Eisaburo NOGUCHI. (8-1.2) Katsuo no Seitai to Shigen (Ecology and Resources
of Bonito). Ken KAWASAKI. (9-1.2) Gyorui no Eiyo to Yo.yo Shiryo I, II (Nutrition ...
•
FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No. 3814
The current state of fisheries and living resources
by Keiji Nasu
gl,
Original title:
From:
Gyogyo Genkyo to Shigen Seibutsu
Oceanic Environments and Living Resources in the World p. 105-148, 1975
Translated by the Translation Bureau( KFM/PS ) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada
Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C.
•
1976
70
pages typescript
DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE
SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT
Fltm
BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS
TRANSLATION BUREAU
•
MULTILINGUAL SERVICES
DIVISION DES SERVICES CANADA
MULTILINGUES
DIVISION
TRANSLATED FROM — TRADUCTION DE
INTO — EN
English
Japanese AUTHOR — AUTEUR
NASU
Keiji
TITLE IN ENGLISH — TITRE ANGLAIS
The Current State of Fisheries and Living Resources TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS)
Gyogyo Genkyo to Shigen Seibutsu REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS. RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGèRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS.
Sekai no Kaiyo Kankyo to Shigen Seibutsu
111>
EFERENCE IN ENGLISH — RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS
Oceanic Environments and Living Resources in the World PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS
PUBLISHER — ÉDITEUR DATE OF PUBLICATION DATE DE PUBLICATION
Fisheries Resources Protection Association of Japan YEAR ANNÉE
PLACE OF PUBLICATION LIEU DE PUBLICATION
voLtimE
L'ORIGINAL
ISSUE NO. NUMÉR O
pp. 105-148 NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES NOMBRE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES
Tokyo,
1975
Japan
70 REQUESTING DEPARTMENT MINISTÈRE-CLIENT
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PERSON REQUESTING DEMANDÉ PAR
Environment Fisheries & Marine
Allan T. Reid
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1101484
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SEP 29 1976
YOUR NUMBER VOTRE DOSSIER N 0
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UNE.DITED TRANnLAT1ON For inforrita;i0: 1 only
TRADUCTION NOi'l Informalion 5oul.cmcrit
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ri
Secretary of State
LI '-fr
Secrétariat d'État TRANSLATION BUREAU
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MULTILINGUAL SERVICES
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DIVISION
MULTILINGUES
CLIENTS NO. N° DU CLIENT
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Fisheries & Marine
Environment BUREAU NO.
LANGUAGE .
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TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)
KFM ,/ C. 5:
Japanese
1101484
Fisheries Research Series
Ottawa.
27
SEP 29 1g76
pp. 105-148
OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS AND LIVING RESOURCES IN THE WORLD
Kenji
•
NASU
Published by Fisheries Resources Protection Association of Japan
VI
1) 2: tu,-4 o r-•- g ce LU
tr) Z
E
Z
e 4ti
Pacific Ocean Total catch in 1972 from the Pacific Ocean amounted to 40,280,000
o 0 Z
,
13) WE P. e
-ps
25
e
150 125
400
300
625
140
300
400
70
100 100
V
230
7 0 41-
•e
e Sparids
0
rc;)
0:4
•7
30 100
400 100 200-500
k) gt
410
1, 100-1, -100
170
1, 000?
960
2, 100.-2, 600
310
1, 500?
e- ,51M efttrir (11r) •
klg Classification A) Bottom fish C) Cephalopoda II Fish_species e) Hake f) Anchovy h) Total j) Surface fish III North of lat. 10° N a) Present IV South of lat. 10 0 N
39-53 kg
12kg
46-33
40
100
50
I
B) Surface fish D) Catch per unit area (hr) d) g) i)
e) Sardine Others Mackerel and Horse mackerel Bottom fish including Cephalopoda b) Catchable
12
Table VI-2 shows the size of catchable stock, excluding tuna and Crustacean, estimated by Gulland (1968) for the north and south areas in the East Atlantic bounded by lat. 10 0 N. The catch per unit area is 'urge in the northern area, about 100 kg. This is about twice that in the southern area and the highest value is obtained in the upwelling area. The size of catchable stock in the two areas is estimated to be 350 to
500 x 10
4
tons as opposed to the present catch of 130 x 10
4
tons and
potential fish species are mackerel, horse maCkerel, blue fish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and sardine. Brachydeuturus auritus represents about 25% of the total catch by trawling in the Gulf of Guinea and hence is the most Important single
•
fish species.
(p.113)I
This species is distributed mainly in depths of 15 to 50
meters but occasionally fished from a 100-meter depth.
In addition,
there are several other important species, depth distribution of which is classified by Williams (1966) as follows: depth
15-30 rn
30 ,-75
fish species { Galeoides decadactylus Pseud!ethic senegalensis Pag rus ehrenberg i Ilisha africana Pagellus coupi Paraenbiceps Trachurus .
'
50-200
Priacanthus Denies angolensis
200
Penn hroscion Inbigi
•
,
Dentex conguensis
Along the slope of a continental shelf stretching from the Ivory.
•
Coast to Gabon, Paracubiceps has been fished at a 400-meter depth and Macrouridae and Hypoclydonia bella at depths of 400 to 600 meters.
(p.114)
13
2f* W
10
0
10* E
Fig. VI-3 Average catch (kg/hr) of bottom fish from an area, 15 to 200 meters deep, in the Gulf of Guinea a Bijagas c Liberia North — e Ivory Coast West g Ghana i Benin k Biafra South m Congo
d f h 1
Guinea Liberia South Ivory Coast East Dahomey Biafra North Gabon Gulf of Guinea
Fig. VI-3 shows the catch per unit area over a continental shelf extending from a part of the African continent facing the Gulf of Guinea. The catch in the Northern Hemisphere is the largest in the Bijagos Guinea area, and this area,as has already been mentioned in the chapter of 'Oceanic Environment in the World", corresponds to the northern transition area where seasonal alteration in tropical surface water (TSW) may cause oceanic environmental changes to a considerable extent reaching the deep layer. Hence the understanding of these seasonal changes •
in the oceanic structure is essential for any fishing ground survey or
fishing operation in this area. It was found that vertical distribution of the catch in the same area showed two peaks - at depths of 15 to 40 meters and 70 to 200 meters.
The depth structure of fish population in
western Africa appears to depend mainly on water temperature and sea floor composition (Williams, 1966).
Also it has been reported that fish
caught in shallow areas are dominated by drumfishes, whereas those in deep waters by sea breams and that distribution of these fish species is closely related to rise and fall of the thermocline. According to Zeit (1962), off Ghana sardine is distributed in
•
the hypolimnion (in this area the thermocline roughly corresponds to an isothermal line of 25 0 C).
Sardine catch tends to decrease above a
•
14
surface water temperature of 25 0 C but increase below that of 23 0 C. Hence when water mass in the hypolimnion upwells, the number of sardine visiting the area increases. Also according to a trawling survey by the U.S.S.R., ample sardine resources have been confirmed in the Gulf of Guinea, 20 miles far from the shore and at a depth of about 150 meters. Judging from these pieces of information, the development of fish resources in the midwater layer, especially fish which usually do not come up to the surface layer, off West Africa by combined use of a midwater trawling net and a fish finder or sonar will be one of the future projects. A recent survey in the South Atlantic, beteeen lat. 37 and 43
•
0
S
off Brazil and Argentine, has revealed the presence of • upwellingsalong the continental shelf, indicating high productivity of the area.
In the
area of the polar front formed by the south-advancing warm Brazilian Current and the north-going cold Falkland Current, such potential resources as tunas, swordfishes, mackerel, anchovy, croaker, weakfish, hake and lobsters, have been recognized. Three nations, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay have 13een -developing earnestly lobster fishing grounds here. Also it has been known that Mvctophid are distributed in large numbers over the continental shelf slope between lat. 32 and 36° S and a trawling catch of 12 tons per net was reported. A trawling survey off Patagonia (Vassiliev, 1968) resulted in a discovery of Merluccius fish in waters between 35 and 41 0 S. A later survey also found a mass of this fish species in April at depths of 95 to 165 meters from lat. 38 to 42
The average daily catch per trawler
' from April to May in these surveys changes as follows:. •
15
April 13 18 23 May 2-
17 22 27 6
28.6 25.6 18.6 45.2
tons tons tons tons
Of these, 95 to 100 7. were 42 to 44-cm long individuals.
This Argentine
hake is generally distributed off Brazil to Argentina, the southern limit being near the Island of Fuego,and coexists with the Chilean hake and Merleccius polylepis. The distribution density of Argentine hake is high between lat. 50 and 54° S, adult individuals showing a high density between water temperatures of 6.3 and 6.7 ° C (Vassiliev, 1968). Squid (Illex sp.) show nearly the same distribution pattern, as hake in the Atlantic off South America, but their main distribution region appears to lie to the north of that of hake. Greater squid
•
responses to a fish finder and good catch figures (a catch of 7.2 tons/ trawl was reported) have been seen over the continental shelf and its slope off Rio de la Plata and Mal del Plata.
Information concerning
lantern fish and squid is scanty and thus it is hard to estimate their potential catch.
However, each species will be in the order of about
several hundred thousand tons (Gulland, 1970).
3)
Indian Ocean According to the present FAO statistics, the annual fisheries
production increased from 1.3 million tons 15 years ago to above 2 million tons.
However, its overall production per unit area is only 20 7.
of that in the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean (Shomura, 1967).
