spinous part of dorsal fin; endemic to St Paul's Rocks. 5b. Coloration not as above ..... Atlantic islands of St Paul's Rocks, Ascension or St Helena. Perciformes: ...
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES ISSN 1020-6868
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0 9 2 6 7 5 I5715E/1/06.16
THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES OF THE
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES
9
ISSN 1020-6868
Volume 4 Bony fishes part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles
ISBN 978-92-5-109267-5
THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES OF THE EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC
This multivolume field guide covers the species of interest to fisheries of the major resource groups exploited in the Eastern Central Atlantic. The area of coverage includes FAO fishing area 34 and part of 47. The marine resource groups included are bivalves, gastropods, chitons, cephalopods, stomatopods, shrimps, lobsters, crabs, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, chimaeras, bony fishes and sea turtles. The introductory chapter outlines the environmental, ecological, and biogeographical factors influencing the marine biota, and the basic components of the fisheries in the Eastern Central Atlantic. Within the field guide, the sections on the resource groups are arranged phylogenetically according to higher taxonomic levels such as class, order, and family. Each resource group is introduced by general remarks on the group, an illustrated section on technical terms and measurements, and a key or guide to orders or families. Each family generally has an account summarizing family diagnostic characters, biological and fisheries information, notes on similar families occurring in the area, a key to species, a checklist of species, and a short list of relevant literature. Families that are less important to fisheries include an abbreviated family account and no detailed species information. Species in the important families are treated in detail (arranged alphabetically by genus and species) and include the species name, frequent synonyms and names of similar species, an illustration, FAO common name(s), diagnostic characters, biology and fisheries information, notes on geographical distribution, and a distribution map. For less important species, abbreviated accounts are used. Generally this includes the species name, FAO common name(s), an illustration, a distribution map, and notes on biology, fisheries, and distribution. Each volume concludes with its own index of scientific and common names.
EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC Volume 4 Bony fishes part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles
Edwards, A.J. (2016) Pomacentridae. In: Carpenter, K.E and De Angelis, N. (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO. pp. 2711-2732
Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae
2711
Perciformes: Labroidei: PomacentridaePOMACENTRIDAE Damselfishes by A.J. Edwards, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
iagnostic characters: Small fishes, 35 cm maximum, usually less than 15 cm in total length. Most are deep-bodied and laterally compressed, with a small mouth and moderately to highly protrusible jaws. Teeth in jaws conical, incisiform or brush-like, but never molar-like or fang-like. A single pair of nostrils in Atlantic species; preorbital and usually suborbitals (a ring of bones below the eye) not attached to the cheek; gill rakers small, rarely more numerous than 35 to 40 on first arch; lower pharyngeals (tooth-bearing fifth ceratobranchials, “throat-teeth”) completely fused into a plate. Dorsal fin with 10 to 14 spines (usually 12 or 13); anal fin always with 2 spines. Scales ctenoid (rough-to-touch), in Atlantic species fewer than 30 in a longitudinal row from behind gill cover to base of caudal fin. Lateral line with tube-bearing scales which extend to below end of dorsal fin, then continuing as a row of tiny pits to middle of caudal-fin base. Colour: constant in some genera, highly variable in others. Many damselfishes are brightly coloured; adults are often less brilliant than juveniles and frequently there is a gradual transition from a specific juvenile colour pattern to a different adult pattern; temporary spawning coloration can be assumed or discarded in seconds.
D
single nostril
mouth small
2 anal-fin spines
Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Most species of damselfishes are restricted to shallow rocky, coral or algal reefs at depths less than 15 m; a few species enter lagoons, estuaries and the lower reaches of fresh-water streams. The larger species may be caught with small hooks; also taken in traps and with cast-nets and seines; a small number of species occur in deeper water (down to several hundred metres) and may be incidentally taken in trawls. Most damselfishes are commercially unimportant, but several are a component of artisanal subsistence fisheries. Some species may be utilized in the aquarium trade but there is at present little evidence for this in the eastern central Atlantic. Remarks: The taxonomy of West African damselfishes is still unclear with the status of at least 2 nominal species unknown (see Edwards, 1986) and the status of eastern Atlantic populations of widespread amphi-Atlantic species such as Chromis multilineata requiring further study. The distribution of Abudefduf hoefleri is uncertain with few specimens studied. The species list and identification sheets should therefore be regarded as provisional.
