Identification Best Type of Banana Peel (Glucose contain) to produce Bioethanol for the Development of Biofuel (E85) Abdullah Ahmad Petrochemical Engineering Departament Politeknik Kuching sarawak Kuching, Sarawak.
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Kavitharan Rajandrin Petrochemical Engineering Departament Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak.
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Tiyagu Sathivelu Petrochemical Engineering Departament Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak.
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Mohamad Shamal Rezza Mohd Roshd Petrochemical Engineering Departament Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak.
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Sudasan Ravichandran Petrochemical Engineering Departament Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak.
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Zamri Yusoff Petrochemical Engineering Departament Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak.
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Abstract— Biofuel has been gaining momentum in terms of research and development. Since there are various factors such as recent rise in oil prices, support from government subsidies, and growing concern about global warming make biofuel the focal point of the public and researchers. The recent studies has come out with a new method for the production of ethanol using banana peel. Hence, this research study focuses on optimizing the ethanol production from banana peel using different type of banana peels that are widely available in Malaysia. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for comparison with other literature readings on the banana peel ethanol production having different operating conditions and parameters. For the first part of the experiment, the study will focus on the different characteristics of banana peel especially on type of banana that are widely available in Malaysia and for the second part of the experiment, production of bio gasoline from banana will be the main focus. It is expected that different parameters such as temperature and yeast concentration will affect the production of ethanol from banana which can further be optimized using the Response Surface Methodology method and finally Gas Chromatography test will be conduct to analysis the present of ethanol and it’s concentration in our samples. Index Terms: Biofuel, Banana Peel, Ethanol, Different type of Banana, Response Surface Methodology
I. INTRODUCTION Being the highlight for this project, ethyl alcohol or easily known as ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is commonly used as a feedstock in chemical industry to make a wide variety of products. It is also used in the automotive fuel industry. Most of the automobiles manufactured in U.S. since 1998 have been manufactured with equipment that allow them to run on E85. A mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The amount of harmful gases emission can also be reduced with the uses of ethanol as fuel for motor vehicles. Banana is one of the main feedstock for biofuels but banana peel which is often thrown away also has a huge potential. This project studies the different type of banana peels that are home grown in Malaysia and fermentation conditions which further require multiple test and analysis. Biofuels are one of the alternative fuels developed and it is a renewable energy. Other examples of renewable energies are photovoltaic, wind, hydropower, and many more. Thus, development of alternative energy might help in reducing the problems related to the high demand of fossil fuels and depletion of the mineral oil reserves. Sustainable biofuels are essential to ensure a constant, secure supply of energy for individuals and industry. Approximately one tons of wastes are produced for every ten tons of bananas, made up of skins, leaves, and stems. The banana fruit and its associated residual biomass can be
converted into glucose which can be used as feedstock to produce ethanol by fermentation and distillation.
divided by the weight of the wet feed. The results are multiplied by 100 to get a percentage.
Fermentation process of chemical change caused by organisms or their products and it is the oldest of all biotechnological processes. This anaerobic process is able to release energy from glucose even without the present of oxygen.
Dry Ashing Analysis The empty porcelain crucible is weighed and recorded. The feed is placed in the porcelain crucible. The total weight of feed and porcelain crucible are measured and recorded. To determine the weight of feed before ashing, the weight of the porcelain crucible is subtracted from the total weight. The samples are transferred into the microwave and held at 250 °C to 300 °C for 30 minutes. The porcelain crucible and feed are weighed immediately after drying. To determine the weight of feed after ashing, the weight of the porcelain crucible is subtracted from the total weight. The weight of ashes is divided by the weight of the feed before ashing. The results are multiplied by 100 to get a percentage.