This low pro
ductivity is due mainly to the fact that most of fishing in this district
•
is conducted by primitive techniques merely to meet one's own demand.
.
Catch figures in the Indian Ocean are 1.0 to 1.1 million tons in
16
•
the area west of the Indian Peninsula including the Gulf of Aden and 0.8 million tons in the Bay of Bengal in the estern region, the western region showing a higher value than the estern one. In recent years the fisheries production volume has shown an increasing trend in all areas of the Indian Ocean and future development of fishing grounds offshore and inshore is noteworthy. Fish species which have shown large catch figures are sardine, anchovies, redfish, percoids and crustaceans (Table VI-3). Also the
Table VI-3
Marine catch from the Indian Ocean in 1969
Fish species
Catch (x 10 3 ton)
z ",,, f,>- 7
•
4 v •:./ , , e: (S:lad, :\ 101h. etc.)
.., ' , 1. 4', (Flounder, Halibuts. etc.)
..7, se,, (Cod, Ilie, Hz:dd...,c1;, etc.) 75 7:- , , 7 7 . 7 : ,-,Y - , %,': j (Redfish. Bass; etc.) ----
(Jacl:s. "Mullets. etc.) 4 9 -:/, i''i (Herring. Sardine. etc.) (Tuna. Bor.ito, etc.) (:\ lackerel, etc.)
'
8.5
0.9
12. 0
1. 3
1. 7
0. 2
209.1
23.0
61.3
6.7
302.7
33.2
, 14.9 123. 5
1.6 .
13. 6
-,,,- ...! . •_,_ 4 , ,/,;.:: f,Sllarks. Rays. etc.)
35. 4
:;;, t.:\ Iisc. marine fish)
28. 5
3. 1
,Cr.Istaccns)
113. 4
12.4
(:■. loll u sca)
0.8
0.1
7-it
Note
Total
911. 8 j
3.9
100.0
Freshwater catch was 693,200 tons and the total was 1,605,000 tons.
Indian Ocean produces tunas most of which are fished by Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Tunas that are being fished in the Indican Ocean are southern tuna, albacore, big-eyed tuna and yellowfin tuna, whereas the species of
•
marlin being fished are striped marlin, black marlin, white marlin and broadbill.
17
Sardines account farthe largest catch of the Indian Ocean, amounting to 300,000 tons in 1969, three-quarters of which came from the western region.
Of the sardines, oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) are
most valuable. Their main fishing ground lies in inshore waters of the west coast of India, within 8 to 10 moles from land, stretching from Malabar to Kerala.
At first adult individuals coming close to the coast
for spawning during the South West monsoon are fished. Then after the monsoon young fish visiting the area become fishing targets.
The fish-
ing season starts in August near Calicut and the fishing ground moves northwards as the season advances until January to February (Chidambaram, . 1950). Sardines are distributed also in the coasts of Ceylon and Pakistan where they are important fisheries resoruces. Their distribution also extends to the coast of Java. Scombroids follow sardines in importance. Of these, Indian mackerel Rastrelliger canagurta are the resource of particular importance and are distributed very widely, extending from the coast of AFrica to the coast of northern Australia.
In the Indian Ocean mackerel fishing
operates almost exclusively in the western region and their catch amounts to 97 7. of the total fish catch of the region. Indian mackerel are fished mostly in inshore waters within 10 miles from land and their principal fishing ground stretches in the west coast of India from an estuary of the Ponnani River through Mangalore to Ratnagiri.
Catch from this ground represents about 65% of the total
mackerel take in India. The fishing season there begins in August to September and ends in March to April, but the peak is short (lasting from
18
November to February). According to Bennet (1964), the fishing season of R. canagurta tends to lengthen in years of low temperature. Other important fishing targets
in the Indian Ocean are
crustaceans, catch of which represents 12.4% (113,400 tons) of the total marine catch (Table VI-3). They include prawns, shrimps, lobsters and crabs, of which prawns are of the most importance. In the east coast of Africa prawns are caught near Mozambique. Of these, Prenaeus indicus representa bout 70% of the total crustacean catch in the area, followed by P. iaponicus and P. latisulcatus. Prawns are also important fisheries resources in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and off the South Arabian Peninsula.
The species of com-
mercial importance there is P. sumisulcatus and thisis•also a dominant species in the Arabian Sea. Around West Pakistan prawn trawling is the main fishing method all over the entire coast of about 300 miles, but the principal fishing ground is located off Karachi within 50 miles from land.
The annual take
from this area has shown an increasing trend since 1961, and the catch in 1969 was more than three times that in 1961.
The catch was dominated
by Penaeus merguiensis. Others were P. semisulcatus, P. penicillatus, Metapenaeus monoceros and Parapenaeopsis stvlifera. Prawns of importance being fished in the coastal area of western India extending from Maharashtra to Gujarat are Metapenaeus affinis, Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, P. stylifera and Solenocera indica, whereas in
Ceylon Penaeus indicus, P. merguiensis and P. semisulcatus are important
•
resources. Prawn fishing in the east coast of India has annual takes of
19
10,000 to 20,000 tons, dominated by Penaeus indicus and P. semisulcatus. In the coast of East Pakistan P. semisulcatus tops in catch and in the delta area P. indicus is important. When the importance of the various prawn species to the present fishing operation in the Indian Ocean as a whole is considered, according to the finding of a survey undertaken by the Fisheries Experiment Station of Kanagawa Prefecture off Tanzania, Penaeus indicus would be the most important fishing resources, followed by P. merguiensis and P. semisulcatus. According to Table VI-3, redfish and percoids show a large catch figure. Of these, the Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) is an important species, being caught in large amounts especially in the coast of Gujarat and exported as fried fish. Although scanty, several species of cartilaginous fish are being fished in countries facing the Indian Ocean and these are shark, ray and chimera. According to Cushing (1971), their annual take from the whole area of India is in the order of 70,000 to 80,000 tons. The fish-
ing season extends throughout the year and the main fishing grounds are located off Kathiawar and off Bombay in the coast of the Arabian Sea and off Madras in the Bay of Bengal.
However, signs of overfishing in
these areas have been pointed out in recene years. In addition to the species described above, there are others, though small in quantity, which are either of economic value or considered important in future development. They are, according to Cushing
•
(1971), as follows: Polynenidae, Stromateidae, Percidae, Scienidae, Coryphaenidae, Carangidae, Hemirhamphidae, Pleuronectidae, Excoetidae and
(p.119)
•
20
Trichiuridae. All of the fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean mentioned herein are listed in Table VI-4.
Panikkar (1963) surveyed fisheries resources of the Indian Ocean and after consideration of the existing fishing activity and of biological productivity has named the following areas highly potential: the Andaman Sea, the west coast of Burma, the coast of Ceylon, the west coast of India, the West Pakistani coast, the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman, the coast extending from Somalia to South Africa and off the west coast of Australia.
As trawling grounds, the continental shelves and
their slopes are notewo.rthy.
In future,survey of the slopes of the
continental shelves off the estuary of the Irrawaddy River in the eastern
•
Indian Ocean and off the estuary of the Ganges River in East Pakistan may become necessary.
One recent report has stated that an area around
the continental shelf of the Arabian Sea abounds in sea bass (Epinephelus) which can be potential trawling resources. Besides the Arabian Sea, an area stretching from Indonesia to the northwest coast of Australia is a potential area for sardine, anchovy, mackerel and bonito resources. If upwelling region(s) in this area have the same production structure as those in the other areas, the size of the sardine resource in the area can be considered extremely large. Wheeler (1953) estimated potential:catch around islands in the Indian Ocean as about 2.8 million tons. At present prawning in the Indian Ocean operates in relatively shallow waters. In future, however, vertical development of prawning
•
grounds may be needed, aiming at catching not only shallow water prawns such as Hvmenopenaeus triarthrus living at a depth of about 200 meters
•
• Table VI-4
Area
Country Australia
List of fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean
Continental shelf condition
Main fishing species
NW, N and S coast, within 50 miles from land
Grayfish(Panulirus cygnus), Australian salmon(Arrinis trutta),
Potential species
Note
prawn prawn,muletbra-
cuda, shark Indonesia
Around islands
Thailand
On the side of the Andaman Sea, narrow
Indian Ocean (Eastern) Burma
40 to 100 miles from land
East Pakistan 80-100 miles wide
Rastrelliger, clupePenalids, oids, penaeid's, caran- Rastrelliger gis Ras trelliger,
clupeoids
Rastrelliger, dorab, Hilsa, prawn, sciae'noids, Spanish mackerel(Cybium gutlatum), Anadontosoma chacumda
Hilsa, kurtus, prawn, silver bellis
Surface fish resources in the coast of the Andaman Sea
Penaeids
Located between Burma and Maleysia, characterized by a long coastline and high productivity Like the Andaman Sea area of Thailand, affected markedly by monsoons. Surveys of a continental shelf, off the delta of the Irrawaddy River, and its slope are needed. Markedly affected by monsoons and estuaries. Surveys of a continental shelf, off the delta of the Ganges River, and its slope are needed.
•
• India (East coast)
Clupeoids, silver bellis, Rastrelliger
The north area is markedly affected by estuaries. The whole area is markedly affected by the NE monsoon.
5-20 miles wide, Rastrelliger, scombrather narrow roids, percoids, tuna, bonito, shark, ray, sardine, prawn
Rastrelliger ' Markedly affected by monsoons.
India (West coast)
100-200 miles wide, but narrows toward the south.
