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Vo1.23 No.1
CHI NESE JOURNAL OF GEOCHEM I STRY
Tem poral and Spat i al Di st ri but i on of El em ents i n a Sm al l Cat chm ent,and Bufer Funct i on of W etl and i n Longgan Lake,Chi na水 wu Ya nho ng(吴艳 宏 )¨,WANG S umi n(王 苏 民)¨,R.W.Ba r t t ar be e , a nd ZHU Yux i n(朱 育新 ) ’ 1)( Ke y Lab or at or y o fL ake S e di men t at i on an d Env i r onme nt,Nan j i ng I n s t i t ut e f Ge o o gr a phy an d L i mno l o gy, Chi n es e Ac ade my o fS ci e nc e s,Na ng 21 00 08,Chi n a) 2)(ECRC,De par t en m t f Ge o o ra g ph y,Uni v e r s ty i Co l l e ge fL O On ̄n,26 Be d for d Wa y,L on don,WC1HOAP,£ 7 .尼 )
Abst r act:Wet l and i s t he con j unct ion o f l ake and t er r ene wher e human act i vi t i es ar e c oncent r at - ed.Fr om t he vi ewpoi nt s f o mat er ial t r n spor a t n d a cy cl i ng i n t l l e t er r ene- l a ke s ys t em,we la t n d i s
t he buferwher e sa n d n d a mud.heav y met al s,p ol l ut ant s a n d nut ient r s a r e t ar r i e d. I n t l l i s pa- pe r.we pr o vi de a cas e s t udy bas ed on t l l e t e mpor a l a n d s pa t i l di a s t r i but ion o f e l ement s i n t l l e W angl i ng Ri v er cat chment.a s mal l s ub. cat chment of Longga n La I 【 e i n t l l e mi dd l e r ea c hes f o t l l e
Ya ngt z e Ri v er.we ha ve f ound t l l at wet la nd ca n bu f er ma j or hea vy met al s such a s Cr,Cu,et c. si gni ica f nt lv.but ha s a l i t t l e bu f er f unct ion t o some act ive el ement s such s Fe a a nd Mn,whi ch ar e lways a ra t ns or p ted s s a ol ut i ons . Hum a n act i vi t i es not onl y i nf luence t l l e di st r i but i on of e l e- ment s.buta lsoweakent he bu f e rf unct i ono f wet la n d.I nt ensi ve huma na ct ivi t i esi nt he Longga n LaI 【 e ar ea i n t he pa s t70 ye ar s hav e been r ecor ded i n s ream .wet t la n d n d a l ake s edi ment s ,es pe- ci a l l y t l l e hum a n act i vi t y event s s uch s a def or es t i ng and r ec l ai mi ng on a l a r ge s ca le i n 1 958 a n d
t he 1 980’s.Human ct a i vi t i es can s ed t he i ncr ea s e o f sedi ment at i on r at es s i nce t l l e 1 950’s,a s wel l a s t l l e i ncr ea se of el e ment s ’concent rat i ons . The ext ens i ve use f o f er ti l i z er s a n d pes ici t de s s i nce t he 1960’s ha ve l e d t o t l l e i ncr ea s e f o t ot al P concent r at i ons.I ncr ea si ng SO,emi ss i on ac-
ce l er at e t l l e pr oces s f o cat i on e xcha n ge i n s oi l.a n d e nha n ce t l l e l eachi ng f o Mn out f o s oi I s.Per - manent s t or ing o f wat er caus es t l l e s oi l gl eyi icat f i on t l l at a ls o i nt ens i f i e s t l l e l eachi ng o f Mn.
h es T e re a t wo maj or r ea sons f or t he obvi ous i ncr eas e o f ma n ga n ese concent ra t i ons i n r ecent 20 yea r s i n Long ga n La I 【 e.I nt ensi ve huma n act ivi ies t s i nce h e t 1950s’have i nt ens i f i ed he t o pul p a - t i on i n t l l i s r egi on n d a t hus des t ro y r d t e he bu f er f unct i on f o wet la n d.
Key words: c onc ent rat ions of el ement s; t emporal and s pat i al di s t ri but ion; wet l and, buf e r;hum a n ac t i vi t y;Longgan Lake
h ke sedi ment s are commonl y use t o st udy l ake envi ronment evol ut i on and gl oba l cl i mat e a n d
envi ronment change a n d reconst ruct human— nat ur e i nt eracti on hi s t or y.Lake sedi ment s s ourced f rom l k e cat a chment a re t he carr i er of vari ous envi ronment al i nf or mat i on.whi ch have recorded bot h nat u— ra l change a n d ant hr op o geni c i mpact.Due t o t he compl i cat ed physi ca l a n d chemi ca l pr ocesses dur - i ng mat er ia ls bei ng del i vered f r om t h e cat chment t o t h e l ake. mi xed i nfor mat i on of envi r onment al pr oxy may be cont ai ned i n lake sedi ments。whi ch may lead t o a mi sunder st andi ng of envi r onment
cha n ge.Thr ough h e compar t i son of luvi f l ,wet a l n d and l a acust ine sedi r ment s,st udy on t empor al n d a spat i l di a st ri but i on of mater ia ls i n t h e cat chment。a n d a na lysi s on t h e pr o cess of mat er i l t a r ansport。 ISSN 1Ooo- 9426
Thi s wor k i s s up poaed b y t he p r o j e c t f r om Nat ion al Na t ur a l Sci e nc es Fu nda io f n o f Ch i na(Gr a nt No.4030 2022)a nd t he Kn s w1 .
