Textual Data Mining of Service Center Call Records Pang-Ning Tan
Hannah Blau
Department of Computer Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455
Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003-4610
[email protected]
[email protected]
Steve Harp and Robert Goldman Honeywell Technology Center 3660 Technology Drive Minneapolis, MN 55418
steve.a.harp,robert.goldman @honeywell.com
WPOJ?B*46 78"6"62"@- `*A ?B*46 7p/00:(>E-`"x7F?
ABSTRACT !#"$%'&)(+*,- ./01 2"- 3
: "6 -*I:!6SC.DE% d" v78"60O+"- "6 -$>78"-
( 1*4(5 *46 78"6 *, -79"2"-:"- 1 ;"6;)2"- .:!-=0?
T 2$:!6?B*46 78"68"6Nt*, ?B*,- 7"2"+" =""6''"6: C
*,- 78"@"- *A ?B/0;( F t*, ?B*4- 7w%/>C6 !- 2"1?
P7J *, -7V78"-2 W "6 '3)X%"-Y2'&0( E> 1 3Y*,-
3:!-vO>! E-*M *46 78"6 v 0x;"62"x7J 3@2"- 1]8>?
*A ?B*46 7Z/0[QR *46 78"6 Y 1 -"-AX%CG\;-"-J]0T 3-
N"6 I-( I( 2"6N>'3_6*c[>78"6'a>:(I"6 1J' "6 1
> 1^ 1O_% -3 "^`:!8>^ !_ J:!-_ 1"6 2
`7J />PLO@6*!E> :'7oCcLx K %^ET/"-7J
" "- :(>M O> 7J aN"6S"6"36 bE- c ( S - 2> c-?
"2"-:"- 1W - 2> E)2"6' 3@:!-JLO>! G-*M"2"[*A 7p"@hW>?
2"6 38:!-d]> I-*e"2"8"6 @ 'MA"6%]0 3>CWf>! ( [ 1(%+"- x 1 :(>
Y/01 2"-%[ *46 78"6 i"-:!-(H%/!= @6*E>Pjk )
-01 -; O> 7J T"6(-78"6 o-"- ^ T 1 1- ICm+dE
]0 N> E-*S 1 0 ; &)( CGl;( 3^"6aE"- E@ EW)O>!-?
) = =3^"6' 3Y' 1 3) H"6:!(IxN"( @-*e> : 7J
1 M"6S 6 !- 2"6 3W *,- 78"'-[*, 7m*, ?B/0S!%d- H-*G> jk% );]0 N> W6*G 1% >
> >'>T"H:!1 e"63- b" Y-*! 1T - 2> n0' G"- 1
&)( C
:!%1 o> d6*. o6* 1 0'+"6'RCpLq(> - ]!MFN"^ 03- 2"6i*4"( F%/>1 2"6 +"-N. ( 3
f>% > ;) WP 6 `E('d '];J% 7J WT"6TLO>!
%'&)( T*, -7r *,- 78"'-o 1 -"-MTP='"- 1 1P! 1 ^GI 1 0 ;Q4T - 5 c7J"?
3-- P7J @*, -7s78"-2 F " 3= t6 2 @="36 'bY
1( 8 J 7J e-*S"- N*A &)(OJ"6NJ"- k>( 2"6 -!X%CK\mP %?
)O>: 'u5]0T 3WT %"6 7J- 5/>!? 1 ^x 0( W8 1(!- 1W H6H(3SP 6 HN"6 W
Categories and Subject Descriptors hxC y0C z{ |v}~}M}N}NM}N
i>a~%a["2"-:"- 1E\I' " L @-Y4,0
]0qTN"T78"-]^ 7p/>! 1 ^I_2) 1@"6o"6 - '"6 6 1 ^x"- -SCT\T H 1["6 1 H>(HJ"6 2>E"6 [*R"6 '(> !)- PO0?B` P1F>)(7J)2"'-S6 2"6''"'-J -: 7J c6 K>? x)(7J) c 0>( :)Ou'"6 3i- 3"- b" CL v> 6LIEi^'-!q"- "6(-78"6 x%'&)(H*46 H/01 2"6 3J( 1%*4(M'>*46 78"6 =*, -7 "62"6:N"- 1 MN"S)2"- @:!-H?B*46 78"6a"-;*, %?%/>a C \ET> 1)7J- I-*5W%'&)( T>^ -!d dH"6 "F6* "62"J7J 3F"-No >*4- 78" = 1 -"-c" _> 1 3d8N"->?