Oil sardine, clupeoids, scombroids, penaeids, sciaenids, shark, ray, Bombay duck, prawn
Oil sardine, scombroids, prawn
Gulf of Aden
The inside is somewhat wide.
Large-sized mackerel, tuna, sardine, spiny lobster, turtle
Markedly affected by the Somalian Current.
Wider toward the south
Large numbers of varieties but details unknown
Catches in Ethiopia and Sudan, both facing the Red Sea, weré 10,800 tons (1967) and 21,500 tons (1968), respectively.
Continental shelf throughout
Coastal surface fish
Shrimps are distributed throughout the Persian Gulf and 907 are Penaeus semisulcatus. According to a recent survey, two more small-sized shrimps are found. In 1968 a survey with the research ship, Kaiho Maru, was undertaken by Tokyo Fisheries College.
Ceylon
Indian Ocean (Western)
Relatively narrow
Red Sea
Persian Gulf
Markedly affected by the SW monsoon.
• Somali
Kenya
Tanzania
African Coast and Islands
Mozambique .
Mauritius Seychelles Réunion South Africa
•
Very narrow, 5 miles from land
Tuna, bonito, pearl oyster
Narrow
Sardines
Topography of the bottom along 550mile coastline is characterized by a sudden drop from a depth of 50-60 meters.
Potential resources are cons idered large and future surveys are needed.
Prawn
Penaeus indicus, P. semisulcatus, P. Monodon, Metapenaeus monoceros, marlin, Nguru(Scomberomorus commerson), Knadi (Scomberomorus sp.), sardines
Sardine, lobster, prawn
Relatively wide and the max. width is 70-80 miles from land
Bottom fish, Palinurus penaeidae, crab, shell fish, spiny lobster
Penaeidae
Narrow
Percoids
Around various islands
Coral reef fish
Coral reef
Percoids
The S is wide Bottom fish(Palinurus) Clupeoids, shark, prawn, but the N is nar- resources, perch, lobster rOW sardine
Now fishing operates mostly in inshore waters, less than 100 meters deep, and the annual take is estimated to be in the order of 20,000 tons. Affected seasonally by strong winds and sea currents.
•
At present small-scale fishing using canoes. The marine catch in 1968 was about 5,600 tons. Marine catch in 1965 was about 12,000 tons.
Main fishing operates in the Atlantic Ocean. The Indian Ocean side is being developed now.
ts.) t.
24
but also bathybic prawns which inhabit waters extending from Moma to the Island of Mozambique.
Although an experimental fishing trial at depths
of 180 to 360 meters in the west coast of India resulted in a large catch of Penaepsis rectacuta and Aristeus semidentatus, their distribution range and quantity are not known (Cushing, 1971). In East Pakistan waters prawns are at present fished almost exclusively in estuaries, but it is almost unknown whether they are distributed over the continental shelf even in the Bay of Bengal.
(p.122)
-
Panikkar (1966) has stated that shellfish productivity is high in the Indian Ocean and that they are promising as potential fisheries resources. However, their industrial aspect is very little known. Cushing (1971) has listed 22 varieties of edible shellfish from the Indian Ocean. Some of the main species will be described below. Hard clams: The species of commercial importance in the west coast of India are Meretrix casta, M. meretrix, Kaleysia sp., and Vil. lorita cryprinoides (Rao, 1958). Donax spp. are widely distributed in the south of India but are hardly utilized. Mussels:
The green mussel (Mytilus virids) is widely distri-
buted in both east and west coastal waters, whereas the brown mussel
(M. virida) in the coatal area of Kerala in the south of India. are important as fisheries resources.
Both
•
Oysters: Crassostrea cucullata, C. discoids, C. gryhoids and C. madrasensis are widely distributed in Indian waters and two- to threeyear-old oysters are mainly Marketed. The aforementioned potential resources in the Indian Ocean are summarized as follows (shellfish are excluded):
25
area: mackerel, barracuda, percoids
Somali
Persian Gulf:
shrimp
Gulf of Oman:
snappers
Gulf of Aden: SpaniGh mackerels West Pakistan:
Penaeidae, sciaenids and sardine over the continental
shelf East Pakistan: sciaenids and prawn over the continental shelf Red Sea:
mackerel, sardine(Sardinops melanosticta), sharks
Indonesia to northwest Australia:
sardine (S. melanosticta), an-
chovy, sharks and bathybic prawn Islands:
4)
bonito
Antarctic OceanFishing activity in the Antarctic Ocean is at present limited
to whaling which operates nearly all over the Antarctic Ocean when past records are taken into consideration, as shown in Fig. VI-4. However, as the amount of whale resources decreased during a few recent years, the species composition of whale catch changed (Table VI-5), and in recent years fishing grounds for large-sized baleen whale are located mainly in relatively low latitudes north of 55
0
S. On the other hand,
the fishing ground for mink whale, small-sized baleen whale, which have been caught since the 1971/72 season lies near pack ice in high latitudes. For a considerably long time whale population in the Antarctic Ocean has been surveyed and studied and also international control of whale resources has been practiced. Nonetheless, resources of blue,
•
humpback and fin whales are decreasing.
At present capture of blue and
(p.123)
26
•
Fig. VI-4 Whaling ground in the Antarctic Ocean a
907
1
b South Africa South America d Crozet Island Marion Island Kerguelen Island f Australia New Zealand h Antarctica k Pack Ice Whaling ground West Wind Surface Current East Wind Surface Current Antarctic convergence
Table VD-5 Changes in the number of whale caught by the Antarctic Ocean mother-ship whaling system during ten recent years
.8 _
e
•
-e
1963.'64
1.12
64 65
20
13, 870 ! 1 7,308 i 2.318 .; 2,893 .!
1 —
2 —
4 9 •
;
6. 651.
16
4,211
15
17, 533
4, 538
10
12, 363
4, 960
9
2,568
19, 874
65 . 66
1
6667
4
67;65
—
2,155
—
10, 357
. 3,021)
68:69
—
—
5,777
3,907
6970
—
3,
ow
—
5, 852
3, 090
70:71
—
2,883
—
6, 151
71,i 72
—
2,684
—
5,
6,903
3,013
72: 73
--
1, '‘- 1. -
—
3, 863
8,741
5,745
70) 7(1)
6,357
7,713
7a)
73: 74 . .
4,392 .
6 —
6
6
. .. __ . _. ..
A Season (year) B Blue whale C Fin whale D Humpback whale E Seiwhale F Sperm whale G Mink whale H Number of whaling fleet Numbers in parentheses are for mink whale fishing. humpback whales is totally banned and protection and control of their
•
resources are being strengthened. As a result of resources control based on resource diagnosis,
27
according to the last estimate, since about 1965 the size of fin whale resources has shown an increasing trend. Until the 1970/71 season, capture of whale was limited to largesized individuals and/or species. However, recently mink whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and black mink whale (B. bonaerensis) are becoming important resources. Although these mink whales are considered to be distributed nearly all over the Antarctic Ocean, their distribution density is not uniform and high in high latitude waters close fo the Antarctica. Also large numbers of them are found in the surface of open waters along pack ice. Black mink whale fishing by the Japanese fleet was initiated in the 1963/64 season and its main whaling ground was in lat. 61-63° S and long. 115-140° E.
The present main ground extends from long. 50 to 140° E.
According to data of the U.S.S.R., the density of mink whale distribution is high in waters in long. 10 - 20 ° W, 60 - 70 0 E and 160 -
170 0 E, suggesting that mink whale resources in the Antarctic Ocean consist of several resource groups; e.g., an Indian Ocean group and an Atlantic Ocean group. The size of the resources of the Indian Ocean group appears to be greater than that of the Atlantic group (Arseniev,
1960). Also according to Ohsumi et al. (1970), when the results of visual observation obtained by the Japanese fishing fleet were analyzed by the method of Nasu and Shimazu (1969), the size of mink whale resources in waters south of lat. 40 0 S excepting the range between long. 120 0 W and 0 0 was estimated to be about 41,000.
However, in view of the high
28
distribution density of this whale species in high latitude waters, the estimate is likely in the neighborhood of 70,000 animals and the size of the resource at the MSY level would be 35,000 and the MSY quantity is estimated as 4,200. As for fish, the number of species in high-latitude waters, south of the subantarctic area, has been estimated by Haldgate to be about 60. In the Antarctic Ocean Notothenidae dominates. Chaenichthvidae is also distributed in large numbers mainly around islands. However, according to a Russian survey, its distribution quantity is small, probably less than an amount of any commercial importance. On the other hand, Dr. DeVries of the U.S.A. presented some data on the Antarctic cod Dissostichus mawsonii in the Polar Ocean Conference and in a meeting of the Committee on Marine Life Resources in the Southern Oceans (Hoshiai and Nemoto, 1974). The results of surveys conducted after 1971 in the McMurdo Sound of the Antarctica for more than 450 individuals of this fish species have revealed that the maximum body length is 1.8 meters and the body weight varies from 8 to 75 kg.
They
are distributed at depths of 100 to 500 meters and feed on cephalopods, midwater to bathypelagic organisms and occasionally benthic organisms. After considering the results of Russian surveys of the Antarctic Ocean, he has pointed out that antarctic cod resources near the McMurdo base are promising. However, this aspect appears to need further examination. Analysis of stomach contents of sperm whale, elephant seal and
•
penguins suggests distribution of squid in the Antarctic Ocean though
the details are not clear.
