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The Periodic Table:Elements W ith Style! by Simon Basher and Adrian Dingle ... Science Facts:M etal Facts. .... The periodic table divides metal elements into.
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Thank you for your purchase from In the Hands of a Child Your Premiere Lapbook Provider since 2002!!

Metals HOCPP 1445 Published: February, 2013

Authors: Katie Kubesh, Niki McNeil, Kimm Bellotto For information about other products available from In the Hands of a Child Call 1-866-426-3701 or visit our website at www.handsofachild.com Entire contents of this Publication © 2013 In the Hands of a Child 3271 Kerlikowske Rd Coloma, MI 49038 Copying License: Permission is hereby granted to the individual Licensee to reproduce student materials contained within this publication for noncommercial individual or classroom use only. The Publisher, In the Hands of a Child, gives permission for one copy of all written material to be copied and or printed for each child within a single family. Classroom teachers have permission to reproduce one copy for each student in a classroom. Members of co-ops or workshops have permission to reproduce one copy for up to 10 children per unit. Reproducible graphics may be reprinted as many times as needed. Permission is not granted for school wide or system wide reproduction of materials. This material may be only be copied as stated under this Copying License from the Publisher. Further copying, for profit, to freely share, or for any other reason not explicitly stated, is a violation of this Copying License. Resale Notice: This publication is Licensed, not sold. Resale of this publication is strictly prohibited. All title and copyrights in and to this publication and all Intellectual property rights in and to the content are owned by In the Hands of a Child. No part of this book in any format including but not limited to Printed, eBook, and CD, may be reproduced in any way, or transmitted by any means, or in any medium; electronic, mechanical or printed, other than that which is stated in the Copying License from the Publisher, without the prior express written permission of the Publisher. In addition, any resale or other disposition for direct or indirect commercial advantage of this publication is strictly prohibited by Section 109(b) of the United States Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 109(b). Printed in or transmitted from the United States of America. All Rights Reserved. 2|Page

Bringing Laughter and Learning Together In the Hands of a Child At In the Hands of a Child, we know how important hands-on learning is for students. Our Project Packs and Note Packs are not only educational, but fun and exciting too! To help you get started with your Note Pack, we have included some helpful tips! What is Notebooking? Notebooking, what some call educational journaling, is taking information that one has learned and experienced and recording it in a notebook or binder. Notebooking pages may include drawings, copywork, interviews, maps, narrations, pictures, reports, timelines, and much more! What are the benefits of Notebooking? There are too many to list! Students who incorporate notebooking into their curriculum increase their artistic skills, comprehension skills, listening skills, narrating skills, organization skills, and more. Notebooking allows students the ability to create and express themselves in a much better way than worksheets or other monotonous activities can do. Students who notebook have an instant scrapbook or portfolio of their studies for instant review of materials learned as well as a way to show off their work! What is a Note Pack? A Note Pack from In the Hands of a Child includes all the information, activities, and graphic templates needed for your student to complete a notebook on a particular topic! Inside this Note Pack (and all of our Note Packs) you will find a Research Guide, Activity Questions, and Notebooking Pages. All of the key concepts in the Research Guide will correlate to the Activity Questions, which can be answered on the Notebooking Pages. What steps do we need to follow to complete a Note Pack? Read through the entire Research Guide first and then complete the Activities and Notebooking Pages, or break your study up and read a section of the Research Guide and then complete the Activities and Notebooking Pages! Vocabulary words in the guide are always in bold the first time they appear in the reading, which makes a perfect time to stop and work on the Vocabulary activity! Just like our Project Packs, Note Packs are easily adaptable to fit the needs/skill level of you and your students! What supplies do I need? You will need paper in different white or multi-colors (depending on your student's preference), a notebook or binder to put your student's notebooking pages in, and your student's favorite writing and coloring tools.