ed ge ・ I nnov a t i o n Pr o j e ct o f Chi ne s e Aca de my o f Sc i enc e s(CAS)(Gr ant No s .KZCX1 一 SW. 1 2 a nd KZCX2- 302).
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38
CHI NESE JOURNAL OF GEOCHEM ISTRY
Vo1 .23
i t i s usef ul t o unde ̄t and t he si gni icance of f envi ronment al pr oxy and t o di s t i ngui s h t he huma n i mpact fr om t he envi r onment l r a ecor ds.
We land f i s he t co nj unct i o n o f l ake n d a t er r ene wher e human a ct i vi t i e s a r e conc ent r at ed.Fr o m h e vi t ewpoi nt s of mat er ia l t rans port and cycli ng i n t h e t er r ene— l ake r esponse envi ronment sys t em , wet la n d i s t he bufer wher e sand a n d mud,heavy met ls,p a ol l uta nt s and nut ri ent s ar e t ar ri ed.Bas ed on t h e bufer f unct ion of wet l and,ma n —const r uct ed wet l ands have been devel oped al l over h e worl t d
t o s ubt r ac t or g ni a c ma t t er,ni t r og en,phos phor ous a nd t o xi c met ls a f r o m was t e wat e r(Ree d a nd Br own。1 992).The r e i s hi her t to lmos a t no r e por t o n t he pur if ic at i on pr oc es s a n d t he me cha ni s m of
we t l n d a f o r mat i on(Br i x,1 994;Ta n ne r e t 1.,1993;Br a ee n,1 990).How ca n a nd ho w do es he t nat ura l wet la n d act as a buf fer t o t h e l k e? a In t hi s l i ght of t he t empor l and spat a i l di a st ri but i on of sel ect ed el ement s i n a smal l sub— cat ch— ment of Longga n Lake,t hi s st udy t ies r t o s hed much l i ght on how mat er ia l ar e t ra ns or p ted f rom t h e sour ce t o t he l k e。how huma a n act i vi t i es i mpact t he di st r i but i on of el ement s and what t h e bu f er f unct i on of wet l n d i a s.
1 General descri pt i on of t he area st udi ed
Long ga n La ke(29。 52 一30。 05 N,11 5。 55 一11 6。1 7 E)i s l oc at ed i n t he bo r de r ar ea bet wee n Sus ong Co unt y,Anhui Pr ovi nce,and Long gan Far m,Hubei Pr ovi nc e,whi c h wa s t he ma j or par t of he t Peng li z e pa l e o— l a ke i n he t hi s t or y(Zhu Hmhong n d a Zhang Be n,1 997)(Fi g.1).I t i s a wa t er — passi ng l ake wi h an average wat t er dept h of 3.78 m and suppl y co e fi ci ent of 17.4. T h e l k e ar a ea
wa s 578.95 km bef or e t he 1950’s and shr n k t a o 316.2 km due t o exces s r ecl amat i on f W ang Sum—
i n nd a Dou Hong s hen,1 998). h e W a T n gl i ng Ri ver i s a sma ll st r eam wi ni ng i t s way a long t he nort h ba n k of Longga n Lake
(Fi g.1).I t i s 5 km l o ng,or ig i nat e d f r o m l o w hi l l s whe e r bed r o cks re a do mi na t e d by g r no— a g nei s s . h e sma T ll st r eam l eads t o Longgan Lake acr o ss a wet la n d mea s ur ing 400 m i n wi dt h a long t h e l k e a shor e.
2 Hum an act i vi t i es i n t he Longgan Lake regi on i n recent 50 years ̄
h e Longga T n Lake Far m was est abl i shed i n 1 956.s i nce t hen a number of peopl es have i mmi — grat ed t o t hi s r egi on.At t he end of 1956 t h e popul at i on of t h e Longga n Lake Far m r eached 2415.
h e most T rapi d i ncrease of popul at i on happened i n 1958.f r om 4256 at h e end of 1957 t t o 14035 at
t he end o f 1 958.r I 1 he op p ul a t i o n o f he t Long ga n a ke L Far m r emai ne d uncha nged or s l i ht g ly dr opped af t er 1985 when i t r e ached 28746.