As was recommended by the Polar Ocean Con-
ference and the Committee on Marine Life Resources in the Southern Oceans,
p.29
survey and investigation on the biology, distribution and resource analysis of squid and fish in this area are needed. Investigation aiming at developing krill resources in the Antarctic Ocean is being carried out at present by Japan and the U.S.S.R. In the U.S.S.R. systematic survey was started in 1961. In order to know the existing quantity of krill, there are several methods including the one by calculating the production efficiency from basic outputs and the one by estimating from the amounts preyed upon by baleen whale.
Figures obtained with these methods are listed in
Table VI-6. Table VI-6 Mount of krill Euphausia superba preyed on by baleen whale, the existing amount of krill in the Antarctic Ocean estimated by the above amount and output of krill estimated from primary and secondary productions (Nemoto, 1974) Amount of krill Investigator consumed by earlier baleen whale resources (tons) 12 Kulmov(1963) 5 x 10 (çxisting_amount) Studenetskiy 100 x 10 ° (1965) 6 Zenkovich 146 x 10 (1970)* Mackintosh 120 - 170 6** x 10 (1970)*
Excess amount Annual of krill over production the existing of baleen whale krill resources (tons)
ca. 100 x 10
6
(3.3 - 330 6 x 10 ) likely to be 6 10-5x
Gulland (1970)
- Annual output at least 50 x 10 6
Hempel(1970)
•
500 x 10 40 - 50 x 10
6
Doi (1973)
200 x 10
Ohmura(1973)
125 - 200 6 X
Sustainable production of krill
160 x 10 100-200 x 10
6 6 6
6
6 (200 x 10 ) 6 150 x 10
several tens of million tons
(p.126)
30
•
Nasu (1973)
120 x 10
6
100 x 10
Lyubimova et al.(1973)
* **
6 800-5,000 x 10 6 (existing amount)
25 - 50 6 X 10 (fisheries production)
Small seiwhale are excluded. Estimated from Dr. Mackintosh's figure. Of the various annual production figures in the table, the one
reported by Lyubimova et al. is the highest, 0.8 to 5 x 10
9
tons. How-
ever, when a variety of factors are taken into account, the reasonable quantity for the present production is in the neighborhood of 0.5 - 1.0
x 10
9
tons and proper catch would be several tens of million tons. In
order to obtain a more accurate value, further studies are of course
•
needed. Regardless-of how these estimates may be accurate, when they are compared with the total'fish catch of the whole world, krill are likely to be the important protein resource in future. The basic problems in commercialization of krill include development of fishing and processing techniques and the opening of a market. Resolving these factors will furnish a key for the development of krill resources. As for the fishing technique, usually krill swimming at depths of less than 100 meters are caught and visual observation or a fish finder is used to detect them.
The fishing methods hitherto used are
midwater and surface water trawling and seining. However, seining is easily affected by various oceanic meteorological conditions, thereby posing many problems. Hence at the present stage of technology mid-
•
water trawling
appears
the most suitable.
31
•
Utilization of krill has been explored from many aspects. For example, chemical components of krill were analyzed in fresh fish and frozen (after boiling) fish. In the fresh state autolysis is rapid and very high enzyme activity in the viscera causes rapid putrefaction. Hence rapid processing while at sea is a prerequisite. While a variety of trials have been carried out on proper processing of krill in Japan, no conclusion is drawn as yet. However, in the U.S.S.R. a process has been successfully obtained to produce krill paste. In this process a liquid is pressed from fish tissues and subjected to heat treatment to coagulate proteins in the liquid.
Yield
of this product, though depending on the size of krill, is in the order of 17 to 25%.
The paste is formed into blocks which are frozen and
being marketed under the trade name of 'Taiyo Paste'.
The product con-
sists of 70-78% water, 13-20% protein, 3-10% fat, 1-3% ash and 1-2% carbohydrate and the protein is rich in arginine, lysine, leucine and
phenylalanine. The present main problem for the development and utilization of krill, as has already been mentioned, is to solve the type and size of a ship that is capable of processing and storing its catch. As for the utilization, while in the U.S.S.R. krill paste has at least proven successful, the quantity for this use is very small and
product(s) that use large quantities of krill must be developed in future. In addition to these, survey of marketing outlets and consumption to establish marketability of krill supply will also be needed.
•
At present midwater trawling is considered to be the established fishing technique for krill.
However, there are still unanswered
(p.127)
32
questions - the mechanism and distribution of dense formation of krill population and the reltation of such dense population to oceanic environIndeed acceltration of studies on the krill fishing
mental conditions.
ground has been urged by both Japan and the U.S.S.R. The present author examined krill distribution and oceanic environmental conditions in the Antarctic Ocean from the existing data
(Nasu, 1974).
The results of a survey with the research ship 'Discovery'
(Marr, 1956) and those of a study on the stomach contents of baleen whale (Nasu, 1974) were taken to produce patterns of horizontal distribution of krill which are illustrated in Figs. VI-5 and VI-6, respectively.
r›-
30•
Fig. VI-5 Distribution of krill (E. superba) (Marr, 1956)
----, -Y.77'. 7 7 i..•; -., s..- . ..57:1-....,.....1 .2.::/I
•
I) .
...:
' . — ee'
a c e g j k
\ •
pe.A
1..,, , '). •`,,.,,,-.
wn
,
.
r
•., .,....,•.?„-,-.:;,../ :
zt..- ,.....,, c‘• 4- 7
Ç. .
.75
s.
m
)
.o
•:,.
=. )
• 1 --ICO - 1C0 1CC ,CC•i /
• ••:
n
.•
p
. , ___,;._.:;1--_- :,."' -5 .; .5::•- ••....";',-"»ïe!' ,. .. 1 ./1(‘,1:-J-
-
el As
. 1‘ I 0-• E
1
....,..
«1;5. '1 7 .1 ---- •?I,
*
b Weddell Sea Antarctica Ross Sea d South Africa Kerguelen Island f Australia New Zealand h South America Antarctic convergence Northern limit of the East Wind Surface Current Northern limit of the Weddell Surface Current Surface current in cold antarctic waters Circumpolar West Wind Surface Current Average position of pack ice in February Whale feed (krill)
1:::) .
clearly shown in these figures, there is a certain relationship
between the main distribution range of krill and the horizontal current flowing. According to Fig. VI-5, the distribution density is generally high in the West Wind Surface Current and the Weddell Surface Current reg ions. A high-density area near the Island of South Georgia to South
33
•
Sandwich Island is located also within the Weddell Surface Current region, and an area near Bouvet Island corresponds to the eastern end of the Weddell Surface Current. The high-density area near long. 100 0 E is the lowest latitude region with the exception of the Weddell Surface Current region and is characterized by unique sea
•
bottom topography; i.e., a part Fig. VI-6 Horizontal distribution of krill according to body length, based on the results of investigation on the stomach contents of baleen whale (Nasu, 1974) a b c
Antarctica Weddell Sea Ross Sea
*
Body length d more than 5 cm e 4 - 5 cm f less than 4 cm
of the East Wind Surface Current flowing westwards is diverted here north to form a tongue-like shape due to the Kerguelen - Gaussberg Ridge stretching in a northwest southeast direction. The distribution range of krill coincides
with this north-going tongue-shaped cold water current. Hence the high density area for krill is formed generally in lowtemperature and low-salt areas served by the surface currents of East Wind and Weddell. Furthermore, Beklemishev (1960) pointed out that krill were distributed in large numbers in a low-pressure passage area or an area where a low pressure stays for a long time and this has been at-
tributed to upwelling associated with low pressures.
(p.129)
34
•
Around South Georgia Island where the distribution of E. superba is high, the Weddell water mass and relatively warm Bellingshausen water mass flowing from the Bellingshausen Sea (Pacific side) through the Drake Strait into the Atlantic meet to form a mixed water mass. In this mixed water mass area the distribution quantity of phytoplankton is found to be larger than that in the other water mass areas.
The high
density is generally conSidered to result from convergence. In an area, south of Bouvet Island, which is densely populated with E. superba is one of the past main whaling grounds. The Weddell Surface Current flows generally between lat. 57 and 61 0 S and its eastern end is located near long. 15 to 20 0 E.
The quantity of phyto-
plankton in the area corresponding to the axis of this current is relatively low. , less than 1 cc/1, but the quantity shows high values at sites
that areconsidered the edge of the surface current, especially
near a location at lat. 57 eddy area.
0
S and long. 12 0 E which corresponds to an
The value recorded there during December to January was as
high as 11 cc/1 (11/neberg, 1940), and this location corresponds to one of the krill high
density areas.
The Weddell Surface Current
area is characterized by numerous icebergs especially in the region that is considered the eastern end of the current. Hence in this part of the Antarctic Ocean icebergs may serve as an indirect marker for the Weddell Surface Current. In summary, the distribution density of krill E. superba has a close bearing on distribution of water masses formed around the Antarctica.
•
In the East Wind Surface Current area where the current goes up markedly
north, a high distribution density region extends to relatively low
35
latitudes, whereas in the Weddell Surface Current area the distribution density of E. superba is generally high.
About the author:
NASU Keiji Graduated from Tokyo Fisheries College, Fishery Science Faculty in 1954. Completed Postgraduate Courses in Marine Fishing Ground Science, Tokyo Fisheries College in 1955. In the same year research worker at the Whale Research Institute, promoted to the Head of the First Marine Laboratory, Pelagic Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Agency, and at present Controller, Oceanic Fisheries Resources Development Center. Doctor of Agriculture. Born on October 19, 1931 in Miyazaki Prefecture.