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I have a Note Pack, NOW what? We hope you are delighted with your new purchase and we'd like to share a few tips with you that we have found to be beneficial to other customers. Here is a brief introduction to our product layout. Table of Contents

Guide

Core Concepts

Graphics

Each Note Pack starts with a Table of Contents and is followed by a Research Guide. The Research Guide contains all of the lessons needed to complete the activities laid out in a chapter-like format. This format helps to build students' listening, reading, and comprehension skills. Included in the Research Guide is a Bibliography, which also makes a great resource for finding information for any rabbit trails you may choose to follow during your study. Related books and websites are also included in the Research Guide. Next, you will find a list of core concepts to be covered during the study, each of the concepts is represented by a Note Pack Activity and a graphic template. Each graphic template or Note Pack Activity helps students take bite-sized pieces of information learned in the Research Guide and complete a notebooking activity to record and retain that information. If you implement graded assignments in your curriculum, the list of concepts will be essential for you, the parent/teacher, to know what to test the student on. Under each concept you will find any instructions for each of the graphic templates. Reproducible graphics for the templates follow. You may want to make a copy of each graphic for each student completing the unit. Note Packs from In the Hands of a Child make great stand-alone unit studies or can easily be added as a supplement to an existing curriculum. When using as a stand-alone product we recommend completing 2-3 activities per session (30-45 minutes). Start by reading 2-3 sections of the Research Guide and then complete the corresponding Note Pack Activities. Each activity correlates to each section of the Research Guide. Vocabulary and Timeline activities do not have to be completed in one day. Vocabulary words can be learned throughout the entire study. We recommend that your student learn a few new vocabulary words each day or learn them as they appear in the Research Guide (all words in bold are vocabulary words). We also recommend Timeline activities be completed a little each day. Choose the vocabulary words and time periods you are going to add to your vocabulary pages or timelines as you read them in the Research Guide. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. We are here to help you Bring Laughter and Learning Together in the Hands of YOUR child! Niki can be reached at Niki@ HandsofaChild.com Kimm can be reached at Kimm@ HandsofaChild.com Katie can be reached at Katie@ HandsofaChild.com or 1-866-HANDS-01

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The Website links we have included in our guides are references we found that contain relevant information. However, the sites are not owned or maintained by In the Hands of a Child. The content may have changed or become a “dead” link. If you find the site contains inappropriate material or is no longer a relevant site, please let us know. Thank you.

Educator Notes:_____________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5|Page

Table of Contents Planning Guide

Page 7

Related Reading

Page 8

Bibliography

Page 9

Activity Instructions

Page 10

Research Guide

Page 12

Properties of Metals

Page 12

The Periodic Table

Page 12

Types of Metals

Page 15

Metal Ages

Page 15

California Gold Rush

Page 16

Magnetic

Page 17

Plumbers

Page 18

Where in the World is Metal

Page 19

Mining for Metals

Page 19

Metal Terminology

Page 19

Recycling Metal

Page 20

Vocabulary

Page 22

Reproducibles

Page 23

Answer Key Diet

Page 25

Owl Pellets

Page 26

Food Chains

Page 26

Owl Protection

Page 27

Owl Watching

Page 27

Vocabulary

Page 28

Reproducibles

Page 29

Answer Key

Page 64

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Vocabulary Words

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Elements Lustrous Malleable Ores Ductile Reactive Electrical Conductor Thermal Conductor Atom Periodic Table Atomic Number Pure Metals Alloys Hemoglobin Anemia Rust Extracted Annealing Corrode Tarnish Compound Solder Precious Metals

Day 6

Properties of Metal *The Periodic Table

Types of Metal *Metal Ages

Types of Metals *California Gold Rush *Magnetic Where in the World is Metal *How Plumbers Got Their Name

Day 4

Day 5

Guide Reading

Geologists Cast Smelting Leaching Extrusion Metallurgy Tempering welding

Complete Activities

Continue Activities

Activity 1 – Vocabulary Activity 2 – Common Metals Activity 3 – Aluminum

Activity 4 – Types of Metals Activity 5 – Table of Metals Activity 6 – Pure Metals

Activity 7 – Magnet Test Activity 8 – Precious Metals Activity 9 – Alloys

Vocabulary

Vocabulary

Activity 10 – Map Metals

Vocabulary

Mining Metals Metal Terminology

Activity 11 – Finding Metals Activity 12 – Metal Ore Activity 13 – Metal Refining

Vocabulary

Recycling Metal

Activity 14 – Recycling Craft Activity 15 – Recycling

Vocabulary

Have student complete vocabulary words scheduled for each day from Activity 1. Read the sections of the guide scheduled for the day and any extra books you have on the topic. Finish up each day by completing the activities scheduled for that day. NOTE: Items marked with a * are in text-boxed areas in the guide.

