Updated Medicinal Plants of LBG

Updated Medicinal Plants of LBG (June, 2016)

University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, BENGALURU

UPDATED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF LBG (JUNE, 2016) Published by University of Agricultural Sciences Bengaluru

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Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Justicia paniculata Burm.f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Creat, Green Chiretta; Hindi: Kirayat, Kalpanath; Kannada: Nelaberu, Nelabevu, Uri kiriyathu; Sanskrit: Bhunimba, Kalmegha Annual herb Flowers and Fruits: March - December Medicinal properties: Whole plant: antityphoid, antifungal, fever, weakness, hyperacidity, constipation; Stem: worms, dysentry, itching; Leaves: syphilis; Root: stomach complaints, tonic, anthelmintic, liver and spleen disorders

University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru

ACANTHACEAE

Barleria prionitis L. Barleria prionitis var. pubescens Kuntze; Barleria spicata Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Porcupine flower, Yellow hedge Barleria, Thorny nail dye; Hindi: Vajradanti, Jinti; Kannada: Gorate, Gotle hoovu, Haladi goranti, Kurantike, Mullu goranti, Mullu gorate, Mullu madarangi, Semmulli

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Perennial shrub, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: October - January

Justicia adhatoda L. Adhatoda vasica Nees; Adhatoda zeylanica Medik. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Adhatoda, Malabar nut, Vasa Plant; Hindi: Arusa, Vasala; Kannada: Adusoge, Adu sokada gida, Aedamuthandi, Baesala, Baelagurige Perennial shrub Flowers and Fruits: August - November Medicinal properties: Whole plant: antispasmodic, asthma, cold, cough, respiratory stimulant


Medicinal properties: Bark: dropsy; Leaves: fever, respiratory diseases, toothache, joint pains, healing of wounds, rheumatism, cosmetic uses (skin and scalp); Root: toothache, bleeding gums, boils, glandular swellings


Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Gendarussa vulgaris Nees; Dicliptera rheedei Kostel Common / Vernacular names:- English: Gendarusa, Daun rusa, Warer willow; Hindi: Nili nargandi, Kala bashimb; Kannada: Karalakki gida, Karinekki; Sanskrit: Indrani, Krishnanirgundi, Kapika, Bhutakeshi, Gandharasa Perennial undershrub Flowers and Fruits: January – April Medicinal properties: Whole plant: respiratory disorders like cough, cold, bronchitis, throat infections, pulmonary infections, allergic disorders like bronchial asthma

ACHARIACEAE Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken Chilmoria pentandra Buch.-Ham.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Fish poison tree, Marotti, Soorty oil tree, Wild ‘almond’; Hindi: Chalmogra, Chaulmoogra, Jangli badam; Kannada: Chalmogra, Chalmugra yenne, Choratti, Garudaphala, Kushthharri, Mirolhakai, Surante, Suranti, Surathi gida, Toratti; Sanskrit: Garudaphala Dioecious tree, with mottled white bark Flowers and Fruits: February - June Medicinal properties: Fruits: fish poison; Seed-oil: leprosy, arthritis, rheumatism, swelling Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), A2cd ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)


ACORACEAE Acorus calamus L. Acorus angustifolius Schott; Acorus odoratus Lam.; Acorus undulatus Stokes Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sweet flag; Hindi: Bach, Ghorbach, Safed bach; Kannada: Bhajae; Sanskrit: Ugragandha Semi-aquatic, rhizomatous, perennial herb Flowers and Fruits: April - July

Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)

AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes aspera L. Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standl.; Achyranthes canescens R.Br.; Achyranthes fruticosa Desf.; Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl.


Medicinal properties: Whole plant: sedative, analgesic, blood pressure depressant, body pain; Stem: cough, cold; Root/Rhizome: bitter, emetic, tonic, anthelmintic, asthma, antispasmodic, carminative, diarrhoea, dysentery, intermittent fever, leprosy, sedative, analgesic, epilepsy, hypertension, nerve stimulant, vermifuge, glandular and abdominal tumours

Common / Vernacular names: English: Crocus staff, Devil’s horsewhip, Prickly chaff flower; Hindi: Chirchita, Larjita; Sanskrit: Apamarga Perennial herb, with sticky fruits Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: toothache, cough; Root: night blindness, eye complaints

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ANACARDIACEAE Anacardium occidentale L. Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.; Cassuvium reniforme Blanco

Evergreen tree, with showy false-fruit and subreniform nut (true fruit) Flowers and Fruits: December - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, hypertension; Resin/Gum: leprosy, ulcers; Cashew apple: antidiarrhoeal, antiscorbutic, diuretic, cholera, vomiting; Cashew nut shell-oil: mosquito larvicide, purgative, worm infestation, cracks and sores; Root: purgative Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Dialium coromandelicum Houtt.; Lannea wodier (Roxb.) Adelb.; Odina wodier Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian Ash tree, Jhingam tree, Wodier; Hindi: Mohin; Kannada: Godda, Gumpina mara, Kuratige, Oodi mara; Sanskrit: Jhingini, Ajashringi


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Cashew, Cashew ‘apple’, Cashew nut; Hindi: Kaaju; Kannada: Godambi, Geru


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Deciduous tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: January - April Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, expectorant, stimulant, gout, toothache, sores, ulcers, skin diseases; Resin/Gum (known as ‘jingani’): asthma, lactation; Leaves: sprain, bruises, swellings, body pains, elephantiasis, rheumatism Mangifera indica L. Mangifera austroyunnanensis Hu Common / Vernacular names:- English: Mango, Mango tree, Cuckoo’s Joy; Hindi : Aam; Kannada: Mavin mara, Mavu; Sanskrit: Aamrah Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: January - June Medicinal properties: Bark and fruits: fever, sunstroke, cholera, ulcers, eye complaints, hemiplagia, diarrhoea, diphtheria, dysentery, stomach-ache, uterine complaints, jaundice; Resin/Gum: toothache; Dried flowers: astringent, diarrhoea, dysentery, inflammation of bladder; Unripe fruits: ophthalmia; Ripe fruits: source of Vitamins A & C, abdominal complaints, laxative, diuretic, tonic; Fruit rind: astringent, stimulant, tonic, stomach debility; Seeds: asthma Conservation Status: Data Deficient (DD), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Anacardium officinale Pritz.; Anacardium orientale Steud.


Common / Vernacularnames:- English: Marking nut, Dhobi nut, Indian marking nut, Malacca bean, Marsh nut, Oriental cashew, Varnish tree; Hindi: Bhilawa, Gher; Kannada: Gerannina mara, Kari geru Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: July - September Medicinal properties: Stem: caustic juice for preparing varnish; Resin/ Gum: leprous infections, nervous debility; Fruits: anthelmintic, leucoderma, dermatitis, leprosy, cough, asthma, rheumatism, neuralgia, epilepsy, dyspepsia, piles and diarrhoea; Seed-oil: cold, cough, swollen joints and traumatic wounds to control pain; Root: eczema

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wild Mango, Hog plum, Indian mombin; Hindi: Kashmal; Kannada: Ambate, Amte kaayi; Sanskrit: Amraatakah, Aamraata, Metula, Pitan Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: February - April Medicinal properties: Bark: diarrhoea, bilous dyspepsia, vomiting, gonorrhoea, rheumatism; Fruits: astringent, antiscorbutic, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, biliousness; Root: menstruation

ANNONACEAE


Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Mangifera pinnata L. f.; Spondias mangifera Willd.

Annona muricata L. Guanabanus muricatus M. Gómez; Annona bonplandiana Kunth; Annona macrocarpa Wercklé Common / Vernacular names:- English: Brazilian pawpaw, Graviola, Prickly custard ‘apple’, Soursop; Kannada: Hanumaphala Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: June - August

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Medicinal properties: Leaves, fruits and seeds: stomach complaints, fever, sedative, skin ailments

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Custard ‘apple’, ‘Sugar apple’; Hindi: Sithaphal, Sharifa; Kannada: Sithaphala Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: May - January Medicinal properties: Bark: diarrhoea; Leaves: fever, stimulant, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, clearing of urine; Unripe fruits: ulcers, insecticidal; Ripe fruits: astringent, cooling, antiscorbutic, febrifuge, digestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery; Root: diuretic, dysentery, purgative, asthma, fever; Seeds: abortifacient


Annona squamosa L. Guanabanus squamosus M. Gómez; Annona glabra Forssk.


Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari Artabotrys odoratissimus R.Br.; Annona hexapetala L.f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Climbing lang lang, Ylang Ylang vine, Tail ‘grape’; Hindi: Harichampa, Madanmast, Kathchampa; Kannada: Manoranjini, Manoranjanihu balli; Sanskrit: Harachampaka Scandent evergreen shrub Flowers and Fruits: February - July Medicinal properties: Leaves: cholera; Flowers: stimulant, vomiting, heart and bladder related diseases, itching, leucoderma Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson Uvaria odorata Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Scented Ylang Ylang; Kannada: Apurva champaka Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long

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Medicinal properties: Bark: rheumatism, ophthalmia, ulcers, fever; Leaves: diarrhoea, itching, boils; Flowers: carminative, asthma, itching, headache, ophthalima, gout; Fruits and seeds: fever Uvaria narum A.DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: South-Indian Uvaria; Hindi: Kooril; Kannada: Bugadi balli, Bugadi hoovu, Gunavaara, Kariballi, Unamani gida; Sanskrit: Valeesha khota Scandent evergreen shrub Flowers and Fruits: November - June


Medicinal properties: Root and leaves: intermittent fever, biliousness, jaundice, rheumatic affections, skin diseases; Root-bark: is given to women to control fits at the time of delivery

APOCYNACEAE Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don Alstonia acuminata Miq.; Alstonia oblongifolia Merr.; Alstonia paucinervia Merr. Common name: Batino, Hard Alstonia; Kannada: Janthaala mara Evergreen to deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: July - November

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Echites scholaris L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Dita bark, Devil’s tree, Alston’s scholar tree, White cheesewood; Hindi: Chitvan; Kannada: Haale mara; Sanskrit: Saptaparna Evergreen to deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: October - December Medicinal properties: Bark: anti-cancer activity (alcoholic extract), dysentery, malarial fever, skin disorders, malarial fever, snake bites and in process of Panchakarma; Leaves: antimicrobial, tuberculosis; Latex: ulcers


Medicinal properties: Bark: antiperiodic, antidysenteric, cholera, febrifuge, tonic; Leaves: sprains, bruises, dislocated joints

Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver. 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Carissa carandas L. Jasminonerium carandas (L.) Kuntze; Carissa salicina Lam.; Jasminonerium salicinum (Lam.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bengal currants, Christ’s thorn, Jasmine flowered Carrisa, Karanda; Hindi: Karaunda; Kannada: Karande gida

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Perennial shrub, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: May - June

Carissa spinarum L. Carissa inermis Vahl; Arduina inermis (Vahl) K.Schum.; Carandas edulis (Forssk.) Hiern; Carissa horrida Pichon; Jasminonerium inerme (Vahl) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wild karanda; Hindi: Jungli karaunda; Kannada: Karaunde Evergreen shrub to tree, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: January - June Medicinal properties: Flowers and fruits: carminative, eye and ear disorders, vomiting, body pain, throat infection; Root: purgative, sores


Medicinal properties: Leaves: intermittent fever; Fruits: antiscorbutic, astringent; Root: stomachic, anthelmintic, cardiotonic, blood pressure


Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Cascabela peruviana (Pers.) Raf.; Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A.DC.; Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Mexican Oleander, Yellow Oleander; Hindi: Peeli Kaner, Kulkephul; Kannada: Haladi kanagile gida, Karaveera Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: cathartic, emetic, febrifuge; Leaves: purgative, emetic; Seeds: abortifacient, purgative, rheumatism, dropsy, poisoining; Root: plastering of tumours Cerbera manghas L. Odollamia manghas (L.) Raf.; Cerbera linnaei Montrouz. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Pink-eyed Cerbera,Odallam tree,Sea Mango, Madagascar Ordeal, Dog-bane, Gray milkwood; Kannada: Chande, Chandemara

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Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: March - August Medicinal properties: Bark and leaves: purgative (strict precaution must be taken because of high toxicity); Seed-oil: disorders of skin and hair Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schult.; Cryptolepis reticulata (Roth) Wall. ex Steud.


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wax-leaved climber; Hindi: Karanta, Kali bel; Kannada: Medhaguli hambu, Kare balli, Halu balli; Sanskrit: Krishnasariva Perennial climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: March - September Medicinal properties: Root: polyuria, haemorrhage, gout, wounds, leprosy, anaemia, jaundice, aphrodisiac, diuretic, nervous diseases, stomach complaints Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. Apocynum reticulatum Wall. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indianswallow root; Kannada: Maagali beru, Maakali beru

Medicinal properties: Root: appetizer, blood purifier, polyuria, haemorrhage, gout, healing of wounds, leprosy, anaemia, jaundice Conservation Status: Endangered (EN), A2cd ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015) Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Wattakaka volubilis (L. f.) Stapf; Asclepias volubilis L.f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sneeze wort, Sneezing silk, Green milkweed climber; Hindi: Akad Bel; Kannada: Hegala balli, Pettajanka; Sanskrit: Hemajivanti


Perennial twining shrub Flowers and Fruits: September - December

Perennial climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: March - November Medicinal properties: Leaves: boils, abscesses; Root: emetic, expectorant; Juice of young root: administered into the nose to cause sneezing Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst.; Periploca sylvestris Retz.; Cynanchum lanceolatum Poir.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Gurmar, Gymnema; Hindi: Medhashingi, Chhoti-dudh ki lata, Gurmar; Kannada: Madhu nasini, Kadhasige, Kodapatre, Sannagerase hambu; Sanskrit: Ajaghandini, Madhunasini, Karnika

Medicinal properties: Whole plant: antiperiodic, diuretic and stomachic; Leaves: cough, diabetes, asthma, malarial fever, paralyse one’s ability to taste sweet and bitter substances (leaf chewing), bone fracture (leaf paste), stimulates circulatory system and increases removal of toxins through urine (leaf powder); Leaves and root: headache, polyuria, leprosy, healing of wounds, bronchial asthma; Seeds: emetic, cold; Root: astringent, emetic, expectorant, cooling, stomachic, tonic Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. Periploca indica L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian sarsaparilla; Hindi: Anantamul, Sugandi Pala; Kannada: Sugankha palada gidda, Sogade gida; Sanskrit: Shariva, Balyam, Anantamulah


Perennial climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: April – October


Perennial straggling herb Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: fever; Bark: nutritive; Leaves: appetiser, carminative, aphrodisiac, astringent; Root: demulcent, diaphoretic, diarrhoea, diuretic, stomach pain, fever, skin diseases, appetiser, syphilis, urinary complaints, blood purification, rheumatism, elephantiasis, nausea, vomiting, chronic cough Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Wall. ex A.DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bitter Oleander, Indrajao, Easter tree; Hindi: Duhia; Kannada: Kodsaloo, Korchie, Kodasiga gida; Sanskrit: Kutaja, Indrayava, Sakraparyaaya, Sakraasana, Vatsaka Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: May - January Medicinal properties: Bark and seeds: scabies, antipyretic; Root: dysentry, fever, cleansing intestines Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver. 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)

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Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Quirivelia frutescens (L.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida; Apocynum frutescens L.; Echites frutescens (L.) Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Black creeper; Kannada: Gowri balli, Kappuna mada beru Evergreen twiner Flowers and Fruits: August - December


Medicinal properties: Leaves: fever, headache; Root: demulcent, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, fever, dyspepsia, skin diseases, diabetes, gall bladder stones, blood purification and in traditional medicine Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Cork-swallow root; Hindi: Dori, Jumka bel, Meethi dodi; Kannada: Haali balli, Bugudi, Hoovina gedde; Sanskrit: Arkapushpi, Kaksusya, Jivaniya, Jivanti Perennial climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: August - January

Nerium oleander L. Nerium oleander var. indicum (Mill.) O.Deg. & Greenwell; Nerium indicum Mill.; Nerium splendens Paxton Common / Vernacular names:- English: Oleander; Hindi: Kaner; Kannada: Chandaatha, Kanagile, Padalli Evergreen shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


Medicinal properties: Whole plant: galactogogue, cooling, aphrodisiac, stimulant, diuretic, eyetonic, seminal debility, general weakness, cough, fever, asthma, constipation, sore throat, gonorrhea; Leaves and root: antibacterial, anti-fungal agent, eye diseases, emaciation, cough, fever, burning sensation

Medicinal properties: Bark, leaves and flowers: cardiotonic, diuretic Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015) Plumeria alba L. Plumeria alba var. jacquiniana A.DC. Common name:- English: Plumeria, White frangipani Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long

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Medicinal properties: Root-bark: purgative, herpes, syphilis

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Plumeria, Pagoda tree; Hindi: Golachin, Champa, Golenchi; Kannada: Gosampige, Deva kanagile Deciduous to evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Latex: eczema Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Rauvolfia canescens L.; Rauvolfia heterophylla Willd. ex Roem. & Schult; Rauvolfia hirsuta Jacq. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Garden Rauvolfia, Wild snake root, Devil’s root, American serpentIne wood, Milk bush; Hindi: Barachandrika; Kannada: Dodda chandrike


Plumeria rubra L. Plumeria acuminata W.T.Aiton; Plumeria arborescens G.Don; Plumeria tricolor Ruiz & Pav.