Distillation is the separation of the constituents of a liquid mixture by partial vaporization and subsequent condensation, taking advantage of differences in volatility. The separation process requires three things. A second phase must be formed in order for both liquid and vapor phases to present and able to contact each other on each stage within a separation column. There are around 29,270 hectares of banana planted which produce more than294, 530 metric tons of fresh banana in year 2012. Approximately tons of waste made up of skins, leaves, and stems are produced for every ten tones of bananas. The banana peel can be obtain in large scale from banana base product company such as banana bread producing company o also can get from local banana crop suppliers. To avoid wastage, this banana wastes can be turned into a new energy source. Objectives is to study which local banana peel produce highest bio-ethanol in volume and concentration by conducting Gas Chromatography test. After that to study the effect of temperature and yeast concentration on ethanol production from banana peel. Furthermore to determine the best parameter optimize the ethanol production by using Response Surface Methodology Method. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Banana Characterization Three types of bananas are selected which are Pisang Emas, Pisang Musa SP and Pisang Tanduk. The whole banana is peeled and peel is weighed. The samples are hand chopped, sampled, and immediately frozen until analyzed. The components are tested for dry matter analysis and dry ashing analysis using procedures in Standard Methods (APHA, 1992).Characteristics of the whole fruit are calculated as a weighted average of the component parts based on their fraction of the whole fruit. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated six times for each type of banana. Dry Matter Analysis The empty container is weighed and recorded. The feed is placed in the container. The total weight of container with feed are measured and recorded. To determine the weight of feed before drying, the weight of the container is subtracted from the total weight. The feed is dried thoroughly. The container and feed are weighed immediately after drying. To determine the weight of feed after drying, the weight of the container is subtracted from the total weight. The weight of dry feed is
Extraction of Ethanol Three conical flask are filled with 5 g mashed up banana peel powder.95 ml of distil water is measured and poured into each of the conical flask.6.00 g of Active-Dry Yeast is added to each conical flask and sealed with saran wrap. Three conical flask is labelled A, B and C are left to be fermented for 4 days. Three conical flask are distilled after 4 days. The obtained ethanol are then distilled again for 15 minutes. The samples obtained are tested for ethanol. Steps 1 to 8 are repeated using different type of banana peel. Hydrolysis of Banana 13g of banana peel is hand chopped and mashed with a pastry cutter. The hand chopped banana peel are then transferred into 20 separate polycarbonate baffle flasks.87 g of deionized water is added into the polycarbonate flask containing the hand chopped peel banana. Sulphuric acid is added at 0 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M, and 0.75 M. The solution are transferred to an autoclave and held at 121 °C for 15 minutes. The solution is filtered using vacuum filtration using coarse filter paper. The hydrolysate is collected in receiver flask. The sugars are analyzed using refractometer. Preparation and Propagation of Yeast Cells Dried yeast powder is added into a 150 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 50ml glucose yeast extract. The flask is held on 100 rpm incubator at 30 °C for 48 hours. The mixture are transferred into 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flask containing 100ml glucose yeast extract broth.50 ml of prepared culture is transferred into 1000 ml Erlenmeyer Flask containing 500 ml of glucose yeast extract. The flask is held on 100 rpm incubator at 30 °C for 24 hours. The cells are transferred to a 50 ml centrifuge tube. The cells are centrifuged at 4 °C for 10 minutes. Effect of temperature, pH and yeast inoculum on ethanol production Fermentation of banana peels was carried out at different temperatures (20°C to 50°C) at pH 6 and at different pH (4 to
7) at 30°C.The optimum temperature and pH obtained during the course of investigation was used for fermentation at different yeast concentration 3% to 12%. Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of Banana peels Ethanol fermentation was carried out in 200 ml flasks containing 5g powdered banana peels in 95 ml distilled water. The flasks were sterilized by using hot distil water at 121°C for 30 min and a 4% (v/v) inoculum of Aspergillusniger(Yeast) was added. Fermentation was done for4 days and the ethanol content was measured every 24 hours
is to indicate the present of ethanol component by calculating the percentage of ethanol concentration.
Table 4.2: Refractive Index of Ethanol
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The resulted percentage of dry weight for the peel of the bananas are tabulated in the graphs shown in Figure 4.2. This dry matter analysis is a method used to determine the total major and trace element content in the banana peel. It measures the mass of the bananas peel when it is completely dried. The dry matter of the bananas would be solids consist of all its constituents except the water content. When the percentage of dry weight reached a steady point, it shows that there is no water left inside the banana peel and it was completely dried. As shown in the graph in Figure 4.2, the percentage of dry weight for peel of banana has reach a constant value after 5 runs of heating. This shows that the ratio of the water constituents are higher in the peel of banana.
Figure 4.2: Dry weight percentage versus heating The resulted percentage of dry weight for peel of the bananas after undergo ashing process are tabulated in the graphs shown in Table 4.1. Similar to the dry matter analysis, the peel of banana have higher percentage which shows higher ratio between the banana constituent and its water content.