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Related Reading 1000T i n T o ys by Teruhisa Kitahara Ea r t h ' s C o r e a n d M a n t l e :H e a vyM e t a l ,M o vin g Ro c k by Gregory L. Vogt Exp e r i me n t s wi t h M a g n e t s a n d M e t a l s (M yS c i e n c e In ve s t i g a t i o n s )by Christine Taylor-Butler Fo r t y-N i n e r s :T h e S t o r yo f t h e C a l i f o r n i a Go l d Ru s h by Cynthia Mercati Go l d Ru s h :T h e Y o u n g P r o s p e c t o r ’ s Gu i d e t o S t r i k i n g i t Ri c h by James Klein H o w W e Us e M e t a l by Chris Oxlade Ir o n (T h e El e me n t s )by Giles Sparrow Ir o n a n d t h e T r a c e El e me n t s by Jean F. Blashfield

Related Curriculum from In the Hands of a Child T h e Ea r t h HOCPP 1024 T h e C a l i f o r n i a Go l d Ru s h HOCPP 1043 Fo u n d a t i o n s f o r C h e mi s t r y HOCPP 1109 Ro c k s & M i n e r a l s HOCPP 1205 T h e In d u s t r i a l Re vo l u t i o n HOCPP 1271 M a t e r ia ls &S t r u c t u r e s HOCPP 1294 Re d u c e ,Re u s e ,Re c yc l e ! HOCPP 1300 B r i d g e s HOCPP 1301 T e c h n o l o g yHOCPP 1302

Ir o n a n d S t e e l by Ruth G. Kassinger M a k i n g W i r e Je we l r y:60Ea s yP r o j e c t s i n S i l ve r ,C o p p e r & B r a s s by Helen Clegg and Mary Larom M e r c u r y(T h e El e me n t s )by Susan Watt M e t a l (I Kn o w T h a t ! )by Claire Llewellyn M e t a l s (M a t e r i a l M a t t e r s )by Carol Baldwin T h e P e r i o d i c T a bl e :El e me n t s W i t h S t yle ! by Simon Basher and Adrian Dingle T h e P r o p e r t i e s o f M e t a l s by Marylou Morano Kjelle T h e Re a c t i o n s o f M e t a l s by Roberta Baxter W o n d e r f u l W i r e & B e a d C r a f t s by Mickey Baskett

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Bibliography Angliss, Sarah. Go l d (T h e El e me n t s ).New York: Benchmark Press, 2000. Challoner, Jack. T h e Vi s u a l Di c t i o n a r yo f C h e mi s t r y.New York: DK Publishing, 1996. Farndon, John. A l u mi n u m (T h e El e me n t s ).New York: Benchmark Press, 2001. Gray, Leon. T i n (T h e El e me n t s ).New York: Benchmark Books, 2004. Mullins, Matt. T h e El e me n t s .New York: Childen's Press, 2012. Newmark, Dr. Ann. Eye wi t n e s s B o o k s :C h e mi s t r y.New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1993. Science Kids. S c i e n c e Fa c t s :M e t a l Fa c t s .January 9, 2013. Web January 2013 http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/metals.html Storey, Rita. M e t a l .North Mankato, Minnesota: Smart Apple Media, 2008. Syvum Technologies Inc. C h e mi s t r y:El e me n t s a n d C h e mi c a l S ymbo l s -L a t i n N a me s . Syvum 1999-2013. Web. January 2013 http://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/squizzes/chem/periodic1b.html Tocci, Salvatore. (2005). A l u mi n u m.New York: Children's Press, 2005. Tocci, Salvatore. C o p p e r .New York: Children's Press, 2005. Tocci, Salvatore. Go l d .New York: Children's Press, 2005. Tocci, Salvatore. L e a d .New York: Children's Press, 2005. Tocci, Salvatore. M e r c u r y.New York: Children's Press, 2005. Tocci, Salvatore. S i l ve r .New York: Children's Press, 2005. Tocci, Salvatore. T i n .New York: Children's Press, 2005. Watt, Susan. (2002). L e a d (T h e El e me n t s ).New York: Benchmark Press, 2002. Zronik, John Paul . M e t a l s :S h a p i n g Ou r W o r l d .New York City: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2005.