:(> F FT3- ^- Cel;( G3"-! ex>^ F"@A"6 ? 1P( Ce6 `/"-7J a{ 6S^'-! "v O> 7d"6(-78"6 "- PO."63- bJ >?7J 3878"6'K7J ? "-3- o"v"+"- H) 8 q- 2% Y+'7J> ^o( 7J Y" C h;^ SO.( 1+ O *A ?B*46 7 78"- G7J 1 "-3 xoA"6 ? 1P*,Od"-
8')id-*;o)¡.Pjk )J"63-- CUDE "-( 2"6 6*`P x O> 7¢-"6 +:!%LEty-y£¢(. ¤-¥£Y !N>'3`[K'"6 1 1 *46 78"6
1 -"-S"-v78"-2 H "6 '3J 0_"_^S7J0Y6*5"? 36 b 3_)O>: '_?B*46 78"6"-NJ*, ?B/0 CGl;( G P'" 1( T 1(33 I"6T - !- 2" 3F*, ?B/0T'>*46 78"6 v"- !-0'"6'POv N(H:!1% WA"6 1 1P "-e( ncN"- 3o7J7J. 1!
3=7J 2"-]^
QBc 3(>
X%CHH ["6i6j!?' i78"6'u7J!6?
]0T >3 >' 16 1O O 7oE- 1 36*
(>? "-+E6 2 1 P nE 1(: P( 3=-7J7J%/> 1 1
) GS"2"`/01 2"- a6 > ) 1 1 3W"-x"62"`7J 3`7J00?
TPo]^O0- 2 [QR 1(%d"- E '"- 3
( CGDEH*4( -N"- PLOv-*K"-2d7J0( H ;> 1 :!v:!'[C
> 1 )X%aC;DE H =E"- H 7J 7J0vTPi"8 1;-*G>?
y-z0C -z>C 0C YTPLu"0?
^ 1 -. (' [ 1!P*,O> 3Y_"61 ;d )-]o*4- @TP
2.1 Data Extraction \EWxh;O0E Kf0 0 0% M"6 c &)( I*4- H( -7J
1(!6 1T"6 I - 2>8'v"@"- !1 2"-2]0'3F"62"-:"- 1CeDE; *,- 1? 78" - t _"62"6:N"6 1v-)2"- F:!60?*,- 78" "6NH-"6 '"-: ?B*4- 78"EQ4*A ?B/0%X'YW"- 1-> 0(%`L_>( 7J E'>*46 78"6? -+"6N=F"67J(0W-*G 7J 1!)H8 1-'_x -: 7oC DE 18 [([W-?B)
*, ?B/0; 5 O> 7( 1 cTP? 1"-E2N" 2"-% K"- K%?
7J % c*4- G"T]^aC5DE` ">"6)2"-3-* 57J0@ cN"6
#"-> 1 eC X%e"6
7_(P ?B- 2+ 2"- 1 dQ L 10(>_>T
: -]^.(i')v 1N" 2"6F] CF+ >(F 1 PLO.-* `> : 7:)OJ')P*,O> 3x;7J- `-7J7JFE6 2v 2"- 1 "- A"6 3H7#TP8"H 1'3 T />'"-(PG(> '3;E%/> -> 1 o aC
6*e"-v(> C
DE% 7
DE=*, ?B/0Y'td"6 1C"-( 1v _ 1 aCt6 F/"67J K 17J86*Wv>?
e3 1
1% '> 78"Od-)2"- .f>"- 1o/0N*,
E :)Oo"6 1 2"6 1'"6 -=-*5W/0C
d"- P?B1 2"-2]> 3"62"6:N"6 1C
#"6 1P .+]^ 0u(J"-NN" 2"-7J N"67J Y' v( 1$> '3(' 1m:!Eq]^O0E6 2 v"-N>? ]^O0- 2 I"6!" '38'oH*, %?%/>T Y = P?
'"6'PO='>) 78"6'=%/!% 1 CWl;( ;"62"
u 1 > Ho/0?