As calculated in Table 4.3, the peel of banana type B (Pisang MUSA SP) which undergo 96 hours of fermentation produced higher concentration of glucose. It is concluded that higher concentration of glucose produced by Pisang MUSA SP. Table 4.3: Concentration of Glucose for Banana Peel
Five different concentration of sulphuric acid of 0M, 0.25M, 0.5M, 0.75M, and 1.0M were used for the hydrolysis of banana peel and analyzed using refractometer. Using the same formula to calculate the concentration of glucose from refractive index, the resulted concentration of glucose for three samples of banana peel were tabulated in Table 4.4. Based on the Table 4.4, sulphuric acid of concentration 1.0 M produced the highest concentration of glucose for peel. We can clearly see the trend where higher concentration of sulphuric acid were able to produce higher concentration of glucose. As stated in the methodology, the concentration of sulphuric acid producing the highest glucose concentration will be used for the secondary pre-treatment process. Table 4.4: Concentration of Glucose for Peel of Banana
Table 4.1: Percentage of Banana Peel after Ashing
Table 4.5: Gas chromatography test result The refractive indexes of different ethanol concentration are shown. The sample used is in ratio of volume ethanol to distilled water. The significant of ethanol standard calibration
Ethanol content (PPM) Acetic Acid (PPM Propionic Acid (PPM) Butyric Acid (PPM)
BANANA A BANANA B BANANAC 1202.19 18932.7 7685.56 31.78 22.33 23.42 45.28 40.47 40.92 10.83 7.96 7.93
We identified that from the 3 banana that we chose to do this project with, Pisangmusa, Pisangemas and Pisangtanduk . The concentration of ethanol was very high in Pisangmusa compare to other banana. We claimed that Pisang Musa has the most ethanol content and that is proven through our research at Craun Research Centre and University Malaysia Sarawak based on Gas chromatography test. The produced bioethanol was successful because we developed a biofuel from 85% of bioethanol and 15% of gasoline and run it with engine at Mechanical Department. Table 4.6: Biofuel consumption comparison ETHANOL E85 TIME 3.51 min TIME INITIAL VOLUME 67ml INITIAL VOLUME FINAL VOLUME 33ml FINAL VOLUME FLOW RATE 9.68ml/min FLOW RATE
RON95 5.15min TIME 75ml INITIAL VOLUME 50ml FINAL VOLUME 4.85ml/min FLOW RATE
1.52min 75ml 65ml 6.57ml/min
Table 4.7: Biofuel performance comparison ETHANOL E85 RON95 RPM TORQUE RPM TORQUE RPM TORQUE 2050 0 1900 0.5 1400 0 2000 0.5 1900 0.5 1400 0 2000 0.5 1850 0.5 1400 0 1950 1 1800 1 1350 0.5 1950 1 1700 1.5 1350 0.5 1700 1.5 1550 2 1250 1 1500 2.5 1400 3 1200 2 1200 4 1100 5.5 1200 2 900 5 700 5 950 3.5
IV. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this project serves to enhance the research and development of the biofuel energy sources towards the sustainability of energy. In this context, banana peel biofuel is gaining more significance as an alternative renewable energy source in view of the global depletion of petroleum and natural gas. The study on the different types of banana on varies parameters. A drastic dropped of weight of banana during day nine to day eleven where the banana having a changes from green to yellow further conclude that the reduction in weight of bananas were due to losses associated with both drying of the banana and the internal metabolic activities (Dhabekar and Chandak, 2010). Different parameters such as temperature and yeast concentration associated with ethanol production from banana are being studied. The results are then optimized using Response Surface Methodology in order to fully utilized the banana wastes. From the experiment, the second objective is
proven, different parameters of temperature and yeast concentration affect the production of ethanol from banana. Other than that, the RSM successfully generate optimum condition of yeast concentration and temperature for both, the pulp and peel of banana. The optimum yeast concentration and temperature based on numerical optimization for production of bioethanol from banana pulp is at 30°C and 0.10% w/v yeast concentration while for peel is at 40°C and 0.10% w/v yeast concentration, respectively. ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, all praises goes to God the Almighty for the strengths and His blessing in completing our Final Year Project. We believe everything has been planned carefully by Him and we would not make it this far without Him. Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Mr. Abdullah bin Ahmad, for his excellent supervision, guidance, patience and constant support. His invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestions throughout the semesters and project works have contributed to the success of our Final Year Project. We also want to appoint our appreciation to Polytechnic Kuching (POLIKU) for providing good facilities such as convenient laboratory and good equipment to carry out the laboratory experiment. Without the facilities, we believe that our project would not be success and not be able to complete within the time specified. Above all, we would like to also thank our beloved families and friends for constantly giving us support, advices, and guidance from the start of this final year project until the end. They were the one who was always there beside us and help us out in every way they could in the times of trouble. Last but not a least a very special thanks to Dr. Nurleyna Yunus, who is a Downstream Technology Research HOD from Craun research Sdn Bhd. has help us in carrying out Gas Chromatography test. REFERENCES [1] J. B. Hammond, R. Egg, D. Diggins, and C. G. Coble, Alcohol from Bananas. 1996, 56, 125-130. [2] C. H. Goh, K. T. Tan, K. T. Lee, and S. Bhatia, “BioEthanol from Lignocellulose: Status, Perspectives and Challenges in Malaysia”. 4834-4841, 2010. [3] A. B. M. S. Hossain, S. A. Ahmed, M. A. Ahmed, M. A. A. Faris, M. S. M. Annuar, M. Hadeel, and H. Norah, “Bioethanol Fuel Production from Rotten Banana as an Environmental Waste Management and Sustainable Energy”. 2011, 5(6), 586-598. [4] A. Dhabekar, and A. Chandak, “Utilization of Banana Peels and Beet Waste for Alcohol Production”. Res 2010; 01: 8-13. [5] A.B.M.S. Hossain, and A. R. Fazliny, “Creation of Alternative Energy by Bio-ethanol Production from Pineapple
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