Textiles - IngentaConnect

Textiles B.S. Choudri1*, Yassine Charabi1, Mahad Baawain2, Mushtaque Ahmed3

ABSTRACT: A review of the literature published in 2016

Introduction

on topics relating to the treatment alternatives for

McCarthy (2016) provided an overview of the

wastewater from the textile industries is presented. This

global technical textiles sector. Technical textiles have been

review is divided into the following sections: a brief

defined as textile materials and products manufactured

introduction on the implementation of the Best Available

primarily for their technical and performance properties,

Techniques into textile industry, a review of the more

rather than for their aesthetic or decorative characteristics.

promising

The chapter traces the emergence of technical textiles,

treatment

technologies

distinguished

into

physico-chemical, biological and combined processes.

reviews the textile-processing routes used in their production, and illustrates key applications and end-use

KEYWORDS: biological process, combined process,

sectors. The chapter also addresses the impact of

physico-chemical process, reuse.

globalisation on the sector and examines future growth and developments.

doi: 10.2175/106143017X15023776270502

Qin (2016) offers a general introduction of medical textiles and the technical features they share with other technical textile materials. The four main types of medical textile materials such as healthcare and hygiene products, extracorporeal devices, implantable materials, and nonimplantable materials are described, and their performances and characteristics are outlined. Attempts are

—————————

also made to summarize the applications of many types of

1*Center

textile fibers in a diversified range of medical textile

for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos

University, Sultanate of Oman; e-mail: [email protected]. 2Department

of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of

Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. 3Department

products. Ali and Shavandi (2016) provide an overview of various methods of medical textile performance testing,

of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College

care, and quality assurance that are essential to developing of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.

and manufacturing products or devices with an objective to

1424 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

account for the importance of care and quality assurance of

hybrid hydrolytic nonhydrolytic sol-gel method using

medical textiles. The importance of medical textiles

aliphatic organic acid templates to study the effect of chain

performance testing using appropriate test standards, and

length on their properties. The catalyst prepared by

the validation of results by accredited authorities is

employing long chain acids octanoic acid and palmitic acid

accentuated in this overview. Finally, medical textiles and

had smaller size, narrow pore radius, higher surface area

future trends in this area are also highlighted by the

and showed better photocatalytic activity than the

authors.

commercially available Degussa P25 catalyst for the Raman and Kanmani (2016) provided a review

degradation of methylene blue dye. A new intermediate

the current knowledge of nano zero valent iron (nZVI)

was identified by tandem liquid chromatography mass

technique in the degradation of textile dyes. The

spectrometry studies during the degradation of methylene

application of nZVI on textile dye degradation is receiving

blue solution.

great attention in the recent years because nZVI particles

Khaparde and Acharya

(2016) synthesized

are highly reactive towards the pollutant, less toxic, and

isovalent (Mn, Cd, Cu, Co)-doped-ZnS nanoparticles

economical.

partial

having size vary in between 2 to 5 nm by coprecipitation

mineralization of the textile dye compound was achieved

route. The photocatalytic activity as a function of dopant

and suggest instead of stand alone technique, nZVI can be

concentration and irradiation time is systematically studied.

integrated with other suitable technique to achieve

The rate of de-coloration of dyes is detected by UV-Vis

complete degradation of textile dye.

absorption spectroscopy and organic dye mineralization is

This

review

conclude

that

Lin and Zhao (2016) used the Morishima

confirmed by table of carbon (TOC) study. The

elasticities of substitution (MES) model combined with

photocatalytic activity of Mn-doped ZnS is highest

asymmetric energy prices, trans-log cost function, and

amongst all dopants; however Co as a dopant is found to

other econometric methods to establish a framework to

reduce photocatalytic activity than pure ZnS.

measure the rebound effect in China‫׳‬s textile industry. The

Olteanu et al., (2016) designed effective low cost

empirical results of this paper indicate that the rebound

photoactive adsorbent materials (∼90% efficiency, 0–60

effect for China‫׳‬s textile industry is 20.991%. This reveals

mg L−1 dye loading), under sunlight irradiation, at a very

that energy efficiency improvement is conducive for energy

low content of functional components (0.13% ZnO and

saving to a certain degree. Finally, based on the analysis,

0.02% Au), by incorporating ZnO and Au nanoparticles as

future policy priorities are suggested.

synergistic couple in silica matrix. The tandem Au/ZnO

Physico-Chemical Processes

dispersed into silica matrix formed a Schottky barrier in

Photodegradation.