%/>1 2"6 7J0>( _ @ 7J 7J)oTPtf
1 2"6Y= 7J!- 12"60J 3 *4(> 1 J> ) 1 ? 3J NT 2= (N>@0^ 1 -oJ' H"6 1! -0- 2
c - 1 @ 1( _ / -N Y:!Eu= 7J7JtE6 2 v"-$]^O0E6 2 C 6 /"-7J cF- 2!#"%$&$ 'T ':!Y 7J7J )(+*,.-0/5c" 0>(x"-7JST
8J 7J7J=E6 2i*46 21 #34H78"O.>? N @TP+J 0(_2 - CS\I "Y 1(PcJN"^Fo'0P*AO
7J-"-RM 1!' 3=2%]!M"-N. 7J7J 38TP
2.2 Preprocessing and Feature Selection DSxA"6 1 1P*,OJT"6 1I - 2> 0"-2J - 2F"- e[:!W-0^ 1 ."=^%- '"o*,"6(> v 1"-Ci6 _8>?B*46 78"6@ 1(%@"6 M( 7J M"-H 0>(K*,"6(> G 1"-e c> c 2"6 :"- 1vdH*, &)( I-*K% 12"- dE6 2 W"-v> 2"- 1 T*46 7 E*4"( T 1N"6CKDE`'"- 1 1PF7J' 3 O> 7oGv?B*46 78"6_(7J o-"- ( Y-*@ 1-7J=-*[o>?B*,- 78"6J 7J 1
7J-"-`"6'3-- P7
!-0'"6!>N E"6NJP (7_^)KI -: 7
-> 1 . SCDEx 1 -v )_"[*46 7p7J6 1(P2"-: 8*46 F 1(: 1&)()x ) 1 1 3. C.DE ' (N>
7J60 3WP 1 "6)5 1) cTP _e*, %?%/>5 3@u ( [T%/>
-:( c2'&)( SIN"- > :'7J M 1(2x"- 5 1!
3W 1 -
(> [^6 ` 1)2"6 aC
{ 6BCuh;E 7J7J'3=78"Ot 0>(
T%
@CB : 7
E
KE-2"6N0(7:! 5-*a"6 1` - 2> ) 7#*, &0(%O
G5 7 H8 : 0"6NJ>)(7J) F B47Y' @J0(7_:! @6*T"- 1Y 1 N"x>? 2"- H5 7 CKDS 7J +5 7 -*M 1( J )PO8 3-Y 3)T"6 W 2"- v"6 ]^O0- 2 E*,- W 1 98; : CeDE I I"xT'>POd( 1v7J"6 1( o *,- 78"6 -d 1 -"-e{ 6 BC ' eT0(7:! K-*a)(> 1 6*
*, &0(%O
Service Case Records Fixed Format Header “They upgraded Free Text their MX from MXV2 Description to a V4 and it won’t autoboot ( -180 or -18C ) …” “Total Labor Hours = 6.5” Text Preprocessing Learning and Classification Stems, keywords Predictions Dimension Reduction
Clusters, Components
Analyst
A > 7sF 7J x 1 t J> ) 1 1 3. S5v>?
"^ 2"63Y> 1"-xExdJ'"- 1 1P*,O @"6 1
*, &0()`P7J 1ET 'J{ ¤S> !- 1v( 1'3F"6i4
- 2> C
"- d"*4"( E('m "-m
L)1 2"6 )(> "6> ^"-2_E"- e 1' 3-0PO_"- 1 Ce -7#`6 '36?
"6(78"6N"63"6: 8>(7_:! @6*H> 7J 1 C L "k5EY7F?
N"6N78"61 P/-*k*, %?%/>e*4"6( )EI7J(` 1 7J''" O
6; 1 3"-2E- 25 7
3&C34k*R"-%- C
('*)W 2"-;7J"6 1( +C
P '"- PO+ >(F8 7J 1 -N"- PLOi-*`_*4"6( 8 1"-8:)O
:!EY"6%YN"6
E-*M- 2> `( 1 3"-
36 ( 3.3% F A"t 7J CDE J 1 2"63-OtE6 ]0 F:!?
v 1N" 1 CiGO%/ P 3= @ (N"6O)S8>'7J 1 t6*
b >CoF"6 1 1 3"-2t>?b o)1 1Oi +J 1"6 1P?
o*4"( 1N"6 "-$:!o (u7J% =>(N0 Cq+
( -SI 1 ?
