J. Liu, S. Shao, H. Wang, K. Zhao, L. Xue, X. Gao, Z. Xie, Y. Han, Organic ... Eom SH, ParN H, Mujawar SH, Yoon SC, Kim SâS, Na S-I, Kang S-J, Khim D, Kim ... Jai Kyeong Kim, Eun-ON Seo, Eun-Woo Lee, Wonjoo Lee, Sung-Hwan Han, Soo-.
The effects of organic solvents and their co-solvents on the optical, structural, morphological of P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells Burak Y. Kadem, Aseel K. Hassan, and Wayne Cranton Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1758, 020006 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4959382 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4959382 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1758?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in Ionizing radiation induced parametric variations in P3HT:PCBM organic photovoltaic cells J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 33, 032403 (2015); 10.1116/1.4917008 Improved efficiency of P3HT:PCBM solar cells by incorporation of silver oxide interfacial layer J. Appl. Phys. 116, 044905 (2014); 10.1063/1.4891246 Order of decay of mobile charge carriers in P3HT:PCBM solar cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 043307 (2013); 10.1063/1.4816720 Analysis of voltage and temperature dependent photocurrent collection in p3ht/pcbm solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 112, 114514 (2012); 10.1063/1.4768910 A model for the J - V characteristics of P3HT:PCBM solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 105, 104507 (2009); 10.1063/1.3129320
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
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
Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability AIP Conf. Proc. 1758, 020006-1–020006-9; doi: 10.1063/1.4959382 Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1416-7/$30.00
020006-1 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
(;3(5,0(17$/'(7$,/6 0DWHULDOV 3RO\ KH[DWKLRSKLQHGL\O 3+7 >@3KHQ\O &EXW\ULF DFLG PHWK\O HVWHU 3&%0 3RO\ HWK\OHQHGLR[\WKLRSKHQH SRO\VW\UHQH VXOIRQDWH 3('27366 ZW GLVSHUVLRQ LQ +2 FRQGXFWLYH JUDGH FKORUREHQ]HQH&% FKORURIRUP&) GLFKORUREHQ]HQH'&% DQG,72FRDWHGJODVVVOLGHVVKHHWUHVLVWDQWRI ȍƑ ZHUHSXUFKDVHGIURP6LJPD$OGULFKDQGXVHGZLWKRXWDQ\IXUWKHUSXULILFDWLRQ
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
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHV 89YLVLEOHVSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU9DULDQVFDQ89YLVLEOH LQWKHUDQJHRIQPZDVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKH DEVRUSWLRQVSHFWUDRI 3+73&%0EOHQGV ZKLFK ZHUH VSLQ FRDWHG RQWR FOHDQHGJODVV VXEVWUDWHV7KH DFWLYH OD\HU WKLFNQHVV ZDV HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ 0 -$ :RROODP &R ,QF VSHFWURVFRSLF HOOLSVRPHWU\ RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH ZDYHOHQJWK UDQJH QP 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI 3+73&%0 EOHQGV ZDV H[DPLQHG E\ PXOWLSXUSRVH ;C3HUW 3KLOLSV;UD\GHIUDFWRPHWHU03' &X Ȝ QP WKH PHDVXUHG ;5'SDWWHUQVZHUH ILWWHG ZLWKRQH *DXVVLDQ SHDNWR FDOFXODWHWKH GVSDFLQJ7KH DFWLYH OD\HU PRUSKRORJ\ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHGXVLQJ1DQRVFRSH ,,,D