Thanks to various people, the past few years have been a wonderful time. ... far her most important contributions lie outside academia: she has been the best ...... overview of the online community debate, discuss its shortcomings, and suggest ...
‘NowhereICouldTalkLikeThat’
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Tableofcontents Chapter1 Openingtheonlinecommunityquestion......................................................................... 1
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ Abstractcontemplations:thenatureofonlinegroups.......................................................................... ʹ Empiricalstudies:focusedassessmentsofonlinecommunity............................................................ ͷ Reshapingempiricalresearch:frombenchmarktosensitizingconcept ......................................
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͲ Aneedforcontextualization........................................................................................................................... ͳͲ Onlineparticipationaspurposiveaction.................................................................................................. ͳͳ Movingbeyondthevirtual ............................................................................................................................... ͳ͵
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳ Chapter2 Designingthestudyofvirtualtogetherness ................................................................ 19
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͻ Serialcasestudydesign..................................................................................................................................... ͳͻ Focusingononlineforums ............................................................................................................................... ʹʹ ThreeDutchforums:,,and
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ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ʹͺ Researchapproach .............................................................................................................................................. ʹͺ Communityasasensitizingconcept............................................................................................................ ʹͻ Understandingtogethernessthroughqualitativemethods ............................................................. ͵ͳ Forummessagesasdata:qualitativecontentanalysis ...................................................................... ͵͵ BeyonddataǦharvest:theimportanceofinǦdepthinterviews......................................................... ͵ Contactswiththeresearchpopulation ...................................................................................................... ͵ͻ Interviewsonlineandoff .................................................................................................................................. Ͷʹ Validityofdatagatheredonline:fakeidentitiesanddeception? .................................................. Ͷ
Chapter3 ‘Stormfrontislikeasecondhometome’: AvirtualrefugeforDutchrightǦwingextremists....................................................... 49
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ͷͻ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͷʹ Ǯ
ǡǯǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͷͶ ‘WhyareyouadirtyNazi?’:negativereactionsineverydaylife ................................................... ͷͶ Stigmatizationandfatalism ........................................................................................................................... ͷ
