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July 2014
Tuberculosis (TB) research in India during 2004-2013: a bibliometric analysis Rabindra K. Maharana National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER),
[email protected]
Ashok Kumar Das Utkal University,
[email protected]
Jayanta Kumar Sahu National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER),
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Maharana, Rabindra K.; Das, Ashok Kumar; and Sahu, Jayanta Kumar, "Tuberculosis (TB) research in India during 2004-2013: a bibliometric analysis" (2014). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 1118. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1118
Tuberculosis (TB) research in India during 2004-2013: a bibliometric analysis Rabindra K. Maharana Technician (Library) National Institute of Science Education & Research (NISER) (An Auto. Institution of Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India) IOP Campus, Sainik School, Bhubaneswar- 751005 E-mail:
[email protected] Ashok Kumar Das Seminar Library Assistant Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar- 751004 E-mail:
[email protected] Jayanta Kumar Sahu Library Apprentice, National Institute of Science Education & Research (NISER) (An Auto. Institution of Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India) IOP Campus, Sainik School, Bhubaneswar- 751005 E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract: The present study is a bibliometric analysis of all Indian tuberculosis publications over the past 10 years, in the national/ international journals of repute. Utilizing the Scopus database, 7945 documents of Indian researcher’s publications data on tuberculosis research were used for the study, with an average of 794-795 documents per year and majority of them were research articles (76.56%). International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and D. Sriram were the most favoured research journal; major contributing organization/ institution and most prolific contributor. Article, Human and Humans were the most frequently used keywords. Keywords: Tuberclosis, Bibliometrics, Scopus, India, WHO. Introduction Bibliometrics is the term used by Pritchard (1969) and it is defined as “the application of mathematical and statistical methods to measure quantitative and qualitative changes in different media”. Quantitative analysis can measure the growth, scattering of articles in different journals or to measure the obsolescence of literature in different disciplines. Bibliometrics techniques are being used for a variety of purposes like determination of various scientific indicators, evaluation of scientific output, selection of journals for libraries and even forecasting the potential of a particular field. The popularity in the adaptation of bibliometric techniques in various disciplines stimulated stupendous growth of literature on bibliometrics and its related areas (Hood and Wilson, 2001). Number of quantitative studies based on bibliometic, scientometric technique etc.
have been reported to evaluate the research productivity of individuals, institutions/ organizations, countries etc. (Rahman et al., 2005). Studies are also available to verify the fitness of classic laws of bibliometrics, factors of productivity and impact of research conducted in various countries. During the last few decades more information closer to the research itself, such as distribution of different words in the title (Xie et al., 2008; Li et al., 2009), keywords and key-word plus (Chiu and Ho, 2007) and words in abstracts (Zahang et al., 2009). Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. It causes ill-health among millions of people each year and ranks as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million people developed TB and 1.3 million died from the disease (WHO, 2013). Most of these TB cases and deaths occur among men, but the burden of disease among women is also high. According to the WHO report 2012, there were an estimated 2.9 million cases and 410000 TB deaths among women as well as an estimated 530000 cases and 74000 deaths among children. The number of TB deaths is unacceptably large given that most are preventable if people can access health care for a diagnosis and the right treatment is provided. The purpose of this study is to bibliometrically analyze the literatures of Indian researchers on tuberculosis (TB) which were indexed in Scopus during 2004 to 2013. These documents were analyzed and evaluated according to publication year, most contributing organization/ institution, author, prolific journal, frequently used keywords etc. Objectives The major objectives of the study are: • • • • • •
mapping the growth and development of TB research in India during 2004-2013; to identify the TB affected countries of the world; to find out the most affected Asian countries with their world rank; to find out the most favoured research area identified by Scopus.; to find out the core research journals with their IF, SJR & SNIP and to identify the most contributing Indian researcher and research organization/ institution.