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Bony Fishes
Similar families occurring in the area Cichlidae: similar in general appearance, but usually with more than 2 spines in anal fin; preorbital and suborbitals attached to cheek. Normally confined to fresh or brackish water. Serranidae (Anthiinae): generally resemble the pomacentrid genus Chromis, but easily distinguished by the presence of 3 anal-fin spines, enlarged canine teeth, and double nostrils.
3 anal-fin spines
Cichlidae
Anthiinae
more than 2 spines
Key to species of Pomacentridae occurring in the area 1a. Teeth in upper jaw conical (Fig. 1a) or incisiform (Fig. 1b), but never flexible or brush-like; no notch in preorbital bone bordering the jaw (Fig. 2a) 1b. Teeth in upper jaw flexible, brush-like; a pronounced notch in preorbital bone bordering the jaw (Fig. 2b)
a)
b)
Fig. 1 dentition of upper jaw 2a. Dorsal-fin spines 12 to 14; preopercular margin entire (smooth, Fig. 2b) or, if crenulate or finely serrated, then dorsal-fin soft rays 11 or 12 and anal-fin soft rays 10 or 11 2b. Dorsal-fin spines 12; suborbital and preopercle serrated (Fig. 2a); dorsal-fin soft rays 14 to 17 and anal-fin soft rays 13 to 15 notch
spines
no notch
a) Stegastes
b) Microspathodon
Fig. 2 lateral view of head
Fig. 3 lateral view of caudal region
3a. Teeth conical (Fig. 1a) in 2 to 4 rows; upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base with 2 or 3 projecting spines (Fig. 3) 3b. Teeth incisiform (Fig. 1b) in a single row; upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base without projecting spines
Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae 4a. Dorsal-fin soft rays 15 to 18 (rarely 15) 4b. Dorsal-fin soft rays 11 to 14 5a. Adults with a uniform yellow-orange (usually) to dark greenish to yellowish brown ground coloration; pectoral and caudal fins yellow-orange; near-vertical dark stripes along edges of scale rows present on flanks below lateral line and above level of pectoral-fin base; juveniles primarily yellow with a black ocellus at base of rear of spinous part of dorsal fin; endemic to St Paul’s Rocks 5b. Coloration not as above 6a. Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 9 or 10; total gill rakers on first gill arch 15 to 19 (modally 17) 6b. Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 11 to 14; total gill rakers on first gill arch 18 to 23 7a. Head and most of body bluish, caudal peduncle and caudal fin bright yellow; greatest body depth 39.7 to 47.9% of standard length; endemic to Ascension Island 7b. Head and body uniform greyish brown, darker dorsally, all fins dusky; juveniles with posterior of caudal peduncle and caudal fin pale brownish white; greatest body depth 47.7 to 52.1% of standard length; endemic to St Helena Island 8a. Dorsal fin-spines 13 or 14 (very rarely 12); dorsal rays 9 to 12 (very rarely 8); anal rays 10 to 12 (occasionally 9) 8b. Dorsal fin-spines 12 (rarely 13); dorsal rays 12 (rarely 11 or 13); anal rays 12 (rarely 11)
9a. Dorsal fin-spines usually 13 (rarely 12 and occasionally 14); length of anal-fin base 23.8 to 27.2% of standard length; predorsal length 28.7 to 32.1% of standard length; endemic to St Helena Island 9b. Dorsal fin-spines 14; length of anal-fin base 19.8 to 24.9% of standard length; predorsal length 30.1 to 36.2% of standard length 10a. Dorsal-fin soft rays 12; pectoral rays usually 20 (occasionally 19 or 21); tubed lateral-line scales 18 or 19 (usually 19); gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 22 to 24 (modally 23); second anal spine longer than longest anal ray; length of second anal spine 18.0 to 22.2% of standard length; caudal fin lacking dark bands along upper and lower margins 10b. Not as above; dorsal rays usually less than 12; second anal spine shorter than longest anal ray 11a. Pectoral rays 20 (occasionally 19 or 21); greatest body depth usually less than 44.7% of standard length (40.3 to 44.7% of standard length); 23 to 25 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 11b. Pectoral rays 17 to 19 (rarely 20); greatest body depth usually greater than 44.7% of standard length (44.7 to 52.5% of standard length); 20 to 22 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch (rarely 23)
2713
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Bony Fishes
