The Effect of Waste Glass Bottles as an Alternative ...

International Journal of ICT-aided Architecture and Civil Engineering Vol.1, No.2 (2014), pp.1-10 http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijiace.2014.1.2.01

The Effect of Waste Glass Bottles as an Alternative Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mixture Tomas U. Ganiron Jr College of Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland City College of Architecture, Qassim University, Buraidah City [email protected] Abstract The possibility of using broken glass as an substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete serve as one promising solution to the escalating solid waste problem. Industrial wastes are the foundation of many concrete admixtures. The use of concrete for the disposal of solid waste has concentrated mostly on aggregates since they provide the only real potential for using large quantities of waste materials This study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the effect of recycled glass bottles as coarse aggregates in terms of its physical and mechanical properties. Test results shows that the recycled broken glass can be used up to 10% weight of coarse aggregates in concrete mixtures and a mix design of 5% weight insertion to the concrete mixture gives a desirable result in terms of compressive strength. Keywords: Coarse aggregate, construction materials, glass bottle, waste bottle, waste materials

1. Introduction Modern construction industry calls for a more innovative comprehensive materials in line with the past developing hands of construction. The thought of all these creative ideas come up to challenge the spirit of young engineers to achieve a study that would possibly change the history. A wide variety of materials come from municipal and household garbage or waste glass from collapsed building caused by an earthquake. When considering a waste material referred to as broken glass as a substitute for coarse aggregate, there are three (3) major areas are relevant [1, 3]. First, are the economy, second, the compatibility with the other materials and last, the concrete properties. The economical use of waste materials depends on the quantity available. The amount of transportation required the extent beneficiation and the mix design requirements. Waste materials must not react adversely with other constituents of the mix. Most waste glass will readily take part in the alkali-aggregate reaction and possess a potential durability problem. The effect of waste materials such as waste glass, on concrete properties must be considered. For example, the lower modulus of elasticity glass compared to that of good-quality rock will lower the elastic modulus of concrete [2]. The use of concrete is being generally replaced by the use of polyester or epoxy resins mixed with fillers to make thinner and lighter than concrete. Design consideration can be varied by the fact that the panel as thin as .5” can be made,

ISSN: 2383-4773 IJIACE Copyright ⓒ 2014 SERSC

International Journal of ICT-aided Architecture and Civil Engineering Vol.1, No.2 (2014)

allowing the remaining thickness of the 1” glass slab to stand above the surface of the surrounding materials [4, 5]. However, other materials can still be improved by adding other materials for further modify its property which can be called admixture. An admixture is a material added to the water, sand, cement and gravel with glass, in order to change one or more properties fresh hardened stage admixtures are generally divided into two groups: Chemical admixtures and mineral admixtures. Chemical admixture used in concrete generally serves as water reducers, accelerators, set retarders or a combination [6]. One potential admixture today is super plasticizer, super plasticizer are high range water reducing admixtures that met the requirements of ASTM. Since glass came from sand and considering sand is a main component in the mixture of concrete, it can be observed that that there is compatibility to the design mixture of concrete. However, other materials can still be improved by adding other materials for further modify its property which can be called admixture. An admixture is a material added to the water, sand, cement and gravel with glass, in order to change one or more properties fresh hardened stage admixtures are generally divided into two group s [7, 8]. These are chemical admixtures and mineral admixtures. Chemical admixture used in concrete generally serves as water reducers, accelerators, set retarders or a combination. One potential admixture today is super plasticizer, super plasticizer are high range water reducing admixtures that met the requirements of ASTM [9]. Since glass came from sand and considering sand is a main component in the mixture of concrete, it can be observed that that there is compatibility to the design mixture of concrete. The researcher of this study has the aim of incorporating giving solution to solid waste management problem with mass housing projects by experimenting on the affectivity of Concrete Recycled Bottles (CRB) used as structural members for mass housing projects and to find its economic impact on it. The researcher also wants to find an alternative source of coarse aggregates to lessen the quarry operation for the conservation of our mountains for future generations. A number of attempts have been made to successfully use glass as an additive in concrete compositions. Certain compositions proposed have been successful in accomplishing specific goals. Glass is provided so as to have high visible transmission and/or fairly clear or neutral color. In certain example embodiments, the glass may include a base glass (e.g., soda lime silica base glass) and, in addition, by weight percentage [9, 11]. However, research has shown that aggregate in fact plays a substantial role in determining workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the con crete. Also, aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture [12,13]. Certain aggregate parameters are known to be important for engineered -use concrete: hardness, strength, and durability. The aggregate must be "clean," withou t absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine materials in concentrations that could alter the hydration and bond of the cement paste [14]. Glass aggregate in concrete can be problematic due to the alkali silica reaction between the cement paste and the glass aggregate, which over time can lead to weakened concrete and decreased long-term durability [15]. Research has been not done on types of glass and other additives to stop or decrease the alkali silica reaction and thereby maintain finished concrete strength [7, 16]. However, further research is still needed before glass cullet can be used in structural concrete applications.