3- 2"6aCTc N"- PO)( 1[
3-('"6 H"6'(_>-7J! 1P Qf W@X@{ ¥K-*ex- 3 N"6K78"61 P/
3-PO0?Y ( T6*5E- 2> C
6*W*,"6(> v- _"-+ 7
"!
#2eDE1fvJ"6 1P o@36 2"-= )
'( 3 ( 1 3i"=)O>! 3- 2"6
#2GDEfi{ z>a¡CTf"!;' W"_E'P?
"!
"6 1P '38 1-*,`" !"6' =
6tf Wp"6N 3- 2"6.N"6 1P 3v%'&)( H> ^od:!
]0Tm7J0u*46 7J 1 N"6 O >( m:!"-( 1.Po
jk%'CeDEI 1(P `-*S; 7J 1 -Y >( -vN"- 1Q4
"-N"6: ;6*a/01 2"- 3@7J- 6*SI "6 '0*4"( E6*k`/0
7J%' ?>' 16 +6 Jf ;;?% 'i ( 2X" 87J 1 ^
>)(7J0 S"-; 7J0'3e- 1G> 1)M HG"62"0C ( ?
) 3>) 1 `%O2N" 2"-% 'bT`"- 1 G J";^>78"-?
% '3H( 1 3;
% Ce- I/"-7J > ( T*B¤-¡dQBDc"-:
#2eDE1f[N" 1P'- 3W%'&)(GN"- 5:!_ 1T
!
X-02"6 ` 7J ` 1(2
d 0(J 3- &)(N"6'PO+ ( @7J"6 o1 2"P "-
"- x:N"-0)MS'"62S5"6 11*R"6 Be 16*,1*R"6 Be TP2^ 5 E"-aK(%n
2"6 2 "6"633 -7J 2"6 ^J ( 3d2'&0( H"6Ni\W(6?
1e 7J k!-')aI"T 1!'"-)-01 -^%LE6 ];> 0(%S*4"-7J PO
A"6 1 @{ 0 BCGi{ 0 0N¤B)O>! 3- 2"6 E ; 1 (8( 1 3
N"T*4"( W"-(>78"6 @ TP% 3FF >(N"-)T(P TT
*A &)()TP7J 1 `3-% 2"6d:)O8H\W 6 M"6'3-- P79{ y)
"*4"-
( @N"6 I:!o>kC
$
$
BC
e"-2^ 1/.E-(' 1)F"o 79T
Y"-2t)O!% 3-
(A=6 1 1! Y"F*, &0();P7J 1%CWhWE^% k ; ;6 '"6 KTN"K' c:! 5E"Ox;"- 1 1 3F"-"-> > A"E'3-)e
%$
;)O>! >3CK- ` 2"6-k{ 0 6aN"^I 1(3-3 8( 1 3x
+
DE "6 "-2_`"6 K 1(33- F d{ -BClW K 1 7J '"6 PLOx7J"? 1( I 1(%d"- I 1 [7J"- 1(> ["-d"- 1J:!@">aC
Text conversion
Conversion rules
Tokenization Symbolic terms Name list Term Separation
Irrelevant proper names
Keyword list
Low-frequency terms
Alphabetical strings
keywords Case Conversion
Stopwords removal
Stoplist
Spell check
Stemming
Feature combination
Feature vector construction
, 6
% 1 P1 3>CIDE[(>(>W6*K ;"6 3- P7r W"J 1 =1 @
2.3 Pattern Discovery \I 7J) _" '% -I-*kT78"6'J3-^"6' -*S( e/0G7J'>?
T 2 "-2 ') 7J'"6@0>x- Ix"611 :(>@% 1
3+ O> 7w J+:( 'u".'"- 1 1P( H( 7J% ` 1(!- 1`6 T/>' 3 > 0( C l;(> [/07J '3o O> 79( 1 xF*, ?B*,- 79/0
> 1 -$"6N - 8>?B*,- 78"6x"> F *,- 78"'- > KT G";"- 1` - 2('F:!E 1- ^ 2"6'PO
)(W )
"6 S-( MN"- ^%?L"O^ SA"6 1 1P 6L{ yBC ; ']t' 1 -1 N>( -#"- 3-- P7J "$"- ^tE"O)
K( 1
'"- 1 1P (>?