12a. Black bands not present along margins of median fins (although these may be darkish grey); juveniles with neon blue longitudinal stripes; pectoral rays 17 or 18 (usually 18); number of soft anal-fin or dorsal-fin rays rarely more than 10; length of longest dorsal ray less than 22% of standard length (19.7 to 21.7% of standard length); length of caudal peduncle 15.3 to 17.5% of standard length 12b. Adults with blackish bands along distal edges of dorsal and anal fins and upper and lower margins of caudal fin; juveniles similarly coloured to adult; pectoral rays usually 19 or 20 (rarely 18); number of soft anal-fin and dorsal-fin rays almost always 11 or 12; length of longest dorsal ray greater than 22% of standard length (22.3 to 26.5% of standard length); length of caudal peduncle 11.7 to 15.7% of standard length 13a. Dorsal-fin soft rays 15 to 17 (usually 16); anal-fin soft rays 12 to 14 (usually 13); pectoral-fin rays 19 to 21 (usually 20); adults and juveniles with mainly dark brown or blackish body and dark caudal fin 13b. Dorsal-fin soft rays 17 or 18; anal-fin soft rays 14; pectoral-fin rays 22 or 23; adults with dark body but white caudal fin; juveniles yellow with scattered violet dots 14a. Suborbitals tightly bound to cheek with lower suborbital margin covered by scales (Fig. 4); dorsal-fin soft rays 11 or 12 (usually 12); anal-fin soft rays 10 or 11 (usually 10); total gill rakers on first gill arch 18 to 23 14b. Suborbitals free with lower suborbital margin exposed; dorsal-fin soft rays 12 to 14; anal-fin soft rays 10 to 13; total gill rakers on first gill arch 23 to 31 15a. Dorsal-fin soft rays 13 or 14 (modally 14); anal-fin soft rays 13; body pastel blue to dark grey blue in colour with about 4 faint vertical stripes 15b. Dorsal-fin soft rays 12 or 13 (modally 13); anal-fin soft rays 10 to 13 (modally 12); 5 prominent vertical black bars on sides that narrow towards belly, interspaces wider than bars
List of species occurring in the area The symbol
0 is given when species accounts are given.
0 Abudefduf hoefleri (Steindachner, 1881). 0 Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). 0 Abudefduf taurus (Müller and Troschel, 1848). 0 Chromis cadenati Whitley, 1951. 0 Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758). 0 Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 1833). 0 Chromis lubbocki Edwards, 1986. 0 Chromis multilineata (Guichenot, 1853). 0 Chromis sanctaehelenae Edwards in Edwards and Glass, 1987. 0 Microspathodon frontatus Emery, 1970. 0 Similiparma hermani (Steindachner, 1887). 0 Similiparma lurida (Cuvier, 1830).
Fig. 4
Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae
2715
0 Stegastes imbricatus Jenyns, 1840. 0 Stegastes lubbocki Allen and Smith, 1992. 0 Stegastes sanctaehelenae (Sauvage, 1879). 0 Stegastes sanctipauli Lubbock and Edwards, 1981. References Allen, G.R. 1991. Damselfishes of the world. Melle, Germany, Mergus Publishers, 271 p. Allen, G.R. & Smith, K.N. 1992. A new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Stegastes) from Ascension Island, Atlantic Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 16(1): 113–117. Cooper, W.J., Albertson, R.C., Jacob, R.E. & Westneat, M.W. 2014. Re-description and reassignment of the damselfish Abudefduf luridus (Cuvier, 1830) using both traditional and geometric morphometric approaches. Copeia, 2014(3): 473–480. Edwards, A.J. 1986. A new damselfish, Chromis lubbocki (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) from the Cape Verde Archipelago, with notes on other eastern Atlantic pomacentrids. Zoologische Mededlingen, 60(12): 181–207. Edwards, A.J. & Glass, C.W. 1987. The fishes of Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean. I. The shore fishes. Journal of Natural History, 21: 617–686. Emery, A.R. 1970. The R/V Pillsbury Deep-Sea Biological Expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964–65. 17. Microspathodon frontatus, a new species of pomacentrid fish from islands in the Gulf of Guinea, Africa. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 4(2): 294–301. Hensley, D.A. 1986. A new damselfish genus from the Cape Verde Archipelago based on Glyphidodon (Parma) hermani Steindachner, 1887 (Pisces: Pomacentridae). Copeia, 1986(4): 857–863. Wood, E.M. 1977. A review of damsel fishes (Pisces: Pomacentridae) of the genus Chromis from the central and eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Journal of Fish Biology, 10: 331–345.