Literature review Various studies on author collaboration have been analyzed by various authors in various fields. Maharana (2014) studied the Malaria research in India during 2003-2012 and discussed the institutional affiliation, most prolific contributor, favoured research journal, h-index etc. Arunachalam and Gunasekaran (2002) have mapped tuberculosis research in India and China and identified institutions and cities active in research, journals used to publish the findings, use of high impact journals, and extent of international collaboration. Khatun and Ahmed (2011) in a bibliometric analysis of diarrhoeal disease research in Bangladesh discussed the authorship pattern, literature growth, author productivity etc. Kennedy et al. (2013) using the MEDLINE database analyzed Ireland’s contribution to orthopaedic literature.
Methodology The documents used in the present study were taken from Scopus (officially known as Sciverse Scopus). Scopus is a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. It covers nearly 21,000 titles from over 5,000 publishers, of which 20,000 are peer-reviewed journals in the scientific, technical, medical, and social sciences (including arts and humanities). It is owned by Elsevier and is available online on subscription basis. For retrieval of information “tuberculosis” was used as topic/ subject; “India” was used as authors or contributors address/ affiliation country and “2004-2013’ was used as the time span for the present study. As a result 7945 documents retrieved and matched with the query. Finally, the documents were entered into MS-Excel in a logical order and various statistical techniques were used for further analysis. The literature growth percentage (r) in TB research by the Indian researchers was calculated with the help of following formula:
Where, r = Annual literature growth in percentage, p0= Number of research papers produced in the base year, p1= No. of research papers produced in the year for which r% is to be calculated. Analysis and discussion TB affected Asian countries TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can affect other sites as well (extra pulmonary TB). The disease is spread in the air when people who are sick with pulmonary TB expel bacteria, for example by coughing. However, the probability of developing TB is much higher among people infected with HIV. TB is also more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults in the economically productive age groups (WHO, 2013). Table-1 gives an overview of TB affected Asian countries with their world rank and death rate. It shows India is the 58th world TB affected country and 13th in Asia. Timor-Leste is very badly affected with TB which keeps it 1st in Asia and 2nd in the World. Table-1 TB affected Asian countries with death rate Rank (in Asia)
World Rank
Country
Average Death rate per 100 000*
Deaths in 2012 per 100 000#
1 2 3 4 5
2 5 21 23 25
Timor-Leste Cambodia Tajikistan Bangladesh Afghanistan
145.9 125.4 72.1 69.3 63.8
74 63 8 45 37
6 31 Pakistan 7 34 Philippines 8 36 Laos 9 43 Vietnam 10 49 North Korea 11 53 Indonesia 12 54 Nepal 13 58 India 14 59 Kyrgyzstan 15 61 Turkmenistan 16 62 Kazakhstan 17 66 Uzbekistan 18 70 Yemen 19 72 Bhutan 20 73 Thailand 21 76 Malaysia 22 82 Qatar 23 83 Azerbaijan 24 84 China 25 86 Armenia 26 87 Mongolia 27 90 Sri Lanka 28 101 South Korea 29 105 Georgia 30 112 Turkey 31 114 Maldives 32 115 Iran 33 119 Syria * Source: World Life Expectancy report. # Source: World Health Organization, 2012.
56.6 52.8 51.5 38.9 34.8 31.9 31.9 28.8 25.6 24.4 23.4 22.0 20.4 18.8 18.5 17.8 13.5 -11.4 11.1 10.8 10.1 6.1 4.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.3
34 24 22 20 9 27 20 22 10 8 8 2 6 14 14 5 0 4 3 6 7 7 7 5 1 2 3 2
Figure-1 shows TB affected countries of the world, which shows most of the African region is very badly affected by TB with most of the countries of Europe, Americas, Asia and Western Pacific.