To f eed up s uch a rapi dl y i ncr eased popul at i on,l r ge— a sca le of rec ̄i mi ng a n d i nni ng act i vi t i es st ar t ed when t he Longgan Lake Far m wa s es t abl i shed. Fr om 1 956 t o 1974.t h e t ot l r a ecl ai med area wa s 60.6 km . Af t er 1974。l n d r a e cl ai mi ng wa s s t opped because new agri cul t ur l t a echni ques a n d
met h ods wer e i nt roduced a n d f er ti li zer s and pest i ci des wer e us ed。a n d t h e popul at i on t ended t o be st abl e.At t he begi nni ng of h e 1980’s。t t he uni t ed f ar m was di si nt i gr at ed and r e pl aced by a l ot of f m i a l y f arms.To get mor e cul ti vat ed l and,t h e f ar mers r ecl ai med l and a g ai n Af ter 1985.t he f ar m— .
er s st opped r e cl m at a i on a n d began t o l evel of t h e l and.pl ant t r ees a n d di g t e nches. r In 1 958,a lmos t a ll t h e lees f i n t he s ur r oundi ngs of t he l ake wer e cut down a n d us ed s a fuel s f 0r
①
Compi l at i o n Co mmi t t e e o f Long ga n La ke Fa r m Re c0 柑s(e d.),“Lo t m  ̄ ga n La ke Fa rm Re co r d s(1 956—198 5)”
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No.1
CHINESE JOURNAL OF GEOCHEM ISTRY
116" 00E
39
11 8。 20E
30。10. N
●
30’ oo. N
2 9 ‘ 5 o . N /
\
/ 二 。 . ∞ EⅢ w EⅢ 瑚 E, 二 . ‘
// //
一
/
帅
▲S a m p l e s i t e
,
一
Wetl and ar ea
-
/
Fi g.1.Ske t ch map of t he ar ea s t udi ed
l oca l s t eel r ef inement . I n 1976 a phos phorus f er t i l i zer f act or y was es t abl i shed on t he l _ onggan Lake Farm.Lar ge— scal e use of f er ti l i zer s and pes t i ci des s t art ed f r om l at er 1970’S.t he annaa l average amount of f ert i l i zer used was 4500 t on fr om 1970 —1985.and t hat of pest i ci de 300—500 t on. I n t he smal l cat chment of t he W angl i ng St r eam .t he backgr ound of human act i vi t y i S si mi l ar t o t I I at i n t he whol e cat chment of t he I . ongga n L e.
3 M at eri al s and m et hod Thr ee shor ts of COr eS wer e t aken wi t h a ravi g t y cor e sa m pl er long a t he Wa n gl i ng St rea m i n Ja n u—
a r y,200l(Fi g.1).Cor es we e r s m pl a e d at i nt er va ls o f l c m,s t or e d i n pl as t i c bag s a nd f r ee z ed. Cor e LH 。21 cm l ong。was t aken i n h e t l k e nea a r t he est uar y of h e W a t n gli ng St ream ,a n d i t s l i h ol t — ogy i s domi nat ed by si l t y cl ay. Cor e L3,22 cm l ong,was t aken i n t he wetl and,and i s compos e d mai nl y of si t y cl ay and cl ayi s h si l t . Cor e L7,19 cm l ong,Wa s t aken f rom al l uvi l sedi a ment of t h e W angl i ng St r eam .and i S composed mai nl y of cl ayi s h si l t .
h e t T i me sequence of t he t hr ee cores Wa s det er mi ned by Cs n d ”Pb wi a t h a l ow—backgr ound ger m ani um s pect u m r det ect or produced by EG&G Or tec Co.Sa m pl es wer e di gest ed by mi xed aci d
(ni t ic r ac i d,hyd r of luor ic a ci d and pe r ch ] o r i c a ci d).Af t e r t he s ampl e s we r e di ges t ed,t hei r e l e me nt concent r at i ons wer e det er m i ned by i nduct i vi t y coupl ed pl asma— at omi c emi ssi on s pect rophot omet ry
f I CP— AES)wi h t t he s t a nda rd s ol ut i on SPEX of US as he t s t n dar a d.Qua li t y c ont r ol Wa s ss a ur ed by te h na a lys i s o f dupl i ca t e s m pl a es,bl anks,r e f er e nc e mat er i ls(GSD- a 9 a nd GSD—ll,Chi nes e g e m—
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CHI NESE JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMISTRY
Vo1 .23
l o gi c r e f e r e nc e ma t e ia r l s) 4 Res ul t s and di scus si on
I n core L3。1 3 7Cs was det ect ed at 17 cm f irst l y and reached i t s f ir st peak at 14.5 cm co1 Te- sp o ndi ng t o 1963.Near t he sur face l ayer.at t he dept h of 2.5—3.5 cm t h er e appear s anot h er pea k of Cs con. esp o ndi ng t o t he Chenor bel y acci dent t hat occurr ed i n 1986.Ther e i s st i l l a smal l p ea k
e me r g i ng bet we en 1963 a nd 1 98 6.Compa red wi h t l i t e r a t ur e(Ca r t e r a nd Uoghi s s i ,1 977;Wan Guo-