Perennial shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: chronic and refractive skin ailments Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Ervatamia alternifolia (L.) S.M.Almeida; Ervatamia heyneana (Wall.) T.Cooke; Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Maddarasai, Yentan; Kannada: Bili kodsalu, Halmeti, Nagara-kuda Perennial shrub to tree Flowers and Fruits: March - April Medicinal properties: Flowers: inflammations of cornea of eye; Root: anodyne, toothache, vermicide Conservation Status: Near Threatened (NT), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)

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Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill; Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf; Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd., Nerium coronarium Jacq.; Nerium divaricatum L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Crape Jasmine, Carnation of India, East Indian rosebay; Kannada: Nandi batlu Perennial shrub to tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: eye complaints; Root: anodyne, toothache


Tylophora asthmatica (L. f.) Wight & Arn. Asclepias asthmatica L.f.; Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Emetic swallow-wort,Indian Ipecac, Indian Ipecacuahna; Hindi: Atamul, Jungli pikva; Kannada: Antamula, Nipalada beru; Sanskrit: Arkaparni, Lataksiri, Shwasaghni Perennial climber Flowers and Fruits: May - February Medicinal properties: Leaves: diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, diarrhoea, dysentery; Root: expectorant, chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, rheumatism, malarial fever, jaundice

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bread flower, Vellaris; Hindi: Ramsur, Dudhi ki Bel, Chamari-ki bel; Kannada: Bugudi hambu; Sanskrit: Bhardavali Perennial climber Flowers and Fruits: January - May Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, purgative; Latex: healing of wounds, sores, toothache Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. Periploca arborea Dennst.; Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult.; Echites tomentosus Roth


Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze Peltanthera solanacea Roth; Vallaris solanacea (Roth) K. Schum.; Echites dichotomus Roxb.; Vallaris dichotoma (Roxb.) Wall. ex G.Don

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Woolly dyeing rosebay; Hindi: Daira, Dudhi, Dharauli; Kannada: Kodasiga; Sanskrit: Kutaja Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: March - August Medicinal properties: Leaves: toothache; Root-bark: dysentery, diarrhoea, piles, haemorrhage, indigestion, skin diseases

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sweet Indrajao, Pala indigo plant, Dyers’ Oleander; Hindi: Kala kuda, Dudhi, Indrajau, Karayaja; Kannada: Kare kodasiga; Sanskrit: Asita Kutaj, Stri kutaja, Hyamaraka Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: February - November Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, bilious troubles; Leaves: toothache, asthma, throat infections; Seeds: astringent, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, diarrhoea, dysentery, febrifuge, tonic; Root: anti-dote against snake bites, laxative, vomiting; Root-bark: diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, haemorrhage, indigestion, skin diseases


Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. Nerium tinctorium Roxb.; Wrightia laciniata A.DC.; Wrightia timorensis Miq.


ARECACEAE Areca catechu L. Areca catechu var. alba Blume; Areca catechu var. silvatica Becc. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Betel-nut Palm, Areca-nut Palm; Hindi: Chamarpushpa, Guvak, Guwa, , Pug, Pugi, Supari; Kannada: Adake, Adike mara, Supari; Sanskrit: Akoth, Pugaphal,Pugh, Chamarpushpa, Udveg, Valktaruh Evergreen, monoecious, pleonanthic palm Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: deobstruent, diarrhoea, skin diseases, ulcers, bronchial, liver, nervous and uterine disorders; Young Leaves: vegetable, salads, cough, bronchial troubles; Tender fruits: laxative, aphrodisiac, polyuria, gynaecological disorders, nervous diseases; Nuts: appetizer, astringent, digestion, diuretic, cardiotonic, giddiness, gleet, sweetening the breath, strengthening the gums, stimulant; powdered form of nuts: diarrhoea, urinary disorders, aphrodisiac, ulcers, skin diseases Caryota urens L.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Fish-tail Palm, Jaggery Palm, Toddy Palm, Wine Palm; Hindi: Mari; Kannada: Baine mara Evergreen, monoecious, hapaxanthic palm Flowers and Fruits: December - March Medicinal properties: Nuts and seed kernels: hemicrania, thirst, fatigue, cooling; Spathe: laxative Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)


Cocos nucifera L. Calappa nucifera (L.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Coconut Palm; Hindi: Nariyal; Kannada: Thengin mara, Thengu; Sanskrit: Durhah, Dirgapadapah, Uchchataru, Narikera, Kaushikaphalah, Trinetraphalah, Kalpavriksha, Dirghapatrah Evergreen, monoecious, pleonanthic palm Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Water from fruit: cooling, thirst, fever, urinary complaints, vomiting; Endosperm/White meat: diuretic, aphrodisiac; Oil from dried endosperm/Coconut oil: cooking, hair growth, cooling,

Phoenix dactylifera L. Palma dactylifera (L.) Mill.; Phoenix dactylifera var. costata Becc.; Phoenix dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa Mart.; Phoenix dactylifera var. sphaerosperma Mart.; Phoenix excelsior Cav. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Date Palm; Hindi: Khajur, Kannada: Kajura, Karjura Evergreen, dioecious, pleonanthic palm Flowers and Fruits: March - August Medicinal properties: Fruit: laxative, expectorant, demulcent, fever, respiratory disorders


alopecia, skin tanning; Fresh sap from spadix: cooling and refrigerant; Root: astringent, diuretic, uterine diseases, bronchitis, liver complaints, swellings

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Elate sylvestris L.; Elate versicolor Salisb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian wild date Palm, Silver date Palm, Sugar date Palm; Hindi: Sendhi khajur; Kannada: Ichalu mara; Sanskrit: Kharjurh, Kharjuri Evergreen, dioecious, pleonanthic palm Flowers and Fruits: April - December

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ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Apama siliquosa Lam. Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou Common / Vernacular names:- English: Chakrani; Kannada: Chakranike, Neeru vaate, Mirsagni Evergreen shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: as ointment for chronic sores and ulcers; Leaves and root: sedative, snake bites; Root: diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera


Medicinal properties: Stems with tender leaves: gonorrhoea, gleet, pregnancy pains; Stems with older leaves: sap as refreshing beverage or into jaggery and sugar; Ripe fruits: cardiotonic, constipation, heart complaints, vomiting, unconsciouness, jams and jellies; Root: nausea, toothache


ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus officinalis var. campestris Gren. & Godr.; Asparagus esculentus Salisb.; Asparagus polyphyllus Steven ex Ledeb.; Asparagus vulgaris Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Garden Asparagus; Hindi: Safed musli, Shwet musli Perennial herb Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Stem: eaten raw or boiled, anemia, rheumatism, diabetes, renal ailments Asparagus racemosus Willd. Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.; Asparagus tetragonus Bresler; Asparagus zeylanicus (Baker) Hook.f.; Protasparagus zeylanicus (Hook.f.) Kamble

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Satawari, Wild Asparagus; Hindi: Satavari, Bhojidan; Kannada: Aheru balli, Ashadhi, Halavu makkala taayi; Sanskrit: Shatavari, Abhiru, Hiranyasring Perennial climber Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: scabies; Root/Tubers: lactation, aphrodisiac, stomach complaints, tonic, astringent, weakness, fatigue, cough, dysentry, gleet, gonorrhoea, tumours, kidney and liver disorders, rheumatism, leucorrhoea, inflammations, biliousness, blood, eye and nervous diseases


BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens balsamina L. Common / Vernacular names: English: Garden balsam, Rose balsam; Hindi: Gul mehndi; Kannada: Basavannana padadagida; Sanskrit: Tairini Annual herb Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: joint pains; Flowers: cooling, neuralgia, antibiotic activity against some fungi and bacteria (alcoholic extract)

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.; Bignonia africana Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Common sausage tree; Hindi: Balam khira, Jhari fanoos; Kannada: Aanethoradu kaayi, Mara sowthae Deciduous tree, with fruits hanging from long stalks like giant sausages Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: rheumatism, dysentery, veneral diseases; Fruits: ulcers, syphilis, purgative


BIGNONIACEAE

Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H.Gentry Bignonia alliacea Lam.; Adenocalymma alliaceum (Lam.) Miers; Adenocalymma obovatum Urb. Common name:- English: Garlic vine Perennial climber Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: arthritis, rheumatism, cold, flu, fever

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Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Bignonia indica L.; Spathodea indica (L.) Pers.

Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: June - December Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic, stomachic, tonic, digestion, fever, cough, respiratory disorders, diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting, leprosy, skin diseases; Leaves: enlarged spleen, headache, ulcers; Tender fruits: stomachic, anthelmintic, heart complaints, piles, bronchitis; Seeds: purgative, joint pains Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. Bignonia tulipifera Schum.; Spathodea nilotica Seem.; Spathodea tulipifera (Schum.) G.Don Common / Vernacular names:- English: African tulip tree, Fountain tree; Hindi: Ragtoora


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Broken bones tree, Damocles tree, Indian trumpet tree; Hindi: Dirghavrinta, Kutannat, Manduk, Patrorna, Putivriksh, Shallaka, Shuran; Kannada: Thigade mara; Sanskrit: Shyonaka, Aralu


Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: dressing ulcers, skin diseases; Leaves and bark: soothing lotion Stereospermum tetragonum DC. Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb.; Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee; Bignonia tetragona Wall. ex DC.; Bignonia colais Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn Common / Vernacular names:- English: Yellow snake tree, Trumpet flower tree; Hindi: Paral, Paroli; Kannada: Kaaladri mara, Paadari mara; Sanskrit: Pataal, Pataali Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: February - October Medicinal properties: Leaves: chronic dypepsia, antipyretic; Flowers and fruits: reportedly against scorpion stings; Root-bark: asthma, cough, thirst

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Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Bignonia stans L.; Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem.; Tecoma molle Kunth; Tecoma incisa (Rose & Standl.) I.M.Johnst. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Yellow bells, Yellow trumpet; Hindi: Piliya; Kannada: Gaudi chaudi Perennial shrub to tree Flowers and Fruits: January - May Medicinal properties: Root: diuretic, vermifuge, tonic, reportedly against snake bites and scorpion stings


BIXACEAE Bixa orellana L. Bixa americana Poir.; Bixa katangensis Delpierre; Orellana americana (Poir.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Lipstick tree, Annanato, Arnatto; Hindi: Latkan, Laalkan, Sindhuri; Kannada: Bangaara kaayi mara, Rangumale, Kumkumi palada mara, Kesari mara Perennial shrub to tree Flowers and Fruits: August - November

BORAGINACEAE Cordia macleodii Hook.f. & Thomson Gerascanthus macleodii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Borhidi; Hemigymnia macleodii Griff.; Lithocardium macleodii Kuntze Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: January - March


Medicinal properties: Leaves: sore throat, jaundice, dysentery, febrifuge; Pulp surrounding seeds: dysentery, diuretic, laxative, febrifuge, digestion, epilepsy, kidney and skin diseases; Seeds: astringent, febrifuge, gonorrhoea; Seed-oil: leprosy; Root-bark: antiperiodic, intermittent fevers

Medicinal properties: Bark: jaundice Ehretia laevis Roxb. Bourreria aspera G.Don; Bourreria laevis G.Don; Ehretia aspera Willd.; Ehretia laevis var. aspera C.B.Clarke; Ehretia pubescens Benth. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Nilgiri ivorywood; Hindi: Chamrar, Chamror; Kannada: Dantharanga, Kadba Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: January - April

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Medicinal properties: Bark: diphtheria; Leaves: eczema; Flowers: aphrodisiac; Root: syphilis

Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Boswellia balsamifera Spreng.; Boswellia glabra Roxb.; Chloroxylon dupada Buch.-Ham. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian Olibanum, Indian Frankincense; Hindi: Shallaki, Kundur, Loban, Luban; Kannada: Chitta, Chittumbe, Dhupa, Guggula, Madi mara; Sanskrit: Bhishan, Guggul, Hastinashana, Hradini, Kurunda, Shallaki, Sruva Deciduous tree, exudes fragrant oleo-resin from bark when cut Flowers and Fruits: February - May Medicinal properties: Bark: ulcers, tumours, goitre, piles, skin diseases, diarrhoea, cough, eye inflammations, headache; Resin/Gum: antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, diuretic, expectorant,


BURSERACEAE


stimulant, ulcers, tomours, goitre, skin diseases, ointment for sores; Flowers: cold, fever Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl. Balsamea caudata Engl.; Balsamodendrum caudatum Marchand Common / Vernacular names:- English: Hill Mango; Kannada: Konda mavu Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: March - June Medicinal properties: Bark: bone fractures; Leaves: astringent, astma; Fruits: stomachic

CAPPARACEAE Capparis sepiaria L. Capparis affinis Merr.; Capparis emarginata C.Presl; Capparis glauca Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Hedge caper,Wild Caper bush; Hindi: Kanthari; Kannada: Kaadukantharai, Kadukattari; Sanskrit: Grdhranakhi, Kantari Shrub to climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: April - September Medicinal properties: Whole plant: antiseptic, febrifuge, tonic, skin diseases; Bark: scabies, eczema; Leaves: facial swellings, sun stroke; Root: mumps, healing of wounds


Capparis zeylanica L. Capparis crassifolia Kurz; Capparis horrida L.f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Ceylon caper; Hindi: Aradanda; Kannada: Govinda phala, Anthuntikai, Mullu anthudi, Mullukattari, Kaayi balli, Thottalu balli; Sanskrit: Vyaghra Nakhi, Tapasapriya, Karambha Climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: November - May Medicinal properties: Leaves: glandular swellings, piles, syphilis; Root-bark: appetizer, stomachic, demulcent, sedative, fever

