Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents - Canadian Journal of ...

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for children without diabetes in Eating Well with Canada's Food. Guide (25). This involves ... Apple or orange juice, regular soft drink, sweet beverage (cocktails).
Can J Diabetes 37 (2013) S153eS162

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Canadian Journal of Diabetes journal homepage: www.canadianjournalofdiabetes.com

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee The initial draft of this chapter was prepared by Diane Wherrett MD, FRCPC, Céline Huot MD, MSc, FRCPC, Beth Mitchell PhD, Cpsych, Danièle Pacaud MD, FRCPC

KEY MESSAGES  Suspicion of diabetes in a child should lead to immediate confirmation of the diagnosis and initiation of treatment to reduce the likelihood of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).  Management of pediatric DKA differs from DKA in adults because of the increased risk for cerebral edema. Pediatric protocols should be used.  Children should be referred for diabetes education, ongoing care and psychosocial support to a diabetes team with pediatric expertise. Note: Unless otherwise specified, the term “child” or “children” is used for individuals 0 to 18 years of age, and the term “adolescent” for those 13 to 18 years of age.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease and one of the most common chronic conditions in children. Type 2 diabetes and other types of diabetes, including genetic defects of beta cell function, such as maturity-onset diabetes of the young, are being increasingly recognized in children and should be considered when clinical presentation is atypical for type 1 diabetes. This section addresses those areas of type 1 diabetes management that are specific to children. Education Children with new-onset type 1 diabetes and their families require intensive diabetes education by an interdisciplinary pediatric diabetes healthcare (DHC) team to provide them with the necessary skills and knowledge to manage this disease. The complex physical, developmental and emotional needs of children and their families necessitate specialized care to ensure the best long-term outcomes (1,2). Education topics must include insulin action and administration, dosage adjustment, blood glucose (BG) and ketone testing, sick-day management and prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), nutrition therapy, exercise, and prevention, detection, and treatment of hypoglycemia. Anticipatory guidance and lifestyle counselling should be part of routine care, especially during critical developmental transitions (e.g. upon school entry, beginning high school). Healthcare providers should regularly initiate discussions with children and their families about 1499-2671/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Canadian Diabetes Association http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.042

school, diabetes camp, psychological issues, substance use, obtaining a driver’s license and career choices. Children with new-onset diabetes who present with DKA require a short period of hospitalization to stabilize the associated metabolic derangements and to initiate insulin therapy. Outpatient education for children with new-onset diabetes has been shown to be less expensive than inpatient education and associated with similar or slightly better outcomes when appropriate resources are available (3). Glycemic Targets As improved metabolic control reduces both the onset and progression of diabetes-related complications in adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (4,5), aggressive attempts should be made to reach the recommended glycemic targets outlined in Table 1. However, clinical judgement is required to determine which children can reasonably and safely achieve these targets. Treatment goals and strategies must be tailored to each child, with consideration given to individual risk factors. Young age at diabetes onset (