j i a ng et a 1 .,1 99 0;Xi a ng Li ang et a1 .,1 996),t hi s s ma l l pe k a eme r g ed i n 1974(Fi g.2).Co r e L3 i s t oo short t o get i nvent or y of unsuppor ted ”Pb.hence sedi ment at i on rat e cannot be worked out
i n t er ms of mPb act i vi t y var iati on.Accordi ng t o t i me ma r kers of Cs.s edi ment at i on rat es of core L3 ar e ca l cul at ed and l i s t ed i n Tabl e 1.T h e s edi ment ati on rat e change coi nci des wi t h huma n act i vi t y
chang e i n t hi s r eg ion.Si nce 1 956,a l ar ge number o f pe opl e i mmi g r a t ed i n he t Long ga n lake ca t ch- ment a r ea.T h e popul ati on of t he Longgan Lake Far m i n 1984 was mor e t h an 10 t i mes t h at of 19560
(Ya n g Xi a ng do ng e t 1.,2001).I a t i s ne ce s s a r y t o r e cl a i m mor e and l t o f eed s uc h a l a r g e op ̄l p a- t i on. Large.sca le r ecl amat i on l ed t o ser ious er osi on and hi gh deposi t i on r at e i n t h e s t r eam 。wet l n d a
n d a l ke.Si a nc e 1 974.t he g ove r nment ha s f or bi dde n i mmi ra g t i o n t o t hi s r eg ion.Si nce t he e rl a y 1980’s.t he p o pul at i on. cont ol r pol i ci es have been put i nt o i mpl ement at i on. So,t he popul at ion i n
h e t l ake cat chment ar ea r emai ns unchanged si nce t h e 1980’s. As known f r om t h e “l -  ̄nggan Lal 【 e Farm records”。la rge. sca le re cl amat i on st opped af ter 1985。whi l e wat er conserva n ci es wer e con-
st r uct ed.1 eadi ng t o l ow erosi on a n d deposi t i on r at e i n t he st r ea m .wet la n d and l ake a r ea. Tabl e 1.Sedi ment at ion r at e s of c orf ¥L3.L7 and LH
h e t T hree pea ks of ”Cs emerged at t he dept h of 10 5 cm ,6.5 cm and 3.5 cm of core LH , .
cor resp o ndi ng t o 1963,1974 a n d 1986.T h e t hr ee Cs pea k va lues of core L7 emer ged at h e t dept h of 11.3 cm .6.5 cm and 1.5 cm.Sedi ment at i on r at es of cor e LH and cor e L7 a r e det er mi ned by h e t
s a me met ho d a s i n he t det e mi r na t i on f o s di e ment a t i on r a t e o f c or e L 3 (Ta bl e 2). 4.2 Tem poral and s pat ial di stri but i on of el em ent s
Cor e L7:T h e concent rat i ons ofAI i ncr eas ed rema r ka bl y i n t h e ea rl y 1950’s and kept a r el a-
t i ve l y hi g h va lue t i U 1 986.T he c o nc ent r a t i o ns of Mn we r e hi 【 g h a t t he e ar l y pe iod r o f s edi ment at io n of h e core,a t n d kept t he s ame l evel i n t h e ea rl y per iod except t wo peaks ar ound 1965 a n d 1980。 h ere i T s an i ncreasi ng t rend of P concent rat i ons,es peci al l y af t er 1 980.T h e concent rat i ons of ot h er
①
Co mpi l a t i on Co mmi t t e e o f 路a I l La ke Fa r m Re co r ds(e d.),“Lo ng ga n La ke Fa r m Re co r d s(19 56—1 985)”
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No.1
CⅢ NESE JOURNAL OF GEOCHEM I STRY
Age
Cr
Cu
( AD) 0
100 200 0
40
0
1O0 200 0
40 80 0 30000 60000 0 10002000 0
30 60 0 500010000 0
0
1 O0 20 0 0
40
30 6 0 0 5 00 0100 00 0 100 0 2000 0
Fe
M n
80 0 3000060000 0 10002000 0
Ni 30
Ti
P
Zn
60 0 5001 310000 0 10002000 0
AI
Fe/ M n
100 200 0 GO0001000000
50 1O0
100 200 0
50 100
200 0 199 0 198 0 1g 70 -一
196 0 195 0 194 0 193 0
" 10002000 0
 ̄6000IW
0
2 00 0
’990 198 0 1970 1960 1 9' 5 0 194 0 ’∞ O
80 20000  ̄0000 60000 0 1000 20 00 0
100 2 00 0 5Oo00,oo0∞ 0
50 10 0
2 ∞ 0
1990 198 0 —
1g 70
_一 196 0 ’950 194 0 1g 3O
Fi g.2.El eme nt concent r at i o ns i n cor es L7,L3 a nd LH (mg/kg). el ement s vari ed i n such a t rend t hat t her e was ,no obvi ous change bef ore 1980
.
but an obvi ous i n-
creasi ng t rend aft erwards. Cor e L3:The el ement concent rat i ons a r e gener al l y hi gher h an t h ose of t COr e L7 T h e out st and. .
i ng f eat ur e i s t hat t h er e emerged t wo peak va lues of el ement concent rat i on a r ound 1957 a n d 1982
,
es r pect i vel y. Heavy met l s,s a uch a s Cr,Ni,a n d Cu,s how no cha n ge i n concent rat i ons a long t he
cor e except t wo pea k s. Fe,Mn,and P t end t o i ncr e as e a ft er h e pea t k of 1982 r n1 e concent rat i ons 0f Al have not abl y i ncr ea s ed si nce t he 1950’S. .