+TN"^T/>! 7J)xTPJL[ N( ^T "6 '3@7J0>
1 ^Y"-+/>N"6( ^ST
8F*4"( _"6 8 N>!N>)@-*
*,- W:(''>'3_-( I'"- 1 1P -POY 1 W" '"-: n>-)'0((
*(
-"6 '"-:' " 8 1 baCvDE 8" FLd`"O> [= 1 b
'
-0 0(-( `-"6 '"-: CGDE; 2"63[:!%LEvH7J 7_(7p"6N
H' 1 -o1 C
78"6/> 7_(7p-"- ( W"6o:![N" 1P'-o )F&)("- POd 1"-o >?
' H"6 ^@E"O) 1'"-aC
-"- - I 0_') -"- TN"0 3x[ "-7J;>(7_:! E-*5"6 1 C
9>C ¤+"- 36 P7
+d- 1 (Y' 1 -u1 FTP DE`"- 3-- P7
{
% C
:!3- K:)O@ 1A> 3IE)P *,"6(> E 1N"6
"6 G"> 3H` "-7J`A"6 1 '"-:!BCKK_ ( 1 ^PON" 1 -
Y2 1
C ¤."-Nt"- ^vE"O) F"6 F(> F'"6 1 1 Ov78"- TF7J 7J b[ 7J(> Ov(H
"6 ; 30:!6 af>(!- 1
7JP/>o'"6 1 [A"6:! HTP +"8N" 1 ('"6 ; 3 i x*,"6(>
) "-"- '"-:'x"W)1a +6]07JRC !aC "6C (],6> 6L -:]>
1"--C C ¤I( 1 MG *,- 78"'-3"- @ 2"6 H"6 Me P '"I*,-
) "
} A
( %
7J
*B¤-¡
7J' 7J7J 07J7Ja) 1-*A1*R"6'Rk ) %> 78"- Nk >N('>7o 2"23"-') 7JB>S7JS07J7JR0'" 78-7J">> `"6S '3-)N"6A"%a:">>)S0'-7o N"6 11*4"- RN(/0N> > N">^ 1"- !N ]!7J7JN"00-jk% a> *L 1'-7o 2"6%]!P (7J > TP2^ *4( R 1('"-R0k"6 1% 6 1` PN ):N"-2]! S'P 01 0>(0(:a0
- BN>S>- N3a R0O)> >"-]! %- > a 3)N2]0>"6 k>78"6'a>`"O)! '"-3-- N7J> /k 7o0*,78"-R 1 2"- 1'"- N!'3>!>0% )2"6RN( 1]01/k> 1 (7o> S "-7
!
*Rz
1- `TPY 1H'"- 1 1P W"62"6 1I)2"6' Hy0> z ¥J"- 1 I-' %o^ W"F(> 2"6
80
6*E-O^"6 Cx\I:!(@¡¤£g-*G_"- 1 JQR H "-7J XT
70
1 ^dTP =-@-( C+[:('PT[A"6 1 1P >'>.:)O=_N"6 ^JE"O) 1'"6
!
60 Hit Rate (%)
0M7: N" M-*'"- 1 1PA"63-N"-
eOd 1 %'3
0
78"1 P/tQB"-o 11 38@ H6*G)1 IYb )X%kE"-
" ! T %$:! v"-> / 78" '" ! H-:2"- =:0Oo 38[ T H"-N
-:2"6'm"ir78"61 P/
"6 [ &)(N" 1 1C
U"-N##6 1 1! 3xx 178"6 S>'"-3-N"6a-"- ( 8dCtL-( J/>! 7J) 5dN"-t( 1$? !>C ;6 (7J
"6TTPo0?*,- 78"I"62"0['"- 1 1P 0([:)O;0? *,- 78"_"62"0Coc 3(> Hd
'( 1 2"6 xFPx 2"=QR-*(*),+-%xX "6N@*R"- 1I"-'" 7ZQBDeO>!E1a 1 - %XM*46 G"- >E'"- 1 1P(Cd Q4H> 0(%`*R"-7J POX%C ( W*4z%0 N 3- 3)d =Dc"6: > W"3)0d*, ?B/0T'P?