Carica papaya L. Papaya carica Gaertn.; Papaya edulis Bojer; Papaya sativa Tuss. Common / Vernacular names: English: Papaya, Pawpaw; Hindi: Papita; Kannada: Papayi hannu; Sanskrit: Aerand karkati Tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: jaundice, dengue, febrifuge, cardias diseases, urinary complaints, gonorrhoea; Flowers: jaundice, febrifuge, Ripe Fruit: stomachic, digestive, carminative, diuretic, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, enlarged spleen and liver, piles, ; milky latex of unripe fruit: anthelmintic, diarrhoea, ringworm infestation, abortifacient; Seeds: carminative, abortifacient, vermifuge; Root: abortifacient, diuretic, uterine bleeding,


CARICACEAE

CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarina africana Lour.; Casuarina excelsa Dehnh. ex Miq.; Casuarina indica Pers.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Casuarina, Common ironwood, Whistling Pine, Beefwood, She-Oak; Hindi: Junglisaru; Kannada: Gaali mara, Sarvae mara, Kyasurina mara

Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, acne, tonic; Bark and seeds: chronic diarrhoea, dysentery; Seeds: headache, toothache

CELASTRACEAE Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze Celastrus glaucus Vahl; Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Ceylon tea; Hindi: Jamrasi, Malkakni, Kondagaidh, Dhebri; Kannada: Kannur mara, Kannire, Mookurichi, Mookrike Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: August - February


Tree Flowers and Fruits: December - February


Medicinal properties: Bark and flowers: healing of wounds, dysuria, hyperacidity; Leaves: headache, eczema, skin ailments; Root: antidote against snake bites; Root-bark: rheumatism, gout, dysentery Cassine paniculata (Wight & Arn.) Lobr.-Callen Elaeodendron paniculatum Wight & Arn. Common name:- English: Indigenous Cassine, Panicled Cassine Tree Flowers and Fruits: August - November Medicinal properties: Root: anti-dote against snake bites Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Catha paniculata Scheidw.; Celastrus metzianus Turcz.; Celastrus rothianus Schult. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Black O il plant, Oriental Bittersweet, Staff tree; Hindi: Malkanagani; Kannada: Jotishmati balli, Kariganne, Kougilu; Sanskrit: Alavan, Jyotishmati, Kangu

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Climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: February - September Medicinal properties: Bark: wounds, cold, cough, fever, abortifacient; Leaves: headache; Fruits: scabies, skin diseases, dysentry, diarrhoea; Seeds: emetic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, ulcers, gout, piles, digestive troubles; Seedoil: rheumatism, stimulant, scabies, eczema, paralysis, tuberculosis; Leaves and seed-oil: diarrhoea, cough, constipation, ulcers; Seed and seed-oil: epilepsy, stomach disorders, oedema, nervous diseases; Leaves and root: headache; Root: pneumonia, leucorrhoea, piles, cancerous tumours


Salacia chinensis L. Salacia prinoides (Willd.) DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English:Chinese Salacia; Kannada: Ekanaayakana beru; Sanskrit: Sapta chakra Shrub Flowers and Fruits: January - May Medicinal properties: Root: menstrual complaints

Calophyllum inophyllum L. Balsamaria inophyllum Lour.; Calophyllum blumei Wight Common / Vernacular names:- English: Alexandrian Laurel; Hindi: Sultan champa; Kannada: Sura honne, Kal hone; Sanskrit: Nag champa Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - April Medicinal properties: Whole plant: purgative, emetic; Bark: astringent, internal haemorrhage, for dyeing fishing nets; Resin/Gum (known as ‘Tacamahaca’): purgative, emetic and applied on wounds and ulcers; Flowers: syphilis, eczema and insanity; Seeds: rheumatism, skin diseases, gonorrhoea, gout, gleet


CLUSIACEAE

Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Garcinia purpurea Roxb.; Brindonia oxycarpa Thouars Common / Vernacular names:- English: Kokam, Indian Mangosteen, Indian Gamboge, Brindonia tallow tree; Hindi: Kokum; Kannada: Amsol, Devana huli, Murgala, Muringa-huli, Punar puli; Sanskrit: Vrikshamia, Amlabija, Amlapura, Amlashaka

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Medicinal properties: Fruits: anthelmintic, cardiotonic, piles, dysentery, tumours, heart ailments, bile disorders; Seeds: yield valuable fat known as ‘Kokum butter’, is astringent, demulcent, emollient, also used in manufacture of ointments, suppositories and other pharmaceutical products; Seed-oil: softening skin Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), A2cd ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015) Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson Garcinia pictoria (Roxb.) Engl.; Garcinia tinctoria (DC.) W.W ight; Xanthochymus pictorius Roxb.; Xanthochymus tinctorius DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sour mangosteen, False Mangosteen; Hindi: Jharambi, Tamal, Tumul; Kannada: Deva jarige, Deva garike, Devangi; Sanskrit: Bhavishya, Kalakhanda, Kusumodar Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - May


Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - April


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, dysentery; Fruits: anthelmintic, cardiotonic, appetizer, cooling, biliousness; Seeds: antiscorbutic, dysentery, diarrhoea Mesua ferrea L. Mesua nagassarium (Burm. f.) Kosterm. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Cobra saffron tree, Ceylon ironwood, Indian rose chestnut; Hindi: Nag kesari; Kannada: Naga sampige Tree Flowers and Fruits: April - August Medicinal properties: Bark, leaves and flowers: asthma, skin burns, vomiting, dysentry, piles; Seeds: skin diseases, rheumatism, ulcers

COMBRETACEAE Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guillem. & Perr. Conocarpus latifolius Roxb. ex DC.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Axle-wood tree; Hindi: Dhau, Dhoy, Dhaura; Kannada: Bejjalu, DindIla, Dindiga; Sanskrit: Dhurandhara, Dhavaha, Indravruksha, Shakataaya Tree Flowers and Fruits: August - January Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, polyuria, anaemia, piles, leprosy, chronic diarrhoea, cough, asthma, headache, swellings, skin diseases; Resin/Gum: emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, skin ulcers, leucorrhoea


Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Quisqualis indica L.; Quisqualis sinensis Lindl. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Rangoon creeper, Burma creeper, Chineses honeysuckle; Hindi: Madhu malathi Climber Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant (except flowers and root): anthelmintic; Leaves: boils and ulcers; Seeds (not more than 4 per dose): diarrhoea, fever, rickets; Seed-oil: purgative, skin diseases

Common / Vernacular names:- English: White Murdah, Arjuna tree; Hindi: Arjun; Kannada: Nir matti, Bili matti, Holi matti Tree Flowers and Fruits: May - February Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, diuretic, dysentery, expectorant, febrifuge, leprosy, polyuria, skin diseases, styptic, tonic, and in local medicine; Leaves: headache; Fruits: deobstruent, tonic; Bark, leaves and fruits: diabetes, leprosy, worm infestation, cardiac ailments, leucorrhoea, abdominal complaints, ulcers


Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC.

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Buceras bellirica (Gaertn.) Lyons; Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn.; Myrobalanus laurinoides (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Belliric Myrobalan, Beach almond; Hindi: Bahera, Bahuvirya, Kalk, Karshphal; Kannada: Taare kaayi mara, Shanti mara, Tare mara; Sanskrit: Vibhitakah, Kasaghnah, Bahuvirya, Akshah, Karshah, Bibhitakah Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - September

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Terminalia catappa L. Buceras catappa (L.) Hitchc.; Juglans catappa (L.) Lour.; Myrobalanus catappa (L.) Kuntze; Terminalia badamia DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian almond tree; Hindi: Jungli badam; Kannada: Kaadu badami mara, Taree mara; Sanskrit: Tailaphala, Ingudi, Batam, Ksudrabhij Tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: rheumatic joint pain, ointment for scabies, leprosy, skin ailments; Fruits: aphrodisiac, astringent, cooling, biliousness, bronchitis


Medicinal properties: Bark: diuretic, dysuria, sunstroke, cholera, Cough, Insomnia, Dropsy, Vomiting, Ulcers; Resin/Gum: muscle cramps; Fruits: important ingredient in preparation of ‘Triphala’ and ‘Chyavanprash’ used in treatment of piles, astringent, tonic, purgative, dropsy, diarrhoea, leprosy, measles, headache; Seeds: gastric troubles


Terminalia chebula Retz. Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons; Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.; Terminalia parviflora Thwaites; Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Chebulic Myrobalan, Yellow Myrobalan, Black Myrobalan; Hindi: Harra, Harad; Kannada: Anile kaayi mara, Alale, Arale, Hirda; Sanskrit: Khayastha, Haritaki Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - November Medicinal properties: Bark: diuretic, cardiotonic, eczema, diarrhoea, constipation; Fruits: important ingredient in preparation of ‘Triphala’ and ‘Chyavanprash’ used in treatment of piles, dropsy, diarrhoea, laxative, leprosy, measles, head and stomach ache; Seeds: ulcers, leprosy, inflammation, cough Terminalia paniculata Roth Pentaptera paniculata Roxb.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Kindal Murdah; Kannada: Bilimathi, Hanalu mara, Honagalu, Hongal, Honnal, Kindal, Muruva, Ulale; Sanskrit: Asvakarna Tree Flowers and Fruits: August - January Medicinal properties: Bark: carminative, diuretic; Flowers: cholera Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn. Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.


Tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: styptic, diuretic, cardiotonic, diarrhoea, weakness, indolent ulcers, bone fractures, bronchitis; Resin/Gum: purgative and adhesive; Bark, gum and leaves: fever and headache

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulus alsinoides L.; Convolvulus linifolius L.; Evolvulus chinensis Choisy; Evolvulus filiformis Willd. ex Steud. Common / Vernacular names: English: Slender dwarf morning glory, Little glory; Hindi: Visnukrantha, Shyamakrantha; Kannada: Vishnu kranthi; Sanskrit: Vishnugandhi, Shankhapushpi, Vishnukranta Herb Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, febrifuge, dysentery, nervous debility, tonic, vermifuge; Leaves: asthma, bronchitis; Root: gastric and duodenal ulcers, intermittent fever; Flowers: reportedly for uterine bleeding


CONVOLVULACEAE

CORNACEAE Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Alangium lamarckii (L.f.) Wangerin Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sage-leaved Alangium; Hindi: Ankol; Kannada: Ankola mara; Sanskrit: Ankolah

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Medicinal properties: Bark: enlarged spleen, dropsy, cholera; Leaves: rheumatic pain, skin diseases; Fruits: eye complaints; Root: astringent, antipyretic, diaphoretic, puragtive, emetic, diarrhoea, fever, rabies, antidote against poisonous bites, worm infestation, syphilis

COSTACEAE Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Costus speciosus (J.Koenig) Sm.; Kaempferia speciosa (J.Koenig) Thunb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Costus,Crepe ginger, Malay ginger; Hindi: Kusht, Keokanada; Kannada: Naayi kabbu, Chengala koshtha; Sanskrit: Kushtha Rhizomatous shrub Flowers and Fruits: June - September


Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - May


Medicinal properties: Bark: urinary complaints; Root/Rhizome: astringent, anthelmintic, bronchitis, fever, dyspepsia, inflmmations, anaemia, diabetes, leprosy, purgative, depurtative, stimulant, tonic, skin diseases, rheumatism

CYCADACEAE Cycas circinalis L. Cycas squamosa Lodd. ex Dyer; Cycas wallichii Miq. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Crozier Cycas, Queen sago; Hindi: Jungli-madan-mast-ka-phul; Kannada: Goddu ichala Palm-like, evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: February - August Medicinal properties: Leaves and pith: medicinal; Pith: cooked and eaten as sago; Seeds: edible Conservation Status: Endangered (EN), A2acd, ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)

DILLENIACEAE

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Dillenia indica L. Dillenia elongata Miq.; Dillenia speciosa Thunb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Elephant apple tree, Indian catmon tree, Hondapara tree, Dillenia; Hindi: Chaltaped; Kannada: Bettadakanigala, Kaadu kanigala; Sanskrit: Avartaki, Bhavyam Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: March – July


Medicinal properties: Bark and leaves: astringent; Fruits: tonic, laxative, abdominal complaints, cough

DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Dioscorea opposita Thunb. Common / Local names:- English: Chinese Yam; Kannada: Inasara, Nirbatte, Tabinere; Sanskrit: Amlardraka, Sarpakhya Climber Flowers and Fruits: August - January Medicinal properties: Tubers: swellings, sores, dysentery

Diospyros ebenum J.Koenig ex Retz. Diospyros assimilis Bedd.; Diospyros glaberrima Rottler; Diospyros membranacea A.DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: The true Ebony of India, Black sapote, Ceylon Ebony; Hindi: Abnus, Ebnus; Kannada: Kari mara, Beli mara Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - April Medicinal properties: Whole plant: astringent, attenuant, lithontriptic Conservation Status: Data Deficient (DD), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)


EBENACEAE

Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Diospyros biflora Blanco; Diospyros siamensis Hochr.; Embryopteris peregrina Gaertn. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Gaub Persimon, Indian Persimmon, Malabar Ebony, River Ebony; Hindi: Gaab; Kannada: Bandada mara, Antina kaayi, Holetupare Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - March

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Medicinal properties: Stem: astringent, fever, dysentry; Fruits: sore throat; Seed-oil: dysentry, diarrhoea

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Ebony, Coromandel Ebony, Black Ebony, East Indian Ebony, Tendu leaves; Hindi: Kendu, Timburni; Kannada: Abanasi, Balai; Sanskrit: Dirghapatraka Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - May Medicinal properties: Bark: astrigent, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, tonic; Leaves: diuretic, carminative, laxative, styptic, diarrhoea, local cigarettes; Flowers (dried): blood, skin and urinary diseases; Fruits: astringent, carminative, germicidal; Seeds: dysentery; Root: fever


Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Diospyros dubia Wall. ex A.DC.; Diospyros exsculpta Bedd.; Diospyros roylei Wall. ex A.DC.