PXOWLPRGH DWRPLF IRUFH PLFURVFRSH %UXNHU$)0 DQG VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ )(,1RYD 6(0 7KH HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI 3+73&%0 ILOPV ZDV HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ 'URS6HQV LQWHUGLJLWDWHG 3ODWLQXP HOHFWURGHV ,'(V 7KH ,'( FDQ EH HPSOR\HG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VXUIDFH FRQGXFWLYLW\ ı RI WKH ILOPV DV GHVFULEHG HOVHZKHUH >@ 7KH SKRWRYROWDLF SURSHUWLHV LQ WKH IRUP RI FXUUHQW GHQVLW\YROWDJH -9 GHSHQGHQFH ZHUH VWXGLHG XVLQJ .HLWKOH\ VHPLFRQGXFWRUFKDUDFWHULVDWLRQV\VWHPDQGWKHSKRWRFXUUHQW ZDV JHQHUDWHG XQGHU $0 VRODU VLPXODWRU VRXUFH RI P:FP 7KH ILOO IDFWRU )) DQG WKH RYHUDOO OLJKW WRHOHFWULFDO SRZHU FRQYHUVLRQ HIILFLHQF\ 3&( RI WKHVRODUFHOOZHUH FDOFXODWHG DFFRUGLQJ WRWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQV>@ ሺΨሻ ൌ ౣ౮ ౣ౮
ൌ ౣ౮ ౣ౮ ౩ౙ ౙ
ZKHUH -VF LV WKH VKRUWFLUFXLWFXUUHQWGHQVLW\P$FP 9RF LV WKH RSHQFLUFXLWYROWDJH9 3LQ LV WKH LQFLGHQW OLJKWSRZHUDQG -PD[ P$FP DQG 9PD[ 9 DUH WKH FXUUHQWGHQVLW\DQG YROWDJHDW WKH SRLQWRI PD[LPXPSRZHU RXWSXW LQ WKH -9 FXUYHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH VHULHV UHVLVWDQFH ZDV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH GDUN -9 FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDVGHVFULEHGHDUOLHU>@
020006-2 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
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¶ VSHFWUDKDYHH[KLELWHG DUHGVKLIW ZLWKLQ WKLVSHDNWRDURXQG QP 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQGGLIIHUHQW LQWHQVLWLHVZHUH REVHUYHGDQGDWWULEXWHGWRWKHGLIIHUHQWILOPV¶WKLFNQHVVHVWKHORZ%3RI&)KDVUHVXOWHGLQUHODWLYHO\WKLFNHUILOP WKDQ WKRVH SURGXFHG XVLQJ RWKHU VROYHQWV $OO WKH DEVRUSWLRQ SHDNV ZLWKLQ WKH & EDQG DUH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH ʌʌ HOHFWURQLFWUDQVLWLRQLQWKH3+7PDLQSRO\PHU>@
%
&
&) &% '&% '&%&) '&%&% &%&)
$EVRUSWLRQDX
&) &% '&% &)'&% &%'&% &%&)
$ E V R US WLR Q D X
'
$
:DYHOHQJWKQP
(QHUJ\H9
),*85(89YLVLEOHDEVRUSWLRQVSHFWUDIRUWKH3+73&%0WKLQILOPVLQYDULRXVVROYHQWVWKHLQVHWLVWKHHQHUJ\EDQGJDSGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
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
020006-3 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
FKDLQVRULHQWDWLRQ>@7KHRSWLFDOEDQGJDSRI3+73&%0EOHQGHGLQGLIIHUHQWVROYHQWVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJ 7DXFHTXDWLRQ>@ Ƚɋ ൌ ሺɓ െ ሻ୬ ሺ͵ሻ ZKHUH$LVDFRQVWDQWĮLVWKHDEVRUSWLRQFRHIILFLHQWKLV3ODQN¶VFRQVWDQWDQGȞLVWKHIUHTXHQF\7KHLQGH[Q LGHQWLILHV WKH HOHFWURQLF WUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH HQHUJ\ EDQGV WKH YDOXHV RI ò DQG DUH UHODWHG WR WKH GLUHFW DQG LQGLUHFWWUDQVLWLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\>@7KHLQVHWRI)LJVKRZVHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHEOHQGV¶RSWLFDOEDQGJDSLWFRXOG EHVDLGWKDWWKHEDQGJDSKDVGHFUHDVHGIURPDURXQGH9WRDURXQGH9E\XVLQJ&)&%FRVROYHQW
6WUXFWXUDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV ,W LV ZHOO NQRZQ WKDW 3+7 FKDLQ VWUXFWXUH KDV WKH DELOLW\ WR IDFLOLWDWH WKHLU VHOIRULHQWDWLRQ LQWR WZR GLPHQVLRQDOVKHHWVE\PHDQVRILQWHUFKDLQVWDFNLQJDQGWKXVVKRZVKLJKO\FU\VWDOOLQHIHDWXUHV>@7KLVFRXOGEH FRQWUROOHG E\ DGMXVWLQJ WKH ILOPV¶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