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Moreover, this study serves to give way on finding alternative materials for construction, conservation and protection of the environment. The results of this study are expected to benefit the following: (1) the students of other fields could be provided with a reference and can give them knowledge about recycled glass bottles as an alternative fine aggregate for concrete mix. This study will encourage them to study other materials that can be used as a construction material and awaken their minds regarding environmental protection; (2) the contractors and home builders will be provided with knowledge and information to improve the method of construction using other materials as fine aggregate to concrete cement for construction; (3) the government and non-government sectors are given new ideas of maximizing their resources on construction projects. This study will also make them knowledgeable that junk materials can be used as construction material and urge them to finance further studies for the development of this study.

2. Experimental Investigation This experimental research focuses on the effect of using recycled bottles as concrete material for mass housing projects. This research aims to determine the effect of using recycled bottles on the properties of hardened concrete namely: compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Also included, are the effect of recycled bottles on water-cement ratio, quality and size of aggregates and consistency of the mix. Experiments shall be conducted to acquire the necessary data needed in the analysis. Each experiment shall be conducted in accordance with the standards which are applicable in our country, in which in our case, specified by ASTM requirements. The waste glass materials used throughout this experimental study were gathered from the junkshops. These bottles are crushed into different particles sizes, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1. Waste glass bottles as collected before crushing and sieving The researcher used manually crushed and clean bottles and chosen bottles with the same property for uniformity. The crushed samples were passed through sieve analysis to ensure


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that the size of the cullet will be less than 4.0 mm but greater than 2.0 mm with accordance to ASTM standards.

Figure 2. Crushing of glass bottles to coarse sizes The research concentrates on the effect of using recycled bottles as coarse aggregate and not on its properties as an aggregate. The researcher used only Portland Pozzolanic Cement (Type IP), which are commonly used in the field at present, for the specimens. This type of cement has low hardening characteristics [14]. It will also cover the difference between the common concrete cement and concrete recycled glass bottles in terms of its properties as a coarse aggregate. The specimens are tested for compressive strength using UTM on its 7th, and 28th day of curing. This will be the basis for the data. The study focuses on compressive strength of broken glass and plain concrete. This study also gives emphasis on the environmental concerns and not on its economic aspect. In addition, study is also delimited to durability, creep, shrinkage and water tightness. These four properties of hardened concrete are time-dependent properties which will entail so much time to determine.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Cement The physical properties of Ordinary Portland cement as determined are given in Table 1. The cement satisfies the ASTM requirement. The specific gravity was 2.55 and fineness was 2400 cm2/g. Table 1. Typical composition of ordinary Portland cement Chemical Tri-calcium silicate -C3S Di-calcium silicate -C2S Tri-calcium aluminate -C3A Tetra-calcium alumino ferrite -C4AF Calcium sulphate dihydrate -CSH2