Bakre

et

al.,

(2016)

this type of structure and thus the band gap energy was

synthesized nano-sized titanium dioxide photocatalysts by

reduced to 2.25 eV and the photocatalytic activity under


visible light irradiation was increased. Further, tandem

recycled (i.e.40% of the total water consumption at

adsorption and photodegradation processes, following a

facility), reducing fresh water demand for washing

first order kinetics, described the path ways and mechanism

operations.

of interaction between dye molecules and materials surface.

consumption and reduction of the cycle time are in favor of

Ozone. Kan et al., (2016) investigated the effect

Further,

energy

saving,

reduced

salt

recycling/reusing the washing/rinsing effluent.

of plasma-induced ozone treatment on the colour fading

In order to improve the color removal of methyl

behaviour of reactive dyed cotton fabric. In this study, a

orange and methylene blue, a flotation method with poly-

cotton fabric was dyed with yellow colour and was then

aluminum chloride (PAC), granular ferric hydroxide

subjected to plasma-induced ozone treatment under

(GFA), alum, ferrous sulfate and also simultaneous

different treatment conditions. The colour fading behaviour

application

of the treated fabric was evaluated by instrumental

UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 was used by Dehghani et al., (2016).

assessment using spectrophotometer and it was found that

Results of this study indicated the effect of flotation

the colour fading effect was controllable with proper

method well with coagulants in combination with advanced

selection of treatment parameters.

oxidation methods on removing and reducing the

Ge et al., (2016) investigated the degradation of

of

an

advanced

oxidation

method

concentration of soluble compounds in water like a color.

methyl orange by ozone in the presence of ferrous and

Wu et al., (2016) investigated the removal of a

persulfate ions in a rotating packed bed. The effects of

typical azo dye named C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) during

various operating parameters such as initial pH, rotational

low pressure ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine oxidation. Study

speed, gas-liquid ratio, ozone inlet concentration and

showed that increasing the free chlorine dose enhanced the

reaction temperature on the degradation rate of methyl

removal efficiency of RR2 and color by UV/chlorine

orange were studied with an aim to optimize the operation

oxidation.

conditions. Results reveal that the degradation rate

nitrobenzene (NB) or benzoic acid (BA) as scavengers

increased with an increase in rotational speed, gas-liquid

showed that radicals (especially radical dot OH) formed

ratio and ozone inlet concentration, and reached a

during UV/chlorine oxidation are important in the RR2

maximum at 25 °C and initial pH 4.

removal. Addition of HCO 3 − and Cl− to the RR2 solution

Advanced Oxidation Processes. Guyer et al., (2016) investigated recyclability and direct reuse of

Further,

experiments

performed

with

did not inhibit the removal of RR2 during UV/chlorine oxidation.

washing/bleaching wastewater from reactive dyeing of

Thiam et al., (2016) compared the performance

cotton fabric through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)

of three electrochemical advanced oxidation processes,

(O 3 , UV-O 3 , O3-H 2 O 2 , and O 3 -H 2 O 2 -UV). This study

namely electro-oxidation with electrogenerated H 2 O 2 (EO–

showed in pad batch washing/rinsing, 100% water could be

H 2 O 2 ), electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF)


for the treatment of aqueous solutions of the food azo dye

reactor. The electrode was made of stainless steel and oxide

Ponceau 4R in an undivided cell with a BDD anode and an

coated

air-diffusion cathode in terms of colour, dye concentration

respectively. This study observed that the electrode

and total organic carbon (TOC) removals. Results showed

Ti/RuO 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 2 effectively degrade the Evans blue dye

that

progressive

effluent and the kinetics of Evans blue dye degradation

decontamination of Ponceau 4R solutions in a real water

follows the pseudo first order kinetics. Further, developed

matrix even without the addition of electrolyte.