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Bony Fishes
Abudefduf hoefleri (Steindachner, 1881) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En – African sergeant.
Diagnostic characters: Body moderately deep, greatest body depth 49.3 to 55.1% of standard length; caudal peduncle tending to be shallower than that of Abudefduf saxatilis, its least depth 14.7 to 15.7% of standard length; third dorsal spine 12.9 to 14.0% of standard length; head fairly short at 25.0 to 27.3% of standard length. Dorsal fin with 13 spines and 13 or 14 (modally 14) soft rays; anal fin with 2 spines and 13 soft rays; pectoral-fin rays 19 or 20. Tubed lateral-line scales 21. Three and a half scale rows between lateral line and base of dorsal fin. Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 18 or 19; total gill rakers on first arch 26 to 28. Colour: described originally as having a blue-violet body coloration with each scale on the trunk having a more-or-less sharply defined, bright gold-yellow spot. Colour in life appears to be largely pastel blue with dark centres to a line of scales on nape and some scales above and behind the eye; snout dark blue. Scales on flanks tend to be light centrally with dark edges in dead specimens. Some individuals have about 4 faint vertical bars on the sides of the body that become more obvious after death. Newly dead specimens dark blue grey. Size: To 22.5 cm total length. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: The species is common at the Cape Verde Archipelago, São Tomé and at Príncipe in a depth range of 0 m to at least 20 m in similar habitats to Abudefduf saxatilis. Spawning pairs have been observed at 8 to 20 m depth. The species can be very territorial and live close to the bottom (much like breeding Abudefduf saxatilis). Also reported to be common in lagoons and eaten after being smoked in Benin and as occurring in shallow water in Guinea-Bissau where it is found in fish markets.
Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae Distribution: Recorded from the Cape Verde Archipelago, Gorée in Senegal (where originally described), Guinea-Bissau, Benin, from Ilhéu das Rôlas off São Tomé, and from Príncipe. Remarks: This species is poorly known and the characters given above are based on only a few specimens from the Cape Verde Archipelago and Príncipe, ranging from 16 to 22.5 cm total length. Although Abudefduf hoefleri have similar coloration to breeding male A. saxatilis, molecular studies indicate that A. hoefleri is distinct from A. saxatilis (D.R. Robertson, pers. comm.), as well as the characters listed above.
2717
2718
Bony Fishes
Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Abudefduf marginatus (Bloch, 1787) / None. FAO names: En – Sergeant-major; Fr – Chauffet soleil; Sp – Petaca rayada.
Diagnostic characters: Body deep, laterally compressed. Mouth small, moderately protrusible; teeth in a single row, incisiform, each with a small notch on upper edge in large individuals; preorbital bone narrow without a notch above upper lip; suborbital bones smooth and not attached to cheek; preopercle with a smooth edge. Dorsal fin with 13 spines and 12 or 13 (modally 13) soft rays; anal fin with 2 spines and 10 to 13 (rarely 10, modally 12) soft rays; pectoral-fin rays 16 to 20; caudal fin forked. Gill rakers on first gill arch 23 to 31. Colour: back and sides often bright greenish yellow, belly bluish white; 5 prominent vertical black bars on sides that narrow towards belly; interspaces wider than bars and a sixth faint bar on upper caudal peduncle. Sometimes the entire body bluish to white except for the black bars. A dark spot at base of pectoral fin. Size: To 22.9 cm total length; maximum weight 200 g. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Normally a shallow-water species (usually found at depths