Figure 1 World TB affected countries* *Source: WHO Report, 2013. Annual distribution and growth of publication To obtain an overview of tuberculosis research, the annual number of documents published during 2004-2013 was displayed in Table-2, which shows a variation in research productivity. A total of 7945 documents published with the annual average growth rate percent of 10.14. A positive growth in scientific production was observed from the 2005 to 2012 and the number of publication was increased nearly thrice from 2004 to 2012. Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Table-2 Annual distribution of publication Annual average growth percentage (%) No. of publication Percentage (%) 459 5.78 -513 6.46 11.77 574 7.22 11.89 597 7.51 4.01 635 8 6.37 732 9.21 15.28 923 11.62 26.1 1111 13.98 20.37
2012 2013 Total
1235 1166 7945
15.54 14.68 100
11.17 -5.59 Average 10.14
Published document types The 7945 documents published by the Indian researchers during 2004 to 2013 on TB research included 10 document types. Articles were the most dominant document type comprising of more than one third to the total documents; followed by reviews (719, 9.05%); letter (637, 8.02%); editorial (141, 1.78%) Conference paper (139, 1.75%) etc. Table-3 Types of document published Types of document No. of papers Articles 6083 Reviews 719 Letter 637 Editorial 141 Conference Paper 139 Note 105 Article in Press 40 Short Survey 40 Book Chapter 26 Erratum 12 Book 03 Grand Total 7945
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10
Percentage (%) 76.56 9.05 8.02 1.78 1.75 1.32 0.5 0.5 0.33 0.15 0.04 100
Major research areas The 7945 documents were published in 26 subject disciplines which were related to TB research with one undefined subject category (Table-4). Further, it shows Medicine (71.86%) is the most preferred research area among the Indian researchers. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics and Immunology & Microbiology with 22.45%; 12.86% and 11.63% stood with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th positions. Table-4 Major research areas No. of papers (n=7945) Medicine 5709 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular 1783 Biology Pharmacology, Toxicology and 1021 Pharmaceutics Immunology and Microbiology 924
Sl. No.
Rank Research Areas
Percentage (%)
1 2
1 2
71.86 22.45
3
3
4
4
12.86 11.63
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25
Chemistry Agricultural and Biological Sciences Neuroscience Chemical Engineering Veterinary Computer Science Physics and Astronomy Engineering Health Professions Environmental Science Social Sciences Multidisciplinary Materials Science Dentistry Mathematics Nursing Psychology Earth and Planetary Sciences Arts and Humanities Energy Economics, Econometrics and Finance Business, Management and Accounting Undefined
631 345 159 115 90 80 79 63 58 56 56 52 40 39 31 27 14 9 8 5 4 1 1
7.95 4.35 2.01 1.45 1.14 1.01 0.99 0.8 0.74 0.71 0.71 0.66 0.51 0.49 0.39 0.34 0.18 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.02
Favoured research journal Table-5 lists the top 20 most productive journals with their Impact Factor (IF), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) and Source-Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP). The Impact factor (IF) of a journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal; SJR is a measure of scientific influence of scholarly journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from and SNIP is the ratio of a source's average citation count per paper and the citation potential of its subject field. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease was the most favoured research journal among the Indian researchers with 2.610 IF, 1.34 SJR and 1.202 SNIP followed by Indian Journal of Medical Research and Plos One with IF of 2.061 and 3.730 respectively. Journal of Biological Chemistry which consist 52 papers and stood at the 20th position was the most weighted journal during the period under study with 4.651 IF and 2.723 SJR. It also shows among the top 20 journals 12 are Indian journals. Sl. No.
Source title
Table-5 Top 20 most favoured research journal No. of Publishing IF SJR publication Country (2012) (2012
SNIP (2012
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Indian Journal of Medical Research Plos One Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters Lung India Indian Journal of Pediatrics Indian Pediatrics Journal of Association of Physicians of India Journal of the Indian Medical Association European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry BMJ Case Reports Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology Tuberculosis Medicinal Chemistry Research Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology National Medical Journal of India Journal of Biological Chemistry
232
France
2.610
1.34
1.202
189
India
2.061
0.513
1.126
182 176 124
UK India India
3.730 -.907
1.512 0.308 0.372
1.063 0.733 1.034
119
Amsterdam
2.427
0.913
0.92
117 102 91 86
India India India India
-0.715 1.036 --
0.227 0.306 0.367 0.216
0.817 0.642 0.907 0.573
86
India
--
0.138
0.249
84
Amsterdam
3.499
1.062
1.884
81 79
London India
---
-0.232
0.044 0.79
76 67 62
Amsterdam New York India
3.033 1.612 0.14
1.077 0.343 0.144
1.08 0.848 0.267
54
India
1.206
0.389
1.002
54
India
0.91
0.212
0.503
52
United State 4.651
2.723
1.234
Major contributing institution/ organization Table-6 shows the contribution of the 20 most productive institution/ organizations to TB study & research in the country. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) with 7.19% of contributions is the most productive institution/ organization, followed by Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PIMER) with 386 (4.86%) number of contributions. Tuberculosis Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc.) with 244 (3.08%); 204 (2.57%) and 173 (2.18%) contributions stood at the 3rd, 4th and 5th position.