dispersion model simulation is compared with experimental

three

methods

allowed

the

Electrochemical Processes. Akbarpour et al., (2016) utilized a coupled photoassisted electrochemical system for degradation of C.I. Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) as a

expanded

titanium

as

cathode

and

anode

value and it is observed that the model matches well with correlation coefficient of 0.98. Khan et al., (2016) developed a novel, non-toxic

mode.

ecofriendly procedure for the green synthesis of silver nano

active

particle (AgNPs) using Caruluma edulis (C. edulis) extract

titanium/ruthenium oxide (Ti/RuO 2 ) anode and O 2 -

act as reductant as well as stabilizer agents. Results showed

diffusion cathode with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Results

the AgNP modified electrode (GC/AgNPs) exhibited an

of

function

excellent electro-catalytic activity toward the redox

demonstrated that the experimental data were fitted

reaction of phenolic compounds. Further, the AgNPs were

appropriately by all of the proposed models with an

evaluated for electrochemical degradation of bromothymol

adequate accuracy. Moreover, analysis of variance results

blue (BTB) dyes which showed a significant activity. It was

showed that there is no significant discrepancy among the

concluded that AgNPs showed potential applications in the

predicted values of the three proposed models.

field of electro chemistry, sensor, catalyst, nano-devices

cationic azomethine dye Experiments

were

comparison

Karthik

under recirculation

carried

out

according

et

al.,

to

by

the

(2016)

utilizing

errors

repoted

a

facile,

and medical.

reproducible and effortless biological synthesis of silver

Coagulation-Flocculation. Li et al., (2016)

nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) utilizing Cerasus serrulata (C.

studied the application of magnesium hydroxide as a

serrulata) leaves extract as reducing as well as stabilizing

coagulant for treating reactive dyes wastewater assisted

agent. Results showed that the Ag-NPs obtained using C.

with kaolin. The experiments showed that the higher

serrulata exhibited excellent catalytic activity towards

flocculation index value of the system, the higher reactive

reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) to 4-aminophenol in the

dyes removal efficiency was obtained. Floc image showed

presence

that average floc size of reactive red (X-3B) is smaller than

of

NaBH4

and

demonstrate

noteworthy

electrochemical performance for 4-NPh reduction. Vijayakumar et al., (2016) investigated to treat

that of reactive yellow (X-R). Based on the changes of zeta potential and floc properties, charge neutralization and

Evans blue dye effluent using tubular electrochemical 1427 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

precipitate enmeshment authors have proposed to the main

Fe3+ with BPC-g-PAM achieves the best coagulation–

coagulation mechanisms.

flocculation performance.

Menkiti and Ejimofor (2016) investigated the

Membrane. Lin et al., (2016) proposed tight

potentials of Achatinoidea shell extract (ASE) as a

ultrafiltration membrane (UH004, Microdyn-Nadir) to

coagulant for the pretreatment of paint wastewater. ASE

fractionate the dye and Na 2 SO 4 in the textile wastewater.

preparation was adapted from the modified method of

Results showed that the UH004 membrane with a

Fernandez-Kim, with effective deacetylation of precursor

molecular weight cutoff of 4700 Da provided complete

by NaOH at 65 °C for 2 h. Results of this study indicated

passage of monovalent salts, with little rejection of

the process followed second order reaction with rate

Na 2 SO 4 . Further, results clearly demonstrate that tight

constant of 0.0001 (l/g.s) and period of 7.432 s. Optimum

ultrafiltration membranes can be a stand-alone alternative

performance of 99.22% was recorded at pH 4, 4 g/l dosage

to nanofiltration membranes for the effective fractionation

and 45 °C.

of dye and Na 2 SO 4 in the direct treatment of high-salinity

Han et al., (2016) reported a novel combination of

forward

osmosis

(FO)

process

with

textile wastewater. Mokhtar

et

al.,

(2016)

demonstrated

the

coagulation/flocculation (CF) has been experimentally

feasibility

conceived for the treatment and reuse of textile wastewater.

distillation

Resutls showed that the FO–CF hybrid system exhibits

wastewater for clean water production. Experimental

unique advantages of high water flux and recovery rate,

results showed that the in-house fabricated polyvinylidene

well controlled membrane fouling, high efficiency, and

fluoride-Cloisite 15A polymer-inorganic nanocomposite

minimal environmental impact. Authors concluded that the

membrane is robust and able to treat the industrial effluent

newly developed FO–CF hybrid process may open up new

by reducing at least 89% of the initial values of the water

exploration of alternative technologies for the effective

quality parameters measured.

