The mechanical properties of austenite stainless steel

0 downloads 0 Views 825KB Size Report
3Pusat Penelitian Fisika,LIPI, Serpong, Indonesia a)Corresponding author: [email protected] .... The symbol à©® indicates that the result deformation cause appears ...
The mechanical properties of austenite stainless steel 304 after structural deformation through cold work Naila Mubarok, Hamdan Akbar Notonegoro, Kemas Ahmad Zaini Thosin, and Azwar Manaf Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1746, 020022 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4953947 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4953947 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1746?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in Corrosion resistance of kolsterised austenitic 304 stainless steel AIP Conf. Proc. 1653, 020003 (2015); 10.1063/1.4914194 Formability analysis of austenitic stainless steel-304 under warm conditions AIP Conf. Proc. 1567, 378 (2013); 10.1063/1.4849994 Characterization of damage-induced magnetization for 304 austenitic stainless steel J. Appl. Phys. 110, 114907 (2011); 10.1063/1.3667288 Magnetic properties of the austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures AIP Conf. Proc. 614, 92 (2002); 10.1063/1.1472530 The stability of austenitic stainless steels under deformation AIP Conf. Proc. 29, 564 (1976); 10.1063/1.30452

Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 202.62.16.231 On: Tue, 28 Jun 2016 12:36:53

7KH0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI$XVWHQLWH6WDLQOHVV6WHHO $IWHU6WUXFWXUDO'HIRUPDWLRQ7KURXJK&ROG:RUN 1DLOD0XEDURN +DPGDQ$NEDU1RWRQHJRUR .HPDV$KPDG=DLQL7KRVLQ DQG $]ZDU0DQDID  1

PPS Materials Science, FMIPA-Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia Mechanical Engineering Dept., FT-Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa,Cilegon 42435, Indonesia 3 Pusat Penelitian Fisika,LIPI, Serpong, Indonesia



D

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUD]ZDU#XLDFLG

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by 56 ȝm, 49 ȝm, 45 ȝm, and 43 ȝm width and the grain go to flatten and being IROGHG OLNH QHHGOHV 7KH HIIHFW RI GHIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH JUDLQ PRUSKRORJ\ DQG VWUXFWXUH ZDV DOVR VWXGLHG E\ RSWLFDO PHWDOORJUDSK\ DQG ;5D\ 'LIIUDFWLRQ ,W LV VKRZQ WKDW WKH GHIRUPDWLRQE\PHDQVRIDFROGUROOHGSURFHVVKDVWUDQVIRUPHGWKHDXVWHQLWHVWUXFWXUHLQWRPDUWHQVLWLFVWUXFWXUH



,1752'8&7,21 

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

The 2016 Conference on Fundamental and Applied Science for Advanced Technology (ConFAST 2016) AIP Conf. Proc. 1746, 020022-1–020022-5; doi: 10.1063/1.4953947 Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1403-7/$30.00

020022-1 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 202.62.16.231 On: Tue, 28 Jun 2016 12:36:53

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kĮ radiation

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the size of 56 ȝm, 49 ȝm, 45 ȝm, and 43 ȝm and the grain being flattened and folded [3]. It indicates that the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

 

'HIRUPDWLRQ  

7KLFNQHVV PP 

















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

020022-2 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 202.62.16.231 On: Tue, 28 Jun 2016 12:36:53

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

D 





E 

),*85(D 7KHKDUGQHVVDQGE WKHZHDUWHVWYDOXHRIDQGRIGHIRUPDWLRQ

  $$0 

 $0$0



),*85($QDO\VLVZLWK2SWLFDOPLFURVWUXFWXUHPDJQLILHURQ[DWD E F G RI GHIRUPDWLRQ7KHUHGOLQHVKRZVWKDWWKHJUDLQEHLQJIODWWHQHGDQGIROGV $ DXVWHQLWHDQG0 PDUWHQVLWH 