&)
&%
'&% &)'&% &%'&% &%&)
GVSDFLQJQP
&)
&%
'&%
'&%&) '&%&%
&%&)
),*85(;5'SDWWHUQVIRU3+73&%0EOHQGHGLQPRQRVROYHQWDQGFRVROYHQWV
0RUSKRORJLFDOIHDWXUHV 9DULDWLRQ LQ WKH VXUIDFH PRUSKRORJ\ RI 3+73&%0 ILOPV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW VROYHQWV ZDV HYLGHQW DV GHPRQVWUDWHGLQERWK$)0DQG6(0LPDJHVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ&)EDVHGILOPKDVUHYHDOHGDVPRRWKVXUIDFHZLWK UPVURXJKQHVVRIQP FRUUHODWLQJZLWKQRWLFHDEOHSLQKROHV2QWKH RWKHUKDQG'&%DQG&%EDVHGILOPVKDYH GHPRQVWUDWHGKLJKHUVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVZLWKUPVYDOXHVRIQPDQGQPUHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVZDVDWWULEXWHGWR
020006-4 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
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
),*85($)0DQG6(0LPDJHVIRU3+73&%0GHYLFHVSUHSDUHGE\GLIIHUHQWVROYHQWV
)LOPVHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ (OHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI 3+73&%0 %+- OD\HUV ZDV GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ LQWHUGLJLWDWHG HOHFWURGH ,'( DV GHVFULEHGLQDSUHYLRXVSXEOLFDWLRQ>@7DEOHVKRZVWKHFRQGXFWLYLW\RI3+73&%0ILOPVYHUVXVGLIIHUHQWXVHG VROYHQWV ,W LV FOHDU WKDW WKH FRQGXFWLYLW\ KDV LQFUHDVHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQ ILOPV SURGXFHG IURP FRVROYHQWV LQ FRPSDULVRQZLWKILOPVSURGXFHGE\PRQRVROYHQWVWKLVFRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHGLIIXVLRQRI3&%0PROHFXOHVLQ WKH3+7PDWUL[DLGHGE\WKHVHFRQGVROYHQWDVVXJJHVWHGE\WKH;5'DQGPRUSKRORJLFDOUHVXOWVZKLFKLVH[SHFWHG WRUHVXOWLQUHGXFLQJFKDUJHKRSSLQJGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHVHPROHFXOHVDQGWKXVHQKDQFHILOPV FRQGXFWLYLW\>@
'DUN-9PHDVXUHPHQWV )LJD VKRZVWKH5LFKDUGVRQ6FKRWWN\SORWLQWKHIRUPRIOQ-YHUVXV9ZKHUHDV)LJE VKRZVWKHIRUZDUG ELDVHG GHYLFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ GRXEOH ORJ SORW 7KHVH JUDSKV DUH HPSOR\HG WR HYDOXDWH WKH GDUN FKDUJH WUDQVSRUW
020006-5 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
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§ ZDV REWDLQHG ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR 2KPLF WUDQVSRUW PHFKDQLVP7KHVHFRQGUHJLRQZLWKDVORSHRI§FDQEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK6&/&ZLWKLQMHFWHGFDUULHUVDUHDIIHFWHGE\ WUDSVZLWKH[SRQHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQZLWKLQWKHEDQGJDS>@,QWKHWKLUGUHJLRQWKHVORSHVRIWKHPHDVXUHGFXUYHV VKRZDWHQGHQF\WRH[KLELWORZHUYDOXHVLQWKHUDQJZKHUHWKHWUDSVLQWKLVDSSOLHGYROWDJHUDQJHDUHWKRXJKWWR EHILOOHGOHDGLQJWRWUDSIUHH6&/&7)6&/& FRQGXFWLRQ7KHFKDUJHFDUULHUV PRELOLW\FRXOGEHHVWLPDWHGXVLQJ WKH VORSHV LQ ODVW UHJLRQ $ PD[LPXP FKDUJH FDUULHUV¶ PRELOLW\ RI [ FP9V ZDV GHWHUPLQHG IRU WKH &%&)EDVHGGHYLFHZKLFKLVDERXWWZRRUGHUVRIPDJQLWXGHKLJKHUWKDQWKDWREWDLQHGIRUGHYLFHVSURGXFHGXVLQJ &)
D
'&%
$SSOLHG9ROWDJH9
ORJ-
/Q-
E
&) &% '&% '&%&) '&%&% &%&)
&) &%
'&%&) '&%&% &%&)
ORJ9
),*85(WKHGDUNFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI3+73&%0GHYLFHVSUHSDUHGE\GLIIHUHQWVROYHQWVD /Q-9UHODWLRQE &9PHDVXUPHQVWDQGF ORJ ORJFKDUDFWHULVWFVRI-9FXUYH