treatment and reuse of textile effluents.

improvement on the membrane surface properties is

Zhu et al., (2016) developed the eco-friendly

of

employing

(DCMD)

for

direct treating

contact

membrane

industrial

textile

Authors suggest that

necessary to reduce fouling propensity and other foulants in

flocculation materials to achieve effective removal of

the textile wastewater.

pollutants from the surfactant effluents, the bamboo pulp

Jegatheesan

et

al.,

(2016)

reviewed

the

cellulose from Phyllostachys heterocycla employed as the

application of aerobic and anaerobic Membrane bioreactor

skeleton material to synthesize an eco-friendly bamboo

(MBR) for textile wastewater treatment as well as fouling

pulp

for

and control of fouling in MBR processes. This review has

flocculation. The results showed that the combination of

been found that long sludge retention time increases the

cellulose-g-polyacrylamide

(BPC-g-PAM)

degradation of pollutants by allowing slow growing 1428 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

microorganisms to establish but also contributes to

prepared adsorbent. Adsorption studies were conducted

membrane fouling. Further research aspects of MBR for

using Cd (II) as a model metal and the adsorbent was found

textile wastewater treatment are also considered for

to have ∼17 times higher uptake than the original material.

sustainable operations of the process.

Authors conclude that this study results may thus open a

Luong et al., (2016) developed a pilot-scale

way to make useful heavy metal adsorbents from waste

membrane bioreactor (MBR) in order to run two membrane

textile fibers to serve waste fiber recycling and heavy metal

modules in parallel for the treatment of model textile

treatment purposes.

wastewater (MTDW). In general the results of both

Wasti and Awan (2016) described the synthesis

membrane modules showed very good agreement. This

of modified immobilized activated alumina (MIAA) and its

study contributes to sustainable development in the textile

application for the removal of textile dye from aqueous

industry by improving water quality of treated textile

media. Immobilization was carried out by using the sol-gel

wastewater that helps to reduce fresh water consumption

method while modifications were made during the

and pollutant discharge.

synthesis by adding powder activated alumina. Results

Mondal and De (2016) prepared polysulfone

showed that removal efficiency of Cibacron reactive yellow

based nanofiltration (NF) hollow fibers upto 360 Da cut off

dye with an initial concentration of 400 mg/L was greater

by interfacial polymerization of meta-phenylenediamine

than 90% for 90 min contact time. Further, Langmuir and

and trimesoyl chloride. Hollow fibers were characterized in

Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applied which fitted

terms of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy,

the data with an R2 value of 0.99.

permeability, molecular weight cut off (MWCO), pore size

Vuono et al., (2016) studied the application of

distribution and surface zeta potential. A textile effluent

multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the adsorption of

containing four reactive dyes and salt was successfully

dyes from wastewater. Textile dyes are dangerous and

treated by this hollow fiber. A completely predictive steady

diffused pollutant in wastewater, and the results confirmed

state multicomponent model was developed to quantify the

the good adsorption ability of CNTs, with respect to classic

system performance.

active carbon, even for different dye types. The effect of

Adsorption. Bediako et al., (2016) developed

surface treatments of CNTs was primarily investigated,

low-cost renewable adsorbent from waste textile Lyocell

revealing that neither the presence of residual catalyst nor

via simple carboxymethylation and crosslinking reactions.

common surface treatment (oxidation) affects the CNT's

Results of this study showed factors such as sodium

performances.

chloroacetate

concentration

and

temperature

in

Hoa

et

al.,

(2016)

prepared

hierarchical

carboxymethylation and epichlorohydrin concentration for

mesoporous graphene@Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan hybrids by a one-

crosslinking, significantly affected the performance of the

step facile solvothermal method.