Rank
Table-6 Major contributing institution/ organization Institute/ organization No. of contributions Percentage (n=7945) (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 20
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PIMER) Tuberculosis Research Centre Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) Christian Medical College, Vellore Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi National Jalma Institute of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India
571 386
7.19 4.86
244 204 173 162 156
3.08 2.57 2.18 2.04 1.97
137 133
1.73 1.68
104
1.31
101 97
1.28 1.23
93 90
1.18 1.14
87
1.1
85 80
1.07 0.99
79
0.98
78
0.97
77 77 77
0.97 0.97 0.97
Most prolific contributor Table-7 gives a detailed list of most prolific Indian contributors in TB research during the period under study. Here the contributors with having contributions of 44 or more were considered for analysis, which shows D. Sriram with 112 contributions stood in the 1st position. P. Yogeeswari; V.M. Katoch; S. Swaminathan and P.R. Narayan with 106; 89, 85 and 83 contributions hold the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th positions respectively.
Rank
Table-7 List of most prolific contributors with 44 or more contributions Name of Contributors No. of Contributions (n=7945)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15
D. Sriram P. Yogeeswari V.M. Katoch S. Swaminathan P.R. Narayanan S.K. Sharma G.K. Khuller N. Selvakumar D. Behera S.E. Hasnain M. Pai P.G. Gopi A.K. Tyagi C. Rodrigues L.S. Chauhan V. Kumar
112 106 89 85 83 82 60 53 52 51 49 47 46 45 44 44
International collaboration Domination in publication was not surprisingly from a small number of countries since this pattern has occurred in most scientific fields (Mela et al., 1999). The international collaboration of TB research by the Indian researchers is shown in Table-8, which shows a list of top-20 collaborative foreign countries. According to the research collaboration, United States with 607 (7.65%) collaborative papers is the most preferred country by the Indian researchers followed by United Kingdom (195, 2.46%). Mexico, Pakistan and Indonesia with 18 (0.23%) research collaboration stood at the 20th position.
Rank 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Country India United States United Kingdom France Switzerland Canada South Africa Germany Australia Sweden Italy Malaysia Netherlands Belgium
Table-8 International collaboration No. of contribution (n=7945) 7945 607 195 108 108 98 87 69 65 52 51 41 40 37
Percentage (%) 100 7.65 2.46 1.36 1.36 1.24 1.09 0.87 0.82 0.66 0.653 0.52 0.51 0.47
14 15 16 16 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 20
Saudi Arabia Singapore Denmark Norway China Japan Nepal Brazil Spain South Korea Mexico Pakistan Indonesia
36 33 32 32 32 32 29 26 26 21 18 18 18
0.46 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.33 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.23
Keywords used Table-9 lists the 20 most often used keywords during 2004 to 2013. ‘Article’ was used 5621 times, followed by ‘Human’ (5543 times), ‘Humans’ (3947 times), Tuberculosis (3880 times), ‘Mycobacterium tuberculosis’ (3257 times). ‘Male’; ‘Adult’; ‘Female’; ‘Priority journal’ and ‘Controlled study’ were appended 2950; 2850; 2749; 2654 and 2241 times and stood at the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th positions respectively.