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StormfrontǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͷͻ ‘Asafeplacetoexpressyouropinion’:freedomofexpressioninanonymity ............................ ͷͻ ‘Weareanoppressedspecies,thiscreatesabond’:avirtual
........................... ͷͻ ‘IstaysafelybehindmyPC’:asavirtualrefuge............................................................ ͵ Memberswithoutofflinestigmatization...................................................................................................
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Chapter4 Arefugeandaspringboard:Differenttypesof virtualtogethernessamongorthodoxprotestanthomosexuals .......................... 69
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͻ
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ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳ ‘Alonelystruggle’:stigma,isolationandemotionalproblems ....................................................... ͳ ‘Itisallabouthowyoudoit’:reflexivequestionsofidentityineverydaylife.......................... Ͷ
RefoAndersǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ‘Youhavetogetitoffyourchest’:seekingempathicsupport ......................................................... ‘Howdoothersdealwithit?’:seekinginsightthroughinteractions............................................ ͺͲ
RefoAndersǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͺͶ Differentunderstandingsofsocialrelationships................................................................................... ͺͶ Symbolicboundariesanddiversity .............................................................................................................. ͺͺ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͻͳ
Chapter5 ‘Ihadnevereventhoughtaboutcollectiveactionbefore’: Anonlinesocialmovement ................................................................................................ 95
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͻͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͻ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͲͲ ‘Itallsucks’:thesocialarticulationofantiǦinstitutionalviews....................................................ͳͲͲ Concernedcitizens .............................................................................................................................................ͳͲͶ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͲͻ ‘Frustratingthesystem’:protestandresistance .................................................................................ͳͳͲ ‘Servingahighercause’:constructivelythinkingalong...................................................................ͳͳʹ Differentlyevaluatingonlinediversity.....................................................................................................ͳͳͺ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳʹͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳʹ͵ Chapter6 ‘Notjustaclubofcarlovers’: AnonlineneoǦtribeanditsofflineramifications .....................................................129
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳʹͻ Ǯ
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ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳ͵Ͳ Ǯ
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ǦǤǤǤǤ ͳͶʹ ǣǡ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͶ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͷ͵
