Feb 7, 2016 - 4.13 Summary of Equations for Simple Systems . .... 6.7 Summary of Equations for a Control Volume . ..... 15.6 The Gibbs-Duhem Equation .
Thermodynamics by Arthur Shavit, Chaim Gutfinger
Product Details
ISBN: 0132882671 ISBN-13: 9780132882675
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
Edition Number: 3
From the Publisher Considered by many to be a difficult subject, thermodynamics is presented here in a rigorous manner, but in such a way that it remains accessible to students at the start of their studies. Of particular importance is the way in which the authors carefully define the terms around which thermodynamics has historically developed--i.e. work, heat, energy, temperature and entropy.
From The Critics This rigorous yet accessible treatment for undergraduates in engineering defines the terms around which thermodynamics has historically developed, such as work, temperature, entropy, and energy, presenting data in tabular form for easy comprehension; and covers basic concepts, simple systems, equilibrium, and chemical reactions using worked examples and SI units throughout.
Applications of Thermodynamics ................................................................. 4
BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................................................ 6 2.1 The Thermodynamic System ........................................................................ 7 2.2 Properties and State....................................................................................... 8 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Some Characteristics of Properties ............................................................. 13 Equilibrium ................................................................................................. 14 Stable Equilibrium ...................................................................................... 16 Mutual Equilibrium..................................................................................... 18
2.7 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ......................................................... 18 Problems ................................................................................................................ 20 3.
WORK, ENERGY AND HEAT - FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ...... 24 3.1 Work in Mechanical Systems ..................................................................... 24 3.2 Work in Thermodynamic Systems.............................................................. 25 3.3 Measure of Work ........................................................................................ 27 3.4 Work in Adiabatic Processes ...................................................................... 28 3.5 Work in Non-Adiabatic Processes .............................................................. 28 3.6 Work at a Moving Boundary ...................................................................... 29 3.7 Work of a Compressible System................................................................. 29 3.8 Quasistatic Process and Quasistatic Work .................................................. 30 3.9 The First Law of Thermodynamics............................................................. 33 3.10 Work, Heat and Energy............................................................................... 34 3.11 Temperature ................................................................................................ 36 Problems ................................................................................................................ 38
4.
SIMPLE SYSTEMS .............................................................................................. 44 4.1 Independent and Dependent Properties....................................................... 44 4.2 The State Postulate ..................................................................................... 45
Contents
4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10
III
Simple Systems. .......................................................................................... 45 Equations of State ...................................................................................... 47 Internal Energy............................................................................................ 47 Basic Processes in Simple Systems ............................................................ 49 Pure Substances ......................................................................................... 54 Intensive State ............................................................................................. 55 Phases .......................................................................................................... 55 Properties of a Pure Substance .................................................................... 55
4.11 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties ......................................................... 59 4.12 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Simple Systems ............................ 65 4.13 Summary of Equations for Simple Systems ............................................... 69 Problems ................................................................................................................ 71 5.
THE IDEAL GAS ................................................................................................. 82 5.1 Definition of an Ideal Gas ........................................................................... 82 5.2 Internal Energy and Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas ............................................ 85 5.3 The Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heat ................................................ 86 5.4 Quasistatic Processes in an Ideal Gas ......................................................... 87 5.5 The Polytropic Process ............................................................................... 89 Problems ................................................................................................................ 93
6.
THE CONTROL VOLUME ............................................................................... 101 6.1 Transition from System to Control Volume ............................................. 101 6.2 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume ............................................ 103 6.3 First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume .............................. 105 6.4 Steady State Processes .............................................................................. 107 6.5 Unsteady State Processes in Control Volumes ......................................... 116 6.6 One-port control volumes ......................................................................... 116 6.7 Summary of Equations for a Control Volume .......................................... 123 Problems .............................................................................................................. 124
7.
HEAT ENGINES AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ...... 135 7.1 Heat Engines ............................................................................................. 135 7.2 Efficiency of Heat Engines ....................................................................... 138 7.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics ...................................................... 141 7.4 7.5
Reversibility .............................................................................................. 142 Internally Reversible Process .................................................................... 145
IV
Thermodynamics
7.6 The Carnot Cycle ...................................................................................... 147 7.7 Efficiency and the Reversible Engine ....................................................... 148 7.8 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale ......................................................... 150 Problems .............................................................................................................. 154 8.
ENTROPY ........................................................................................................... 157 8.1 Clausius Inequality.................................................................................... 157 8.2 Entropy...................................................................................................... 159 8.3 Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process ............................................... 160 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
Principle of Increase of Entropy ............................................................... 162 Calculating Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process............................ 163 Entropy Equations ..................................................................................... 165 Using Entropy Data from Tables .............................................................. 166 Entropy Change in an Ideal Gas ............................................................... 168
8.9 Entropy diagrams ...................................................................................... 171 8.10 Second Law Analysis of Control Volumes ............................................... 175 Problems .............................................................................................................. 178 9.