Diospyros montana Roxb. Diospyros auriculata Wight ex Hiern; Diospyros bracteata Roxb.; Diospyros orixensis Klein ex Willd. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bombay Ebony, Mountain Persimmon, Mottled Ebony; Hindi: Bistendu, Kala dhao, Dakanan; Kannada: Balagunike Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - April Medicinal properties: Bark: swellings, stomach-ache, Bark, fruits and seedoil: boils, leucorrhoea, dysentery, blood diseases, haemorrhage, polyuria, intermittent fever, snake bites

ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Elaeagnus kologa Schltdl.; Elaeagnus acuminata Link; Elaeagnus arborea Roxb.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wild Olive, Bastard Oleaster, Snake fruit; Kannada: Hulige, Kerahuli, Melekollija Climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: September - June Medicinal properties: Flowers: astringent, cardiotonic; Fruits: astringent, refreshing

ERYTHROXYLACEAE University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru

Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. Erythroxylum indicum (DC.) Elliot; Erythroxylum sideroxyloides Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Red Cedar, Bastard sandal; Kannada: Devadaram, Natkadeodar Tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: diaphoretic, stomachic, diuretic, dyspepsia; Leaves: intestinal worm infestation, malarial fever, jaundice

Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Ricinocarpus fruticosus (Forssk.) Kuntze; Acalypha betulina Retz. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Birch-leaved Acalypha, Birchleaved cat tail; Kannada: Chinni gida Shrub Flowers and Fruits: March – December Medicinal properties: Leaves: stomachic, dypepsia, diarrhoea, pustules; Root: gonorrhoea


EUPHORBIACEAE

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Jatropha moluccana L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Candle nut tree; Hindi: Jungli akhrot; Kannada: Akroda, Natakrodu, Arkod, Naadu aakrotu Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - May Medicinal properties: Bark and flowers: asthma, sores, ulcers, tumours, laxative; Fruits: aphrodisiac, carminative, expectorant, piles, ringworm infestation, tonic, blood and heart diseases; Seeds: laxative; Seed-oil: purgative

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Triangular spruge; Hindi: Tridhara, Vajrakantaka; Kannada: Chandra galli, Mundu galli; Sanskrit: Vajrakantakah, Tridhara Shrub, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: October - December Medicinal properties: Stem: gout; Latex from cut stems and branches: purgative, rheumatism, toothache, warts, sores, skin ailments, earache; Root-bark: purgative


Euphorbia antiquorum L. Tithymalus antiquorus (L.) Moench; Euphorbia antiquorum var. polygona Wight; Euphorbia mayuranathanii Croizat


Jatropha curcas L. Curcas lobata Splitg. ex Lanj.; Curcas purgans Medik.; Jatropha acerifolia Salisb.; Manihot curcas (L.) Crantz; Ricinus americanus Mill. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Purging nut, Physic nut; Hindi: Jamal ghota, Jangli arandi; Kannada: Adalu haralu, Bettada haralu, Beli almuda, Chittala taali gida Shrub Flowers and Fruits: December - June Medicinal properties: Bark: rheumatism, leprosy; Leaves: lactation, healing of cuts, ulcers and wounds, piles, toothache, strengthening of gums, insecticidal; Latex: scabies, eczema, ringworm infestation, boils and sores; Fruits and seeds: astringent, anthelmintic, chronic dysentery, urinary complaints, biliousness, anaemia, fistula, heart ailments; Root-bark: toothache, sore throat, eczema Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Adenoropium gossypiifolium (L.) Pohl; Manihot gossypiifolia (L.) Crantz; Jatropha elegans Kl.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bellyache bush, Cotton-leaved physic nut; Hindi: Ratanjoti; Kannada: Chikka kada haralu Shrub Flowers and Fruits: June - October Medicinal properties: Bark: diarrhoea; Latex from cut stems and branches: ulcers; Leaves: purgative, stomachic, eczema, scabies, itching; Seed-oil: ringworm infestation, eczema, scabies, rheumatism


Jatropha multifida L. Adenoropium multifidum (L.) Pohl; Jatropha janipha Blanco; Manihot multifida (L.) Crantz Common name:- English: Coral plant, Coral bush Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: scabies, purgative; Latex from cut stems and branches: healing of wounds and ulcers; Fruits: purgative, enlarged spleen, piles, wounds, skin diseases; Root: digestion, tonic Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Croton philippensis Lam.; Croton montanus Willd.; Mallotus reticulatus Dunn

Tree Flowers and Fruits: November - January Medicinal properties: Bark: jaundice; Flowers: anthelmintic; Fruits (powdered form known as ‘Kamela’): anthelmintic Ricinus communis L. Croton spinosus L. Common / Vernacular names: English: Castor bean, Castor-oil plant; Hindi: Arandi; Kannada: Oudla


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Dyer’s Rottlera, Scarlet croton, Kamala dye tree; Hindi:Kamala, Raini, Rohan, Rohini, Sinduri; Kannada: Kumkumada mara, Kampillaka; Sanskrit: Kampilyaka

Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: intestinal worms, night blindness, earache, haeadache, postnatal pains; Flowers: glandular tumours, vaginal complaints; Fruits: piles, liver and spleen diseases; Seeds: sores, boils, gout, rheumatic swellings; Seed-oil: cathartic, mild laxative, tumours, inflammations, leprosy, elephantiasis, convulsions, dermatitis and other skin complaints; Root: inflammations, fever, asthma, bronchitis, leprosy; Root-bark: skin diseases

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Climbing nettle, Indian stinging nettle; Hindi: Barhanta, Pit parni; Kannada: Turke balli, Pachhirangi; Sanskrit: Vrischikali, Vrischikapatri, Aagmavarta, Duhsparsha Herb Flowers and Fruits: November - January Medicinal properties: Leaves: headache; Fruits: enlarged spleen, hair growth; Root: diaphoretic, asthma, fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, epilepsy, snake bites


Tragia involucrata L. Tragia involucrata var. rheediana Müll.Arg.; Croton urens L.


FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) Abrus precatorius L. Glycine abrus L.; Abrus pauciflorus Desv.; Abrus maculatus Noronha Common / Vernacular names:- English: Coral bead vine, Rosary Pea, Ladybug seed; Hindi: Karat, Ratti; Kannada: Gulganji; Sanskrit: Gunjaa Liana Flowers and Fruits: July - March Medicinal properties: Leaves: arthritic pains, blood purification, biliousness, leucoderma, itching, skin diseases; Leaves and root: glycyrrhizin, cough, cold, catarrhal affections; Root: tonic, diuretic, emetic, alexiteric, gonorrhoea, jaundice, peptic ulcers, syphilis, rheumatism Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. Mimosa chundra Rottler; Acacia sundra (Roxb.) DC. Common / Vernacular names: Red Cutch; Hindi: Laal khair; Kannada: Achu, Kadhira, Kempu jaali, Taare mara

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Tree Flowers and Fruits: May - October Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, antiseptic, boils and ulcers Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosa farnesiana L.; Acacia acicularis Willd.; Acacia ferox M.Martens & Galeotti


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Fragrant Acacia, Sweet Wattle Mimosa bush; Hindi: Guh babool, Gukikar, Sugandh babool; Kannada: Kasturi balli, Kasturi Jali Shrub Flowers and Fruits: November - February Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, alexiteric, dysentery, leprosy, polyuria, pruritis, bronchial asthma, stomatits; Stem: epilepsy, rabies, cholera, antidote against sanke bites; Resin/Gum: aphrodisiac, tonic; Leaves: eye complaints, gonorrhoea; Root: convulsions, sores

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Rusty Acacia, Shammi tree; Hindi: Kaigar, Kalgar, Safed khair; Kannada: Banni mara, Kiri banni, Shamivruksha; Sanskrit: Arimedah, Brahmashalya, Dvijapriya Tree Flowers August – October, Fruits: December - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, itching, leucoderma, ulcers, stomatitis, blood diseases; Leaves: astringent, styptic, tonic, blood enrichment, eye diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhoea, gleet; Resin/ Gum from cut bark: demulcent, emollient


Acacia ferruginea DC. Mimosa ferruginea Roxb.

Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), A1c, ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosa leucophloea Roxb.; Acacia alba (Rottler) Willd.; Acacia arcuata Decne.; Mimosa alba Rottler Common / Vernacular names:- English: Distiller’s Acacia, White babool, White barked Acacia; Hindi: Ronjh, Revonja, Safed kikar; Kannada: Bili jail; Sanskrit: Shwet arimedah, Shwet barhura

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Tree Flowers and Fruits: August - December

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Mimosa pennata L.; Acacia canescens (Kurz) Gamble Common / Vernacular names:- English: Climbing Acacia, Feathery Acacia, Climbing Wattle, Rusty Acacia; Hindi: Biswal bel; Kannada: Kaadu seege balli; Sanskrit: Tamrakantaka, Vallikhadira, Shilikhadira, Ari, Khadiravallari Liana Flowers and Fruits: May - March Medicinal properties: Bark: asthma, blood diseases, biliousness, bronchitis; Leaves: febrifuge, ingigestion, bleeding gums; Fruit-pulp: fish poison


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, anthelmintic, alexiteric, antipyretic, cooling, inflammations, bronchitis, biliousness, leprosy, toothache; Resin/ Gum from cut bark: demulcent, emulsifier; Young fruits and seeds: edible


Acacia polyacantha Willd. Acacia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha; Acacia suma (Roxb.) Voigt; Mimosa suma Roxb.; Senegalia suma (Roxb.)Britton & Rose Common / Vernacular names:- English: White Cutch; Hindi: Safed khair; Kannada: Muguli; Sanskrit: Khadarah Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - July Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, leprosy, pruritis, bronchial asthma, stomatitis, sore throat, toothache, ulcers; Leaves: astringent, diarrhoea, dysentery; Fruits: urino-genital diseases; Seeds: hypoglycaemic Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Mimosa sinuataLour.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt Common / Vernacular names:- English: Soapnut Acacia, Washing pod tree; Hindi: Reetha, Shikakai; Kannada: Shika kaayi, Sheegae, Shige kaayi, Sigeballi; Sanskrit: Bahuphenarasa, Bhuriphena, Charmakansa, Charmakasa

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Climbing shrub, armed with prickles Flowers and Fruits: March – July Medicinal properties: Leaves: malarial fever; Fruits: dandruff control, strengthening hair, hair growth, biliousness, purgative, skin diseases Adenanthera pavonina L. Adenanthera polita Miq.; Corallaria parvifolia Rumph.


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Redwood tree, Coral red seed tree, Barricari seed tree, Circassian seed tree; Hindi: Rakth chandan, Badi gumchi; Kannada: Ane golaganji, Manjuti, Chenna kaayi, Manjatti kaayi; Sanskrit: Raktachandana, Tamraka, Tilakah Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - August Medicinal properties: Leaves: chronic rheumatism, gout, haemorrhage; Seeds: boils, pulmonary affections, chronic ophthalmia, jewellery and jewellers’ weights; Root: emetic Albizia amara (Roxb.) B.Boivin Mimosa amara Roxb.; Acacia wightii Wight & Arn.; Mimosa pulchella Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bitter Albizia, Oil cake tree; Hindi: Krishna saras; Kannada: Chujjulu, Chigare, Chigare, Tugli mara

Medicinal properties: Resin/Gum from cut bark: eye diseases, inflammations, ulcers; Leaves: conjunctivitis, detergent (dried leaves); Flowers: cooling, boils, skin eruptions, swellings; Seeds: astringent, piles, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea; Seed-oil: leprosy, leucoderma Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd.; Mimosa lebbeck L.; Albizia latifolia B.Boivin; Inga leucoxylon Hassk. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Black siris tree, Lebbeck tree, Raom tree, Woman’s tongue pod tree; Hindi: Saras; Kannada: Bage mara, Shirasi mara


Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - June

Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - December Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, blood diseases, deafness, boils, scabies, syphilis, paralysis, night blindness, leprosy, leucoderma, itching, skin diseases, toothache, piles, inflammations, bronchitis; Leaves: ophthalmia; Flowers: asthma, cooling, boils, skin eruptions, swellings; Seeds: gonorrhoea, tuberculous glands; Seed-oil: leucoderma; Root: astringent, hemicrania, ophthalmia; Root-bark: dental ailments, strengthening of gums

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Black Siris, Ceylon rosewood, Fragrant Albizia; Hindi: Kaali saras; Kannada: Kaadu baage; Sanskrit: Shirisha Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - April Medicinal properties: Bark, leaves, flowers and seeds: leprosy, cough, antidote against snake bites, tonic, ulcers Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Bauhinia acida Korth.; Bauhinia castrata Hassk.; Bauhinia malabarica var. reniformis Baker; Bauhinia platyphylla Miq.; Piliostigma acidum (Korth.) Benth.


Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Acacia odoratissima(L.f.) Willd., Albizia micranthaBovin, Mimosa odoratissimaL.f.


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Malabar Bauhinia; Hindi: Amlosa; Kannada: Mandara, Kudugulu, Cheppura; Sanskrit: Yamalapatrah, Amlapatrah, Ashmantaka, Ashmayukta Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - April Medicinal properties: Bark and flowers: worm infestation, leprosy, menorrhagia, gout, cough, haemorrhage, urinary disorders, glandular swellings, goitre; Leaves: febrifuge, dysentery Bauhinia purpurea L. Phanera purpurea (L.) Benth.; Bauhinia rosea Corner Common / Vernacular names:- English: Purple Bauhinia, Butterfly tree, Purple orchid tree, Purple camel’s foot; Hindi: Kaniyar; Kannada: Devakanchan, Manimandhara Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - May

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, antidote against scorpion bites, diarrhoea, ulcers, dropsy, leprosy, cough, menstrual disorders, glandular diseases, goitre, stomach tumours, convulsions, rheumatism; Leaves: jaundice; Flowers: astringent, anthelmintic, indigestion, laxative, haemorrhage, leucorrhoea Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015) Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Piliostigma racemosum (Lam.) Benth.; Bauhinia parviflora Vahl


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Yellowish-white Bauhinia, Burmese silk orchid tree; Hindi: Katmauli, Jhinjheri; Kannada: Aralukadu mandara, Akalupada; Sanskrit: Yugmapatra, Yamalapatrakah Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - June Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, dysentery, glandular inflammation, ulcers, skin diseases, goitre; Leaves: anthelmintic, diarrhoea, headache, malarial fever; Flowers: haemorrhage, piles, laxative, goitre, dysentery, blood purification Bauhinia variegata L. Phanera variegata (L.) Benth.; Bauhinia chinensis (DC.) Vogel; Bauhinia variegata var. chinensis DC.

Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, tonic, biliousness, ulcers; Flowers (red variety): leprosy, bronchitis, biliousness, headache; Flowers (white variety): leucoderma, cough, asthma, blood diseases, vaginal discharges; Root: carminative, dyspepsia Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015) Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Erythrina monosperma Lam.; Butea frondosa Roxb.


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Variegated Bauhinia, Mountain Ebony, Orchid tree, Camel’s foot; Hindi: Kanchar; Kannada: Kempu mandara; Sanskrit: Kanchanara, Kanaka, Kovidarah, Kanchana

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Flame of the forest; Hindi: Palash, Dhak, Tesu; Kannada: Palasha, Mutthugada mara; Sanskrit: Phalasah Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - March Medicinal properties: Bark: appetizer, aphrodisiac, laxative; Resin/Gum: astringent, stimulant, diarrhoea, dysentry; Leaves: astringent, aphrodisiac, tonic, eye complaints, boils and swellings; Flowers: astringent, diuretic, depurative; Seeds: antidote against snake bites, clearing of roundworms and tapeworms; Root: blood pressure, night blindness, elephantiasis; Rootbark: aphrodisiac, analgesic, anthelmintic, piles, ulcers, tumours, dropsy

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Common /Vernacular names:- English: Bonduc nut, Fever nut, Yellow nicker bean, Gray nicker; Hindi: Kantkarej, Kantikaranja, Kuberakshi; Kannada: Gajikekayi, Gajaga, Gajjuga, Heggejjuga ; Sanskrit: Lata karanja Scandent shrub, scandent, armed with recurved spines Flowers and Fruits: July - January Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, febrifuge; Leaves: lanthelmintic, febrifuge, piles, oedemaiver disorders, swelling of testicles; Fruits: diuretic, antipyretic, diarrhoea, intestinal worms, liver and spleen diseases, diabetes, leprosy, piles; Seeds: tonic, fever, asthma, abortifacient, intermittent fever; Seed-oil: emollient, skin diseases; Root: bladder stones, leucorrhoea


Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Guilandina bonduc Griseb.; Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming


Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Poinciana coriaria Jacq.; Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl.; Caesalpinia thomaea Spreng. Common / Vernacular names:- English: American sumac, Divi divi; Kannada: Seeme alade mara Tree Flowers and Fruits: July - December Medicinal properties: Bark: antiperiodic, chronic fever; Fruits: astringent, antiperiodic, tonic, piles, stomatitis, ulcers Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Poinciana pulcherrima L.; Poinciana bijuga Lour.; Poinciana elata Lour. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Peacock flower; Hindi: Guletura; Kannada: Kenjige, Rathna gandhi, Meese hoovu Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, abortifacient; Leaves: purgative, tonic; Flowers: febrifuge, bronchitis, asthma, intestinal worms, malarial fever; Seeds: stomach-ache Caesalpinia sappan L. Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sappan wood, Brazilian wood; Hindi: Patamg, Bakam; Kannada: Sappange mara


Tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Heartwood: astringent, digestive complaints Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver. 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Cassia fistula L. Bactyrilobium fistula Willd.; Cassia fistuloides Collad. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Yellow Cassia, Amaltaas tree, Yellow shower tree, Indian laburnum, Purging fistula; Hindi: Amaltas; Kannada: Kakke mara, Konde mara Tree Flowers: February – April, Fruits: persist Year Long

Clitoria ternatea L. Nauchea ternatea (L.) Descourt.; Clitoria bracteata Poir.; Lathyrus spectabilis Forssk.