Chapter7 Contextualizingvirtualtogetherness ...........................................................................157 ǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͷ Fourtypesofvirtualtogetherness..............................................................................................................ͳͷ Implicationsforscholarshipontheonlinecommunityquestion.................................................ͳͶ Reflectionsonmethodsforfurtherresearch .........................................................................................ͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͻ Areonlineinteractionspersistentorfleeting? .....................................................................................ͳͲ CyberǦbalkanizationoronlinedeliberation? ........................................................................................ͳ͵ Anotherworldlyrealm?...................................................................................................................................ͳ
Notes.........................................................................................................................................181 References..............................................................................................................................189 Dutchsummary ....................................................................................................................217 CurriculumVitae..................................................................................................................233
Chapter1 Openingtheonlinecommunityquestion ‘Arevirtualcommunitiestruecommunities?’ (DriskellandLyon2002) ‘Togethernesscomesinmanykinds.’ (Bauman1995:44)
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internationally
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Ǥ The core and the other related pages constitute a Web community ȋǥȌǤ Treating the Web as a large graph, the problem of community identification can also be formulated asaminimumǦcutproblemǡ
ǯ ȋibid.ǡ ȌǤ
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ǡ ǡ ǫ ǡǯȋʹͲͲȌ
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Ǥ Forummessagesasdata:qualitativecontentanalysis
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ʹʹͶ ͳͻ StormfrontǡRefoAnders͵ͲͲ ʹͲǡFlitsserviceͳͲ
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being feeling ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲǣ ͺͲǡ Ȍ Ǯ
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Ǥ BeyonddataǦharvest:theimportanceofinǦdepthinterviews
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Dutch Sociological Associationǡ
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ǯ ȋȌ Ǯǯ ȋȌǤ Ǯ ǯ ȋȌ ǡ ǮǯǮ
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ǡǯǣ ‘WhyareyouadirtyNazi?’:negativereactionsineverydaylife
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ǯǤ Stigmatizationandfatalism ǡStormfront
ȋͳͻͺȏͳͻ͵ȐȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͶǣͶͲͳȌǮ
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Stormfront
Ǥ Phrea|kǡ
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Stormfrontǡ
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ǡ most,ifnotall,oftheirinteractionsstayonlinesothatthereisacomplete lackofphysicalinteractionorcontactǯȋʹͲͲǣͳͺǡȌǤ
ȋ ʹͲͳͲǡ
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Chapter7 Contextualizingvirtualtogetherness
ǫ
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ǣhowcandifferenttypes ofvirtualtogethernessononlineforumsbeunderstoodinrelationtoofflinesociallife?
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Ǥ Fourtypesofvirtualtogetherness
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Figure1:Typologyofvirtualtogetherness