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Weight 55 18 10 6 8



3.2. Fine aggregate Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz. Sand is used to make mortar and concrete and for making molds in foundries. 3.3. Coarse aggregate Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone used for making concrete. The commercial stone is quarried, crushed and graded. Much of the crushed stone used is granite, limestone and trap rock. Crushed angular granite metal of 10 mm size from a local source was used as coarse aggregate. The specific gravity of 2.4 and fineness modulus 6.12 was used. 3.4. Water On addition of higher percentage of demolished waste the requirement of water increases for the same workability. Thus, a constant slump has been the criteria for water requirement but the specimens having 0% demolished waste, w/c of 0.40 has been used. 3.5. Cement The cement content in the mix design is taken as 350 kg/m3 which satisfies minimum requirement of 300 kg/m3 in order to avoid the balling effect. Good stone aggregate and natural river sand of zone was used as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate respectively. Maximum size of coarse aggregate was 12.5 mm. A sieve analysis conforming to ASTM was carried out for both the fine and coarse aggregate .Concrete may be produced as a dense mass which is practically artificial rock and chemicals may be added to make it waterproof or it can be made porous and highly permeable for such use as filter beds. Table 2. Physical properties of cement Standard consistency Initial setting time Final setting time

Days

3 7 28

Compressive Strength

31% 92 min 195 min 27.1 MPa 38.1 MPa 80.0 MPa

3.6. Material properties The materials were tested for their physical properties as per the relevant ASTM Standards. The properties of cement, sand, and single seized coarse aggregates of 20 mm and 12.5 mm shown in Table 2, 3 and 4. Table 3. Sieve analysis of aggregates Material Sieve Size 20 mm 12 mm Sand

Percentage Passing 40

20

10.5

10

4.75

2.36

1.18

0.6

0.3

0.15

100 -

90.8 -

11.2 98.8 -

0.0 83.8 100

0.0 100

1.4 93.2

0.0 65.2

38.9

12.5

0.8


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Table 4. Properties of aggregates Property

Sand

Specific gravity Bulk density (kg/m3)

Coarse Aggregate 20mm 12.5mm 2.60 2.58

2.5 1425

1367

1389

It is observed that on replacing coarse aggregate by 5% waste glass bottles on average shown in Table 5 and Figure 3, there is an increase in compressive strength at 7 days by 21.34% compared with plain concrete. However, at 28 days increase in compressive strength is 7.9 % compared with plain concrete Table 5. Compressive strength of broken glass and plain concrete in 7 days Curing sample

Age (days)

A B C Average

7 7 7

5% Broken Glass 20.96 19.07 19.58 19.87

Strength (MPa) 10% Broken Glass 23.05 22.79 19.95 21.93

Plain Concrete 13.51 16.75 16.63 15.63

Figure 3. Compressive strength of broken glass and plain concrete in 7 days It is observed that when fine aggregate is replaced by 10% glass waste, the compressive strength at 7 days is found to increase by about 28.7% on average shown in table 6 and figure 4. However, it is evident that decreased in compressive strength at 28 days is only 0% at same replacement level. Table 6. Compressive strength of broken glass and plain concrete in 28 days Curing sample A B C Average

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Age (days) 28 28 28

5% Broken Glass 25.8 24.31 25.75 25.29

Strength (MPa) 10% Broken Glass

Plain Concrete 20.8 26.05 24.04 23.63



Figure 4. Compressive strength of broken glass and plain concrete in 28 days 3.7. Compressive strength As shown in Figure 5, the observed compressive strength of the concrete samples is higher than the control sample (plain concrete). The compressive strength required in accordance with ASTM C-39-86 is 20.68 MPa. The average compressive strength of the 5% broken glass concrete specimen in 28 days reached 25.29 MPa passing the requirements of the ASTM.

Figure 5. Average compressive strength of concrete specimens

Figure 6. Testing of concrete specimen

6. Conclusion After determining the value of the results of the forgoing findings, the following conclusion were drawn: a) Waste glass bottles as coarse aggregate replacement, 7days strength is found to marginally increase up to 5% replacement level; b) The use of recycled bottles as coarse aggregate decreases the unit weight of concrete; c) Waste glass bottles can effectively be used as coarse aggregate replacement; d) The optimum replacement level of waste glass bottles as coarse aggregate is 10%; f) There is a positive projection in the availability of glass bottles due for its demands and flexibility in use.