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Activities and Instructions Vocabulary 1. As you go through this unit, learn a few new vocabulary words each day. It is NOT necessary to learn every word included in this unit. Pick and choose the words you feel need to be learned. Properties of Metal 2. List common properties of metals. 3. Test aluminum foil to determine if it is an electrical conductor. Supplies Needed: · Aluminum foil (folded into a strip 5 inches long and 1 inch wide) · Size C battery · Flashlight bulb · Tape Activity Instructions: · Tape one end of the foil strip to the negative end of the size C battery. · Hold the metal base of the flashlight bulb against the positive end of the battery. · Touch the free end of the foil strip to the metal ring above the base of the flashlight bulb. Types of Metals 4. Answer each of these questions in complete sentences. What are two groups that metals can be divided into? What is the difference between these two groups? Approximately what percentage of elements on the periodic table is classified as metals and where are they located? 5. Create a table that lists at least five pure metals, the chemical symbol and atomic number for each, and common uses for the metal. 6. Use a magnet to test various coins to see if they are pure metal. To determine if a coin is pure silver or copper, place a magnet near it. If the coin is attracted to the magnet, it is not pure silver or copper. If the coin is not attracted to the magnet, check to see if it is valuable. 7. Choose at least five different cans from the cupboard (veggie cans, coffee cans, soda cans, tuna cans, soup cans, etc.) Use a magnet to test if the cans are made of tin or aluminum. Tin cans will be attracted to the magnet; aluminum cans will not.

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8. List four precious metals. Why are they more valuable than other metals? Precious metals are used most often to make what kinds of things? 9. Find five objects around your home that are made with alloys. Where in the World is Metal? 10. On a world map, highlight where reserves of the following metals are found: aluminum, copper, gold, iron, and silver. Mining for Metal 11. Explain the three steps geologists use to find metals. 12. Compare the two main ways of mining metal ore. 13. How is metal refined? Recycling Metal 14. Create a craft or art project from recycled metal. 15. Create a poster that has helpful tips for recycling metal.

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Metals Metals are chemical elements that are characterized as durable, lustrous, and strong. They are found in the ground or inside rocks. Metals are an important natural resource that people use to make many different products. They have been used since ancient times to make coins, jewelry, machines, tools, and more. Today we use metals to make products that range from aluminum and tin cans to steel skyscrapers R ocks that and space shuttles. Metals are so contain strong and malleable that no other metal are materials compare!

Properties of Metal Metals have a unique combination of properties that make them useful for many things.

called ores.

The Periodic Table

Common properties that most metals have include: · Solid at room temperature (except mercury) · Malleable · Ductile · Reactive · Electrical conductors · Thermal conductors · Shiny appearance · Heat resistant

The w ord, "metal" comes f rom the G reek w ord "metallon," w hich means to ex cav ate, ex tract f rom the g rou nd, or to mine. Types of Metals The periodic table divides metal elements into many different types of metals. Metals can also be divided into two groups: pure metals and alloys.

An element is any substance that contains only one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler elements. The periodic table is a great way to organize all of the elements. Each element on the periodic table has a symbol, which is usually the first two letters of its name (often from the Latin name). On the top of each symbol is the atomic number, which tells you how many protons are in the atom's nucleus. Almost 75% of the elements on the periodic table are classified as metals. There is a stair-step line from Boron (B) to Polonium (Po) in the table. All the elements to the left of the line, except two, can be classified as metals. 12 | P a g e

Pure Metals A pure metal is a metal that does not contain any other materials. There are over eighty kinds of pure metals. Pure metals include: · Iron (Fe): Iron is the most common metal found on Earth. It is extracted from hematite, siderite, and other iron ores and is commonly used to make cast iron and steel. The atomic number for iron is 26 and its chemical symbol is Fe, which is short for its Latin name f e r r u m. Iron also helps to keep our bodies healthy; it is part of hemoglobin. Part of the red blood cells, hemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs and carries it in the blood to every cell in the body. If the body does not get enough iron, it can suffer from an illness called anemia. People get iron from foods that they eat such as breads, cereals, pork, rice, and spinach.