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Table-9 Top 20 most frequently used keywords Keyword No. of times appended Article 5621 Human 5543 Humans 3947 Tuberculosis 3880 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3257 Male 2950 Adult 2850 Female 2749 Priority journal 2654 Controlled study 2241 Nonhuman 2195 Tuberculostatic agent 1876 Isoniazid 1727 India 1661 Rifampicin 1652 Case report 1637 Lung tuberculosis 1407 Major clinical study 1381
19 20
Anti-tubercular Agents Unclassified drug
1298 1265
Conclusion The present study has emphasized the perspective of the research activities of Indian researchers in TB research. So, far 7945 documents were published during the period under study which were indexed in Scopus out of which 6083 were research articles. Furthermore, based on the publication pattern, it can be calculated that the number of documents in 2012 will be nearly thrice than that in 2004. TB is the second largest or dangerous infectious disease which causes high morbidity throughout the world. India is the 58th affected country in the world and 13th in Asia. The research productivity of Indian researchers’ on TB research shows their awareness and cautiousness. Initiatives taken by Indian government institutions/ organizations to eradicate TB completely from the country is quite appreciated. Nationwide involvement of government and private medical colleges, research centers, universities will yield better research output and helps to check and prevent TB. References Arunachalam, S. and Gunasekaran, S. (2002), “Tuberculosis research in India and China: from bibliometrics to research policy”, Current Science, Vol. 82 No. 8, pp. 933-946. Chiu, W.T. and Ho, Y.S. (2007). Bibliometric analysis of tsunami research. Scientometrics, 73 (1), 3-17. Hood, W.E. and Wilson, C.S. (2001). The literature of bibliometrics, scientometrics and informatics. Scientometrics, 52 (2), 291-314p. Kennedy, C., Sullivan, P.O., Bilal, M. and Walsh, A. (2013). Ireland’s contribution to orthopaedic literature: A bibliometric analysis. The Surgeon, 2, 267-271. Khatun, A and Ahmed, S.M.Z. (2011). A bibliometric analysis of diarrhoeal disease research in Bangladesh. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 58(2), 109-117. Li, L.L., Ding, G.H., Feng, N., Wang, M.H. and Ho, Y.S. (2009). Global stem cell research trend: bibliometric analysis as a tool for mapping of trends from 1991 to 2006. Scientometrics, 80 (1), 41-60. Maharana, R.K. (2014). Malaria research in India during 2003-2012: a bibliometric analysis. Collection Building, 33 (2), 53-59. Mela, G.S., Cimmino, M.A. and Ugolini, D. (1999). Impact assessment of oncology research in the European Union. European Journal of Cancer, 35, 1182-1186. Pritchard, A. (1969). A statistical bibliography or bibliometics? Journal of Documentation, 25 (4), 348-349. Rahman, M., Haque, T. L. and Fukui, T. (2005). Research articles published in clinical radiology journals: Trend of contribution from different countries. Academic Radiology, 12 (7), 825-829.
WHO. World Tuberculosis Report 2012, Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75938/1/9789241564502_eng.pdf WHO. World Tuberculosis Report 2013, Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/91355/1/9789241564656_eng.pdf?ua=1 World life expectancy rate, 2013, Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/tuberculosis/by-country/ Xie, S.D., Zhang, J., Ho, Y.S. (2008). Assessment of world aerosol research trends by bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 77 (1), 113-130. Zhang, G.F., Xie, S.D., Ho, Y.S. (2009). A bibliometric analysis of world volatile organic compounds research trends. Scientometrics, 83 (2), 477-492. Author’s Biography: Rabindra K. Maharana Rabindra K. Maharana gained his MLIS in 2007 and PGDLAN in 2012 from Sambalpur University and qualified as University Grants Commission- National Eligibility Test for Lectureship (UGC-NET) in 2012. His professional experience spans more than seven years. He has attended a good number of workshops and training programs and has published more than 30 research papers, in various national and international journals of repute. Currently, he is Technician (Library) at National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) (an autonomous institution of Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India), Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Ashok Kumar Das Ashok Kumar Das gained his MLIS from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar in 2011 and completed one year as Library Apprentice at National Institute of Science Education & Research (NISER) an autonomous institution of Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India). He is currently Seminar Library Assistant at PG Dept. of Library & Information Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.
Jayanta Kumar Sahu Mr. J. K. Sahu, Graduated from Sambalpur University and hold a First Class First MLIS degree from Berhampur University, Berhampur. He has proficient knowledge on HTML, Web page design & various LIS Open Source Software. Presently working as Library Apprentice in National Institute of Science Education & Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar.