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References [1] A. P. Luz and S. Ribeiro, “Use of glass waste as a raw material in porcelain stoneware tile mixtures”, Ceramics international, vol. 33, no. 5, (2007), pp. 761-76. [2] F. S. Smith, “Foundation of Materials Science and Engineering”, 3rd ed., New York, (2004). [3] W. Callister Jr., “Fundamentals of Material Science and Engineering”, 5th ed., Rosewood, (2001). [4] Powers, Treval Clifford. The physical structure and engineering properties of concrete, no. 90, (1990). [5] J. E. Srawley, “Wide range stress intensity factor expressions for ASTM E 399 standard fracture toughness specimens”, International Journal of Fracture, vol. 12, no. 3, (1976), pp. 475-476. [6] J. W. Summers, B. K. Mikofalvy, H. Boo, J. M. Krogstie, W. A. Sell and J. C. Rodriguez, “Examples of recycled vinyl products”, Journal of Vinyl Technology, vol. 14, no. 3, (2004), pp. 166-170. [7] T. U. Ganiron Jr., “Influence of Polymer Fiber on Strength of Concrete”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, vol. 55. (2013), pp. 53-66. [8] D. P. Bentz and K. A. Snyder, “Protected paste volume in concrete: Extension to internal curing using saturated lightweight fine aggregate”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 29, no. 11, (1999), pp. 1863-1867. [9] H. Donza, O. Cabrera and E. F. Irassar, “High-strength concrete with different fine aggregate”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 11, (2002), pp. 1755-1761. [10] T. U. Ganiron Jr., “An Investigation of Moisture Performance of Sawdust and Banana Peels Ply board as Non-Veneer Panel International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology”, vol. 6, no. 3, (2013), pp. 43-54. [11] Tavakoli, Mostafa and P. Soroushian, “Strengths of recycled aggregate concrete made using field-demolished concrete as aggregate”, ACI Materials Journal, vol. 93, no. 2, (1996). [12] T. U. Ganiron Jr., “Recycled Window Glass for Non-Load Bearing Walls, International Journal of Innovation”, Management and Technology, vol. 3, no. 6, (2012) December, pp. 725-730. [13] P. Y. Pennarun, P. Dole and A. Feigenbaum, “Functional barriers in PET recycled bottles. Part I. Determination of diffusion coefficients in bioriented PET with and without contact with food stimulants”, Journal of applied polymer science, vol. 92, no. 5, (2004), pp. 2845-2858. [14] T. U. Ganiron Jr., “Recycled Glass Bottles: An Alternative Fine Aggregates for Concrete Mixture”, Journal of Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum, Singapore, (2013), pp. 1-9. [15] S. H. Kosmatka, W. C. Panarese, G. E. Allen, and S. Cumming, “Design and control of concrete mixtures”, Skokie, Ill.: Portland Cement Association, vol. 5420, (2002). [16] A. Bilodeau and V. M. Malhotra, “Concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM class F fly ashes: mechanical properties and resistance to de-icing salt scaling and to chloride-ion penetration”, ACI Special Publication SP-132, pp. 319-349, (1992).

Author Dr. Tomas U. Ganiron Jr This author obtained his Doctor of Philosophy in Construction Management at Adamson University (Philippines) in 2006, and subsequently earned his Master of Civil Engineering major in Highway and Transportation Engineering at Dela Salle University-Manila (Philippines) in 1997 and received Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering major in Structural Engineering at University of the East (Philippines) in 1990. He is a registered Civil Engineer in the Philippines and Professional Engineer in New Zealand. His main areas of research interest are construction engineering, construction management, project management and recycled waste materials. He has been the resource person in various seminars in New Zealand (like in Auckland University of Technology, University of Auckland and University of Canterbury). He was connected with Advanced Pipeline System in New Zealand as Construction Manager wherein he supervised the sewerage and

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waterworks projects. He was the former Department Head of Civil Engineering in FEATI University (Manila) and former Department Head of Physics in Emilio Aguinaldo College (Manila). He is also very active in other professional groups like Railway Technical Society of Australasia and Australian Institute of Geoscientists where he became committee of Scientific Research. He has received the Outstanding Civil Engineer in the field of Education given by the Philippine Media Association Inc. (1996), ASTM Award CA Hogentogler (2008) by IPENZ in New Zealand and Outstanding Researcher (2013) in Qassim University, Buraidah City


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