36
Glossary
(p.130)
1) T-S curve (warm-cold curve) Distribution of oceanographic elements such as water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen quantity in the ocean is continuous. However, when values of these elements in a given area; e.g., the Japan Current (Kuro Shio) of Oya Shio (the Kurile Current) are taken of a bird's eye view, they are somewhat uniform.
Such sea water character-
ized by uniform oceanographic elements is called 'water mass'. The water mass generally consists of several water systems which differ with one another in water temperature and salinity. When water temperature and salinity at a fixed observation point are plotted on rectangular co-ordinates, temperature being on the ordinate and salinity on the abscissa, from the surface to the deep layer and when each plot is linked, a T-S curve is formed.
The process
of detecting a water system from a given T-S curve and examining the formation of its water mass is called 'water mass analysis'. 2) Liebig's Law of the Minimum Phytoplankton absorbs avariety of nutrients from sea water but at a .certain rate for each nutrient. Thus even when one nutrient exists in a large quantity, the need of the plankton for that nutrient remains unchanged. Growth of plants in the ocean is limited by the availability of whatever nutrient scarcest in the ocean, and this principle is called "Liebies Law of the Minimum".
•
ocean are iron and vitamin B
12.
Growth-limiting nutrients known in the
37
3) Fishing ground visiting rate In the case of fishing where its operational range is restricted; e.g., fixed shore net fishing and inshore fishery, catch is affected by environmental conditions.
Hence the size of resources in a given fishing
ground is not always proportional to the amount of fish visiting there and the ratio between the former and the latter is called 'fishing ground visiting rate' (Doi, 1972). 4) When convergence exists at the tide boundary The amount C4 of a floating matter,.its density being 6, accumulated on the surface of a gtven area is given by y
where u, v are directional (x- and y-axes) components of a horizontal current, respectively. Then the degree of convergence K is expressed as K
and
a. is
(=
an average density of floating matters such as plankton for a
time t. From this equantion it can be seen that the distribution density of floating matters like plankton is proportional to the degree of convergence at the tide boundary and the degree of convergence is one of the factors responsible for the formation of a fishing ground. 5)
Deflecting force of earth's rotation Any object moving on the earth is deflected to the right of the
•
moving direction in the Northern Hemisphere but to the left in the Southern Hemisphere by the earth's rotation. The force causing this deflection
(p.131)
38
is called 'deflecting force of earth's rotation' or 'Corioli's force' by taking the name of a French mathematician who first discussed this force. Let assume that the velocity of a sea current is v, the earth's angular velocity411 and the latitude F is
then Corioli's force per unit mass
F
Thus F values are 0 at the equator
=
0 ° , sin9)= 0) and the maximum
o 2 Cartrat both poles Of = 90 , sin 90 0 = 1). 6) Compensation current Oceanic currents are produced by many factors including wind gradient, sea surface slope and sea water density distribution. Once
•
sea water moves because of any one of these causes, since fluids such as sea water are of continuous nature, the part of water moved away is compensated by incoming water from the other places, thereby creating a current; i.e., 'compensation current'. Examples of the compensation current are seen off California and off Somali where prevailing wind tends to develop a current of surface coastal water moving offshore. The removed surface water is replenished with water from the bottom layer by upwelling. 7) Biological production effect of upwellings The biological production effect of upwellings can be considered to be related also to the scale of the upwelling concerned including vertical currents.
•
For example, Cushing (1969) modified the formula of Steel and Menzel (1962) 1'
39
•
I: average amount of radiation on the surface (g cal/m 2 /day) Z : depth K : dissipation constant 0C: constant P : production/day (g C/cm2 ) to derive =
2K
e - ')
Z : sun light penetration layer —1) wh : upwelling speed (m/day) In other words, if grazing is neglected, production during an upwelling period increases with increasing upwelling velocity. Hence velocity of . upwellings maY serve as one of the criteria to judge the value of a fishing ground. 8)
Dynamic depth .
Oceanic currents are produced by a variety of causes and can be approximated in terms of geostrophic currents (described later) by calculation of Corioli's force and oceanic density distribution. In this calculation known as dynamic calculation, the term of dynamic meter is used as the unit of gravity potential and 1 dynamic meter equals 10 5 erg energy. When a unit mass of sea water falls one meter deep, its gravity potential becomes 980(= g) x 100 = 98,000 erg.
Hence gunerally
the dynamic meter of a point at a certain depth in the ocean nearly coincides with its depth. The gravity potential (gh) between a point on the sea surface and another point h meters deep is called dynamic depth (2) when expressed in terms of dynamic meters.
•
D = g h
40
Theoretically h can be considered the sum of differential depths (actual experimental values have intervals; e.g., 0, 10, 25, 50 m Therefore D => .g.41-1 and if eh is sufficiently small, D= fgdh
9)
Specific volume The volume occupied by a unit mass object is called 'specific
volume'. Therefore specific volume ct is the reciprocal of density
f
(but is proportional to temperature): 1 1)
This relationship is frequently used in dynamic calculation. 10) Transport
In a flow of a fluid a fixed section is taken and the amount of the fluid flown in a unit time across the section is named 'transport'. The transport varies with flow speed, flow width and depth and used often as one of the indices of the sea current strength.
Transport
values are generally obtained with dynamic calculation, but not in absolute terms.
10
6
The unit of transport used in this text Sv corresponds to
3 m /sec.
11) Wind stress When à wind blows over the surface of tranquil sea water, the sea water is pulled by the wind force to produce a drift current.
On
the other hand, the wind motion is hampered by the tranquil sea water,
•
so that the wind velocity on the sea surface is reduced. This drag is called 'wind stress' and usually expressed as force per unit area.
41
•
12)
Subtropical convergence
This is the convergence occurring in from mid-latitude to subtropical waters but generally is not extensive. In the Southern Hemisphere this generally is the convergence of subantarctic water mass located north of the antarctic convergence in a distance corresponding to about ten latitude degrees, and subtropical water mass. The con. vergence is characterized by surface water temperatures of about 10 to
14° C in winter and those of about 14 to 18 ° C in summer. Judging from the oceanic structure in the Southern Hemisphere, the subtropical convergence in the Northern Hemisphere would corresponds to the .southern ends of the North Pacific Drift in the North Pacific and of the North Atlantic Drift in the Atlantic. However, actually in the North Pacific the convergence that is formed between the southwest current in the south of the Central Water (See Fig. 1-3) and the North Equatorial Current appears to be called the subtropical convergence.. 13) Geostrophic current In reality oceanic current velocity and density distribution change with time.
Hawever, in a given area when current velocity values
over certain days are averaged, the current velocity changes can be regarded roughly as being in a stationary state. Thus Corioli's force is considered to be in balance with oceanic pressure gradient force. The current in which such a balanced state is attained is known as
1 geostrophic current'. Under this current having a velocity of V and a pressure differential of 4.p. between two points (in a distance of Ax) , the pressure gradient force F (= An/Ax) can be written as
42
f•V ,
1 f
F
where f is Corioli's force. Therefore the velocity of a geostrophic current is proportional to a pressure gradient and hence it increases as the distance between isobars decreases.
On the otherhand, it is in inverse proportion to
Corioli's force and accordingly, the higher the latitude the lesser the velocity. Since the geostrophic current is controlled by pressure distribution anclsince oceanic pressure is obtàined from oceanic density, it was one time called density current. Obviously this term is incorrect. 14) Halocline Likea thermocline, a I halocline l is a layer of water in the ocean . the vertical salinity gradient is the greatest.
In subarctic
wher
waters of the North Pacific the halocline is located at depths of 150 to 200 meters. 15) Ekman's theory of the drift current It is empirically known that a drift current which is produced by a wind over the sea surface is deflected to the right (left) to the leeward in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Based on this empirical fact, Ekman has established the drift current theory. When a drift current maintains a steady state after being blown by a wind for a long time in an area where the viscosity coefficient is constant and the depth is infinite, its flow direction at the surface is deflected 45
o
to the right (left) to the leeward in the Northern (Southern)
43
Hemisphere.
The flow direction becomes more deflected to the right (left)
as the depth increases in the Northern (Southern) hemisphere finally to change to a clockwise (anti-clockwise) turn, at the moment of which the flow velocity decreases. Therefore at a certain depth the current begins to flow in the direction opposite to that of the surface layer and the flow velocity reduces to less than 5 7 of the surface speed.
This depth
is called ' the depth of frictional resistance'. The velocity V of the drift current at the surface is given by 0 —
110-=-17:9;
whereft: wind stress, f: Corioli's force, ft: density and Av : eddy viscosity coefficient. The depth of frictional resistance D is then expressed as D--
where0 is the angular velocity of the earth and
is the earth's lati-
tude. The D value is estimated usually to be from 50 to 200 meters (large in low latitudes and small in high latitudes). In other words, the wind stress is effective up to this depth to cause a drift current and the layer having a width of D is called 'Ekman layer' and the transport within the Ekman layer is named 'Ekman transport' CD which is expressed by
16)
T =
.
Oxycline In analogy with a thermocline and a halOcline, it is a water
layer where the vertical oxygen gradient is the highest of all.
44
•
17) Divergence Take a fixed space inside the sea (a fluid). If the volume of sea water entering that space is smaller than that leaving it, such a condition is called 'divergence' and the opposite of divergence is 'convergence'. In general, when divergence is developing at the sea surface, an upwelling is developing in the layer below.
On the other hand, the
development of convergence is associated with that of a current moving downward. Either phenomenon is considered important to fisheries. 18) Multiple current The Gulf Stream going up north along the east coast of North America is narrow in width at its swiftest part and there the flow speed reaches 4 to 5 knots and the path displays marked meandering characteristically associated with eddies and counter currents. Therefore the current is considered momentarily to cimisist of several narrow bands of rapid flow overlapping one another. Such a current was termed by Fuglister (1951) as 'multiple current'.