Scanning electron


microscopyand transmission electron microscopy pictures

Birajdar and Lee (2016) developed a novel

showed that the Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan nanoparticles were well

triggering mechanism (uncorking) that combines sonication

dispersed on the graphene matrix. The incorporation of

triggering and seamless stable encapsulation. Core-shell

Fe 3 O 4 in the nanocomposite was confirmed by FT-IR and

nanofibers were chosen as encapsulation systems and silica

XRD. The composite exhibited rapid adsorption, high

nanoparticles as corks on the surfaces of the nanofibers.

capacity, and easy separation and reuse owing to the

Successful uncorking triggered zero-order release from the

mesoporous

and

core of the nanofibers. Uncorking left nanocraters on the

Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan nanoparticles, as well as to the magnetic

surface that acted as diffusion paths for release. Authors

property of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.

concluded this novel uncorking strategy for release will

nature

of

graphene

sheets

Chaudhary et al., (2016) studied characterization and nanoadsorbent application of surfactant and ionic

enable smart release control of nanofibers and textiles for various future applications.

liquid functionalized ZnO nanoparticles prepared by

Petkova et al., (2016) reported a simultaneous

microwave based synthetic method. The synthesized

sonochemical/enzymatic process for durable antibacterial

material was characterized in detail which revealed that the

coating of cotton with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs).

nanoparticles are well-crystalline, exhibiting superior

The study showed NPs-coated cotton fabrics inhibited the

optical properties with good adsorption tendency. The

growth of the medically relevant Staphylococcus aureus

absorption ability of ZnO nanoparticles has further checked

and Escherichia coli respectively by 67% and 100%. The

in spiked water samples from different sources. The

antibacterial efficiency of these textile materials resisted

recovery, utility in real samples and reusability of the

the intensive laundry regimes used in hospitals, though

adsorbent and adsorbate has made the treatment more

only 33% of the initially deposited NPs remained firmly

economical and applicable for industrial applications.

fixed onto the fabrics after multiple washings.

Sonication. Soltani and Safari (2016) evaluated

Foam Separation. Wang et al., (2016) developed

pulsed sonocatalysis of real textile wastewater in the

superhydrophobic cotton textile for oil/water separation

presence

surface

based on the formation of fly ash coating and subsequent

methodologically on the basis of central composite design.

hydrophobization. This study showed the as-prepared

According to preliminary results, the application of pulse

textile can effectively separate a series of oil/water

mode of sonication, together with the addition of periodate

mixtures with high separation efficiency up to 97.3%.

ions, produced the greatest sonocatalytic activity and

Furthermore, the obtained textile can be used under acidic,

consequently, the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD)

alkaline, salty, and ultraviolet irradiation conditions.

removal efficiency (73.95%) among all the assessed

Authors conclude that the as-prepared textile may be a

of

periodate

ions

response

options. 1430 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation

promising candidate for the separation of oil/water

approach and a set of selected eco-efficiency indicators.

mixtures.

The environmental performance of the system is evaluated Onder et al., (2016) prepared rigid poly lactic

through the relevant midpoint environmental impact

acid (PLA) foams by thermally induced phase separation

categories.The

analysis

revealed

that

the

major

followed by solvent exchange and vacuum drying. A novel

environmental problems of the textile industry in the Italy

tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water solvent system was used for

are freshwater resource depletion, as well as human toxicity

the induction of liquid-liquid phase separation of PLA

and ecotoxicity.

solution at three different temperatures. Results showed

Tiuc et al., (2016) presented an experimental

that degree of porosity and the morphology of the pores,

study on acoustic properties improvement of rigid

such as the pore size and shape could be controlled by

polyurethane closed-cell foam, by incorporating various

tuning the fabrication parameters.

quantities of textile waste into the matrix. In order to obtain

Various. Barbero-Barrera et al., (2016) presented

a homogenous, easy to handle material, an optimal percent

the results of the research conducted to use textile fibre

of 10-50% textile waste was used.This stdy showed that

waste in boards. The study revealed that textile fibre were

composite materials obtained have better sound absorption

bindered with the minimum hydraulic lime in order to

properties compared to rigid polyurethane foam. The noise

reduce its environmental impact in comparison to other

reduction coefficient (NRC) of the composite material with

boards, while preserving its mechanical and physical

40% textile waste and 60% rigid polyurethane foam was

requirements for the purpose.

twice as high as the 100% rigid polyurethane material.