30
40
50 60 False Alarm (%)
70
80
90
100
K/"67J'"6 i-*E*4z%v- 2> 1(2q"6 ')-:"-2] > 0(:>HL' W"-6L 3^"`"O C '( ? `*4z¥>"-- `1 (: H N>'"6- ( ` 1-7J; ) 3 7J ^ ^"- *4" C L 1 "12"-2]. L ^( /0? PC CG\q 1; ) 2" 8-*a 1W ( ' "TL:8*46 A(*),+-%xX;"6 1 C
1T TPTN"6 T"'"6 3-[ !6 1 o6*57J( E6 ]8% 7J
-78"- Y/>! 1 CGl;( E 1(P ` N ";q; P'"-S"- 1 17F?
:POY"6o:![ 1 3P
'
'>*46 78"6 ="6:!(>`H 1 (( H6*cH78"6 vN"T
%/>; H ?
DM"-:
20
"- x-*` -3% vQ
- !- 2"aC
( 1 3t:!-q"> d"-Nu ( d"2">C¦DE. " '(
10
,/. 10 " 2 3 4 %-5687 4 9
% : ; =< > / (
@?>
^"- +"6x 8 x 17J8 7J ^7J)[ J >'%' "6(> 2"-O 6*E'"- 1 1P 8-78"- />! 1J N> "6YN"6
[ ( 3d> >'> H( 1%*4(K *,- 78"'-"6:!(@A"6 1 1 @-* 1 0 Y"- RCiDE _ *,- 78"'-(At:!8( 1P x '7F?
} ,
6 # %4 , 2 -
@ : ;
(
+ > 5>1 E D M
+* ,& =1HJI * & Q =1HJI
-.& ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@
! /01& A% ?@ A% ?@ ?@
> ^;"-N> '36*c 1 0 H"-
6 ` 7J ^I 0>( ;QB"-N
"$#% & 2!'436587:9 BC+D E KC+D B ENO+D O ML+D E ENB+D L
L/> 3x:)Ov'")W 178"-) "-N"6PO 1 C@stTn&%N% $ Tb`[!h3I* H3 &2#" -0, T" %3 u' `T & -2`T &2J6RUT-9, " #%3 " %3 N QB¥^X% $ Z^ ¡0 $ $%> C
DE 1" %Y('8 J 1 0 ;0% G@')P*,OJ"- 1;"61? 1% > ;) E"6-T"6(78" "- POY"-"-PO>b;T 2YO>! 6*
E"6 1
VRC@" 1O W"6N !C[(78"6 C%#d(P' )?B`"O 0O>! 36 2"-dN" 1P'- 3>CN\[ & T " 3C3C1640!vTb`[!h3-p i ! h />-T ` 3&3% " 3j-T o342 -9*q0n w-T F-RU-T y4x >*/z NN"63 - .Z 6^z> W lW "- S\x $ $$>C
{ ¡
"- 1 "6 8- 1(7J 3vJ7J- @3- 3o 1(> C
"63-- b"6 -o"-J 1(7J78"6 e 1(28"- GT GW"
( 1 2"J(AFN"-: TT 1 0'I) G[ )"WP e -:?