19) ICNAF (International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries) Established in 1949, it oversees investigation, protection and conservation for the purpose of maintaining the maximal sustainable production of all fisheries resources (especially gadoids, flat fish and redfish) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. The Commission functions in the following areas:
•
a) proposal ior
survey operation necessary for the maintenance of the resource the defined area (co-operation with other international
and l or naliOnal
45
agencies or independent operation) and h)
proposal by member nations,
based on the survey results and/or recommendations of panels (set up for each of five subdivided areas), for i) the beginning and the end of fishing seasons, ii) fishing-prohibition area(s), iii) fish size limits, iv) restriction of fishing tools and methods and v) total catch. The area administered by the Commission is the north of lat.
39 °00' N and the west of long. 42° 00' W, excluding territorial waters. The 16 following member nations form the Commission:
Japan, Canada,
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, the U.K., the U.S.S.R., the U.S.A., West Germany, Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria.
. 20)
Vertical mixing
In mid- and high-latitude waters generally in winter surface
•
water is cooled by cold air to increase density thereby falling down. Let assume a fixed space in a part of the water moving downward. Since .
this space is being replaced by water from the other part, a compensation current develops.
The mixing of waters above and below the space is
called 'vertical mixing'. Since a convection current, like an upwelling, promotes the rise of nutrient-rich deep water, it is one of the factors responsible for the formation of high productivity waters, playing an important role in fisheries.
21)
Heat budget While the ocean absorbes heat from the sun's radiant heat, it
releases heat into the air through reverse radiation and evaporation. Accounts between absorption and release of heat are the 'heat budget'.
46
When the heat budget throughout the year is taken into account, sea water is warmed by heat of the sun and hence the amount of energy (Qs ) absorbed from the sun must be in balance with the amount of energy released in the forms of radiation from the ocean surface (Qb), convection of heat into the atmosphere (Qb) and evaporation heat (Qe).
If
not, both air and water temperatures will be changed every year (Strictly speaking, the process in which sea water is warmed also involves convection of heat from the earth's interior through the sea floor and some others. However, the weight of these parts is negligibly small). However, when a given area is locally examined, in some parts heat can be supplied by an incoming current, whereas in others heat may be absorbed and/or released by mixing with water of different consistency. In other words, for a certain period of time a part of the heat produced or lost through these actions is responsible for fluctuation of sea water temperature.
If a net heat value of Qu is absorbed or released as
a result of current moving or mixing and the amount of heat consumed locally for changing sea water temperature is Q v , the heat budget at a fixed point of the ocean is expressed as follows: Qs - Qb Qh Qe + Qu + Qv = °
22)
Turbulent flow The flow of fluids such as air and liquids generally changes into
a turbulence characterized by numerous irregular eddies as the flow velocity increaseà to exceed . a certain limit.
Under this condition,
because of the action of eddies, various oceanographic elements such as water temperature and salinity change. The flow of sea water is generally
47
regarded as a turbulent flow except for inshore waters, areas near the sea bed and extremely slow flow regions. 23) Benthos Organisms that live continuously on or in the bottom of the sea are called 'benthos'.
These organisms serve as the main food source for
bottom fish and play especially an important role in fishing over continental shelves.
24) GEK Water flowing in the earth's magnetic field produces an electric field due to electromagnetic induction.
Thus by determining the potential
between two electrodes placed in water, the flow velocity can be obtained; i.e., Fuddy's (?) effect. This principle was applied in 1950 by von Arx to invent a GEK (geomagnetic electrokinetograph). A flow is moving with a velocity of V cm/sec at a right angle to a line linking two fixed points, 1 cm apart, in the ocean. If the vertical partial force of the earth's magnetic field is Hz (gauss), electromotive force CE volt) between the two points is expressed as E-= 11 • .1 • V x10 -8
In this equation Hz is known and 1 can be measured (ranges from 40 to
100 meters, usually 60 meters). Hence V can be obtained by determining an E value.
25) Tidal range The periodic rise and fall of the sea surface by ocean-pulling force of the sun and the moon is 'tide' and it occurs predominantly every day or every half7day.
The time when the sa water level is the highest
(p.136)
48
is 'high water' or flood tide, whereas the time for the lowest water level is 'low water' or ebb tide.
The difference in the sea level between
high and low waters is the 'tidal range'. 26) Horse latitude Subtropical areas near latitudes 30
0
N and 30 0 S are character-
ized by frequent windlessness or breezes in indefinite directions.
These
areas are called 'horse latitudes'. 27) Water inversion Generally the temperature in the ocean decreases with increasing depth from the surface.
•
However, occasionallytle reverse occurs, which
is called 'water inversion'. The causes of water inversion are (1) vertical mixing, (2) oceanic fronts, especially for example, a polar front and (3) transfer of the subterranean heat from the ocean floor.
Of these, (1) and (2)
have close bearings on the formation of fishing grounds. In high-latitude waters cooled surface water moves doWn by vertical mixine developing in winter to depths of 50 to 150 meters, below which an inversion layer of water having summer temperature is formed. Also in some oceanic front areas where warm and cold currents meet, like a polar front, an inversion layer is formed by both watermasses. 28) Euphotic layer An euphotic layer is an ocean surface layer within which sun light penetrates to provide energy required by phytoplankton or photosynthesis that is more than its own respiratory need.
49
•
29) Radiolaria Radiolarians are marine planktonic, relatively large-sized protozoans, ranging from 5.o p to several mm, and colony-forming ones often
reach several cm in size. Generally red clay is widely distributed as one of deep sea deposits. Some of it contains numerous dead bodies of these radiolarians and diatoms, being called the radiolaria ooze. 30) Foraminifera •
Except for a few freshwater species, foraminifers are marine
protozoans typically having well-developed shells.
Most of the marine
foraminifers are bottom dwelling, but planktonic ones, though only a few
.
species, are abundant.
•
The globigerine ooze that occupies about one-third of the whole oceanic areà of the earth is a kind of ooze consisting of shells of a .
•
planktonic foraminifer, globigerina.
(p.137)
50
References 1972,
21
137.-140. B.v.m;!.:1 ,.-.E.
V., 1960,
. I:ton of the in>llore waters off Sierra Leone.
The
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Kaiyo ni okeru kiso seisanryoku no bunpu to hendo
1) ARIG.A.,S., 1972,
(Distribution and fluctuation of basic productivity in the ocean).
Suisan Kaiyo Kenkyukaiho (Bulletin of the Fisheries OceanograPhical Society), No. 21: 137-140.
2) CHIGOKU, S., 1971,
Kita taiheiyo no kaisan to teisei gyorui (Oceanic
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Gyokyo Yoho no Riron to Hoho (Theories and Methods
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Carib-kai no wakusho (Upwelling in the Caribbean
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.6) SANAMOTO, E., 1971a,
Australia higashi oki to New Zealand shuhen no
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Suisan Kaiyo
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Kita-taiseiyo no mebachi gyojo ni tsuite (Big-
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Misaki Enyogyogyo
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Gyogyo Shigen Kenkyukai Giho
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58
9) HOSHIAI, T. and T..NEMOTO, 1974,
Kyokuchi kaiyo kaigi oyobi taiyo
no kaiyoseibutsu shigen ni kansuru iinkai (The Polar Ocean Conference and the Committee on Oceanic Living Resources).
Kaiyo Kagaku
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10) ICHIHARA, T., 1972,
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11) ISAHAYA, T., 1936, KargutpeLg ianrauro (Tuna in the coast of Saghalien).
Doctorate Thesis.
12) ISHINO, M., 1967, Ocean).
Nanpyoyo no kaikyo (Sea condition in the Antarctic
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13) KATSUKI, Y., 1970,
Sakana no sokusenki to kankyo (Lateral line
organs of fish and environment).
•
Kagaku (Science), 40 (10): 513-
522. 14) KAWAI, E., 1970,
• aiyo Butsuri II. Kaiyogaku Kisokoza 2 (Ocean
Physics II, Basic Courses in Oceanography 2),
Tokyo University
•
Press.
15) KISHI, M. and N. SUGINOHARA, 1973,. Coastal upwelling no niso-model o mochiita iikken (III) - Rikugan chikei o koryo shita baai (Experiments with a two7laYer model for coastal upwelling. ation of land topography).
III - Consider-
resented at the Fall Meeting of the
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16) KITAHARA, T., 1918, and fresh migration).
17) KUSUNOKI, H., 1971, Ocean).
Kaiyo chosa to gyozoku no kaiyu (Ocean survey Oceanography Faculty, Fisheries Institute. Nankyokuyo no kaihyo (Ice Pack in the Antarctic
Kaiyo Kagaku (Ocean Science), Vol. 3
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18) MAEDA, S., 1972, lçailVo oyobi kisho shiryo kaiseki ni yoru wakusho no kenkyu (S:udy on upwelling by analysis of oceanic conditions and
59
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climatological data).
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19) MASUZAWA, J., 1969,
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Sui-
san Kaiyo Kenkyukaiho (Bulletin of the Fisheries Oceanogrephical Society), Special Issue in Commemoration of Professor Uda, 99-104. 20) NAKAMURA, H., 1953, net
Kio shiryo kara mita maguro nobeami gyoj 0 (Tuna
fishing grounds based on the existing data).