Borges et al., (2016) reported a green and

Biological Processes

efficient procedure for extraction of the dyes Malachite

Enzymes. Singh (2016) highlighted in a study

Green (MG), Methylene Blue (MB), and Reactive Red 195

on the role of Aspergillus enzymes in the textile industry,

(RR) using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The

focusing on major investigations carried out till now and,

method was applied to the recovery of these dyes from a

the importance of future work in the related area to fully

textile effluent sample, resulting in values of K of 1.17 ×

tap the potential of Aspergillus as a source of enzymes for

104, 724.1, and 3.98 × 104 for MG, MB, and RR,

large-scale application in the textile industry. Author

respectively.

ATPS

concluded that Aspergillus is considered to be one of the

methodology provided a high degree of color removal

most important and promising microbial sources of

(96.5–97.95%) from the textile effluent.

industrial enzymes and its application in the textile industry

Authors

concluded

that

the

Angelis-Dimakis et al., (2016) briefly presented a

thus, is no different.

eco-efficiency

Vats and Mishra (2016) developed a cost

assessment of water-use systems, using a life-cycle oriented

effective and environment friendly approach to treat dyes

methodological

framework

for

the


using enzymes from ligninolytic fungi and agro-waste as

recent years biochemical studies on bacterial enzymes

cultivation substrate. Three different agro-waste, wheat

capable of lignin modification have intensified.

bran (WB), wheat straw (WS) and orange peel (OP) were

Asgher et al., (2016) studied Schizophyllum

investigated as substrates for solid state cultivation of white

commune, a white rot basidiomycete for ligninolytic

rot fungus, Cyathus bulleri and respective culture filtrates

enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and

were examined for extracellular enzymes such as

laccase) production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) of rice

peroxidases, and laccases. Results indicated that the WB

straw. Results of this study suggested that lignocellulosic

culture filtrate showed maximum decolorization efficiency

waste could be utilized as low-cost substrate for the

(70–85%) followed by OP (60–75%) and WS (40–60%).

production of enzymes which play significant role in many

Chiong et al., (2016) investigated the potential

industrial and biotechnological sectors.

use of soybean peroxidase and Luffa acutangula (luffa)

Yeasts. Mahmoud (2016) evaluated baker’s yeast

peroxidase, extracted from bio-wastes of soybean hulls and

strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for its ability to

luffa skin peels respectively, for enzymatic degradation of

decolorize a synthetic dye aqueous solution and real

azo dye methyl orange from liquid effluents. This study

industry effluent from Giza spinning and weaving

showed Soybean peroxidase demonstrated a maximum dye

company, Giza, Egypt. Isothermal models were applied to

decolourisation efficiency of 81.4% under the conditions of

evaluate differences in the biosorption rates and uptakes of

1 h incubation at 30 °C using 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide,

textile dye with a high degree of correlation coefficients in

0.5 mL crude soybean peroxidase and 30 mg L−1 methyl

case of Freundlich’s isothermal model (R2 = 0.947). At the

orange at pH 5.0. Also, luffa peroxidase yielded a

end of the experiments, the treatment with Baker’s yeast

maximum decolourisation efficiency of 75.3% under the

strain could reduce color absorbance and chemical oxygen

conditions of 40 min at 40 °C.

demand value of real textile wastewater by 100% and

Gonzalo et al., (2016) provided an overview of

61.82%, respectively.

recent advances in the identification and use of bacterial

Holkar et al., (2016) presented different treatment

enzymes acting on lignin or lignin-derived products.

methods to treat the textile wastewater have been presented

Authors concluded that lignin provides strength and rigidity

along with cost per unit volume of treated water. Treatment

to plants and is rather resilient towards degradation. Further

methods discussed in this paper involve oxidation methods

highlighted that to improve the (bio) processing of

(cavitation, photocatalytic oxidation, ozone, H 2 O 2 , fentons

lignocellulosic feedstocks, more effective degradation

process), physical methods (adsorption and filtration),

methods of lignin are in demand. While such enzymes have

biological methods (fungi, algae, bacteria, microbial fuel

been well thoroughly studied for ligninolytic fungi, only in

cell). This review article will also recommend the possible


remedial measures to treat different types of effluent

freshwater fungi for the treatment of dye-containing

generated from each textile operation.