7r"6 "- a"-dY&0("-)P*,OY[ 1-( W/>!N>d o- 1 " "- CGDE' ` >*4- 78" Y"-8:!;( 1F 1- ^WW(N% O> 3 > :'7J x"6"6 Y3 2"6 3. 1% > 8 &)( F!)- _)(? 7J02" o- "FN"6 1 ('"6 W 0(*4"-( Oo"6 2>E"6 x 1'3-S %C DE@7J0> 36O=^ !v @-('d:!x"- dJ- 1% > _) Cf>-7J_jk6 1HE-(' :! &)(P od""6H "=V>78"6'qQB>Pjk )F"62"6:N"- 18*46 78"6KV"6 )O>7J 2X% :(`H7J0> 36Ov(AY 78"- d(2N"63aC
VRC@" 1O N\@C (@C %!xC[(78"6 "-of!CNf0]0"6 C
{ z
#d(P '^a0O>! 36 2"-dN" 1P'- 3>E\I' " T X[ b& T" 3 31-,0!VTb`H!h3Vp{>!h />T-`3C& 3% " 3jT- ;34'-2*qn0wT-J-RoT-yxR>*/zN"-3- H¤-y-¥Z>¤y > $ k\IN"6 7o E\x $$ ¡0C { $vdCd # )6 `Ch;"-a_C- O)i # C0R; R (@CcRW 1 FC0hH"- 3 cRC@" 1O> " ! C0[(78" >"-vWCd # -:N"- 1 C > 1S-78"- SC>L
:vN"-3-["63- b" ."-Y*4"6( @ 1 %'-=( 1 3
"- 1 1)'"6 - ( @"-NY ' [7J!-)T ( % '3C
y|!h~}eT &0hTgkT-2-2`T &2J-RUT6yS 3"h00T%$T-#34x- 1 ,'02 3%;NH7_:! $$¡0C { #iC c 6 1 C!\Io"- 3-- P7Z*46 I 1( F/Y 1 '3Cc[ &bT &1- Q# X% % Z ^ ¡0 $z%0 C { % vdC ; ( '"-aC / {0]
6[ &T &16 >`T & i " h04 313 &2,0-C #d- 3^"6=@"-(>*478"-S $ $%0 C { y #iC W ( "-7J-a"- c C!f0:N"6 '"-RCNE"O) 1'"-o7J%0 E*,- ')
3)W"2"F"-"-PO> 1 CNL #iC!% 1'o"6NY_Ch;"-a P- 2 - 3 $&$ %3 5x-I* !%$ '0&.
I* 2- &bT1 n " RUT-C f> 3 ; )G- ]! u $$ $>C { VRC!f>"-P="6NvWC W CDM 7F?BE'3-)'3J"- "-2 T "-(-78"6 H/0` 1 -"-RC 2 - `T &2J6RUT-e[ &bT" 34 4)d- 1 i-! % 3 H%3 R!y6> ¤ Z>¤y0> $-zz0C { 6VRC!f>"-P="6N #iC #dNR;
RCG2 - &bT1 n " RUT-iwT T1 3 &% - `T &2J6RUT-$>%3 &% g3 f6!$ C #dNRW 2"`?h;
5)-]2 -7JN"-)O) 2 )G- ]! $z!> C ; L
Acknowledgments DE H %HE-('.-;N"^@:! ! 1 1 :'xTP(>;_"->?
(> 1 Kh;O0? 4R;6 3 (;"67JQ W( `XH"-N!I( 1 ; ('>?
0 8-*T-( '"-78"6 />! 15[P
ShWP?f0!;f> (>'- CKTE-('d"6 1_ ]^;@N"-]
#2eDE1fX%#o"6
'"6Q >C ¤-XY*46 =78"-]0 3"-"- '"-:'.. 1-*AL`" ( 1m m(> %/!% '7J0 C
5.{ (@REFERENCES CN\I3- 2"`"6BND;C7J ' 1]0B"-d\@C!f)`"-7JRC>["2"-:N"6 1
- 3- 1F@- E0-, 3C3&%,0-
7J 3>e"_! 1*,- 78"-[! 1!%'C
S&-% "RUT6VT-XW@0T1Y>$ 3C1 ¤0 $ 1Z $^y-¤0 $ $%>C
(@CN\I3- 2"`"6BND;C7J ' 1]0B"-d\@C!f)`"-7JRC#d 3 "- 1 1)A" = ( T:!Ed 1 T-*KP7J ` o'"6 3- "2"-:"- 1 CL\[ &TN " ] */ , 1- ^% G" 2- #_$ ]+>/ T-`] i-N % 3 H%3 aTb`Wx6-N"-3 ;y0^ ¡Z>y ¥>!"- 1 3- _C W C H f\x $$%0 C { [_C O) #iCcR;'R @ ( CcRW - 1 ` Ch;"-S>FChH"6 '3 { y
RC@"6 1O> %!C[(78"6 >IC #d:"- 1 !"6Ned>C#d)6 C