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ȋ
ǤʹͲͲͶȌ
ͳʹ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǣ
Ǥ
Ǧ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǯ
ȋ ʹͲͲͲǣ ʹͳȌǤ
Ǧ Ǥ
Ǧ
ǡ
Ǥ ͳ͵
Implicationsforscholarshipontheonlinecommunityquestion
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǯ
ǯǮǦ
ǯ
Ǧ Ǥ
ǡ
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Ǥ ǡ
ȋ
ǤǤʹͲͲͻǣʹͲͲǦͳȌǤ
Ǥ
Ȃ
ȋ
Ǥͳͻͻǣ͵ǦͶȌǤ
ͳͶ
ȋǤǤ ʹͲͲͶǢ Ǥ ͳͻͻǢ ʹͲͲʹǣ ʹͶǦͺǢ ʹͲͲʹǢ ʹͲͲǣͶ͵ǢʹͲͲͳǣʹȌǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǯ
Ȃ
Ǥ
Ǧ ǯ
ȋǤǤʹͲͲ͵ǣ ͵ǢʹͲͲͶǣǢͳͻͻͺǣʹͲǢʹͲͲʹǣ ͶͶͻȌǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ȋǤǤ ʹͲͲͷǣ ͳǢ ǤǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ
ǯ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ͳͷ
ǤǮ
ǯȋʹͲͲͶǣͺȌ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ Reflectionsonmethodsforfurtherresearch
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǧ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǯ
Ȃ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǯ
Ǥ
ǡ ǯ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ͶͶ
Ǥ
The Internet: An Ethnographic Approachǣ Ǯ ǡ ǯ ǯ
ͳ
ȋʹͲͲͲǣ ͷȌǤ
Ǯ
ǯȋǣͳȌǤǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ȃ
Ǥǡ
Ǥ ͶͷǡͶ
ǡ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲͺǣ ʹ͵Ȍ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǯ
ǯ
ǦǦ
ȋ
Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǣ Ȍǡ
Ǥ
ȋǤǤ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲͺǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ʹͲͲǢ ʹͲͲͺȌ Ǥ
Stormfront RefoAndersǡ
Ǯ
ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲͻǣ ͷ͵ȌǤ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ǦǦ
ȋ ʹͲͲͷǢ ǯ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͻͺǢ ʹͲͲǣ ͳʹͺͻǢ
Ǥ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͵ͶȌǡ
Ǥ ͳ
ȋʹͲͲȌǡ
Ǥ
ǦǦ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲͻǣͷȌǡ
ȋ ʹͲͲͺǣ ʹͷȌǤ ǡ Stormfront RefoAndersǤ ǡ Ȃ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
Flitsservice’sǦǤ
ǡ
ǡ
ǣ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ
ͳͺ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǯ
ǯ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲǣ ͶȌ ǡǮ
ǡ
ǯǤ
Ǥ
ȋ
ʹͲͲͳȌǡ
Ǥ
ȋǤǤ Ǥ ʹͲͲͳǢ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ʹͲͲ͵ǢʹͲͲǢǤʹͲͲͶǢʹͲͲͲǢ ͳͻͻǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ ͳͻͻͲǤ
ǡ
ȋ« ʹͲͲǣ ʹͻʹȌǤ
Ǯ
ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͶͷͲȌǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
ǡ
ingeneralǤ ǡ
ͳͻ
Ǥ
ͳȌ
ǡʹȌǮ
Ǧǯǡ͵ȌǦ
Ǥ Areonlineinteractionspersistentorfleeting?
ǡ Ǥ
ȋǤǤ ʹͲͲͲǢ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ʹͲͲͺȌǡ Ǧ Ǯǯ
ǡ
Ǥǣ ǮȋǥȌ
ǡǡ ǯȋʹͲͲͻǣͻȌǤȋʹͲͲǣʹ͵ͲȌǡ
ǡ Ǯ ǯ
Ǯȏ
Ȑ
ǯǤ
Ȃ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ
ȋͳͻͻͷȌǡ
ǡ Ǯ
ǯǡ ȋʹͲͲͶǣ ʹͷȌ Ǯ
ǡDzdzǡǯǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶǣ ͵͵Ȍ ǣ Ǯ
ǯǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͺǣ ͷͷȌǡ
ͳͲ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǯǯ
Ǯ
ȋǥȌ ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲǣ ʹͳȌǡ Ǥ
Ȃ
Flitsservice’s
Ȃ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
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Ȍǡ
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ͳͳ
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ǡǡǡ
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Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
GemeinschaftǢ
Ȃ ǤǦ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǧ
ǡ
ȂǮ
ǯǡǤ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǤǮ
ǯ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