Cor e LH : concent rat i ons of A1 have l so a i ncr eased si nce t he 1950’S Heav y met als such a s Cr and Cu were at t hei r pea k va lues a r ound 1971 a n d 1993. Fe a n d Mn have t he sal ne i ncr easi ng .
rend si t nce t h e 1950’S,es peci ll a y Mn i n r ecent years. A r e ma rkabl e i ncr ease i n P st ar t ed f r om 1968.
Va r i a t i ons i n el e me nt co nce nt ra t i o ns f r om luvi f l a s edi ment s(L7)t o we t l a nd s e di ment s(L3), n d a ina f ll y t o l ke a s edi ment s(LH)r e lec f t he t rans t por t pr oce s s o f ma t er ia l s f r om t he 8 0ar ce t o t he l k e.As a vi ewed f r om el ement concent rati on vari at i ons mat er ia ls a re l ed t o t he r i ver f ir st.a n d t hen t o t h e wet la n d except a smal l par t of t hem deposi t ed as f luvi l s a edi ment s Af t er compl i cat e physi ca l ,
.
n d chemi a ca l vari at i ons i n wet l and h t ey a r e fur t her t ransp or t ed a n d deposi t ed i n t l l e hl 【 e f inal l y. r nl e l ag t i me of some el ement concent rat i on pea ks i n t he l k e a sedi ment s ef r lect s t he t r n spor a t pr oce8s ,
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Cm NESE JOURNAL OF GEOCHEM I STRY
V01 .23
fl r 0m wet l and t o l ake and demons t rat es t he wet l and buf f er f unct i on t o t he mat er ial s f rom t he l ake cat chm ent.
I r on i s a ki nd of mi cr onut r i ent s.I t may have an i mpact on h e di t rect bi ol ogi cal
and P,a n d hence i nf luence t he phot os ynt hesi s of pl nt a s.I ncreases i n i ron cont ent i n sea wat er have
enha nced t he pho t os y nt hes i s ef ici e ncy a nd i mpr ov ed pr ima r y pr oduc t i vi t y(Hut c hi ns n d Br a ul n d, a 1 998;Pe t i t e t a 1.,1 999;Eng s t or m a nd Wr ight,1 98 4).The r ef o r e,hi s t o ic r v ar ia t i o ns i n P n d a Fe cont ent s i n l ake s edi ment s r ef lect h e t change of l ake t rophi c st at us.T h e concent rat i on vari at i on of Fe n d P i a n cor e LH revea ls t hat t he t r ophi c l evel of Longga n Lake has been r isi ng cont i nuousl y si nce 1950.especi al l y si nce t h e 1 980’s. I n sur f ace sedi ment s of core LH .t he concent rat i ons of Mn are obvi ousl y hi gher t ha n i n t h e l ow— er l ayer.T h e enri chment ext ent of Mn i s hi gher t ha n t hat of ot her el ement s l at er si nce h e 1980’s. t
Mn enr ichment i n s ur f ace l k e sedi a ment s i s a gl obal phenomenon a n d i s a lways at t ibut r ed t o oxi da-
t i o n— r e duct i on(Engs t o r m nd a wr i h t,1 g 98 4;Pa ul a nd Ro be r t,2000;Boyl e e t a 1 .,1 999).Unde r n oxi a c condi t i ons.ma n ga n ese may be mobi l i zed i n s edi ment s a n d t r n spor a ted f urt her t o mole pr of un.