APPLICATIONS OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ......... 190 9.1 Work in Expansion and Compression Processes ...................................... 193 9.2 Effectiveness of Adiabatic Processes ........................................................ 198 9.3 Work and Heat in Isothermal Processes ................................................... 201 9.4 Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers............................................................. 204 9.5 A Test for the Impossibility of a Process .................................................. 208 Problems .............................................................................................................. 211
10. AVAILABILITY, EXERGY AND IRREVERSIBILITY ................................. 220 10.1 Available Work ......................................................................................... 221 10.2 Useful Work .............................................................................................. 225 10.3 Irreversibility............................................................................................. 226 10.4 Availability ............................................................................................... 227 10.5 Control Volume Analysis – Exergy .......................................................... 232
11. POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES ..................................................... 251 11.1 Rankine Cycle ........................................................................................... 252
Contents
V
11.2 Rankine Cycle Modifications ................................................................... 257 11.3 Brayton Cycle ........................................................................................... 262 11.4 Cycles for Internal Combustion Engines ..................................................... 270 11.5 The Otto cycle ........................................................................................... 270 11.6 Diesel Cycle .............................................................................................. 272 11.7 The Dual Cycle ......................................................................................... 274 11.8 Refrigeration Cycles ................................................................................. 275 11.9 Basic Refrigeration Cycle ......................................................................... 275 11.10 Internal Heat Exchanger ........................................................................... 278 11.11 Refrigeration with Two-Stage Compression ............................................ 281 11.12 Exergy Analysis ........................................................................................ 282 Problems .............................................................................................................. 290 12. IDEAL GAS MIXTURES AND HUMID AIR ................................................... 310 12.1 Basic Definitions for Gaseous Mixtures ................................................... 311 12.2 Equation of State for a Mixture of Ideal Gases ......................................... 312 12.3 Properties of Mixtures of Ideal Gases ....................................................... 315 12.4 Gaseous Mixtures Involving a Condensable Component ......................... 318 12.5 Moist Air ................................................................................................... 318 12.6 The First Law for Moist Air...................................................................... 320 12.7 Adiabatic Saturation.................................................................................. 322 12.8 Wet Bulb Temperature .............................................................................. 323 12.9 The Psychrometric Chart .......................................................................... 324 12.10 Processes in Moist Air .............................................................................. 326 12.11 Cooling Towers ........................................................................................ 333 Problems .............................................................................................................. 337 13. THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS .................................................................. 348 13.1 Some Mathematical Relations .................................................................. 348 13.2 Maxwell Relations .................................................................................... 350 13.3 Clapeyron Equation .................................................................................. 353 13.4 Specific Heats ........................................................................................... 356 13.5 Energy and Enthalpy Variations at Constant Temperature ....................... 357 13.6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient ............................................................... 359 13.7 Volume Change Coefficients .................................................................... 360 Problems .............................................................................................................. 362
VI
Thermodynamics
14. EQUATIONS OF STATE AND GENERALIZED CHARTS ........................... 366 14.1 Van Der Waals Equation........................................................................... 367 14.2 The Dieterici Equation .............................................................................. 369 14.3 Empirical Equations of State .................................................................... 369 14.4 Virial Form of Equation of State .............................................................. 370 14.5 Thermodynamic Data from Equations of State......................................... 370 Problems .............................................................................................................. 391 15. MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS ..................................................................... 397 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5
Intensive State ........................................................................................... 397 Phase ......................................................................................................... 398 Components of a Phase ............................................................................. 399 Partial Properties ....................................................................................... 402 Gibbs Equation.......................................................................................... 406
15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9
The Gibbs-Duhem Equation ..................................................................... 410 Fugacity of a component in a solution ...................................................... 414 Standard State and Activity ...................................................................... 415 Fugacity Relations .................................................................................... 416
15.10 Partial and Specific Properties for a Binary Phase ................................... 417 15.11 Mixing ....................................................................................................... 419 Problems .............................................................................................................. 421 16. EQUILIBRIUM ................................................................................................... 424 16.1 Maximum Entropy Criterion..................................................................... 424 16.2 Minimum Energy Criterion....................................................................... 427 16.3 Minimum Gibbs Free Energy ................................................................... 427 16.4 The Chemical Potential ............................................................................. 428 16.5 Gibbs Phase Rule ...................................................................................... 430 16.6 Phase Equilibrium of a Pure Substance .................................................... 431 16.7 Equilibrium between Vapor Bubble and Liquid Phase............................. 433 16.8 Equilibrium of Multicomponent Phases ................................................... 435 Problems .............................................................................................................. 436 17. IDEAL SOLUTIONS .......................................................................................... 439 17.1 Mixing Volume ......................................................................................... 439 17.2 Enthalpy of Mixing ................................................................................... 441 17.3 Entropy of Mixing..................................................................................... 441 17.4 Binary Mixtures ........................................................................................ 442
Contents
17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12
VII
Ideal Gas Mixtures .................................................................................... 448 Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Mixtures ......................................... 448 Equilibrium between a Pure and a Multicomponent Phase ...................... 450 Effect of Solute Concentration on Boiling Point ...................................... 453 Effect of Pressure on Solubility ................................................................ 455 Effect of Temperature on Solubility ......................................................... 455 Osmosis ..................................................................................................... 456 Exergy Analysis ........................................................................................ 458
Problems .............................................................................................................. 461 18. NON IDEAL SOLUTIONS ................................................................................ 465 18.1 Henry's Law .............................................................................................. 466 18.2 Raoult's Law ............................................................................................. 467 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6
18.7 Absorption Refrigeration .......................................................................... 477 Problems .............................................................................................................. 486 19. CHEMICAL REACTIONS ................................................................................. 490 19.1 Stoichiometry ............................................................................................ 490 19.2 Fuel Combustion ....................................................................................... 492 19.3 The First Law for Chemical Reactions ..................................................... 495 19.4 Adiabatic Flame Temperature................................................................... 501 19.5 Enthalpy of Formation at Any Temperature ............................................. 504 19.6 Free Energy of Formation at Any Temperature ........................................ 504 19.7 Chemical Equilibrium ............................................................................... 505 Problems .............................................................................................................. 522 APPENDIX: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES .................................................. 535 Tables................................................................................................................... 536 Figures ................................................................................................................. 550 Unit Conversion Factors ...................................................................................... 555