The f irst iron u sed to make tools and w eapons came f rom meteorites that f ell to the E arth f rom space. In early cu ltu res the w ord f or iron meant "metal f rom the sky ." · Aluminum (Al): Aluminum, a silvery-colored metal, is the most common metal in the Earth's crust. It is a light metal that is extracted from bauxite. Aluminum and its alloys are lightweight and do not rust, making it useful for many things, including aircrafts, bicycles, containers, cookware, kitchen foil, and paints. The atomic number of aluminum is 13 and its chemical symbol is Al from the Latin a l u me n . Prior to the 1800s, pure aluminum was very expensive. In fact, it was valued more than gold or silver. Just one pound of aluminum could cost over $500. In 1889 Charles Hall developed and patented an inexpensive process to obtain pure aluminum, so by the late 1800s the cost of one

Metal Ag es Metal was discovered by ancient cultures and has changed people's lives ever since. The Metal Ages was a historical period of time when three main metals, copper, bronze, and iron, first came into use.

Copper Age (c. 8000-6500 B.C.)

The Copper Age was the time period when copper first came into common use. The first metal to be extracted from ore, copper was separated from the rock by a process called annealing. During the Copper Age, copper was used to make decorations, farming implements, and weapons.

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pound of aluminum was under $0.40.

Metal Ages, cont.

· Gold (Au): Gold is a yellow metal that is shiny and does not corrode. Most commonly used to make jewelry, it has been prized as a symbol of wealth since ancient time. Gold is also used in electronics, dentistry, and gold leafing. Pure gold is softer than other metals and is the most ductile. The chemical symbol for gold on the periodic table is Au, from its Latin name a u r u m. The atomic number for gold is 79.

Bronze Age

Calif ornia G old R u sh

The Bronze Age was a period of time when bronze was the main metal used. During this time period, people discovered that bronze could be created by combining copper and tin. Bronze was more durable and stronger than copper or tin alone and was commonly used to make containers, statues, tools, and weapons.

Throughout history and around the world, the discovery of gold has produced "gold fever" and "gold rushes". When gold was discovered in California in 1849, the population exploded! The state’s motto became “Eureka!” which is Greek for “I’ve found it!” · Silver (Ag): Silver is a soft, shiny metal found and extracted from silver ores. It is the best conductor of electricity and does not corrode or rust. It can, however, tarnish easily. Used since ancient times, silver is used for jewelry, coins, silverware, and electronics. The chemical symbol for silver is Ag, which comes from its Latin name a r g e n t u m. The atomic number for silver is 47.

Prior to 1 9 6 7 , U .S. coins w ere made of silv er. · Copper (Cu): Copper is a reddish-brown metal that is a good electrical conductor and ductile, so it is commonly used for making electrical wires

(c. 3500 B.C.)

Iron Age (c. 2000B.C.)

During this time in history, ancient cultures discovered how to extract iron from its ore and combine it with carbon to make it better. Iron in its various forms was used for cooking utensils, tools, and weapons.

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and as a building material. The atomic number for copper is 29 and its chemical symbol is Cu, which comes from its Latin name c u p r u m.

U ntil 1 8 3 7 , U .S. pennies w ere pu re copper. Af ter that, the U .S. g ov ernment beg an u sing less copper per penny as the cost of copper rose. In 1 9 4 3 a mistake cau sed some pennies to be 1 0 0 % pu re copper. Today the U .S. penny contains 2.5 % copper and the rest is z inc metal.

Mag netic?

Unlike many other metals, copper and silver are not magnetic. To determine if a coin is pure silver or copper, place a magnet near it. If the object is attracted to the magnet, it is not pure silver or copper. If the coin is not attracted to the magnet, it is real silver or copper and may be very valuable!

· Mercury (Hg): Mercury is a liquid metal that is extracted from cinnabar. Named after the planet Mercury, which moves differently from the other planets, the element mercury behaves differently from other metals. The only metal that is liquid at room temperature, it is mainly used in industrial processes, but has been used in thermometers, barometers, lighting, and in the dentistry field. The atomic number of mercury is 80 and its chemical symbol is Hg, which comes from its Latin name h yd r a r g yr u m.

Mercury can be a very dangerous metal. The liquid can vaporize at room temperature, and when inhaled, causes mercury poisoning. Mercury is also dangerous when it is part of a compound. Dust and vapors from mercury compounds can cause kidney damage, nerve damage, and many severe symptoms throughout the body in people who are exposed to it. · Tin (Sn): Tin is a silvery-white metal. Unlike some metals, tin does not corrode. It is used to plate (coat) other metals to prevent corrosion, especially steel that is used in food-storage cans. Cans that are coated with tin do not corrode and spoil the food. Tin is also used to make toys and as an alloy for other metals. The chemical symbol for tin is Sn, which comes from its Latin name s t a n n u m. Tin’s atomic number is 50.