Nansuiken
Hokoku (Report of the Southern Waters . Fisheries Research Institute 2nd Edition), 1: 1-144. 21) NASU, K., 1974,
Shigenkankyo to shiteno wakushoryu (Upwelling as
a resource-related environment).
Kaiyo Kagaku (Ocean Science),
6(6): 37-41. 22) NASU, K., 1974,
Okiami no bunpu to kaiyo kankyo (Distribution of
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Suisan Kaiyo Kenkyukaiho (Bull.
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23) NIINO, H., 1956, Fishing Grounds). graphy
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Tokyo Fisheries College.
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27) SUGIURA, J., 1958,
Oceanographic conditinns in the northwestern
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Nihon Kaiyogakkaishi (J. Oceanograph. Soc. of
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28) SUGIMURA, Y., 1971,
Nankyokukai no kaiyo kagaku (Ocean chemistry
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Kaiyo Kagaku (Ocean Science), Vol.3
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29) SUISANCHO (Fisheries Agency), 1971,
Showa-44-nendo Kaiyo Marti Chosa
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•
30) TANIGUCHI, A., 1973,
Kaiyo no Seibutsu Seisan-to Gyogyo. Kaiyogaku
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31) TSUJITA, T., 1969, graphy).
Lectures on Oceanography:
Seisan kaivogaku ni tsuite
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Suisan Kaiyo Kenkyukaiho (Bull. Fisheries Oceanograph.
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Nihonkaioyobi Higashi-Shinakai no kaikyo to gyokyo
no kankei (Relationship between oceanic and fishing conditions). in the Japan Sa and the East China Sea Tsushima Danrvu Kaihatsu Chosa Hokokusho, Dai-Ippen, Gyokyo Kaikyo Hen (Report of the Survey for the Development of the Tsushima Warm Current. Vol. 1 - Fishing and Oceanic Conditions).
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•
33) UDA, M., 1960,
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34) VASSILIEV, G., 1968,
Nanbei higashigawa tairikudanachiho no gyogyo
chosa (Fisheries survey in the continental shelf area on the east
Gyogyo (Fisheries), No. 2
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(Translated from
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Nankyoknyo no kaiyo butsuri (Ocean physics of
the Antarctic Ocean).
Kaiyo Kagaku (Ocean Science), Vol. 3 No.7:
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Kuro-maguro no shoki seitai oyobi minami-
maguro no kouo ni tsuite (Ecology of bluefin tuna at the early devel-
opmental . stage and southern tuna fry).
Nansuiken Hokoku (Report
of the Southern Waters Fisheries Research Institute), 23: 95-129. 37) YAMANAKA, H., 1970,
Kuro-maguro no shigen hendo to kaikyo hendo
(Fluctuation of bluefin tuna resources and changes in oceanic conditions).
Suisan Kaiyo Kenkyukaiho (Bull. Fisheries Oceanograph.
Soc.), No. 16: 202-208. 38) YAMANAKA, I., 1970,
Nishi-TaiheiYo ni okeru maguro nenkyu hendo to
kaikyo hendo (Fluctuation of age composition of tuna and changes in oceanic condition in the western Pacific Ocean).
Ibid., No. 16:
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Engan wakusho (Coastal upwelling).
Engan Kaiyo
Kenkyu Notes (Coastal Oceanographic Notes), 11(2): 127-142.
•
(p.144:
62
(p.145)
Postscript
World fisheries are entering upon a new phase in view of recent support by many nations for the adoption of the 200-mile limit of territorial waters right in the law of the sea. Apart from this international fisheries situation, among Japanese fishermen the need for knowledge on fishing conditions, potential resources and oceanic environment in the world has increasingly been felt since about the beginning of the recent ocean development activities. The author had been contemplating • o write a booklet to meet such a need, mapped out various schemes and effort had been made to gather data, aiming at preparing ideal contents of the book.
•
However,
immediately after I was called upon to write for a volume of this.series, I had to visit the U.S.A. for collaborative study for nearly two months. Upon returning home, I was transferred from the Pelagic Fisheries Research Institute to the present organization and went again overseas to attend the Krill Meeting of the FAO and the COFI in Rome.
When the
work was completed, it was far from what had been initially intended. To my knowledge, however, this appears to be the first indendent publication written on the basis of the aforementioned plan.
It is my
hope, however meritorious the contents may be, that the booklet is of some applicable value. I was born in a marine product processing family living in a fishing village (at that time) of Kadokawa in Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu and my life environment was largely connected to fisheries
O
in some ways.
Because of my background of h ving watched the facts of fishing, though coastal, during my early growing years, I am particularly interested in
63
fishery and have been trying to maintain as much contact with fishermen as possible (It should be pointed out that this effort on my part has
beenumarkedly influenced by Professor Uda). Fishing ground science is one of the typical applied sciences and I jokingly call it 'oceanography smelling of fish scales' with the firm belief that fisheries oceanography should be truely alive and practical to meet the need of fishermen. I will endeavour at introducing the results of surveys and studies on fishing grounds in the world. Aiming at improving the contents of this work, I shall be pleased to receive any criticism, comment and/or suggestion about it.
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I am grateful to Mr. K. Ohtsuka, Lecturer, Tokyo Fisheries College, for climatological information and to Mr. H. Fujimura, President of the Fisheries Resources Protection Association of Japan and Mr. K. Iwasaki, Executive Director of the same association for their patience with my repeated request for delay in the completion of writing.
Author
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64
Publication of the Fisheries Resources Protection Association of Japan (PI list of booklets already published) A.
Fisheries Research Series (1) Nihon Kinkai no Buri Shigen (Yellowtail Resources in Japanese Waters) Fumio MITSUYA (2) Sokobikiami no Amime no Kenkyu •
(Studies on the Mesh of Dragnets) Tsuneo AOYAMA
(3) Iligashi-Shinakai, Kokai no Sokouo Shigep (Bottom Fish Resources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea) Bottom Fish Group (4) Sanma Shigen (Mackerel Pike Resources) Eideyuki HOTTA (5) Maiwashi no Seitai (Ecology of Sardine)
(6-1.2.3) (7)
•
Keiichi KONDO
Hokuyo ni okeru Sake.Masu Shigen I, II, III (Salmon and Trout: Resources in Northern Waters) Tomonari MATSUSHITA
Gyokakubutsu no Sendo Iji (Freshness Maintenance for Fish Catch) Eisaburo NOGUCHI
(8-1.2)
Katsuo no Seitai to Shigen (Ecology and Resources of Bonito) Ken KAWASAKI
(9-1.2)
Gyorui no Eiyo to Yo.yo Shiryo I, II (Nutrition in Fish and Feeds for Fish Farming) (Revised and Enlarged) Yoshiro HASHIMOTO and Tomotoshi OKAICHI
(10-1.2)
Sekai no Maguro Shigen I, II
(11) Hokuyo ni okeru Teigyo Shigen ern Waters)
(Tuna Resources in the World) Hiroshi NAKAMURA
(Bottom Fish Resources in NorthOsamu KIBESAKI
(12) Higashi-Shinakai no Fugyo Shigen (Surface Fish Resources in the East China Sea) Tokimi TSUJITA (13) Nagaremo no Suisanteki Koyo (Value of Drifting Seaweeds as Marine Products) Tetsushi SENDA (14) Katsugyo Yuso (Transportation of Live Fish)
Hitoshi MOROOKA
(15) Kojo Haisui no Suisan ni Oyobosu Eikyo (Effects of Industrial Waste Waters on Fisheries) Tadao NITTA (16) Surumeika no shigen (ISURUME 1 Squid Resources)
Hisao ARATANI
(17) Tansuigyo no Katsugyo Yuso (Transportation of Live Freshwater Takayoshi YAMAZAKI Fish)
•
(18) Saba no Seitai to Shigen (Ecology and Resources of Mackerel) Shuzo USAMI
65
(19) Kasen Gyokakudaka Suitei ni tsuite no Kosatsu (Discussion on the Seiichi KATO • Estimation of Fish Catch from Rivers) (20) Katakuchi-Iwashi no Seitai to Shigen Anchovy)
(Ecology and Resources of Keiichi KONDO
(21) Engan Gyokakubutsu no Ryutsu Kozo (Structur'e of Commerce for Yasuo YAGI Coastal Fish Catch) (22) Gyokyo Yoho no Riron to Hoho (Theories and Methods of Fishing Nagayuki DOI Condition Forecasting) (23) Naiwan Akashio no Hassei Kiko (Mechanism of Reddish Brown Tide Takeshi HANAOKA et al. Occurrence in Inner Bays) (24) Sekiyu no Kaiyo Osen to Seibutsu (Ocean Pollution by Petroleum Terushige MOTOHIRO and Marine Life) (25) Suisan Seibutsu to Onhaisui (Aquatic Life and Thermal Waste Waters) Aquatic Life and Thermal Waste Waters Research Committee
(26) Nihonkai no Zuwaigani Shigen (Snow Crab Resources in the Japan Tetsuo OGATA Sea) B. Aquaculture Series
(1)
Dobokukogaku men yori mita Suisan Zoyoshokujo no zoseikoii ni kansuru Kosatsu (Discussion from a Civil Engineering Viewpoint on the construction of Aquaculture Facilities) Tokuichiro TAMURA and Shigeki YAMADA
(2)
Wakame no Yoshoku (Wakame Seaweed Culture) (Revised) Yunosuke SAITO
(3)
Doboku Koho ni yoru Non i Gyoio no Kairyo Zosei (Remodeling of Takeo KURAGAKE Laver Beds by Civil Engineering Methods)
(4)
Yoyuho no Riron to Jissai (Theory and Practice of Eel Culture) Takeshi MATSUI (Enlarged and Revised)
(5)
Sake. Masu Jinko Fuka Jigyo (Artificial Hatching Undertakings of Takeo MIHARA et al. Salmon and Trount)
(6) Mutsuwan ni okeru Hotategai Zoshoku (Scallop Propagation in Gotaro YAMAMOTO Mutsu Bay) (7) Okhotsk-kai Engan ni okeru Hotategai Gyogyo (Scallop Fishery in Shigeru ITO the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) Yasuo OSHIMA
(8) link° Gyosho (Artificial Fish Shelters) (9) Engan Kaisorui no Zoshoku
(Propagation of Coastal Seaweeds) Shuzo SUDO
(10) Ariakekai ni okeru Suisangyo Tenbo (A View of the Fisheries in Mamoru IKESUE the Ariake Sea)
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(11) Awabi to sono Zoyoshoku (Abalone and Their Culture) (12) Uni no Zoshoku (Propagation of Sea Urchins)
Shun IINO
Takeshi MATSUI
66
(13) Fugu no Yoshoku
(Globefish Culture) Atsushi FURUKAWA and Ryo OKAMOTO
(14) Nihon no Sake Jinko Fuka Jogyo (Artificial Hatching Work of Salmon in Japan) Tetsuyuki - AKIBA & Others
(15-1.2)
Senkai zoshokujo no kankyo I, II Water Culture Beds)
(Environment of Shallow Tadashi TAMURA
(16) Suisan Shisetsu no Sekkei (Planning for Fisheries Facilities) Yukimitsu YOKOYAMA (17) Gyodo oyobi Gyotei (Fishways and Fish Ladders) (18) Hamachi no Yoshoku
Seiichi KATO
(Yellowtail Culture)
Toku MINAMISAWA & Others (19) Kuruma-Ebi no Yoshoku Giiutsu ni kansuru Shomondai (Various Problems in Prawn Culture) Kunihiko SHIGENO (20) Tako no Zoshoku (Octopus Propagation)
Kiheiji INOYE
(21) Hokkaido no Uni to Sono Zoshoku (Sea Urchins in Hokkaido and Their Propagation) Akira FUJI (22) Suisan Doboku Jirei to Doko (Fisheries Engineering: Examples and Trend) - I (23) Ditto
- If
Shallow Sea Development Research Committee
(24) Isone Shigen to Sono Zoshoku (Seashore Root Resources and Their Propagation) I Awabi (Abalone) Shore Root Resources Survey Study Group (25) Nihonkai ni okeru Zoyoshoku (Aquaculture in the Japan Sea) Senji TANIDA C.