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ǡ
ͳʹ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǤǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
ǯ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ CyberǦbalkanizationoronlinedeliberation? Ǧ
ǡ
Ǯ
Ǧǯ Ǥ ǦͳͻͻͲȋͳͻͻȌǡ
ȋʹͲͲͲȌȋʹͲͲͳǡʹͲͲȌǡ
ȋǤǤ ʹͲͲͻǢ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲǢ
ʹͲͳͲǢ
ʹͲͲͻȌǡ
Ǥ
Ǥǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳ͵
Ǧ
ǮǦǯ ȋ ʹͲͲǣ Ȍǣ
ǦǡǮ
ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲͷǣ ͳͷʹǢ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻȌ Ǯ
ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲȌ
ȋ ǤͳͻͻͺǣǦǢʹͲͲͶǣ͵͵ǢʹͲͲͲǣͳǦͺͲǢ ʹͲͲͷȌǤǮ
ǡ ǡ
ȋǥȌ
ǯȋǤ ʹͲͲͻǣʹͳͻȌ
Ǯ ǡ ǡ
ǯ ȋǦ ͳͻͻǣ ͷͷǡ
ʹͲͲͻǣ ͳͲͻǦͳͲȌǤ ǡ
ǣ ǡ
ȋ ʹͲͲͷǣ ͳͷʹǢ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǣ ͳǢ ʹͲͲͻǣ ͻ͵ͳǢ ʹͲͲȌ
ȋʹͲͲǣʹʹͲȌǤ
Ǧ Ǥ
Ǧ ǡ Ǯ
ǯȋ
ʹͲͲʹǣͳȌǤ
ǡ Ǯ
ǯȋʹͲͲͺǣ͵ʹȌ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǧ
ȋ ʹͲͲǣ ͺͷͲǢ
Ǥ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǣ ͵ȌǤ ǡ
ǡ
Ǧ Ǯthe
the ǯ ȋʹͲͲͻǣ ͻ͵ʹǡ ȌǡǮ
the
the ͳͶ
ǯȋʹͲͲͳǡȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͻǣͳͲȌ
Ǯ
ǯȋ
ʹͲͲͻǣͳͶͻȌǤ
ǡ
ȋ ǤǤ
Ǥ ʹͲͲͺǣ ͶͻǦͷʹȌ
Ǥ Ǯ
ǯ ȋ
ʹͲͲʹǣ ʹͳȌǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǯ
ǯȋ
ʹͲͲͻǣͳͷͲȌǣ
Ǧ
Ǯ
ȏ Ȑ Ǧ ǯ ȋ ʹͲͲǣ ʹʹͲȌ
Ǯ
ǯȋǤͳͻͻͺǣǦȌǤ
possible
Ǧ want Ǥ ǡ
Ǧ Ǥ Ͷ
Ǧ Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǧǣ
ͳͷ
Ǧ Ǥ
Ǧ
ǡ
ǡǢ
Ǧǯ Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǯ
Ǥ Ͷͺ
Ǥ
ǡǡǡ
Ǥǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǯ Ǥ Ǧ
ǡ
ǣ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ǦǤǡ
ǦǤ
ǡ
Ȃ
Ǥ
ǡ ͳ
Ǥ
Ǧ ǡ Ǯ ǯ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ǯ
ǡ
Ǧ ǡ
Ǥ
ȋǤǤǤʹͲͲͺǣͶͻǦͷʹȌ
Ǥ Anotherworldlyrealm?
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ͳͻͻͲǡ
Ǯ
ǯ ȋʹͲͲͲǣͺǢ
ǤʹͲͲͷȌǡ
ȋʹͲͲͷǣ ͳǢ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͷͶʹȌǤ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ ǮǦ
ǯǮ
ȏȐ
ǯ ȋʹͲͲʹǣͳͷʹȌǤ ǣ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻǣ ͷʹǢ
Ǥ
ͳ
ʹͲͲʹǣ ͶͷȌǡ
ǡ Ǯ
ȋǥȌ
ǡ
ǯǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǯ necessarily
ǯ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͲͶǣ ͵ʹǡ Ȍ
Ǧ
Ǧ
ȋ
ǤʹͲͲͲǣʹͲͶǦͷǢ ʹͲͲͲǣ ͷǦǢ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͷͶ͵ȌǤ
ǡ
ǫ
Ǧ
ǣ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣǡǡ Ǥǡ
Ǥ ͳͺ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǦǡ
Ǥ ǡǦ
Ǥ ǡ
ǣ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ȃ Ǯ
ǯ Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǧ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͳͻ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳͺͲ
Notes ͳ
Ǯǯ
ȋ ǤǤʹͲͲͶǣͳͲͻǢ ʹͲͲͷǣ ͳͶͷǢ ͳͻͻǣ ͳʹͻǦ͵ͲǢ
Ǥ ʹͲͲͶǣ ͶʹͶȌǤ ǡ
Ǣ
ȋ ǣʹͲͲͺǢ
ʹͲͲͲǢʹͲͲͷǢ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ
ʹͲͲǢ ͳͻͻͻǢ Ǥ ʹͲͲͶǢ ͳͻͻͻǢ
ʹͲͲͷǢ ʹͲͲͶǢ ʹͲͲͶǢ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ
Ǥ
ǡ
aprioriǤ ʹ
ǡ
ǡ
ǤȋʹͲͲǢ
Ǥ ǤʹͲͲͻǣͳͻͻǦʹͲͲȌǮ
ǡ
ǯǤǣǤȋͳͻͻͺȌ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ ͵
ǡ
ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡǮ
ǡ ȋ ȌǡǦȋ Ȍǡ et ceteraǤ
ǡ ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥǯ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ ǯ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͳͺͳ
ǡ ǯ
Ǥ Ͷ
ǡ
ǯ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ
Ǥ ͷ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͲǣ ʹͺͻȌǡ
ǡ Ǯ ǯǮǯ Ǥ
not
ǡ
Ǯǯȋ
ǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ
ȋʹͲͲȌǡ Ǯ
ǯǤ ǡ
Ǯ
ǯǡǮ
ǯǮ
ǯǤ
ȋͳͻͻȌǡ
ǡ
Ǯ
ǦǯǤ ͺ
ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌ
ȋ
Ǥ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͷͶͳȌǤ
Ǥ ͻ
ǯȋʹͲͲͶȌ
Ǥ
ǡ
ȋʹͲͲȌǤ ͳͲ
Ǧ
ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ serialparallel