H ow can y ou tell if a can is made of tin or alu minu m? U se a mag net! If the can is attracted to the mag net, it is made of steel coated in tin. If the can is not attracted to the mag net, it is made of alu minu m. 15 | P a g e

· Lead (Pb): Lead is a soft, blue-white metal that tarnishes to a dull gray. It is highly durable, resistant to corrosion, malleable, ductile, and dense. Lead is used to make solder, fishing weights, sound absorbers, and X-ray shields. Lead compounds are used in paints, insecticides, and storage batteries. The chemical symbol for lead is Pb, which comes from its Latin name p l u mbu m. The atomic number for lead is 82.

H ow plu mbers g ot their name

In recent years, it has been discovered that a buildup of lead in the body can A plu mber is someone be dangerous. Homes built before w ho installs and f ix es 1978 may have been painted with paint w ater pipes. Ancient containing lead, and lead may have R omans u sed lead to been used in the plumbing. It is not make w ater pipes; the necessary to move out of your house if L atin name f or lead is it contains lead, but there are plu mbu m: plu mbers! precautions that homeowners should take. For example, homeowners can purchase a test kit to see if lead is present in their home and then take the necessary precautions to make sure everyone in the house-hold is safe from lead poisoning.

Some metals are considered preciou s metals. Preciou s metals are more v alu able than other metals becau se there is a limited su pply and a g reat demand. They u su ally hav e a hig h lu ster and are less reactiv e than other metals. Preciou s metals are most of ten u sed to make j ew elry , artw ork, and coins. Preciou s metals inclu de g old, silv er, platinu m, and palladiu m. Alloys Most metallic objects are not pure metals; they are made of alloys, which are stronger or easier to process. Also called metallic compounds, alloys are made by mixing a metal with one or more other elements. Alloys are made to increase a metal's strength, to change the color of a metal, or to make it more resistant to corrosion. There are many types of alloys, including: 16 | P a g e

· Brass: Brass is a reddish brown to silvery yellow alloy. Made of copper and zinc, brass is easy to shape, can be polished to a shine, and is resistant to corrosion. It is stronger and harder than copper, but not as strong as steel. It is most commonly used to make decorative items, musical instruments, screws, and pipes. · Bronze: Bronze is an alloy mainly made up of copper, tin, and zinc. It is known for being resistant to corrosion and wear and is commonly used in statues, bells, medals, electrical connectors, ship propellers, and bearings. · Steel: One of the strongest types of alloys is steel. Steel is an alloy made from iron and carbon. It is used to make many different products, including automobiles, building frames, knives, machines, motors, trains, and wires. · Sterling Silver: Sterling silver is an alloy made of silver and copper. It is harder than pure silver and is commonly used to make jewelry.

Alloy s that are made w ith iron are called f errou s metals. Ferrou s metals are the most commonly u sed metals. Where in the World is Metal? Different types of metals are found all over the world. Metal ore deposits are valuable and can strengthen the economy of the region in which they are found. Some common metals and where they are found in the world are: · Aluminum is found in bauxite reserves in Australia, Brazil, Guinea, India, and Jamaica. · Copper ore is one of the most common metals found in nature. Major reserves are found in Chile, Indonesia, and the United States. · Gold is found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, South Africa, and Russia. · Iron is found in most parts of the world. Major reserves of iron are found in Australia, Brazil, China, India, and Russia. · Silver is found in Canada, China, Mexico, Peru, and the United States.

Mining for Metal Finding Metal Before metal ores can be mined, geologists have to find them. Geologists are able to find metal ore reserves by observing, surveying, and sampling.