Overseas Fisheries Series (1) Soren ni okeru Sake Masu no Jinkoteki Saiseisan (Artificial Reproduction of Salmon and Trout in the U.S.S.R.) Russian Literature Translation Group (2) Kyosan Chugoku noi(aiyo Gyogyo China)
(Ocean Fishery in
Communist Shigeaki SHINDO
(3) Eikoku, Nishi-Doitsu oyobi Norway no Gyogyoseisaku (Fisheries Policies in the U.K., West Germany and Norway) Akira ARIMATSU and Bunji IKEJIRI (4) Soren no Gyogyo (Fisheries in the U.S.S.R.) Russian Literature Translation Group
(5) 1962-nen America Gasshukoku no Kihada-Maguro Kiseiho Seitei no Keika (Course of Events leading to the Enactment of the U.S.A. Yellowfin Tuna Fishing Control Law in 1962) Ryozo OYAMA and Hiroya MIMURA • (6) Amerika ni okeru Yugvo Seisaku (Sport Fishing Policy in the Ichiro MIYAZAKI
67
(7) Yokubei ni okeru Naisuimen Gyogyoshigen Hogo Jiio (The State of Protection for Fisheries Resources in Inland Waters in North Giichi YAMANAKA and Others America) (8) Nishi-Yoroppa Shokoku ni okeru Suishitsu Odaku Boshi Taisaku (Countermeasures for Water Quality Deterioration Prevention in Kazuo INOUYE Western European Countries) (9) Bartlet Ho (Bartlet Method)
Kenji ITANO
(10) Taiwan no Maguro Gyogyo (Tuna Fishery.in Taiwan) . Hiroshi NAKAMURA (11) Cambodia no Suisan Jijo (The State of Fisheries in Cambodia) Yoshikazu SHIRAISHI
(12-1.2.3)
Kankoku no Gyogyo (Fisheries in Korea) I, II, III .Korean Fisheries Study Group
(13) Peru, Chili ni okeru Anchovy Gyogyo, Fish Meal Kogyo no Jittai to Mexico no Ebi Gyogyo (Actual Conditions of Anchovy Fishery and Fish Meal Industry in Peru and Chile and Lobster Fishery in Katsumi SAKAMOTO and Others Mexico) (14) Kokusai Gyogyomondai to Kaiyo Seido (International fisheries Problems and Oceanic System) . Fukuzo NAGASAKI(15) Nishi-Maleysia, Singapore no Suisangyo (Fisheries in Western Malwsian Islands and Singapore - Malaya) Masao AKAI and Others (16) Beikoku no Namazu Yoshoku (Catfish Culture in the U.S.A.) Translated by Toshio HOMMA (17) Indonesia no Suisangyo (Fisheries in Indonesia) Masao AKAI and Others
D.
Fisheries Policies Series (1) Suishitsu Hozen Gyosei no Genkyo to Mondaiten (Current State and Problem Areas of Water Quality Maintenance Administration) Motokichi MORISAWA (2) Suisangyo Kairyo Fukyu Jigyo no Genkyo (Current State of FishEdited by eriès Reform Promotion Work) The Second Section, Investigation & Research Division, Fisheries Agency (3) Okiai Sokobikiami Gyogyo (Offshore Trawling Fishery)Shinji ENDO (4) Setonaikai o Chushin to shita Hamachi Yoshoku Jigyo no Genio to Mondaiten ni tsuite (Present Condition and Problem Areas of Yellowtail Culture Work: With Special Reference to Operation in • Fumio MATSUO & Others the Seto Inland Sea)
•
(5) Oita Rinkai Kegyochitai no Umetate to Gyogyosha no Tengye_Iai7 (Reclamation of the Oita Seaside Industrial Area and saku Measures for Occupational Change of Affected Fishermen) Takeshi TANAKA
68
(6)
Kanko Gyogyo eno Michi (Route to Tourist Fishery) Yoshiharu YASHIRO
(7) Taiseiyo no Magurorui no Hozon no tame no Kokusai Joyaku (International Treaty to Conserve Tunas in the Atlantic Ocean) Motokichi MORISAWA (8) Gyokyo Kaikyo Yoho no Genkyo (Current State of Fishing and Oceanic Conditions Forecasting) Toshio YASUEDA (9) Kita-Taiseiyo no Gyogyo Shigen Kanri sources in the North Atlantic Ocean)
(Control of Fisheries ReFukuzo NAGASAKI
(10) Kogai ni yoru Gyogyo Higai no Songaibaisho ni kansuru Kenkyu • (Study on Compensation for Pollution Damage in Fisheries) Yoshihiro NOMURA & Others (11) Dai-Sanji Kaiyoho Kaigi Kaisai no Keii to Mondaiten Opening Circumstances and Problem areas of the Third Sea Law Conference) Tatsuo SAITO & Others
(No excerption or reproduction of any publication, a part or whole, of the Fisheries Resources Protection Association of Japan is permitted without obtaining in advance the consent . of the Association)
69
Preface (At the time of publication of the first volume) The fishery of Japan, having the largest production of the world, can boast of a No. 1 position in the world only if the industry is supported not only by stout enterprising will but also by rational control ' and conservation-oriented development and utilization of fisheries resources. The measures of resources management are indeed far-reaching and varied. It is not too much to say that the whole aspect of resources management measures is the ver3ipolicy of fisheries. The measures should start with scientific understanding of the facts of the resources and should be centered on such protective and fostering measures as rationalization of taking, enlargement of the size of the resources and betterment of the environment. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that even measures to support fish price and to stabilize fishing earnings are closely related to an effort to prevent any attempt of merely increasing catch in a manner that one tries to escape from poverty by eating one's own leg. We must regard resources problems as forming a part of the intrinsic problems in the theory of ocean fisheries that is being developed and recorded in history of the world. Claim for the freedom of ocean fisheries is reasonable on the premise that international scientific cooperation for conservation-oriented development and utilization of the resources is obtained.
As science advances and as fisheries productivity
increases, the need for conservation of international resources increas-
•
ingly arises.
We have to be sensitive to such a need and at the same
(p.148)
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70
time our cooperation must be constructive. In the fishery of Japan that is intricately interwoven with ever growing and advancing national economy, the best avenue to its balanced development is promoting scientific studies concerning protection and culture of the resources and bringing such studies and business together. So far our scientific camp has yielded the study results of considerable importance in this field. lization of business is still
However, the road leading to stabi-
far and rough. To fill up this gap with
the element of resources is the responsibility of science and the implementation of fishery policy and also results in elevation of the level of social discipline. In order to meet the needs of Japanese fishermen, our association is hereby releasing four kinds of serial publication - fisheries research, aquaculture, overseas fisheries and fisheries policies. It is our sincere wishes that these publications would be contributory to stabilization and progress of the Japanese fishery and to planning and implementation of political measures to be taken to accomplish these aims.
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