da l r e gi o ns(Mor ti me r,1 941,1 942).I n c or e L3,t he c once nt r a t i o ns o f Fe a nd Mn dr oppe d but t hos e o f Cr nd a Cu i ncr ea s ed a f t er t he 1 98 0’s.i mpl yi ng hat t hi hl g y r edo xi c co ndi t i ons a r e de ve l o ped i n wedand.On t he ot her hand.Fe n d Mn wer a e enr iched i n core LH a ft er l at er i n t he 1980’s.The Fe/Mn r ati o of cor e LH show a si gni icant f decr ease si nce t he 1980’s.revea li ng t hat manga n ese i s s el ect i vel y enri ched because i t woul d di ssol ve at hi gher r edox pot ent i l a a n d t end t o r emai n i n s ol u—
t i o ns l ong er ha t n Fe(J o ne s and Bowe r s,1 978).Ano t he r r e as o n f or he t s i g ni ica f nt i ncr ea se o f Mn i n s uf ac e s e di ment s ma y be human a ct i v i t y (t o be di s c us s ed i n t he f ol l owi ng s ec t i o n.) 4.3 Hum an acti vi ies and el t ement concentrat i ons
Huma n ac t i vi t i es i n t he Lo ngg n a Lake r e io g n hav e a g r ea t i mpa ct on t he va r i a t i on t r end o f e l e— ment concent rat i ons i n l k e sedi a ment s. Al umi num i s t hought t o be mai nl y rel at ed t o cl ay mi ner ls a
f r om ad j a ce nt wea t her e d be d r oc ks .Hi he g r enr ichment o f A1 i n l ke a s e di me nt i ndi ca t es t ha t mor e ine・ f rai g ne d c l a y ma t e ia r ls c ome f r om he t be d ocks(Sz r ef e r,1 990;Sz e f er e t 1.,1 a 995).Thi s f e a— t ur e i s of t en used t o i ndi cat e t h e i nt ensi t y of weat h er ing i n t he l ake cat chment a n d cl i mat e cha n ge In t he Longgan L a ke r egi on.t he enri chm ent of Al f ur ther ref lects t he cha n ge of hum a n act i vi t y i nt en—
si t y.Si nce t he 1950’s,t he popul at i on has been enl r ged drast a i ca ll y,excessi ve recl amat i on of l n d a l et s mor e mat eri ls a t o be t r n spor a ted i nt o t h e l k e f a rom t he cat chment . Si nce t h e 1950’s.el ement concent rat i ons have changed s ynchr onousl y i n cores L7.L3 and LH .es peci ll a y t he Al concent ra.
t i ons t h at i ncr ea s ed rapi dl y i n t he mi d 1950’s and remai ned cons t ant or sl i ghdy decr ea s ed s i nce t h e 1980’s due t o t h e s t op of l n d recl a amat i on.On t he cont r ar y.t he concent rat i ons of P have i ncreas ed si nce t he 1980’s because of sl at h er i ng fer ti l i z er s and or ga ni c phos phorus pest i ci des. Two event s of cl earance of rees t on a l ar ge sca le i n 1958 a n d at t he begi nni ng of t he 1980’s l ed t o a si ni g ica f nt i ncrease i n el em ent concent rat i ons i n cores L3 and LH .but t he t i me at whi ch
va l ues appeared i n core LH wa put of i n core L3 ( t o be di s c us s ed i n t he f ol l owi ng s e c t i on). I nt ensi 6cat i on of human act i vi t i es i S r ef lect ed not onl y by t he var i ati on of el ement concent ra— t i ons,but a ls o by t h e var iati on of sedi ment at i on r at es. Sedi ment at i on rates of cor es L7.L3 a n d LH
a r e r el a t i v el y hi h g f r om t he 1 950’s t o t he 1 980’s . I n Longga n L a ke, manga n ese concent rat i ons have i ncrea s ed si gni ica f nt l y i n recent 20 year s.
Besi des t h e chemi cal pr oper ti es of manga n ese ment i oned above,a n ot her expl n at a i on of h e si t s,  ̄ 一 cant i ncr ease of ma n ganese concent rat i ons i s huma n act i vi t y. Gl eyi icat f i on and aci di icat f i on of s oi l caused by huma n act i vi t i es enhanced l eachi ng of Mn f rom soi l,f ol l owi ng by t h e i mpact of Mn i nt o h e l t k e.Owi a ng t o economi c devel opment,SO2 emi ssi on due t o combust i on of coal,i ncr eases year ,
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bv ve ar(Fu Li xi n e t a 1 .,1 997).I n 1 990 t he me an SO2 e mi s s i o n f o r Anhui Pr ovi nce a nd HCRa B Pr o vi nce i s est i mat ed up t o 6.7 ×10 kg/km :3. 4 ×10 kg/km f 0r t he nei ghbor ing Hubei Prov-
i nc e:and 50.3×1 0 k s/km f or Ji a ngs u Pr ovi nc e(Ra m e t a1 .,1 996).SO2 and NO2 a r e he t t o p t wo a t mos phe ic r pol l ut ant s re a r es pons i bl e or f t he oc cur r e nce o f a ci d r ai n(Ma s on,1992).Soi l i s al ways sens i t i ve t o aci d r ai n,t hough t he soi l sensi t i vi t y has not been meas ur ed.Deposi ti on of mor e S
wi l l a cc el e r a t e he t pr oc es s o f ca t i on exc hange i n s oi l,a nd enhanc e l e ac hi n g o f Mn f r o m s oi l(Kah— kone n and Mahone n,1 993;Li l i eho l m and Fr e a gl e y,1 988).I n t he ca t chme nt of Lo ng ga n Lake he t ma j or c ops r re a ic r e and l o t us.Per ma nent s t o r a ge o f wa t e r ca us es t he g l ey i ic f at i on of s o i l,t hen l e ad— i ng t o t he e nha n cemen t o f l ea c hi n g o f Mn (Xi a ng Wa nhong et 1.,200O). a 4.4 Bufer f uncti on of wet l and to materi al s from the l ake catchment
Mat er ia ls t r ans por ted by r iver s,s uch as heavy met al s,polut ant s,nut ient r s and par ti cl es,ar e deposi t ed part l y i n t he wet land owi ng t o t h e decr eas e of wat er dynami cs,pl nt a abs or pti on a n d geo— chemi ca l react i ons. Hence,wet l n d acts a a s a bufer t o t he mat er ia ls fr om t he l ake cat chment t o h e t
l a ke(Ga y da r dj i ev e t a l 1 996;Roo d e t a 1.,1 995;Ande so r n e t a 1.,2000).Geoc he mi c l r a e — s earch on t h e wet l and shows t hat t he mai n pr o cess of bufer ing t o t h e met al s and nut ient r el ement s
f r o m he t l a ke ca t chment i s el e me nt de pos i t i on wi t h r edo xi c r ea c t i on (Ga ydar dj i e v e t 1.,1 a 996). Hi gh wat er cont ent and l ow oxygen cont ent make t he wet l n d a be i n a reduct i ve condi t i on.I n t hi s si t .