effluents. the

Manai et al., (2016) investigated the treatment of

characterization of the first methylotrophic yeast with dye

an industrial textile effluent (ITE) by using a mono-culture

decolorizing ability, Candida boidinii MM 4035 and some

of a novel fungal strain Chaetomium globosum IMA1. This

insights into its decoloration mechanism. The analysis of

study showed the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and

two selected media revealed a possible two stages

colors (OD 620 ) removal yields reached 88.4% and 99.8%,

mechanism of Reactive Black 5 decoloration. This study

respectively. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy

showed that manganese dependent peroxidase but not

(FTIR) analysis of the treated effluent showed that the

laccase activity could be detected during decoloration.

decolourization was due to the degradation and the

Aromatic amines do not accumulate in culture media,

transformation

supporting an oxidative decoloration mechanism of

spectrophotometric examination showed that the complete

unknown ecophysiological relevance.

dye removal was through fungal adsorption (8%), followed

Martorell

et

al.,

(2016)

reported

Fungi or Fungal Processes. Deveci et al., (2016)

of

dye

molecules.

However,

by degradation (92%).

and

El-Rahim et al., (2016) focused a study on the

semiconductor photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) in

high cell density cultivation of the fungal strains identified

order

integrated fungal

as potential bioremediation agents. The growth of the

biodegradation and photocatalytic degradation of textile

fungal strains was tested on the sucrose medium in 7 liter

wastewater from reactive washing processes. The study

fermenter. Results of this study indicate that the dry weight

was found that color removal and chemical oxygen demand

accumulated by strains grown on molasses was better than

(COD) reduction efficiencies were 88% and 53% for

those of strains grown on sucrose. Fungal strain had the

photocatalytic degradation, respectively.

highest biomass dry weight accumulation. The study shows

used

strains

fungal

membrane

bioreactor

to test the efficiency of

(FMBR)

Yang et al., (2016) screened freshwater fungal

that the molasses as cheaper sugar sources were better than

isolated

sucrose for growing fungal biomass.

from

submerged

woods

for

the

decolorization of 7 synthetic dyes. Subsequently, 13

Bacteria or Bacterial Processes. Ito et al.,

isolates with high decolorization capability were assessed

(2016) evaluated to assess undetectable dyes and

in a liquid system; they belonged to 9 different fungal

byproducts in river sediments with the help of river

species. Several strains exhibited a highly effective

sediment bacteria to degrade dyes and aromatic amines.

decolorization of multiple types of dyes. These results

This study data strongly suggested that dyes remained in

showed the unexploited and valuable capability of

the river sediment and that aromatic amines were produced even in transparent- and no longer colored–river water, but


these chemicals were degraded by the changing sediment

treatment on health care-associated infection risk and

bacteria. Authors concluded that time-course monitoring of

patient outcomes. Algae. Huang et al., (2016) studied the effects of

the degradation activities of key bacteria thus enables assessment of the fate of dye pollutants in river sediments.

water components (nature organic matters and inorganic

Bhandary et al., (2016) studied the parametric

cations) and pH on the anti-algae efficacy of silver

effect namely the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on

nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Microcystis aeruginosa.

Escherichia coli in removing methylene blue and methyl

Study showed that humic acid decreased the antimicrobial

orange dyes. Analysing the results shows that the Glucose

toxicity of AgNPs on M. aeruginosa while calcium and

and ammonium sulphate are proven to be the best carbon

magnesium ions enhanced toxicity. It is concluded that the

and nitrogen sources respectively, with some usage pause

dominating mode of action of the AgNPs may occur

on the maintenance of experimental conditions. The dye

through direct contact of AgNPs particles with algae cells

removal

rather than through toxicity effects from the silver ion.

performances

were

strongly

affected

by

Nautiyal et al., (2016) presented a study on

parameters such as initial concentration, pH, inoculum

utilization of the residual biomass (DB) of Spirulina

volume, temperature, carbon source and nitrogen source. Avila-Barba et al., (2016) studied cellulose

platensis algae, left after in-situ transesterification, for

producing microorganisms and to evaluate them in a wide

biochar preparation. The biochar (BC) prepared was

range of temperatures. For this purpose, a screening for

examined for its capacity to adsorb congo red dye from the

bacterial strains capable to degrade carboxymethyl-

aqueous solution. The results were compared with other

cellulose was performed, using decaying wood as a source

adsorbents used in the study such as commercial activated

for isolation. Results of this study results indicated the

carbon (AC), original algae biomass (AB) and residual

suitability of this strain as a proper cellulolytic agent for

biomass (DB). Further, the results of proximate analysis of

biotechnological applications in textile industries.