8VLQJGDUN-9SORWVVHULHVUHVLVWDQFH5V RIWKH26&VSURGXFHGXVLQJGLIIHUHQWVROYHQWVKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGDV GHILQHG HOVHZKHUH >@ &)EDVHG 26& GHYLFH KDV H[KLELWHG KLJK VHULHV UHVLVWDQFH ZKLOH FRVROYHQWVEDVHG GHYLFHV KDYHGHPRQVWUDWHGORZHU5V DVUHYHDOHGLQ7DEOH ,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDW5VKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHVRODU FHOOSHUIRUPDQFHDVLWGLUHFWO\DIIHFWVWKH))DQGKHQFH3&(RIWKHVRODUFHOO>@
020006-6 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
7$%/(WKHGDUNSDUDPHWHUVRI3+73&%0GHYLFHVSUHSDUHGE\GLIIHUHQWVROYHQWV
Q &) &% '&% '&%&) '&%&% &%&)
VP6FP
݊%H9
PFP9V
[ [ [ [ [ [
5Vȍ
6RODUFHOOSHUIRUPDQFH 3+73&%0EDVHGRUJDQLFVRODUFHOOVKDYHEHHQH[DPLQHGXQGHULOOXPLQDWLRQDVDIXQFWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWVROYHQWV DQGWKHLUFRVROYHQWV)LJD VKRZVWKDW&)EDVHGGHYLFHKDVH[KLELWHGWKHSRRUHVWSHUIRUPDQFHZLWK3&( )) DQG -VF P$FP FRUUHODWLQJ ZLWK ORZ FKDUJH FDUULHU PRELOLW\ RI [ FP9V ORZ HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ P6FP DV ZHOO DV KLJK VHULHV UHVLVWDQFH RI DERXW Nȍ 7KH KLJKHVW GHYLFH SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV GHPRQVWUDWHG IRU WKH FRVROYHQWV &)&% SURGXFHG GHYLFH ZLWK 3&( )) DQG -VF P$FP 7KLV LPSURYHGSHUIRUPDQFHFDQEHDVFULEHGWRWKH KLJKHUFKDUJHFDUULHUPRELOLW\RI[FP9V ODUJHUHOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\P6FPDVZHOODVORZHUVHULHVUHVLVWDQFHRIȍ>@7KHLQFUHDVHLQ))FRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWR WKHHQKDQFHPHQWLQWKHEOHQGPRUSKRORJ\ZKHUHDVWKHKLJKHUSLQKROHVGHQVLW\LQWKH&)EDVHGGHYLFHPD\DFFRXQW IRUWKHORZHU))DVZHOODVWKHKLJKHU5V>@7KHLPSURYHGEOHQGVPRUSKRORJ\PD\DOVRDFFRXQWIRUWKHLQFUHDVHLQ ))DQG-VF ZKLFKFRXOGEHDVFULEHGWRWKHFUHDWLRQRISHUFRODWLRQSDWKZD\VIRULPSURYHGFKDUJHWUDQVSRUW>@7KH LQFUHDVHLQ-VFKDVUHVXOWHGLQ3&(PRUHWKDQWLPHVODUJHUIRUGHYLFHVSURGXFHGLQFRVROYHQWVWKLVLPSURYHPHQW FRXOGDOVREHDVFULEHGWRWKHLPSURYHG3+73&%0EOHQGVPRUSKRORJ\DQGVWUXFWXUH>@9RFRQWKHRWKHUKDQG KDVUHPDLQHGXQFKDQJHGIRUDOOSURGXFHGGHYLFHVVLQFHLWVYDOXHLV PDLQO\ GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ WKH+202RIWKHGRQRUDQGWKH/802RIWKHDFFHSWRU>@)LJE VKRZVWKHPD[LPXPRXWSXWSRZHUSURYLGHG E\WKHSUHSDUHGVRODUFHOOVDVPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUWKH&%&)EDVHGVRODUFHOOKDVH[KLELWHGWKHPD[LPXP3&(DQGD PD[LPXPRXWSXWSRZHURI:DWWFP
-VFP$FP
&) &% '&% '&%&) '&%&% &%&)
D
3RZHURXW:DWWFP
&) &% '&% '&%&) '&%&% &%&)
E
$SSOLHGYRODWJH9
$SSOLHGYROWDJH9
),*85(D -9FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGE PD[LPXPRXWSXWSRZHURI3+73&%0EOHQGHGLQGLIIHUHQWVROYHQWV
020006-7 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 37.236.190.10 On: Sat, 30 Jul 2016 19:43:47
7$%/(3KRWRYROWDLFSDUDPHWHUVIRUWKH3+73&%0DFWLYHOD\HULQYDULRXVVROYHQWV
9RF9
-VFP$FP
))
3&(
&) &% '&%
'&%&) '&%&% &%&)
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
$&.12:/('*0(176 %XUDN .DGHP ZLVKHV WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH 3K' VFKRODUVKLS DZDUGHG E\ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ DQG 6FLHQWLILF5HVHDUFKLQ,UDTDQG%DE\ORQ8QLYHUVLW\&ROOHJHRI6FLHQFH3K\VLFVGHSDUWPHQW
5()(5(1&(6 6*QHV+1HXJHEDXHU166DULFLIWFL&KHP5HY± 6FRWW1&ODIWRQ'DYLG0+XDQJ:LOOLDP50DVVH\DQG7DN:.HH-3K\V&KHP%í *UHHQ0$(PHU\.+LVKLNDZD