ua t i o n,Eh i s nor ma l l y l o w,t hus f av o ing r he t e xi s t e nce o f S (Ta n ,1 998;St e wa r t a nd Fe r gus on, s 1 994).Me t al el e me nt s ar e,t he r e f or e.ea sy t o c ombi ne wi h t S t o or f m met l a s ul phi des .The met al
s ul phi des a e r r e l at i v el y i ns ol ubl e,r educ i ng t he pot e nt i l f a or emobi r l i z at i on (Bi r c h e t a 1.,1 996). Cr,Cu and Ni lwa a ys c l i ng t o Fe“ a nd Mn o xi des(St e wa r t a nd Fe r gus s on,1 994).Under r e duc — ive condi f t i on.Fe and Mn a r e reduced t o Fe“ and Mn ,a n d t he met al s cli ngi ng t o Fe a n d Mn ox. i des r e relea a s ed t o f or m s ul phi des. St umm et a 1 . demonst r at ed t hat t h e sur f ace of or ga ni c debr is cont ai ns a number of f unct i ona l
gr oups s uch s— a OH n d・ a COOH,whi ch have a hi g h a fi ni t y or f me t ls(St a umm e t a 1 .,1 994).We t - l n d sedi a ment s cont ai n a l ar ge a m ount of aquat i c pl ant debr is,whi ch can pr o mot e met al dep o si t i on
i n t h e wet l n d. a Mat eri ls i a n wet l and wi l l be t r n spor a ted t o t he l ake f inal l y and dep o si t ed t her e.Cr,Cu.Zn a n d Ti a r e di fi cul t t o r emove af t er r edoxi c r eact i on i n t he wet l and.a n d s houl d be car ri ed by s uspensat es n d t a ra n spor ted i nt o h e l t ake.As st at i st i cs dat a show.more t han 98% 0f Ti and Cr n d a 70% 一80%
of Cu and Zn re a no t t r ns a po ted r i n s ol ut i ons,but re a a ds or bed on t he s us pens a t es(Zha ng Hucai .
1997).Mn and Fe a r e lwa a ys t r ans po te r d i n wa t er i n t he or f m of c ol l o i ds or i n s ol ut i ons( Zhang Hu— ca i,1 997).Di fe ent r ra t ns por t or f ms o f el e me nt s ls a o re a bene it f i l a t o t he wet l n d a t o bu fe r s ome e 1 . ement s fr om t h e l ake cat chment. I n t he Longgan Lake cat chment,t he wet la n d exhi bi t ed t hi s bu f er f unct i on as asychr onv i n el e.
ment concent r at i on vari at i on bet ween wet l n d a a n d l ake sedi ment s. Pea k concent r at i ons of Cr.Cu. Zn,Ti a n d ot h er heavy met al s i n cor e L3 emerged ar o und 1957 a n d 1982.r espect i vel y,corr esp o nd. i ng t o t hose i n core LH ar ound 1971 and 1993.It i s a t i me gap of about 11—14 year s.T h e bu f er f unct i on t o Fe and Mn i s not s o r ema rka bl e due t o h ei t r chemi ca l act i vi t y.T h e peak concent rat i ons of
Fe n d Mn i a n t h e wet l n d art a r ri but ed t o huma n act i vi t i es di d not appea r i n l ake sedi ment s I n wet . .
1 n d sedi a ment s,P concent rat i ons t end t o i ncr ea s e dr st a i ca ll y s i nce t h e 1950’s whi l e i n l ake sedi . ment s hi t s t r end emerged i n ea rl y 1960. .
Int ens i ve human act i vi t i es si nce t h e 1950’s,due t o t he i ncrea s e of popul at i on i n t hi s regi on .
have weakened a n d des t royed t h e bu f er f unct i on of wet l and. A compar i son of t he peak concent r a.