 )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH GLIIUDFWLRQ SDWWHUQ LQYHVWLJDWHG E\ ;5D\ 'LIIUDFWLRQ RI WKH FROG ZRUN VSHFLPHQ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GHIRUPDWLRQ $V VHHQ WKH SDWWHUQ FRQILUPHG WKDW WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVV KDG WR FKDQJH WKH FU\VWDOOLWH

020022-3 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 202.62.16.231 On: Tue, 28 Jun 2016 12:36:53

VWUXFWXUH 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI DXVWHQLWH SKDVH WUDQVIRUPV LQWR PDUWHQVLWLF SKDVH LQ OLQH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ RI WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ7KHJUDLQIRUPEHLQJIROGHGDQGIODWWHQHGIRUPLQJWKHVKDSHVLPLODUWRDQHHGOH>@

),*85(;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQRIGHIRUPDWLRQVDPSOHZKHUHD E F G 7KHV\PERO੮LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH UHVXOWGHIRUPDWLRQFDXVHDSSHDUVPDUWHQVLWLFSKDVH

&21&/86,21 7RLQFUHDVHWKH ZHDUUHVLVWDQFHRIWKH VWDLQOHVVVWHHOWKHFROGUROOWUHDWPHQWWR KDYHGRQH ZLWK  DQG  RI GHIRUPDWLRQ 7KH PHWDOORJUDSK\ FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVKRZV WKH LQLWLDO KDUGQHVV YDOXH LQFUHDVH IURP  KYF WR  KYF GXH WKH LQFUHDVH RI GHIRUPDWLRQ 7KH ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH LQFUHDVHG LQ OLQH ZLWK  WR  RI GHIRUPDWLRQUDWHDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\GHFUHDVHEHWZHHQWRUDWH PLFURVWUXFWXUDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVKRZVWKDW WKHERXQGDU\change to coincide with 56ȝm, 49 ȝm, 45 ȝm, and 43 ȝm thick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by 56ȝm, 49 ȝm, 45 ȝm, and 43 ȝmthick and the grain go to flatten and IROGHGIRUPLQJ WKH QHHGOHVOLNH VWUXFWXUH 7KH ;5D\ 'LIIUDFWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRQILUPHG WKDW WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVKDVWUDQVIRUPHGWKHDXVWHQLWHVWUXFWXUHLQWRPDUWHQVLWHVWUXFWXUH

$C.12:/('*(0(17 7KHDXWKRUV JUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJH WKH VXSSRUWRI'HSDUWPHQWRI3K\VLFV –)0,3$8QLYHUVLWDV,QGRQHVLDIRU WKHUHVHDUFKIDFLOLWLHV

5()(5(1&(6 >@@)0DUTXHVD:0GD6LOYD-03DUGDO6607DYDUHV&6FDQGLDQ:HDU–   >@51'HKVRUNKL66DERRQL).DULP]DGHK$5H]DHLDQ0+(QD\DWL0DWHULDOVDQG'HVLJQ–  

020022-4 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 202.62.16.231 On: Tue, 28 Jun 2016 12:36:53

>@:%R@-6XOH6*DQJXO\+&RXOHV73LUOLQJ -0DQ3URF–   >@=@$-DLQ66KULYDVWDYD7KLQ6ROLG)LOPV   >@:=+DQ6':X6;/LDQG=)=KDQJ $SSO3K\V/HWWHUV   >@30GH26LOYD+)*GH$EUHX9+&GH$OEXTXHUTXH3GH/LPD1HWR-0DQXHO567DYDUHV 0DWHULDOV DQG'HVLJQ–   >@$5H]DHH$.HUPDQSXU$1DMDIL]DGHK00RDOOHPL+6%DJKEDGRUDQL0DWHULDOVDQG'HVLJQ  

020022-5 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 202.62.16.231 On: Tue, 28 Jun 2016 12:36:53