.500
9
East Nusa Tenggara
25.000
625.000
96.000
10
South Sulawesi
38.000
950.000
146.100
11
North Sulawesi
33.000
630.000
126.900
12
East Kalimantan
18.000
396.000
60.900
336.000
8.400.000
1.292.308
Total
Note : Existing plantation of cassava : 811.422 Ha ~ 13,28 Mio tons cassava
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Average Productivity No
Type of Raw Material
Harvesting (Months)
Productivity (Tons/Ha)
Freq of Harvesting Per Annual
10
25
1x
1
Cassava
2
Corn
3,5-4
8
2x
3
Sorghum
3,5-4
4,5
3x
4
Sweet potatoes
4
20
2x
5
Sago
96
30
6
Sugarcane
10
80
1x
7
Raw Material Balance in Bioethanol Production NO
RAW MATERIAL
WEIGHT (Kg)
BIOETHANOL (L)
1
Sugarcane
15
1
2
Molasse
4
1
3
Cassava
6,5
1
4
Corn
2,5
1
5
Sorghum
2,8
1
6
Sweet potatoes
8
1
7
Sago
12
1
Source : Research Center for Starch Development, BPPT, Lampung
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Biofuels Implementation program Self consumption State Own Agricultural Co. (Palm Oil, Sugarcane, Jatropha, Cassava) Energy Selfsufficiency Village “Government Driven”
PLN
Nat.Electrical Company
Target of
Biofuels Program
Export
2007-2025
Intended Investors: Specific Biofuels Zone, Big Plantation Palm Oil, Sugarcane, Cassava, Jatropha
Pertamina Transportation
Household
industry 9
FLOW PROCESS IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION Sugar
STARCH
ENZYME STEAM
ENZYME
MICROBE’S CELL
LIQUIFACTION OF COOKING
SUCCHARIFICATION (HYDROLYSIS)
FERMENTATION 7 PURIFICATION
LIGNOCELLULOSIC
PRETREATMENT
STEAM ENZYME ACID
SACCHARIFICATIO N (HYDROLYSIS)
ENZYME ACID
BIOETHANOL
STILLAGE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
BIOGAS
FERTILIZER
COMBUSTION
FLOW DIAGRAM BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION USING DIFFERENT RAW MATERIAL
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EQUIPMENT IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FERMENTATION
DEHYDRATION UNIT
MASHING UNIT
HYDROLISIS UNIT
UNIT DISTILLATION DISTILASI UNIT
CASSAVA
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Material Balance in Production of 8 KL FGE Amylase Enzyme : 7 kg alpha-amylase 28 kg glucoamylase
50 tons cassava (14 tons starch)
Cassava
14 tons sugar
Raw Material Treatment
Slurry of
Temp 90 C Hydrolysis Process
Cassava
Fermentation Process (Glucose) Volume 90 KL
8 KL FGE Bioethanol 10 %
Distillation Process
Bioethanol 95-96 %
Dehydration Process
FGE (99,5%) 12
SEED IMPROVEMENT 1. Selective breeding, occulation (Cassava) 2. Radiation, selective breeding (Sorghum) 3. Selective breeding, biotech approach (Sugarcane)
Cassava Balitkabi (Res. Center for Peanuts-Cassava & Related Species-Dept of Agriculture)
Sugarcane P3GI (Res. Center for Sugarcane)
Sweet-stem Sorghum 1. BATAN (Radiation) 2. Res. Center for Cereals (Maros, South Sulawesi
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CULTIVATION IMPROVEMENT Cassava
• Average Nat. Prod. 16 18 tons/ha • Res. Center for Starch Dev. ~25 tons/Ha Balanced fertilizer (in org + org) Current : 28,5 tons/ha Target : 35-40 tons/Ha
Sugarcane
Sweet-stem Sorghum
• Average Nat. Prod. 79 80 tons/ha • (State owned Co. & and private companies in Java, Lampung)
• Demplot : 14 cultivars
Current : 90 tons/ha Target : 120 tons/Ha
Target : 8 tons/Ha
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Pre Treatment Optimization (Hydrolysis process)
Existing :
Projected :
Raw material • Sugarcane • Starch groups
Liqnocellulosic mat. (woody biomass) • Mechano-chemical Treatment • Hydrothermal treatment • Separation • Enzymatic (saccharification)
Acid (hydrolysis) Enzymatic (saccharification)
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Production of Bioethanol Using Liqnocellulosic Material
Ethanol
Fermentation
Acid Hydrolysis
Glucose (yeast)
glucose
Woody Biomass Size reduction
T : 200 C, H2SO4 3% 10-15 min.
Xylose
Xylose (new microbe)
Problem : • Chemical bounding between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignine is very difficult to be hydrolized using enzymatic approach (expensive). • The microbes (yeast) is able to ferment glucose (C6) to be ethanol, but not able to convert xylose (C5) and others C5 sugars as hydolized product of fibers Æ exploring others microbes.
Lignine + Waste 16
ETHANOL FROM THE WHOLE PLANT OF SUGARCANE DRY LEAVES
BAGASSE
JUICE
MOLASSES
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Biomass Source (2005)
Palm Oil Mills : ¾ Fruits shell ~ 5.06 Mio Tones (~ 4220kcal/kg dry weight) ¾ Empty Fruits Bunch ~ 16.06 Mio Tones (~ 3700 kcal/kg dry weight) Rice Mills : Rice Husk ~ 13.5 Mio Tones Sugar Mills : Bagasse ~ 36.7 Mio Tones Wood-based Industries > 50 Mio Tones Other Agricultural residues
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Fermentation Process Strain Improvement Current capacity of utilized strain : resistent up to 11 - 12% ethanol • Gradual adaption • Genetic engineering
Target : ~ resistent up to 14% ethanol
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DISTILLATION OPTIMIZATION Existing :
2 Steps distillation
Ethanol 40%
Projected : Membrane
95-96%
Filtration
Column Distillation
Ethanol 40%
95 – 96%
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DEHYDRATION METHOD FOR BIOETHANOL (Leading to FGE 99,5 %) - Azeotropic Distillation : operational cost is high, need solvent - Molecular Sieving
: operational cost is low, no need solvent
- Membrane Filtration
: operational cost is low, applied in pilot scale (to be developed into commercial scale) 21
PROFILE OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING DIFFERENT FUEL Parameters
Gasohol E-10
Gasohol E-20
Premium
Pertamax
Power (kW)
41,23
42,52
30,97
40,09
Force (N)
1856,1
1913,3
1393,8
1804
Fuel Consumption (L/jam)
30,39
31,24
31,03
27,38
91
94
87
94
Octane number
Tested by Lab. for Thermodynamics & Motor Propulsion, BPPT 22
PROFILE OF EMISSION TEST USING DIFFERENT FUEL Parameter
Premium Gasohol E-10 Pertamax
CO (g/km)
5.00
3.10
5.77
THC (g/km)
0.38
0.33
0.40
Nox (g/km
1.28
2.04
2.00
Premium : Pertamina’s gasoline Gasohol E-10 : Premium 90% FGE 10% Pertamax : Premium + additive
Tested by Lab. for Thermodynamics & Motor Propulsion, BPPT
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