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t i ons of el ement s i n l ake sedi ment s wi t h t hose of wet land sedi ment s shows t hat t he l ag t i me becomes s hor t er a n d shor ter wi t h gradual r ecl amat i on of wet l and.
Tempor l a a n d spat i l di a st ri but i on of el ement s i n t h e t hr ee s hor ts of cor es t aken f r om f iver.wet - l n d a a n d l ake a l ong t h e W angl i ng St ream ,Longgan Lake, cl earl y r eveal s t he pr ocess of el ement
t r n sp a or t a n d dep o si t i on i n t he l ake cat chment.efect i vel y r ef lect s t he bufer f uncti on of wet l and t o h e mat t er i ls a f rom l n d t a o l ake.mea n whi l e i t has r ecorded r ea li st i cal l y huma n act i vi ies.Huma t n ac— t i vi t y i s an i mp or t ant f act or l eadi ng t o t he vari at i ons of sedi ment at i on r at es a n d el ement concent r a-
t i ons i n s edi ment s. Mat eri l s a sour ced f rom t he l ake cat chment a r e part l y deposi t ed i n t h e f iver.a n d h en t t r n spor a ted t o t he wet la n d.W i h compl t i cat ed chemi ca l react i ons.part of t he el ement s ar e r e— t ai ned i n t he wet la n d t hat di spl ays t h e bu f er f unct i on of wet l and. Theor et i cal ly. t h e mat er ia ls s our ced f rom t h e cat chment wi l l be brought i nt o t he l ake a n d dep o si t ed t h ere ina f ll y.T h e l g a of vari — af ion i n concent r at i ons of s ome el ement s i n l k e s a edi ment s ef f ect i vel y demonst r at es t h e bu f er f unc—
t i on.meanwhi l e i t r emi nds us t hat we shoul d pay more at t ent i on t o i t when we us e l ake sedi ment s t o i nt er pret envi r onmenta l change a n d huma n act i vi t y. T h e envi r onment l pr a oxy change of l ake sedi — ment s may not b e a lways s ynchr onous,some proxi es may pos t dat e t h e act ua l envi r onment cha n ge or huma n act i vi t y event,na m el y l i nea r a n d nonl i nea r r espons e pr ocesses.
Ander son W . Rat e,Al i st ai r E.Rober t son,and Audrey T. Bor g,2000,Dis t ri but i on of heavy met al s i n nea/ " 一shor e sedi ment s of t l I e
Swa n Ri ve r es t ua r y,wes t e r n Aus t r a l i a[J]:Wat e r,Ai r,a nd Soi l PoHut ion,v.1 24,P. 15 5—1 68. Bi rch,L.,K.W .Ha n seh n ann,a n d R.Ba c hof en,1996,Heav y met al cons er vat i on i n Lake Cadagno sedi ments:his ̄f icM r ecor ds of
nt a op r og en i c e mi s s i o n i n a me r o mi c t i c Al pi ne ake[ L J]:Wa t er Res ea r c h,v. 30,P. 687—69 7. Boyl e,J.F.,N.L. Rose,H.Benni on et a1 .。1999,Envi r onment al i mpl i cat ion i n t he Ji angha n Pl ai n:evi dence f r om l ake sedi ment s
[J]:Wat e r,Ai r,a nd oi S l Pol l ut i o n,v.11 2。P. 21—40. Br e e n,P. F.,1 990,A mas s b al nce a me ho t d f o ra ss es s i ngt he p ot en ia t l ofa rt i ic f i al we t l ndsf a orwa st e wa t e rt r ea t me nt[J]:Wa t erBe - sear ch,v.2 4 ,n.6,P.689—697.
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Fu Li x i n,Hao J i mi ng,Zho u Xuel o ng e t a1 .,1 997,Tr end s o fe ne r g y c ons umpt io n nd a SO2 em is s i on i n e st a e n r Chi na[J]:Chi naEn— v i r o nme nt Sc i e nc e,v.1 7,n. 4,P. 349-352 (i n Chi n es e wi t l I Eng l i s h a bs t r a ct ). Gay da r d j i e v,S.,M.Had j i hr i s t o va,a nd R.Ti c hy,1 996,Opp or t u ni t i e s or f us i n g t wo l o w— co s t me ho t ds or f t r e at ment of me t al beB r i I l g a que ous s t _ r e A i l n¥[ J]:Mi ne r a l s Eng i nee r i ng,v .9。n. 9,P. 947—964.
Hu t c ins,D. h A.a nd K. W.Br nl n d,1 a 998,I r o n— l i it m e d gr o wt h nd a Si /N u pt ake r a t i o i n a c o a st alupwe li ng r e g i me[ J]:Na t ur e,v. 393,P.561—56 4.
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Paul J. Garri s on and R0ber t S.Wakema n ,2000,Use of pal ol e i mnol ogy t o document t he efect of l ake shorel and devel opment on wa-
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