BC showed the decrease in the percentage of volatile

Openshaw antimicrobial

et

al.,

effectiveness

(2016) of

a

evaluated

silverbased

the

textile

matter and an increase in fixed carbon content compared to DB.

treatment (SilvaClean) that treats textiles with ionic silver

Jemec et al., (2016) investigated the ingestion

after each washing. Results of this study showed treating

and effects of ground polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

hospital patient textiles with ionic silver after each washing

textile

results in a significant decrease in microbial contamination.

crustacean Daphnia magna after a 48 h exposure and

However, it is concluded that further study is needed to

subsequent 24 h of recovery in microplastic fibers (MP)

better understand the role textiles play in hospital-acquired

free medium and algae. Study showed that regardless of the

infections and to quantify the influence of silver textile

feeding regime, daphnids were not able to recover from MP

microfibers

on

the

freshwater

zooplankton


exposure after additional 24 h incubation period in a MP

removed by combined method. It is concluded that plenty

free medium with algae. The uptake and effects of PET

of large and complicated molecule structures had

textile MP on D. magna are presented first time in this

transformed into small and simple molecule structures. Aslanidou et al., (2016) optimized a tuneable

paper. Combined Processes. Liang et al., (2016)

green process of textile cleaning and the cleaning is

reported a combined technique of ultrasound (US) with

achieved with supercritical carbon dioxide and an aqueous

potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) degradation of aromatic

suspension as co-solvent. Results showed that the

amines in a textile-dyeing sludge. The reaction mechanisms

optimized process has been successfully applied on textiles

and the degradation kinetics of aromatic amines at various

infected with Aspergillus Niger fungi. The combination of

operating parameters were systematically examined by the

the exposure of the textile in a Ca(OH) 2 aqueous dispersion

combined system of US-KMnO 4 . The results indicated that

and the exposure in scCO 2 and CaCO 3 particles produced

there was a synergistic effect between US and KMnO 4 , as

in situ leads to textiles disinfection.

US greatly enhanced KMnO 4 in the degradation of aromatic

amines

and

exhibited

apparent

sludge

disintegration and separated pollutants from the sludge.

Aravind et al., (2016) reported an integrated treatment method viz biodegradation followed by photoassisted electrooxidation, as a new approach, for the

Lin et al., (2016) conducted a study too establish

abatement of textile wastewater. In the first stage of the

an efficient oxidation process for the degradation of

integrated treatment scheme, the chemical oxygen demand

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in textile dyeing

(COD) of the real textile effluent was reduced by a

sludge, the effects of various operating parameters were

biodegradation process using hydrogels of cellulose-

optimized during the ultrasound process, Fenton process

degrading Bacillus cereus. The obtained results indicated

and the combined ultrasound-Fenton process. The results

that the biological treatment allows obtaining a 93% of

showed that the ultrasonic density of 1.80 w/cm3, both

cellulose degradation and 47% of COD removal.

H 2 O 2 and Fe2+ dosages of 140 mmol/L and pH 3 were

Future of the Topic. The concept of clothing remains the

favorable conditions for the degradation of PAHs.

same for the past centuries, textiles are still attached to old

Hong et al., (2016) repoted a highly efficient

ways of thinking materials and dated methods of

ultraviolet

production and application revealing reluctance to dramatic

photolysis, ultrasound radiation and O 3 that was built to

changes and radical innovation within the sector. There has

treat bio-treated textile wastewater. This study showed

been always a demand and need for developing innovative

most abundant fluorescence portion in bio-treated textile

technologies and tools for management of textile wastes.

wastewater was tryptophan-like, and simple aromatic

The future review would involve topics related to treatment

protein-like and humic acid-like were relatively readily

alternatives for wastewater, best available techniques into

mult-oxidation

system

combined

with


textile industry, providing an overview of more promising treatment

technologies

distinguished

into

physico-

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