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1. Observing: Geologists observe regions by air or land to identify whether metal ore deposits may be present. 2. Surveying: If observations show that metal ore might be present, geologists then survey the area to test the rock properties there. 3. Sampling: Once a metal ore has been identified, geologists use drills to gather samples from the earth. The samples are tested to determine how much metal they contain and whether it would be a good place to mine for the metal. Mining Metal After metal has been found in a region, the process of extracting the metal begins. The extraction process is called mining. There are two main ways of mining for metal ore: · Underground Mining: Metal ore is usually found deep under the Earth's surface. To extract the metal ore, miners have to dig underground and use explosives to create shafts. Next, miners extract the metal ore and transport it up the shafts to the surface. · Open-Pit Mining: Open-pit mining is used to extract metal ores that are located closer to the surface. Also called strip mining, this process is less expensive than underground mining, but can be very damaging to the Earth. In this process, miners make cuts into the Earth and then use machines to extract the metal ore, leaving deep scars in the land. Refining Metal Ore Once a metal ore has been removed from the Earth, it is taken to a mill where it is goes through a process called smelting. This process separates the metal from the rocks, or ores, that contain them. The metal ore is then processed into a powder through a process called leaching. Next, the extracted metal is placed into a furnace and melted at a very high heat. The molten metal is then removed from the furnace and cast into the desired shape.

Metal Terminology Common terms associated with metals are: · Cast: form a hard object by putting material into a mold · Extrusion: the shaping of a metal by forcing it through a die · Metallurgy: the study of metals · Smelting: melting or fusing an ore to obtain a metal · Tempering: treating a metal to strengthen it · Welding: joining metals together by heat and the addition of molten filler material

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Recycling Metal Metal is a valuable natural resource, but it takes so long for metal ores to form that we may run out of metals some day. In addition, mining for metal can be damaging to the Earth. The great thing about metal is that it can be melted down and reformed into new objects! It is very important to recycle metals so we do not need to take more from the Earth. Some helpful tips for recycling metals include: · · · · ·

Recycle old batteries Recycle old appliances Recycle used tin or aluminum cans Organize a can drive Purchase used home appliances in good condition instead of new ones · Purchase items made of recycled metal · Reuse metals by making jewelry or art

Metal Crafts You can do your part to recycle metal and make some fun crafts while you are at it! For fun aluminum can crafts visit: http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/recycled-aluminum-can-crafts1.htm For fun recycled copper crafts visit: http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/recycled-copper-crafts.htm

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Vocabulary Alloy: a combined form of two or more metals, or a metal with a non-metal Anemia: a type of anemia caused by insufficient iron in the body Annealing: heating and slowly cooling to strengthen and make less brittle Atom: the smallest possible unit of a chemical element Atomic number: the number of protons or positive electrical charges in the nucleus of one atom of a given element Cast: form a hard object by putting material into a mold Compound: something made up of two or more parts or elements Corrode: to cause damage by a slow process Ductile: easily molded or shaped Electrical conductor: substance that permits the flow of electric charges Element: a substance that cannot be chemically separated into simpler substances Extract: to separate or remove by pressure, distillation, or chemical action Extrusion: the shaping of a metal by forcing it through a die Ferrous metals: alloys that are made with iron Geologist: a person who studies the structure of the Earth Hemoglobin: protein in red blood cells that transport oxygen to the tissues Leaching: a process of crushing metal ore into a powder Lustrous: shiny Malleable: able to be bent and shaped Metallurgy: the study of metals Ores: rocks that contain metals Periodic table: a way to organize all of the elements Precious metals: metals that are more valuable than others Pure metal: a metal that does not contain any other materials Reactive: tending to participate readily in chemical reactions Rust: to corrode or oxide Smelting: melting or fusing an ore to obtain a metal Solder: an alloy, usually of lead and tin that is used to join metal edges Tarnish: to dull the luster of or discolor metal by exposure to air Tempering: to harden or strengthen by heating and then cooling Thermal conductor: substance through which heat can pass Welding: joining metals together by heat and addition of molten filler material 20 | P a g e

M etals A nsw er Key A ctivity 1:Vocabular y Vocabulary A nsw er : See Vocabulary on page 26 A ctivity 2:Pr oper ties ofM etal List common properties of metals. A nsw er : · Solid at room temperature (except mercury) · Malleable · Ductile · Reactive · Electrical conductors · Thermal conductors · Shiny appearance · Heat resistant A ctivity 3: Test aluminum foil to determine if it is an electrical conductor. A nsw er : Students should answer each prompt on its page. Student answers will vary. The result of the experiment is as follows: the battery should produce electricity that flows through the foil and lights up the bulb. A ctivity 4:Types ofM etals Answer each of these questions in complete sentences. What are two groups that metals can be divided into? What is the difference between these two groups? Approximately what percentage of elements on the periodic table is classified as metals and where are they located? A nsw er : The two groups that metals can be divided into are pure metals and alloys. Pure metal does not contain any other materials; alloys are made by mixing a metal with one or more other elements. Almost 75% of the elements on the periodic table are classified as metals. They are located on the left side and middle of the periodic table.