H)(7J)`"36 'b"6 ."-o&)( 1O83-% 2"6 =-d
*=- $>3gf 3gYK
E6 'vT'[E:v( 1 3E:"-C
y0Q¤6¥^X% ¥¤Z. $ $$$0C
(@C\I C#d 1 "-3 X[ &bT"43C3-1 4)!VTb`H!h3 i !h />T-` 3&C3% " 3jT69*lk k $ #3C1jm[-on&1%$ M -0n 3 [ &T" 34C2,0-af0"61 >.\xNy!!%> C { ¤WC P*,- "- @ ( C )- O)C!DM-!"6e["2"_7J 3x*46 [A>)P! 1 ^xd 1 0 C8\EH_> 1)H 7J
")#% & 2!; - ?(!#'AB !,E02 43 & F 798G 8798: C D 0 HJI@#%2K-L0$#'"!$#'& !#'( !$#'M < # C K < J!$#'K < & !$#'K < (!,#'N.) *.,# C > - ?"!$# .$#') *+ $#6- ) .#9M2,# C > G -$#'O-!,PKBN2 368$798: C D Q-=2/ C C ;. R
LBS#'0LT/#';U 88 #VB=KT!WXKBN2 3 Y 798G F 798: C C ;. Z[!KHN\]KBN2 36^798G & 798: C C ;. ZQL; _KBN2 3 ( 798G 7'8: C C ;. R 0K,#%0->,#'=L>HNO# ;L 2,# HL`#9->0aS# B !$#'B #'2;0aM,#9N2 $#9KL>,#Va Mb,# C C -!A,#'!K;,#cL;,#9-0aB0,#9O >,#'MK-# ,#'K-!,#'K + O$#9-OH#';=,#' #'N ^8 K # C C -H =,#P0->a#d;T>,#E ^ F 8 # LSXKBN2 3 8 Y 798: C C ;. R e2; $#'K K$#'T #fT;a N- 2,#9! 588 gE02 43V^7'8: C C ;. R K,#9-B #V F&S#V 58 S#'2B #9O KK/#'K; L`#9O-H T #'T>h>BM>,#'HHN2>,# C C HB HBB0,#9H !L>ON- H NT H TN2,#'0B; # TM/#VL #c 8 (#9-;;$# -K,# C C 0L;;h2,#'N2 ^8 #%=;BMN$#9H !-;;LN2 HB N$#'= K/#%T # K+;L B>,# C C K Li#'K- #%=AH # H00N,#'=B HH T>-LL`#9-2$#'L h,# L0 B>L !$#'; Li# C C !;LB TK2>H-HLB>,#6aN!;0BH$#9-MB0 NL`#9; #'>a# C C B TK2>H-HLB>,#%K- NB`# >L`#%KL 200->2BT ;NB T #'=H$#9>H$#'K; # C C >2HMBNh,#'2N,#'N= #%T N N,#VLB; HN2-KT #'=;h&`#'NB #cB;2>-$# C C --$#'B ;H!$#6B;T #fTHL0LKB0,#%;K #9H !ML>BM >H$#%02! B >,# C C -;; #'NL #'NB &h,#9HOL #V(@S#9H !=-NM- N2,#V 8j S#9K =k 88 #'; KK$# C C B;N,#%K- #'N T0-$#'K T0HL =2K-HL #'F 8 !0->/#'H ! 0N/#%T>L!,#'; H H 0,# C C HLK,#'-MB0 T;H;Na#6aN->H$#'- T!$#';=0KTlL02N/# NK/#'KBKk 8 >,# C C & ^ #'-H =F 8 #9!;!$#9!;B,#9!N; LL`#';-NH #9F 5 #9!= #'B OL02HN-> # C C TN0BBh,#'0L>2 T@L02N,#%TNH h,#cLBKT!$#';-2$#';0->2N,# C C hLH m2>=-> 2K2>H #6B #fT&0->$#'=2N/EKBN2 368$7'8: C C ;. R e0K,#%T;K,#'00;LT/#9!!K,#'2 #'0->,#fT@L`#6a- #9-MB0 K #'=-NK$#'02;LT # C C TB>,#%;0 a#%0-> ^888 #'=K$#';K,# -> -;2,#9-K/#%N ,#6O #9;-H=M-b,#' K$# C C BKm T;H;Na K$#'KO #%=;NB KB,#6a L C C C n6oprq ets_u]vxw9y oiz{pg| C C C } k 8 Z 8 C C C C } kYQZRg]KBN2 3 & 8$798: C C C C } kYQZ 8 C C C C C } 55 Z~gXKBN2 3 ^S798: C C C C C } 55 Z 8 C C C C C