ǡ
Ǯ
ǯȋʹͲͲͺǣͶ͵ȌǤ ͳͳȋʹͲͲͲǡʹͲͲȌǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
ͳͺʹ
ȋǤǤ ͳͻͻȌǤ ǦͳͻͻͲǡ
Ǧ
Ǯǯ Ǧ ȋǤǤͳͻͻͷȌǤǡ
ÃǤ
Ǯǯ
Ǣ
ǡǡ
ȋǤǤ ǤǤʹͲͲͶǢʹͲͲʹǢ ʹͲͲͳǢ ʹͲͲʹǢ ʹͲͲʹǢ ʹͲͲͲǢ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ
ǡ
ȋ ǤǤ ʹͲͲǢ ͳͻͻȌǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ͳʹ
Ǥ ͳ͵Stormfront
ǣȀȀǤǤȀȀǤǫαʹʹǤ ͳͶRefoAnders
ǣȀȀǤǤȀͳ
ȀǤ ͳͷ
Ǯǯ ȋ
ǣ
homoseksuelenȌǮǯȋmensenmethomogevoelensȌǤ
ǡ
Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǥ
Ǯ
ǯ
Ǥ ͳ
ǣ RefoAnders de ontmoetingsplaats rond homogevoelens voor mensen uit de
orthodoxchristelijkekringǤ ͳFlitsservice
ǣȀȀǤ
ǤȀȀǤ ͳͺ
ǣUwgidstegenzinloosgeflitsǤ ͳͻ FlitsserviceǤ ʹͲ
Ǧ
ǡ
ȋ
ʹͲͲʹǢ Ǥ ʹͲͲͶǢ
ʹͲͲͷǢʹͲͲȌǤ
ͳͺ͵
ʹͳ
Ǥ ʹʹ StormfrontͷǡʹͺǤ ʹ͵
Ǥ
ȋ
ȌǤ ʹͶ
ȋ
ǤʹͲͲǣͺͷǢʹͲͲ͵ǣͶͷȌ
ȋǤǤʹͲͲͲǢʹͲͲǢǤʹͲͲͶǢ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ʹͷ
ǯ
ǣȀȀǤǦ
Ǧ
ǤȀȀǦ Ȁ
Ȁ
ΨʹͲΨʹͲ
ΨʹͲǤǤ ʹ
Ȁ
Ǥ ʹ
ǡ
Ǥǡ Ǯ
ǯȋ
ͳͻͻͻǣͳ͵Ǣ
Ǥ ǤʹͲͲͶǣͳʹǦ͵ȌǣǮ
ǯǡ
ǮǯȋʹͲͲǣͺʹͷȌ ǯ
ǡ
ȋ ʹͲͲͶǣͻ͵ʹǦ͵ ȌǤ
Ǯ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥǡ
ǯǯȋͳͻͻǣͳ͵ͲȌǤ ʹͺ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǯǡ
ǡ
± Ǥ
ǦǦ
Ǥ ʹͻ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͳͺͶ
͵Ͳ
Ǧ
ȋʹͲͲȌǤ ǡ Ǧ ǯ
Ǥ ͵ͳ
ͳͶ
ǡǦǦ
ǣǮ
ǯǤ ͵ʹ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǤǡȋǤǤʹͲͲǣͳͳǦʹȌǡ
ȋ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ͵͵
ǡ
Ǯǯ
Ǯǯǡ
ȋ
Ǥ ǤʹͲͲʹǣʹʹȌǤ
Stormfrontǡǡ
Ǥ ͵ͶNederlandseVolksǦUnieǡ
DutchPeople’sǦUnionǤ ͵ͷ
ǡ ǡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ
ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ǤǤ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋʹͲͲȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋʹͲͲȌǡ Ǧ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͷȌȋʹͲͲȌǤ ͵
Ǯǯ Ȃ
ȋʹͲͲǢʹͲͲǢʹͲͲͳȌȂ Ǥ ͵͵͵Ǥ ͵ͺ
ǦǮ ǯ
ȋPartijvoordeVrijheid(PVV)ȌǤ ͵ͻ
ǣWetopenbaarheidvanbestuurȋWOBȌǤ ͶͲ
Flitsservice
Ȃ Ǯ
ǯȂ
Ǥ
ͳͺͷ
Ͷͳ
Sjonnies
Ǥ
Ǥ Ͷʹ virtual ǡ ǡ ǡ
online Ǧ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ȁ Ǧ
ǡ
ȋ
ȌǤ ǡ ǡ
ǡ
ȋ
ʹȌǤ Ͷ͵
ǯȋʹͲͳͲȌPublishorPerishǡ
ͻǡʹͲͳͲǤ ͶͶ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲ͵ǣͳͳȌǡ
ǡǮ
ǯǡ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻǣ ͷȌ Ǯ
ȏ
Ǧ
Ȑ Dzdz
Ǥǯ Ͷͷ
ǣonline
ȋ
Ǥ ʹͲͲʹǣ ͷͶͳȌǡ
Ǥ Ͷ
Ǧ
changes
ǡ
Ǥ Ͷ
Ǧ
ȋ
ʹͲͲͻǣ ͳͶͻǢ
ʹͲͳͲǣ ͵ͺȌǡ
ǯ
ȋǤǤ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲͻǢʹͲͲǢ
ʹͲͲͻȌǤ Ͷͺ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǡ
ͳͺ
ǦǤǡǡ Ǧ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳͺ
References
ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ Considering Cultural Conflict: Class Politics and Cultural PoliticsinWesternSocietiesǤ
ǣǤ
ǡǡ
ǡǡǡ
ǡ
ǤʹͲͲͻǤDz
ǫ ǤdzJournalfortheScientificStudyofReligionͶͺȋͶȌǣͺǦͲͳǤ ȄǤ ʹͲͲͻǤ Dz
ǣ ͳͺǤdzSociologieͷȋ͵Ȍǣ͵ʹͶǦ͵ͶʹǤ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ ʹͲͲͷǤ Dz
ǡ ǤdzSocialForcesͺͶȋʹȌǣͷͻǦͺǤ ǡ
ǤǡǤʹͲͲͺǤDzǦ ǣ ǡǡǤdzSymbolicInteraction͵ͳȋͳȌǣ͵͵ǦͷǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͻͺǤ Dz
ǣ
ǤdzTheInformationSocietyͳͶȋͳȌǣͳǦͺʹǤ ǡǤǡ Ǥ ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤDz
ǤdzJournal ofManagementʹͻȋʹȌǣͳͳǦͳͺͷǤ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ DzǤdz Ǥ ͵ͶͻǦ͵ Handbook of Symbolic Interactionismǡ Ǥ
Ǥ Ǧ ǤǣǤ ǡ ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤTheMeaningsofSocialLife:ACulturalSociologyǤǡ
ǤǣǤ ǡ
Ǥ ͳͻͺ͵Ǥ Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and SpreadofNationalismǤǣǤ ǡ
ǤʹͲͲǤDz
Ǥdz TheJournalofCommunityInformatics͵ȋʹȌǣ ǣȀȀǤ
ǦǤȀǤȀ
Ȁ
ȀȀ͵ʹȀ͵ͳͷǤ ͳͺͻ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ ʹͲͲͷǤ DzǮ
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Dutchsummary
‘Nergenskonikpratenzoalshier’:Samenzijnenidentiteitopinternetfora
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