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A ctivity 5: Create a table that lists at least five pure metals, the chemical symbol and atomic number for each, and common uses for the metal. A nsw er : N A M E O F M ETA L CH EM ICAL SYM BO L A TO M IC N U M BER U SES Iron Fe 26 Cast iron and steel Aircrafts, bicycles, containers, Aluminum Al 13 cookware, foil, and paints Jewelry, electronics, dentistry, Gold Au 79 gold leafing Jewelry, coins, silverware, and Silver Ag 47 electronics Electrical wires, building Copper Cu 29 material Industrial processes, Mercury Hg 80 thermometers, barometers, dentistry, lighting Food containers, toys, plating, Tin Sn 50 alloy Solder, x ray shields, fishing Lead Pb 82 weights A ctivity 6: Use a magnet to test various coins to see if they are pure metal. A nsw er : To determine if a coin is pure silver or copper, place a magnet near it. If the coin is attracted to the magnet, it is not pure silver or copper. If the coin is not attracted to the magnet, it is pure metalcheck to see if it is valuable. A ctivity 7: Choose at least five different cans from the cupboard (veggie cans, coffee cans, soda cans, tuna cans, soup cans, etc.) Use a magnet to test whether the cans are made of tin-plated steel or aluminum. A nsw er : Tin-plated steel cans will be attracted to the magnet; aluminum cans will not. A ctivity 8: List four precious metals. Why are they more valuable than other metals? Precious metals are used most often to make what kinds of things? A nsw er : Gold, silver, platinum, palladium A ctivity 9: Find five objects around your home that are made with alloys. A nsw er : Answers will vary. Items to look for include brass decorations, musical instruments, bronze medals, bells, statues, steel motors, sterling silver jewelry.

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A ctivity 10:W her e in the W or ld is M etal? On a world map, highlight and label where reserves of the following metals are found: aluminum, copper, gold, iron, and silver. A nsw er : · Aluminum: Australia, Brazil, Guinea, India, Jamaica · Copper: Chile, Indonesia, U.S. · Gold: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, South Africa, Russia · Iron: Australia, Brazil, China, India, Russia · Silver: Canada, China, Mexico, Peru, U.S. A ctivity 11:M ining for M etal Explain the three steps geologists use to find metals. A nsw er : 4. Observing: Geologists observe regions by air or land to identify whether metal ore deposits may be present. 5. Surveying: If observations show that metal ore might be present, geologists then survey the area to test the rock properties there. 6. Sampling: Once a metal ore has been identified, geologists use drills to gather samples from the earth. The samples are tested to determine how much metal they contain and whether it would be a good place to mine for the metal. A ctivity 12: Compare the two main ways of mining metal ore. A nsw er : Underground Mining: Metal ore is usually found deep under the Earth's surface. To extract the metal ore, miners have to dig underground and use explosives to create shafts. Next, miners extract the metal ore and transport it up the shafts to the surface. Open-Pit Mining: Open-pit mining is used to extract metal ores that are located closer to the surface. Also called strip mining, this process is less expensive than underground mining, but can be very damaging to the Earth. In this process, miners make cuts into the Earth and then use machines to extract the metal ore, leaving deep scars in the land. A ctivity 13: How is metal refined? A nsw er : Once a metal ore has been removed from the Earth, it is taken to a mill where it is goes through a process called smelting. This process separates the metal from the rocks, or ores, that contain them. The metal ore is then processed into a powder through a process called leaching. Next, the extracted metal is placed into a furnace and melted at a very high heat. The molten metal is then removed from the furnace and cast into the desired shape. A ctivity 14:Recycling M etal Create a craft or art project from recycled metal. Take a picture of your project for your lapbook or Note Pack. A nsw er : Answers will vary.

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A ctivity 15: Create a poster that has helpful tips for recycling metal. A nsw er : Some helpful tips for recycling metals include: · Recycle old batteries · Recycle old appliances · Recycle used tin or aluminum cans · Organize a can drive · Purchase used home appliances in good condition instead of new ones · Purchase items made of recycled metal · Reuse metals by making jewelry or art

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