Medicinal properties: Bark: antiviral, dysentery, tonic, stomach-ache, skin diseases, diabetes, dysuria, arthritis; Wood (powdered): dysentery; Leaves: antiperiodic, laxative, jaundice, piles, rheumatism, ulcers, ringworm infestation, eczema; Flowers: astringent, purgative, febrifuge, stomach ailments; Fruits: laxative, pneumonia, fever, cold; Fruit-pulp: purgative, liver disorders, biliousness, rheumatism, analgesic, antipyretic, malarial and backwater fever; Seeds: laxative, carminative, cooling, antipyretic, jaundice, biliousness, skin diseases, swelling of throat, intestinal amoebiasis; Root: cardiac disorders, biliousness, rheumatism, haemorrhage, ulcers, skin diseases, leprosy; Root-bark: astringent, tonic, febrifuge, purgative, inflammations

Common / Vernacular names: English: Butterfly pea; Hindi: Aparajita, Shankpushp; Kannada: Shanakapushpi; Sanskrit: Shanka pushp Climber Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Amerimnon latifolium (Roxb.) Kuntze; Dalbergia emarginata Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: East Indian rosewood, Malabar rosewood, Black rosewood, Bombay blackwood; Hindi:Kala-shisham, Vilayati shisham; Kannada: Beetae; Sanskrit: Shinshapa Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: May - September Medicinal properties: Whole plant: bitter, tonic, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, leprosy, worm infestation; Bark: body pain; Bark, leaves and root: polyuria, ulcers, leprosy, leucoderma, urinary bladder disorders, oedema Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), A1cd ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)

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Medicinal properties: Whole plant: antidote against snake bites; Flowers: eye infections, headache; Seeds: purgative, abdominal pain, dropsy, liver disorders; Root: cooling, laxative, diuretic, alexiteric, anthelmintic, tonic, eye diseases, tuberculous glands, elephantiasis, headache, leucoderma, biliousness, inflammations, ulcers (white-flowered variety); dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, abdominal complaints (blue-flowered variety); Rootbark: demulcent, urinary complaints


Dalbergia sissoo DC. Amerimnon sissoo (Roxb.) Kuntze Common /Vernacular names:- English: Indian rosewood; Hindi: Shisham; Kannada: Biradi Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: February - October Medicinal properties: Bark: bleeding piles, menorrhagia, varicose veins; Bark and wood: anthelmintic, antipyretic, abortifacient, expectorant, ulcers, blood diseases, leucoderma, dyspepsia, dysentery; Wood: scabies, burning sensation, syphilis, stomach complaints; Wood-oil: skin diseases; Leaves: stimulant, gonorrhoea, eye complaints Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Acacia cinerea (L.) Spreng.; Desmanthus cinereus (L.) Willd.; Mimosa cinerea L.; Dichrostachys glomerata (Forssk.) Chiov.; Desmanthus nutans (Pers.) DC.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sickle bush, Painted thorn bush; Hindi: Kunali, Khairi, Veerataru; Kannada: Odavinaha, Vadavarda gida; Sanskrit: Vellantaru, Viradru Tree, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: November - January Medicinal properties: Young shoots: ophthalmia; Root: astringent, appetizer, rheumatism, joint pains, urinary and uterine disorders Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)


Kingiodendron pinnatum (DC.) Harms Hardwickia pinnata Roxb.; Hardwickia pinnata DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Malabar Mahogany; Kannada: Enne mara Evergreen tree Flowers and Fruits: April - September Medicinal properties: Resin/Gum from cut stem: gonorrhoea, catarrhal conditions of genito-urinary and respiratory tracts; Leaves (methanolic extract): antioxidant, obesity, diabetes, inhibits á-amylase and lipoprotein lipase activity Conservation Status: Endangered (EN), A1cd, ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Touch Me Not, Sensitive plant; Hindi: Chui-mui, Lajwanti; Kannada: Lajja, Nachige mullu, Muttidare muni, Olamucchaga Straggling herb to undershrub, armed with prickes Flowers and Fruits: June - February Medicinal properties: Leaves: glandular swellings, fistula, sores; Leaves and root: diabetes, eye diseases; Root: antiseptic, cooling, alexiteric, biliousness, leprosy, skin diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, uterine and vaginal ailments, leucorrhoea, inflammations, asthma, leucoderma, blood diseases, piles, jaundice, leprosy, ulcers


Mimosa pudica L. Mimosa hispidula Kunth; Mimosa pudica var. pudica

Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015) Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Albizia dulcis (Roxb.) F.Muell.; Inga dulcis (Roxb.) Willd.; Mimosa dulcis Roxb.; Pithecellobium littorale Record; Acacia obliquifolia M.Martens & Galeotti Common / Vernacular names:- English: Manila Tamarind; Hindi: Jungli jalebi; Kannada: Seeme hunase, Parmunche kaayi mara

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Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - March

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi; Cytisus pinnatus L.; Pongamia glabra Vent. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Pongam, Pongamia, Indian Beech, Indian Elm, Oil tree, Karanj tree; Hindi: Karanj; Kannada: Honge; Sanskrit: Karanjah Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: April - May Medicinal properties: Bark: bleeding piles, beri-beri; Leaves: dyspepsia, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, cough, rheumatic pains, ulcers and sores; Flowers: diabetes; Seed-oil: karanjin, anthelmintic, antibacterial, insecticidal, piscicidal, styptic, chronic fever, rheumatism, herpes, scabies, leucoderma, skin diseases; Root: sores, strenghtening of gums, gonorrhoea, swellings Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, febrifuge, dysentery; Leaves: astringent, emollient, abortifacient; Aril of seeds: astringent, edible


Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Lingoum marsupium (Roxb.) Kuntze; Pterocarpus bilobus G.Don Common / Vernacular names:- English: East-Indian Kino, Malabar Kino; Hindi: Vijayasara, Beeja patta, Bijasal; Kannada: Benga, Honne mara, Raktha honne, Volle hone; Sanskrit: Asana, Beejaka, Petaca, Bandhukavriksha Tree Flowers and Fruits: August - October Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, toothache, diabetes; Resin/Gum from cut bark: astringent, diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, haemorrhage, toothache; Heartwood: leprosy, skin diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemophilic disorders; Bark and leaves: itching, scabies, leucoderma, leprosy, skin diseases; Flowers: fever, boils, sores, skin diseases Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU) A1cd, ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Lingoum santalinum (L.f.) Kuntze

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Almug, Red sander, Red sandalwood, Rubywood, Saunderswood; Hindi: Laal chandan, Ratanjan; Kannada: Raktha chandana Tree Medicinal properties: Heartwood: astringent, antipyretic, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, alexiteric, diaphoretic, tonic, headache, inflammations, vomiting, eye diseases, haemophilic disorders; Fruits: astringent, tonic, dysentry


Conservation Status: Endangered (EN), B1+2de, ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Jonesia asoca Roxb.; Jonesia confusa Hassk.; Saraca confusa (Hassk.) Backer Common / Vernacular names:- English: True Ashoka, True Saraca, Sita Ashoka; Hindi: Sita asok; Kannada: Ashokada mara, Achenge, Anchange, Ashunkar, Kengali mara Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - August Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, dyspepsia, blood diseases, biliousness, tumours, piles, ulcers, sedative, stimulant, leucorrhoea,

Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), B1+2c ver. 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Senna siamea (Lam.)H.S.Irwin & Barneby Cassia siameaLam.;Cassia sumatrana Roxb.; Senna sumatrana (DC.) Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Siamese Senna, Siamese Cassia, Yellow Cassia tree, Ironwood tree; Thailand shower tree; Hindi: Kassod, Seemia; Kannada: Sima tangeda mara, Hiretangedi mara Tree Flowers and Fruits: March – June


menstrual pain, menorrhagia, uterine disorder, diabetes; Leaves: blood purification, stomach-ache; Flowers: diabetes, biliousness; Seeds: edible, diuretic, dysentry, leucorrhoea, urinary complaints

Medicinal properties: Leaves: purgative; Root: intestinal worms, convulsions Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Aeschynomene grandiflora (L.) L.; Coronilla grandiflora (L.) Willd.; Robinia grandiflora L.; Aeschynomene coccinea L.f.; Sesban coccinea (L.f.) Poir. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Agati, Swamp pea; Hindi: Gaachmunga, Agasti; Kannada: Agasi, Agase; Sanskrit: Agasti, Drigapalaka, Varnari, Munipriya

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, emetic, aperient, tonic, febrifuge, diarrhoea, dysentery, ulcers, scabies, malarial fever; Leaves: aperient, antipyretic, tonic, diuretic, laxative, mumps; Flowers: eye complaints, cough; Fruits: memory power, glandular tumours, anaemia; Root: expectorant; tender leaves, flowers and fruits: edible Tamarindus indica L. Tamarindus occidentalis Gaertn.; Tamarindus officinalis Hook.; Tamarindus umbrosa Salisb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Tamarind, Sampalok; Hindi: Imli; Kannada: Hunse, Hunase mara Tree Flowers and Fruits: May - July Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, antipyretic, diarrhoea, sores and boils, stomach complaints; Leaves: anthelmintic, muscular pain,


Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - May


indigestion, bilious fever; Flowers: conjunctivitis; Fruits and seeds: laxative, carminative, cough, sunstroke; Fruit-pulp: refrigerant, digestion, carminative, laxative, sore throat, inflammatory sweelings; Seed: astringent, diarrhoea, dysentery; Seed-kernel: purgative, stimulant

HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxis orchioides (Gaertn.) Kurz; Curculigo orchioides var. minor Benth.; Hypoxis minor Seem. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Black musale, Golden eye grass, ‘Orchid grass’; Hindi: Kali musli; Kannada: Nela tengu, Nela taale gida Bulbiferous, perennial herb Flowers and Fruits: June - August Medicinal properties: Root/Rhizome: demulcent, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, piles, blood diseases, skin diseases, itching, diabetes, leucoderma, healing of cuts and wounds

LAMIACEAE

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Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. Tomex tomentosa L.; Callicarpa lobata C.B.Clarke; Callicarpa villosa Vahl Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wooly Malayan lilac, Velvety beauty berry; Kannada: Rishipathiri, Arthigidu Tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


Medicinal properties: Bark and root: fever, hepatic obstructions, skin diseases; Leaves: dressing wounds, boils, itching; Flowers and fruits: epilepsy, cardiac and nervous diseases, haemorrhage, oedema, Roots: skin affections Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina arborea var. canescens Haines; Gmelina arborea var. glaucescens C.B.Clarke Common / Vernacular names:- English: Tree Gmelina, Gamhar, White teak, Coomb teak; Hindi: Gamhar; Kannada: Shivani, Hiru shivani; Sanskrit: Madhumati Tree Flowers and Fruits: April - May

Gmelina asiatica L. Gmelina inermis Blanco; Gmelina lobata Gaertn.; Gmelina parvifolia Roxb.; Premna parvifolia Roth Common / Vernacular names:- English: Oval-leaved Gmelina, Asian Bushbeech, Badhara bush, White teak; Hindi: Badhara; Kannada: Guludu mara, Kiru shivani; Sanskrit: Gopabhadra, Gopachadra, Vikarini


Medicinal properties: Leaves: demulcent, cough, headache, gonorrhoea, ulcers; Flowers: blood diseases, leprosy; Fruits: cooling, fever, biliousness, anaemia, leprosy, ulcers, hair growth, dysentery; Root: astringent, cardiotonic, digestion, diuretic, laxative, giddiness, emaciation, heart and nervous disorders, piles

Straggling, bushy shrub, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: May - December Medicinal properties: Leaves: gonorrhoea, urinary complaints; Fruits: edible, cooling, burning sensation in eyes; Root: astringent, aphrodisiac, demulcent, expectorant, rheumatism, gonorrhoea, blood purification, joint pains, toothache; Leaves and root: diarrhoea, digestive problems, leucorrhoea, cystitis Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon; Volkameria serrata L., Clerodendrum cuneatum Turcz.; Clerodendrum grandifolium Salisb.; Rotheca bicolor Raf.

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Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: febrifuge, headache, ophthalmia; Leaves and root: asthma, fever, dropsy, mental disorders, rheumatism, dyspepsia, cold; Seeds: aperient, dropsy; Root: antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, cough, febriguge, intermittent fever, tonic, respiratory diseases Tectona grandis L.f. Jatus grandis (L.f.) Kuntze; Tectona theca Lour.; Theka grandis (L.f.) Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian-Oak, Teak, Teak wood; Hindi: Sagun; Kannada: Saguvani mara, Thega mara Deciduous tree Flowers and Fruits: May - August


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Blue fountain bush, Blue glory, Beetle killer; Hindi: Bharangi; Kannada: Ganta barangi; Sanskrit: Phanji, Padma, Brahmanayashtika, Angaravalli, Bhaargi, Padma, Bharangi


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, bronchitis; Wood (powdered): astringent, cooling, diuretic, dysentery, hepatic complaints, laxative, leucoderma, stimulant, sedative, refrigerant, inflammatory swellings, toothache, vermifuge, dyspepsis; Wood-oil: eczema, ringworm infestation, itching; Seed-oil: hair growth, scabies, itching; Root: diuretic, bronchitis, biliousness, urinary complaints Vitex altissima L.f. Vitex altissima f. alata (Willd.) Moldenke; Vitex alata Willd.; Vitex zeylanica Turcz. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Peacock Chaste tree, Tail chaste tree, Peacock’s foot tree, Milla tree; Hindi: Myroli; Kannada: Myrole, Bharanige; Sanskrit: Atulam, Tilakam Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - December Medicinal properties: Bark: rheumatic swellings, chest pain; Fruits: stomatitis, cardiac diseases, blindness, leprosy, worm infestation, carminative

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Vitex negundo L. Agnus-castus negundo (L.) Carrière; Vitex sinuata Medik.; Vitex arborea Desf.; Vitex chinensis Mill.; Vitex gracilis Salisb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Chaste tree; Hindi: Nirgundi, Sindvar; Kannada: Nochi; Sanskrit: Sinduvara, Indrani, Nilanirgundi Shrub or small tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


Medicinal properties: Bark: post-birth complaints; Leaves: inflammation of eye, swelling of joints, tonic, vermifuge, mosquito repellent; Flowers: astringent, diarrhoea, liver complaints, skin diseases; Seeds: cooling, gout, skin diseases, leprosy; Root: anthelmintic, demulcent, tonic, febrifuge, diuretic, expectorant Volkameria inermis L. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.; Clerodendrum emarginatum Briq.; Clerodendrum javanicum Spreng.; Volkameria buxifolia Willd. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sea-side Clerodendrum, Glory bower, Indian Privet, Sorcerers bush; Hindi: Chhoti-ari, Sankuppi, Batra; Kannada: Naayi takkilay, Itteru, Kundali gida, Naayi tekkake, Thakkalika; Sanskrit: Kundalih

Medicinal properties: Whole plant: used as substitute for Quinine and Chirata, intermittent fever; Leaves and root: veneral diseases, glandular swellings, eczema, leucorrhoea, scabies; Root: rheumatism

LAURACEAE Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Camphorina camphora (L.) Farw.; Laurus camphora L.; Persea camphora (L.) Spreng. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Camphor tree, Camphor wood, Camphor laurel; Hindi: Kapoor; Kannada: Chandara, Davala, Karpura; Sanskrit: Chandraprabha, Gandhadravya


Climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long

Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - April Medicinal properties: Leaves and aromatic-oil distilled from bark: sedative, diaphoretic, anodyne, antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, analgesic, anthelmintic, cold, chest pains, leprosy, worm infestation, throat ailments, convulsions, rheumatic pains, inflammations

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Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Camphorina cinnamomum (L.) Farw.; Cinnamomum aromaticum J.Graham; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume; Laurus cinnamomum L.; Persea cinnamomum Spreng.

Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, stimulant, expectorant, carminative, bronchitis, asthma, cardiac disorders, fever, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, cancer of rectum, stomach and uterus; Leaves: cinnamomum oil; Oil from fruits: carminative, tonic to liver, inflammations, abdominal pains, bronchitis; Root-bark: camphor Laurus nobilis L. Common name:- English: Bay leaf, Sweet bay Shrub Flowers and Fruits: February - May


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Cinnamon, True Cinnamon tree; Hindi: Dalchini; Kannada: Dalchini; Sanskrit: Darusita


Medicinal properties: Leaves and fruits: astringent, stimulant, stomachic, narcotic; Leaves: leucorrhoea, urinary tract disorders, dropsy; Seed-oil: stimulant, rheumatic pains Persea americana Mill. Laurus persea L.; Persea gratissima C.F.Gaertn.; Persea nubigena L.O.Williams Common name:- English: Avocado tree, Butter fruit tree Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - July Medicinal properties: Leaves: anti-cancerous, dysentery; Fruit-pulp of ripe fruits: edible, Vitamin A and B, nutritive, cooling, refreshing drink; Skin of fruit: anthelmintic; Seeds: scabies, purulent wounds, scalp lesions, dandruff

LECYTHIDACEAE

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Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Butonica acutangula (L.) Lam.; Caryophyllus acutangulus (L.) Stokes; Barringtonia balansae R.Knuth; Careya coccinea (Lour.) A.Chev. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Barringtonia, Indian Oak; Hindi: Hijagal, Hijjal, Samundarphal Kannada: Mavin kubia, Dhatripala, Neeru kanigalu; Sanskrit: Hijjala, Nichul, Samudraphala, Raktamanjara, Pichul Tree Flowers and Fruits: December - May


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, fever, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, insect stings, toothache; Wood: menorrhagia; Leaves: diarrhoea, dysentery; Fruits: astringent, anthelmintic, biliousness, blood diseases, bronchitis, eye sores, headache, gleet, syphilis, healing of wounds, abdominal pains; Seeds (powdered): emetic, expectorant, liver disoreders, headache; Root: aperient, cooling, emetic, expectorant, tonic, cold; Seeds and bark: fish poison Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz Agasta asiatica (L.) Miers; Mammea asiatica L.; Barringtonia speciosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Common name:- English: Sea poison tree, Fish poison tree Tree Flowers and Fruits: December - April

Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Careya arborea Roxb. Barringtonia arborea (Roxb.) F.Muell.; Careya orbiculata Miers; Careya sphaerica Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wild Guava, Ceylon Oak, Kumbi tree ; Hindi: Kumbhi; Kannada: Daddala mara, Kavalu mara; Sanskrit: Kumbha, Kumbhi, Katabhi Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: February - April


Medicinal properties: Leaves: stomach ache and rheumatism (in parts of Philippines); Seeds: intestinal worms

Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, alexiteric, antipyretic, antipruruitic, tumours, dyspepsia, bronchitis, urinary complaints, piles, leucoderma, skin diseases, epilepsy, demulcent, cold, eye inflammation, dysentery; Flowers: tonic, demulcent, cold, cough; Fruits: astringent, demulcent, digestive troubles

LOGANIACEAE

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Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychnos nux-vomica var. oligosperma Dop; Strychnos ligustrina Blume; Strychnos vomica St.-Lag.

Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - May Medicinal properties: Bark and root: febrifuge, epilepsy, stomach ache, cholera, dysentery; Wood: dysentery, fever, dyspepsia; Leaves: ulcers, healing of wounds; Seeds: yield alkaloids Strychnine and Brucine, which are strong poisons and stimulants, nervousness, paralysis, healing of wounds, neuralgic, tonic, diarrhoea, dysentery, febrifuge, dyspepsia, intermittent fever, itching, piles, anaemia, jaundice, urinary complaints, rheumatism, insomnia; Root-bark: cholera


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Nux Vomica, Poison nut, Snakewood tree; Hindi: Bailewa, Chibbinge, Jahar, Kajra, Kucchla; Kannada: Hemmusti, Ittangi, Kaasarka; Sanskrit: Kapilu, Chipita, Chutaka, Dirghapatra, Garadruma, Vishmushti


LYTHRACEAE Lagerstroemia indica L. Murtughas indica (L.) Kuntze; Lagerstroemia chinensis Lam.; Lagerstroemia elegans Wall. ex Paxton Common / Vernacular names:- English:Pink crape Myrtle; Hindi: Savani Tree Flowers and Fruits: April - August Medicinal properties: Bark: stimulant, febrifuge; Leaves and flowers: purgative; Seeds: narcotic; Root: astringent Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lagerstroemia macrocarpa Wall. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Purple crape myrtle, Pride of India, Queen crape myrtle; Hindi: Jarul Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: February - July

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Medicinal properties: Bark: purgative, diabetes, stimulant, febrifuge, abdominal pains, diarrhoea; Leaves: purgative, diuretic; Fruits: mouth ulcers; Seeds: narcotic; Root: astringent, stimulant, febrifuge Lawsonia inermis L. Lawsonia speciosa L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Henna, Mignonette tree; Hindi: Heena, Mehendi; Kannada: Gorante, Madhurangi


Shrub Flowers and Fruits: March - August Medicinal properties: Bark: jaundice, enlargement of spleen, skin diseases, leprosy; Leaves: astringent, antibacterial, diuretic, hemicrania, bronchitis, ulcers, ophthalmia, syphilitic sores, leucoderma, headache, muscular pain, typhoid, skin diseases, sore throat; Flowers: cooling, soporific; Leaves and flowers: leprosy; Seeds: astringent, antipyretic, weakness Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Lythrum fruticosum L.; Woodfordia tomentosa Bedd. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Fire Flame Bush, Red Bell Bush; Hindi: Dhawai; Kannada: Dhatakki; Sanskrit: Bahupuspika

Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, alexiteric, sedative, dysentery, leprosy, blood diseases; Leaves: boils, swellings; Flowers (dried): astringent, stimulant, thirst, toothache, bleeding, wounds, diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, herpes; Fruits (dried): haemorrhage, menorrhagia, fever; Root (powdered): cough Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)

MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Michelia champaca L.; Sampacca suaveolens (Pers.) Kuntze


Deciduous shrub Flowers and Fruits: December - April

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Champa, Joy perfume tree; Hindi: Champa, Son champa; Kannada: Sampige; Sanskrit: Champaka Tree Flowers and Fruits: May - August Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, vermifuge; Flowers and fruits: stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, carminative, diuretic, stomachic, dyspepsia, nausea, fever, renal diseases, gonorrhoea; Seed-oil: headache, ophthalmia, gout, rheumatism; Root: inflammations, purgative

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Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Banisteria benghalensis L.; Hiptage javanica Blume; Hiptage parvifolia Wight & Arn.; Gaertnera obtusifolia Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Hiptage, Clustered Hiptage, Helicopter flower; Hindi: Madhavi latha; Kannada: Madhavi lata, Madhulatha, Madhu malathi Climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: January - March Medicinal properties: Leaves: skin diseases, insecticidal, scabies, rheumatism, asthma


MALPIGHIACEAE


Malpighia glabra L. Malpighia glabra var. acuminata A. Juss. Common name:- English: Barbados cherry, Acerola Shrub Flowers and Fruits: May - July Medicinal properties: Leaves: diarrhoea, dysentery (in parts of Suriname), liver ailments; Fruits: common cold

MALVACEAE Bombax ceiba L. Bombax aculeatum L.; Bombax malabaricum DC.; Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian Bombax, Red silk cotton tree, Malabar Semul; Hindi: Laal shalmali, Laal semal; Kannada: Kempu buruga; Sanskrit: Shaalmali Tree, armed with conical prickles Flowers and Fruits: February - May

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Medicinal properties: Bark: demulcent, emetic, tonic, dysentery, skin complaints, giddiness; Resin/Gum: astringent, demulcent, tonic, aphrodisiac, diarrhoea, dysentery, influenza, pulmonary tuberculosis; Flowers: astringent, cooling; Young fruits: expectorant, stimulant, diuretic, chronic inflammations; Seeds: gonorrhoea, chronic cystitis; Root: astringent, stimulant, tonic, aphrodisiac, emetic, demulcent


Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston Bombax religiosum L.; Cochlospermum balicum Boerl. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Butter-cup tree, Golden silk cotton tree, Yellow silk cotton tree; Hindi: Galgal; Kannada: Arasina buruga, Arishina boorage Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - May Medicinal properties: Leaves and flowers: stimulants; Resin/Gum: stomachic, sedative, gonorrhoea, syphilis, asthma, eye complaints, softening skin, cough

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian Gum tragacanth, Gum karaya; Hindi: Kulu; Kannada: Kurdu, Kempudale Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: January - March Medicinal properties: Resin/Gum: throat infection, diarrhoea, dysentery, piles; Leaves: pleuro-pneumonia in cattle; Root: fever Grewia asiatica L. Grewia obtecta Wall.; Grewia subinaequalis DC.


Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight Sterculia urens Roxb.; Sterculia simplex (L.) Druce; Firmiana chinensis Medik. ex Steud.

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Phalsa; Hindi: Phalsa; Kannada: Phulsha; Sanskrit: Mriduphal Shrub Flowers and Fruits: June - August Medicinal properties: Bark: demulcent; Leaves: pustules; Fruits: astringent, cooling, stomachic; Root-bark: rheumatism

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Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Grewia arborea Roxb. ex Rottl. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Dhaman; Hindi: Dhamani; Kannada: Dadasalu, Kadhpadanji, Jani mara; Sanskrit: Dhanu vriksha

Medicinal properties: Bark: diarrhoea, dysentery; Wood (powdered): emetic, antidote against Opium poisoning; Root-bark: cow-itch Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Bubroma ulmifolia (Lam.) Oken; Guazuma utilis Poepp.; Bubroma guazuma (L.) Willd. Common / Vernacular names:- English: West Indies Elm, Bastard Cedar, Bay Cedar, Pigeon wood; Hindi: Khota rudraksh; Kannada: Kalla rudrakshi Tree Flowers and Fruits: May - August Medicinal properties: Bark: tonic, demulcent, elephantiasis, skin diseases; Fruits: stomach disorders; Seeds (roasted): astringent


Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - August


Helicteres isora L. Helicteres grewiaefolia DC.; Helicteres roxburghii G. Don Common / Vernacular names:- English: East-Indian screw tree, Nut-leaved screw tree; Hindi: Marod phalli; Kannada: Yedmuri, Kempukaaveri; Sanskrit: Mrigashringa, Avartani, Sindhi Woody shrub Flowers and Fruits: September - February Medicinal properties: Bark: diarrhoea, dysentery, biliousness; Leaves: skin ailments, Fruits: astringent, demulcent, diarrhoea, intestinal worms; Seeds: dysentery, stomach pains; Root: stomach complaints, diabetes, snake bites, rabies; Bark and root: astringent, expectorant, demulcent, scabies Heritiera littoralis Aiton Amygdalus litoralis (Dryand.) Kuntze; Samadera littoralis (Dryander) Oken Common / Vernacular names:- English: Looking glass Mangrove; Hindi: Sundari; Kannada: Kannadaka yele mara Littoral, mangrove tree Flowers and Fruits: November - December

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Medicinal properties: Fruits: tonic, stomachic; Seeds: edible, diarrhoea, dysentery Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Hibiscus boryanus DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: China rose, Chinese Hibiscus; Hindi: Gurhal; Kannada: Dasvaala


Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: emollient, anodyne, laxative; Flowers: emollinet, aphrodisiac, fever, skin diseases; Root: gonorrhoea Kydia calycina Roxb. Kydia fraterna Roxb.; Kydia roxburghiana Wight Common / Vernacular names:- English: Kydia; Hindi: Bharanga, Potari, Pula, Pulia; Kannada: Bende, Naayi bende mara Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: September - January Medicinal properties: Leaves: body pains, arthritis, lumbago, skin diseases

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Maple-leaved bayur tree, Dinnerplate tree; Hindi: Kanak Champa, Muchkund; Kannada: Muchukunda; Sanskrit: Karnikar, Muchukunda Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - April Medicinal properties: Bark: tonic, disinfectant, intestinal complaints, smallpox; Flowers: tonic, disinfectant, headache, indigestion, dehydration Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa Hibiscus populneus L.; Malvaviscus populneus (L.) Gaertn.; Thespesia macrophylla Blume


Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Dombeya acerifolia (L.) Gaertn.; Pentapetes acerifolia L.; Pterospermadendron acerifolium (L.) Kuntze

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bendy tree, Indian tulip tree, Portia tree; Hindi: Paras papal; Kannada: Arasi,Hulchi,Hoovarasi, Bugari mara; Sanskrit: Parshwapippal Tree Flowers and Fruits: May - August

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, cooling, skin diseases, dysentery, piles, diabetes, healing of wounds; Leaves:inflammation, swelling of joints; Flowers: itching, scabies, skin diseases, hepatic diseases; Seeds: purgative, skin diseases; Root: heart and throat ailments

Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Delek Air tree, Ironwood tree; Hindi: Anjan, Kaya; Kannada: Mundi, Alle, Archara Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: March - July Medicinal properties: Bark: bruises, inflammations; Leaves: astringent, cooling, conjunctivitis, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea; Fruits: astringent; Root: menorrhagia, gonorrhoea


MELASTOMATACEAE


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MELIACEAE Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Melia indica (A.Juss.) Brandis; Melia azadirachta L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Neem, Margosa; Hindi: Neem; Kannada: Bevu mara, Bevina mara; Sanskrit: Pakvakrita, Nimbaka Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - July Medicinal properties: Whole plant: tonic; Stem: astringent, stimulant, stomach worms, ulcers; Bark: malarial fever, skin diseases, ulcers, inflammations; Resin/Gum: proteolytic demulcent, tonic, diarrhoea; Young branches: anthelmintic, cough, asthma, piles, tumours, urinary complaints; Leaves: antihelmintic, antiseptic, antiviral, alexiteric, insecticidal, chickenpox, ophthalmia, biliousness, skin and heart diseases, tuberculosis, measles, healing of wounds, ulcers, ringworm infestation, eczema, piles, jaundice; Leaf-oil: antibacterial and antifungal; Flowers: tonic, purgative, stomach complaints; Fruits and seeds: anthelmintic, purgative, antiseptic, emollient, leprosy, piles, skin and urinary diseases; Seed-oil: antibacterial, antifungal, chronic skin diseases, ulcers, arthritis, leprosy, sprains, diabetes, ear troubles, tooth and gum complaints, asthma; Root: astringent, tonic, sedative, analgesic, epilepsy, hypertension, skin diseases Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. Melia baccifera Roth; Cipadessa fruticosa Blume Vernacular name:- Kannada: Chedubeera, Narsullu, Chitunde, Karbe, Sidigolli


Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: bleeding and swelling of gums; Root (juice): indigestion, cough, cold Melia azedarach L. Melia dubia Cav.; Azedarach fraxinifolia Moench; Melia orientalis M.Roem.; Melia sambucina Blume Common / Vernacular names:- English: Great neem tree, Malabar neem tree; Hindi: Bakain, Kadukhajur; Kannada: Bettada bevu, Hucchu bevu, Turaka bevu; Sanskrit:Arangaka, Mahanimbah Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: January - March

Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Swietenia febrifuga Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian redwood, Bastard Cedar; Hindi: Raktharohan, Rohan; Kannada: Kemmara, Swami mara, Sombi, Somi; Sanskrit: Manasrohini Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - May


Medicinal properties: Leaves, flowers, fruits and root-bark: alexipharmic, deobstruent; Leaves: astringent, anthelmintic, antilitic, diuretic, stomachic; Leaves and flowers: headaches; Flowers: skin diseases, killing of lice; Seeds: rheumatism; Seed-oil: antibacterial, antifungal, skin diseases

Medicinal properties: Bark: tonic, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhage, cold, cough, intermittent fever including malarial fever, vaginal infections, rheumatic swellings; Leaves (powdered): lactation Toona ciliata M.Roem. Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler; Swietenia toona (Roxb. ex Rottler) Stokes; Toona microcarpa (C.DC.) Harms Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian Mahogany, Red Cedar, Toon tree; Hindi: Toon; Kannada: Tundu, Kempu gandagarike mara; Sanskrit: Nandikah, Nandi, Tunna, Kacchapah

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Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: December - February Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, aphrodisiac, tonic, fever, itching, headache, biliousness, scabies, gleet, ulcers

MENISPERMACEAE Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. Menispermum cocculus L.; Anamirta paniculata Colebr.; Cocculus indicus Royle Common / Vernacular names:- English:Crow killer, Fish berry, Indian berry, Levant berry; Hindi: Kaakmari; Kannada: Chippula kaayi, Chippothli; Sanskrit: Dhvankshanakhi, Garalaphala, Kakadani, Kakahva, Kakamari Liana Flowers and Fruits: August - January Medicinal properties: Seeds: anti-lice, pesticide, fish poison




Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. Menispermum hirsutum L.; Cocculus villosus DC.; Menispermum villosum Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Broom creeper, Ink berry; Hindi: Fareed booti; Kannada: Dagadi balli, Kaage maari; Sanskrit: Somavalli, Dirghavalli, Dirghakanda, Ambastha, Mahamula, Sauparni, Garudi, Patalagarudi, Vatsadani Climber Flowers and Fruits: August - March Medicinal properties: Leaves: night blindness, toothache, eczema, gonorrhoea; Root: antipyretic, laxative, chronic rheumatism, veneral diseases Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson Menispermum peltatum Lam.; Cocculus peltatus DC.; Cyclea arnottii Miers Common / Vernacular names:- English: Raj Patha, Pata root; Hindi: Rajpatha; Kannada: Paduvala balli, Phalani; Sanskrit: Bruhat Patha, Ambasthaki, Raj Patha, Bhruhat patha

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Climber Flowers and Fruits: December – January Medicinal properties: Leaves and root: infected wounds, sinuses, skin diseases like erysipelas and pruritus, antidote against snake bites; Root: headache, inflammations, oedema

MORACEAE University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Artocarpus brasiliensis Ortega; Artocarpus maximus Blanco; Artocarpus philippensis Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Jack fruit; Hindi: Kathahal; Kannada: Halsande; Sanskrit: Panasam Tree, with milky latex and exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Leaves: anthelmintic, skin diseases, ulcers, smallpox; Unripe fruits: astringent, carminative, tonic; Ripe fruits: laxative, cooling, biliousness; Seeds: diuretic, aphrodisiac, constipation; Root: diarrhoea

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Banyan tree; Hindi: Bargad; Kannada: Aalada mara, Goli mara Tree, with spreading branches supported by aerial roots (‘prop roots’) Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, tonic, diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, nervous disorders; Leaves: aphrodisiac, cuts and injuries; Latex: toothache, pain in gums, boils and blisters; Aerial roots: diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, syphilitic lesions; Seeds: cooling, tonic; Seeds (crushed) and resin/gum: pains, sores, ulcers, bruises, anodyne, rheumatism, lumbago


Ficus benghalensis L. Urostigma benghalense (L.) Gasp.; Ficus benghalensis var. benghalensis; Ficus procera Salisb.

Ficus racemosa L. Ficus glomerata Roxb.; Ficus lanceolata Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; Ficus leucocarpa (Miq.) Miq. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Cluster Fig, Country Fig, Gular Fig; Hindi: Goolar; Kannada: Rumadi, Atthi mara; Sanskrit: Krmiphalah, Sadaphalah, Jantumati, Udumbara, Jantukaphalah, Gular, Shitavalkah, Audumbara, Brahanvrkisha, Mashakin

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, cleaning wounds, diarrhoea, dysentery, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, haemorrhage, skin and urinary diseases; Latex: piles, diarrhoea, ulcers; Leaves: biliousness, diarrhoea, piles; Fruits: astringent, carminative, haemoptysis, dysentry, diabetes, stomachic, menorrhagia; Bark, fruits and latex: constipation, anaemia, dysentery; Root-sap: diabetes, dysentery Ficus religiosa L. Urostigma religiosum (L.) Gasp.; Ficus caudata Stokes; Ficus peepul Griff. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Peepal tree, Bodhi tree, Sacred Fig; Hindi: Aswatha, Pipal; Kannada: Arali mara, Ashvatha mara; Sanskrit: Ashvattha, Pippala, Bodhivriksha, Plaksha Tree, with characteristic heart-shaped leaves Flowers and Fruits: January - April


Tree, with milky latex Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, cooling, laxative, boils, sores, constipation, cholera, diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentry, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, scabies, nervous, skin and vaginal diseases, ulcers; Leaves: purgative, sores, tootache, skin diseases; Fruits and seeds: laxative, menstrual disorders; Root-bark: astringent, gout, stomatitis, leucorrhoea; Aerial root: atrophy, emaciation Ficus virens Aiton Ficus virens var. wightiana (Miq.) Chithra; Ficus glabella Blume; Ficus timorensis Decne.; Urostigma infectorium Miq.; Urostigma glabellum Miq. Common / Vernacular names:- English: White Fig, Spotted white Fig; Hindi: Pakhad; Kannada: Juvvi, Basari; Sanskrit: Plaska Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - November Medicinal properties: Bark: salivation, leucorrhoea, ulcers Morus alba L. Morus atropurpurea Roxb.; Morus intermedia Perr.; Morus multicaulis Perr.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: White Mulberry, Silkworm Mulberry; Hindi: Shahtoot Tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: purgative, vermifuge; Leaves: diaphoretic, emollient, throat inflammation; Fruits: cooling, laxative, sore throat, dyspepsia; Root: anthelmintic, astrigent


MORINGACEAE Moringa oleifera Lam. Guilandina moringa L.;Hyperanthera moringa (L.) Vahl; Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.; Moringa zeylanica Burmann Common / Vernacular names:- English: Drum-stick tree, Horse-raddish tree; Hindi: Senjana; Kannada: Nugge kaayi Tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: traumatic pains; Leaves: edible, antibacterial, antimalarial, Vitamins A & C, scurvy, catarrhal infection, stomach complaints, healing of wounds; Flowers: tonic, aphrodisiac, diuretic; Fruits:

MUSACEAE Musa × paradisiaca L. Musa × sapientum L. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Plantain, Banana; Hindi: Kela; Kannada: Baale, Baale hannu, Baale gida Tree-like, rhizomatous herb, with large leaves and false trunk Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


edible, liver and spleen diseases, paralysis; Seeds: edible, antipyretic, veneral affections; Seed-oil: rheumatism, gout; Root and root-bark: carminative, stomachic, abortifacient, inflammatory swelligs, asthma, gout, rheumatism, epilepsy, intermittent fever, cardiotonic

Medicinal properties: Leaves: vomiting, diarrhoea, asthma, whooping cough; Flowers: blood related diseases; Fruits: edible, digestion, small-pox, diabetes, nephritis, gout, hypertension; Root/Rhizome: diarrhoea, dysentery

MYRISTICACEAE Myristica malabarica Lam. Palala malabarica Kuntze

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Malabar nutmeg, Mace plant; Hindi: Bambay-jayphal, Van-jayphal; Kannada: Kanage, Doddajajikai, Ramapatre gida; Sanskrit: Asana, Bandhukapushpa, Gostani, Jatiphala

Medicinal properties: Seeds (yellowish aril known as ‘mace’, ‘ramapatre’): spice; Seed-oil: persistent ulcers Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), B1+2c ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)

MYRTACEAE Psidium guajava L. Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze; Syzygium ellipticum K.Schum. & Lauterb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Guava; Hindi: Amrood; Kannada: Seebe hannu, Perale


Tree Flowers and Fruits: January – September


Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, diarrhoea; Leaves: wounds and ulcers, digestive diseases, diarrhoea, vomiting, , rheumatism, epilepsy, toothache; Flowers: cooling, bronchitis, eye sores; Fruits: tonic, laxative, cooling, bleeding gums, diarrhoea, dysentery, urinary disorders; Root-bark: astringent, diarrhoea Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce; Calyptranthes cumini (L.) Pers.; Myrtus cumini L.; Calyptranthes jambolana (Lam.) Willd.; Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian black-berry, Black plum, Jambolan; Hindi: Jamun; Kannada: Nerale Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - September

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, dysentry, sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, thirst, dyspepsia, biliousness, diabetes, diarrhoea, giddiness; Leaves: carminative, diarrhoaea; Fruits: edible, astringent, carminative, diuretic, diabetes, indigestion, chronic diarrhoea; Seeds: diabetes

NELUMBONACEAE Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbium nelumbo (L.) Druce; Nelumbo speciosa Willd. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru

Common / Vernacular names:- English: The Lotus, Sacred Lotus; Hindi: Kamal, Padma, Pundarika; Kannada: Kamala, Thavare; Sanskrit: Ambuj, Kamala, Padma, Pankaja, Sarsija, Sharada Aquatic, rhizomatous herb Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Flower: astringent, cholera; Root/Rhizome: demulcent, diarrhoea, dysentry, relieve strangulations in intestines

OLEACEAE Jasminum arborescens Roxb. Jasminum roxburghianum Wall. ex C.B.Clarke; Jasminum velutinum Kobuski; Jasminum villosum Stokes

Scandent shrub to climbing shrub Flowers and Fruits: January - May Medicinal properties: Leaves: emetic, stomach complaints, tonic, bronchial obstructions; Fruits: tonic Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Nyctanthes multiflora Burm.f.; Jasminum multiflorum var. nicobaricum Thoth.; Jasminum pubescens (Retz.) Willd.; Nyctanthes pubescens Retz. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Star Jasmine, Downy Jasmine; Hindi: Kunda chameli


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Tree Jasmine, Wild Jasmine; Hindi: Bara-kunda, Navamallika, Dhur-malti; Kannada: Kaadu mallige, Mara mallige; Sanskrit: Nagamalli, Navamallika

Shrub Flowers and Fruits: December - May Medicinal properties: Whole plant: emetic; Leaves: indolent ulcers; Flowers: cooling, laxative, digestion, cardiotonic, alexiteric, biliousness, blood diseases; Root: antidote against snake bites (cobra venom) Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Parilium arbor-tristis (L.) Gaertn.; Nyctanthes tristis Salisb.; Nyctanthes dentata Blume

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Tree Flowers and Fruits: October – March Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, expectorant, bronchitis, febrifuge, pregnancy related problems, dysentry, ulcers, internal injuries; Leaves: anthelmintic, expectorant, febrifuge, rheumatism, sciatica; Flowers: cough; Seed: removal of scales or dandruff on scalp, baldness, malaria; Root: emaciation


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Coral Jasmine, Night Queen tree, Night flowering Jasmine tree, Sorrow tree; Hindi: Har singar, Shefali, Paarijat; Kannada: Paarijata; Sanskrit: Paarijat


OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata L. Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze; Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small Common / Vernacular names: English: Creeping sorrel; Hindi: Amul Herb, with characteristic digitately tri-foliate leaves Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: indigestion, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, piles, biliousness; Leaves: edible, rich source of Vitamin C and Calcium, appetizer, antiscorbutic, cooling, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, scurvy, biliousness, eye complaints Averrhoa carambola L. Averrhoa acutangula Stokes; Sarcotheca philippica (Villar) Hallier f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Carambola, Star fruit; Hindi: Karmal Tree Flowers and Fruits: November - March

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Medicinal properties: Leaves: antiscorbutic, chickenpox, ringworm infestation, scabies, headache, vomiting; Flowers: vermicidal; Fruits: laxative, antiscorbutic, febrifuge, dysentery, cooling, piles; Seeds: emetic, lactation, asthma, jaunduce; Root: antidote

PANDANACEAE


Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze Pandanus fascicularis Lam.; Keura odorifera Forssk.; Pandanus odoratissimus L.f.; Pandanus odoratus Salisb.; Pandanus tectorius var. littoralis (Jungh.) Martelli Common / Vernacular names:- English: Kewda, Fragrant screw pine; Hindi: Gagan-dhul, Jambala, Jambul, Keora, Ketaki, Kevara, Pansuka, ushpchamar, Tikshna-gandha; Kannada: Kedege, Ketake, Taale hoovu; Sanskrit:Hanilha, Jambul, Ketaki, Panshuka, Sugandhini Shrub to small tree, trunk with basal prop roots Flowers and Fruits: September - January Medicinal properties: Leaves: alexiteric, aphrodisiac, leprosy, scabies, syphilis, skin diseases, heart and brain ailments; Oil from male spadix (known as ‘Kewda’): stimulant, antispasmodic, rheumatism; Anthers: blood related diseases, headache, earache; Root: medicinal oil Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)

Passiflora edulis Sims Common name:- English: Edible Passion, Passion flower, Passion fruit Climber Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Fruits: edible, diuretic, stimulant, tonic Passiflora foetida L. Dysosmia foetida (L.) M.Roem.; Decaloba obscura (Lindl.) M.Roem.; Passiflora variegata Mill.


PASSIFLORACEAE

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Stinking passion flower; Hindi: Jhumka latha; Kannada: Kukki balli Climber Flowers and Fruits: November - July Medicinal properties: Leaves: dressing of wounds, headache, giddiness, asthma, biliousness; Ripe fruits: emetic (but unripe fruits poisonous)

PHYLLANTHACEAE

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Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Phyllanthus retusus Dennst.; Melanthesa retusa (Dennst.) Kostel.; Sauropus elegantissimus Ridl.

Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: February - September Medicinal properties: Whole plant: astringent, inflammations, blood diseases; Stem: conjunctivitis; Leaves: sores, diarrhoea Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. Phyllanthus vitis-idea (Burm.f.) D.Koenig ex Roxb.; Breynia rhamnoides Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus rhamnoides Willd.; Rhamnus vitis-idaea Burm.f.; Melanthesa rhamnoides Blume Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian snow berry, Mountain coffee bush; Kannada: Kaadu nugge


Common / Vernacular names:- English: Cup saucer plant, Cupped coral berry; Hindi: Kangli; Kannada: Bilisuli


Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: June - August Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent; Leaves: sores, haemorrhage, tonsillitis Bridelia montana (Roxb.) Willd. Clutia montana Roxb.; Bridelia hamiltoniana Wall. ex Müll.Arg. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Blue-druped featherfoil; Kannada: Sidikulige Tree Flowers and Fruits: September - December Medicinal properties: Bark and root: astringent, anthelmintic, bone fractures Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. Phyllanthus retusus Dennst.; Melanthesa retusa (Dennst.) Kostel.; Breynia patens (Roxb.) Rolfe

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Spinous Kino; Hindi: Kaji, Kassi; Kannada: Asana, Gojji, Komanji, Koyamarwa, Mullu hone, Nasinage; Sanskrit: Asana Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: March - September Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, rheumatism, insect stings, abdominal pains, tonic, urinary complaints; Leaves: conjunctivitis; Fruits: laxative, vomiting


Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Clutia stipularis L.; Bridelia scandens (Roxb.) Willd.; Bridelia zollingeri Miq.; Clutia scandens Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Climbing Bridelia; Kannada: Akshathe balli, Bisila balli; Sanskrit: Ghonta Climber Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: cough, fever, asthma, mouth sores; Leaves: jaundice, anaemia

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bushweed, Indian snow berry, White honey shrub; Hindi: Shinar, Ainta; Kannada: Bilchuli, Bilishooli gida, Gudale gida; Sanskrit: Bhuriphali, Panduphali, Shwetakambuja Shrub, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: June - September Medicinal properties: Leaves: worms in sores, dysentery, digestive disorders Phyllanthus emblica L. Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz; Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze; Emblica officinalis Gaertn.


Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus leucopyrus (Willd.) D.Koenig ex Roxb.; Flueggea xerocarpa A.Juss.

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Amla, Indian gooseberry; Hindi: Aonla, Amla; Kannada: Amalaka, Betta nelli, Bettada nelli kaayi; Sanskrit: Amalah, Dhatrika, Shriphali, Manda, Sudha, Tamaka, Amalakah, Brahmavriksh, Akara Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: June - December

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PINACEAE Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Chir Pine, Himalayan Long-leaved Pine; Hindi: Chir Tree, with characteristic conical canopy Medicinal properties: Resin/Gum: stimulant, expectorant, rheumatism, bronchitis, haemorrhage Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent; Leaves: opthalmia; Flowers: aperient; Fruits: Vitamin – C, antipyretic, astringent, cooling, cough, jaundice, diabetes, diuretic, laxative, hyperacidity, leprosy, constipation and in local medicines and used in preparation of ‘ Triphala’ and ‘Chyavanprash’; Seeds: asthma


PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq. Common / Vernacular names:- English: White flowered resin seed tree; Kannada: Bandagoodi, Boogri Tree Flowers and Fruits: December - February Medicinal properties: Bark: antibacterial, antifungal

PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago auriculata Lam. Plumbagidium auriculatum (Lam.) Spach; Plumbago capensis Thunb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Blue-flowered Plumbago, Cape blue leadwort; Hindi: Neel chitrak; Kannada: Neeli Chitramoola Undershrub Flowers and Fruits: December - April

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Medicinal properties: Stem: blackwater fever; Seeds (powdered): tooth decay; Root (powdered): emetic, styptic, headache, removal of warts Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbago scandens L; Plumbago viscosa Blanco Common / Vernacular names:- English: White-flowered Plumbago, Ceylon white leadwort; Hindi: Safed chitrak; Kannada: Chitramulika


Undershrub Flowers and Fruits: December - April Medicinal properties: Root: Appetiser, Anti bacterial and Anticancer properties, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, piles, intermittent fever, leucoderma

POACEAE Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Arundo bambos L.; Bambos arundinacea Retz.; Bambusa orientalis Nees Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bamboo, Green Bamboo; Hindi: Bambu, Hari bhans; Kannada: Hebbidiru, Vamsh; Sanskrit: Vambah, Vamsh Tree, with stoloniferous rhizome Flowers and Fruits: January - August

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Arundo fera Oken; Bambusa auriculata Kurz; Bambusa striata Lodd. ex Lindl.; Bambusa thouarsii Kunth; Oxytenanthera auriculata (Kurz) Prain Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bamboo, Golden bamboo, Striped bamboo, Common bamboo; Hindi: Bambu, Peeli bhans; Kannada: Bidiru


Medicinal properties: Stem: blood purifier, leucoderma, inflammation; Leaves: leucoderma, inflammations, bronchitis, blood purification, biliousness, gonorrhoea, fever; Flowers: earcahe, deafness; Seeds: aphrodisiac, alexiteric, biliousness, blood diseases, tuberculosis, bronchitis, leprosy, jaundice, anaemia, urinary complaints; Root/Rhizome (burnt): ringworm infestation, bleeding gums, joint pains

Shrub to small tree, with stoloniferous rhizome Flowersand Fruits: March - September Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, haemorrhage, nausea, vomiting; Stem (shoots) and root (rhizome): diuretic, diaphoretic, emollient; Leaves: cooling, fever, cough, sore throat Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Digitaria dactylon (L.) Scop.; Panicum dactylon L.; Paspalum dactylon (L.) Lam.; Cynodon linearis Willd.; Cynodon maritimus Kunth;

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Common / Vernacular names:- English:Dhub grass, Dog’s grass, Couch grass; Hindi: Doob, Dobri; Kannada: Garikehullu, Balli garike, Ambate hullu; Sanskrit: Niladurva, Saddala, Ananta

Medicinal properties: Whole plant: astringent, demulcent, diuretic, fertility complaints, dropsy, epilepsy, cooling, ophthalmia, healing of cuts and wounds, diarrhoea, dysentery; Leaves: dropsy, piles, urinary complaints; Root/rhizome: diuretic, urinary disorders, syphilis, piles, gleet Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Andropogon contortus L.; Holcus contortus (L.) Stuck.; Andropogon secundus Griseb.Andropogon hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud.; Heteropogon fertilis B.S.Sun & S.Wang; Heteropogon hirsutus P.Beauv. Common name:- English: Blackspear grass, Bunch spear grass, Twisted beard grass Perennial herb, with stoloniferous rhizome Flowers and Fruits: September - January


Perennial herb, with stoloniferous rhizome Flowers and Fruits: February - September


Medicinal properties: Stem: toothache, fever, emaciation, muscular pains, dysentery; Root/Rhizome: stimulant, diuretic, rheumatism; Oil distilled from awns: asthma

PRIMULACEAE Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. Ardisia tsjeriam-cottam Roem. & Schult; Embelia tsjeriam-cottam var. ferruginea (Wall. ex A.DC.) Harid. & R.R.Rao; Embelia villosa Wall. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Malabar Embelia, Wind-berry; Hindi: Baibrang, Bayabirang, Bhingi; Kannada: Amti, Joladhanna, Vaivaling, Kanthree vilanga, Choladhanna, Maraharive; Sanskrit: Bidanga Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Fruits: antispasmodic, carminative, tapeworm infestation, anaemia, oedema, skin diseases, fever, polyuria, vomiting, fistula; Seeds (powdered): anthelmintic, stomachic; Root-bark: toothache

PUNICACEAE

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Punica granatum L. Punica nana L.; Rhoea punica St.-Lag. Common / Vernacular names:-English: Pomegranate; Hindi: Anaar; Kannada: Dalimbe Tree Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


Medicinal properties: Bark: dysentery; Leaves: conjuctivitis; Flowers: bronchitis; Fruits: cooling, cholera, diarrhoea, dyspepsia; Root-bark: tapeworms, astringent, diarrhoea, dysentry Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 (IUCN, 2015)

PUTRANJIVACEAE Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus.; Nageia putranjiva Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Putranjiva, Lucky bean tree; Hindi: Putijia, Putranjia; Kannada: Putranjivi; Sanskrit: Putranjivah

Medicinal properties: Leaves, fruits and seeds: cold, fever, rheumatism; Leaves: burning sensation, thirst, constipation, filiariasis, abortifacient; Seeds: cold, cough and fever

RHAMNACEAE Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Red creeper; Hindi: Pitti, Kenwti kalibel; Kannada: Haruge, Kanvel; Sanskrit: Raktavalli


Tree, with drooping branches Flowers and Fruits: September - December

Liana Flowers and Fruits: December – February Medicinal properties: Root-bark: carminative, stomachic, tonic, stimulant, dyspepsia, itching, skin irritation Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wild Jujube, Wrinkled jujube; Hindi: Churna, Surna; Kannada: Belahadu, Kanika, Kotta mullu, Mullu hannu

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Shrub to small tree, armed with recurved thorns Flowers and Fruits: February - April

Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Rhamnus xylopyrus Retz. Vernacular names:- Hindi: Katber; Kannada: Chotti, Dodda chotti Tree, with exfoliating bark Flowers and Fruits: August - October Medicinal properties: Bark-oil: fever, cold; Root-bark: bronchial asthma, diarrhoea, aphrodisiac, emetic, carminative, digestive troubles


Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, diarrhoea, tooth infection, mouth ulcers; Flowers: menorrhagia


RUBIACEAE Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston Canthium parviflorum Lam.; Plectronia parviflora (Lam.) Bedd. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Coromandel Canthium, Carray cheddle; Kannada: Kare mullina gida; Sanskrit: Gangeruki, Nagaballa Shrub, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: April - January Medicinal properties: Bark: dysentery; Leaves and fruits: astringent, cough, digestive problems; Root: anthelmintic Coffea arabica L. Coffea laurifolia Salisb.; Coffea sundana Miq.; Coffea vulgaris Moench Common / Vernacular names:- English: Arabian coffee, Mountain coffee; Hindi: Kafi, Kophi; Kannada: Bunna, Kaaphi gida Shrub Flowers and Fruits: March - April

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Medicinal properties: Leaves and seeds: dysentery, cardiac ailments, fever, stomach disorders, vomiting, headache; Ripe seeds (dried): stimulant, diuretic, tonic to nervous system Gardenia gummifera L.f. Genipa gummifera (L.f.) Baill.; Gardenia arborea Roxb.; Gardenia inermis F.Dietr. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Gummy Gardenia, Cambi gum tree; Hindi: Dekamali; Kannada: Bhikki gida, Bukki gida, Chitta biki, Dikemali, Kambipisin, Kalkambi; Sanskrit: Nadihingh


Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - October Medicinal properties: Resin from cut stem: blood purification and in local medicines Conservation Status: Least Concern (LC), ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015) Gardenia latifolia Aiton Gardenia calyculata Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian box-wood, Ceylon boxwood; Hindi: Papda, Papura, Paphar; Kannada: Kambi, Kalkambi, Adavi bike; Sanskrit: Parpataki

Medicinal properties: Bark: antispasmodic, febrifuge; Leaves: reportedly against snake bites Gardenia resinifera Roth Genipa resinifera (Roth) Baill.; Gardenia lucida Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Brilliant Gardenia, Cambi resin, White emetic nut; Hindi: Dekamali; Kannada: Bikki gida, Dikka malli; Sanskrit: Nadihingh Shrub to small tree Flowers and Fruits: April - June


Tree Flowers and Fruits: August - March

Medicinal properties: Resin/Gum from leaf buds, young shoots (known as ‘Cambi’): antispasmodic, expectorant, carminative, diaphoretic, anthelmintic, nervous disorders, diarrhoea, ulcers, skin diseases Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Haldina; Hindi: Karam, Kadami; Kannada: Anavu; Sanskrit: Girikadamb

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Tree Flowers and Fruits: March - June

Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb. Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall.; Cinchona orixensis Roxb.;Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum Wall. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bridal couch tree, Kuthan tree; Hindi: Kala bachnag, Bbhurkur; Kannada: Diddi mara, Doddi mara, Doli mara; Sanskrit: Ugragandha, Bhramarchalli, Bhringah-vriksha Tree Flowers and Fruits: July - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, antiperiodic, febrifuge, tumours, diarrhoea, liver ailments, malarial fever, skin diseases; Wood (powdered): herpes; Root: joint pains, body swelling


Medicinal properties: Bark: antiseptic, biliousness, febrifuge, malarial fever, stomach disorders, worm infestation, vomiting, fever, blood and liver diseases; Root: astringent, dysentery


Ixora coccinea L. Pavetta coccinea (L.) Blume; Ixora arborea Lodd.; Ixora grandiflora Ker Gawl. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Red Ixora, Jungle flame, Flame of the woods; Hindi: Rukmini; Kannada: Kiskara, Kepala Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Stem and leaves: astringent, antiseptic, sedative, skin ailments; Flowers: eye troubles, sores, chronic ulcers, scabies, dermatitis, cholera, dysentery, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea; Root-exudate: sedative, stomachic, fever, gonorrhoea, appetizer, diarrhoea, dysentery; Flowers and root: veneral diseases, fever, thirst, leucorrhoea, dysentery, ulcers Ixora pavetta Andr. Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Small flowered Ixora, White flowered Ixora, Torchwood tree; Hindi: Jilpai, Kota gandhal, Lohajangin, Mashal-ka-jhar; Kannada: Goravi, Koravi, Korgi; Sanskrit: Nemali, Nevali Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - March Medicinal properties: Bark: anaemia, general debility; Flowers: whooping cough; Fruits and root: urinary complaints Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Nauclea parvifolia Roxb.; Stephegyne parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.


Common / Vernacular names:- English: True Kadamb, Krishna Kadamba; Hindi: Kaim, Krishna Kadamb; Kannada: Kadamba mara Tree, with buttressed stem Flowers and Fruits: May - August Medicinal properties: Bark and leaves: eye diseases; Bark and fruits: aphrodisiac, burning sensation, gynaecological disorders, cough, oedema; Bark and seeds: dropsy; Bark and root: fever, muscular pains Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.; Nauclea cadamba Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Kadam; Hindi: Kadamb; Kannada: Kadua valatige

Medicinal properties: Bark: tonic, febrifuge; Leaves: sores, anaemia; Seeds: fever, sunstroke, cholera, dysentry Pavetta indica L. Ixora indica (L.) Baill.; Ixora paniculata Lam.; Pavetta alba Vahl Common / Vernacular names:- English: Hill Pavetta, Indian Pavetta; Hindi: Kankara, Kathachampa; Kannada: Papette gida; Sanskrit: Kakachdi Shrub Flowers and Fruits: August - March


Tree Flowers and Fruits: July - September

Medicinal properties: Bark: visceral obstructions; Leaves: relieving the pains of haemorrhoids and piles; Root: dropsy

RUTACEAE Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Belou marmelos (L.) Lyons; Crateva marmelos L.; Aegle marmelos var. mahurensis Zate Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bilva, Beli, Bengal Quince, Stone apple; Hindi: Bel; Kannada: Bilva, Bilva patre; Sanskrit: Adhararuha, Sivadrumah, Tripatra

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Medicinal properties: Stem: diarrrhoea, dysentry, constipation; Leaves: astringent, digestion, diabetes, convulsions, eye complaints, febrifuge, dropsy, beri-beri, mouth sores; Fruits: astringent, digestion, diarrhoea, dysentry, febrifuge, gonorrhoea, laxative, antibiotic, stomach complaints; Root: fever, heart diseases; Bark and fruits: anti-amoebic, hypoglycaemic; Bark and root: intermittent fever, palpitation Atalantia monophylla DC. Limonia monophylla L.; Atalantia malabarica (Raf.) Yu.Tanaka; Atalantia puberula Miq.; Trichilia spinosa Willd. Common name:- English: Indian Atalantia, Wild lime Tree, armed with spines Flowers and Fruits: December - June Medicinal properties: Seed-oil: rheumatism, paralysis


Tree, with spiny branches Flowers and Fruits: March - April


Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Limonia pentaphylla Retz.; Glycosmis arborea (Roxb.) DC.; Limonia arborea Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Ash sheora; Hindi: Ban nimbu; Kannada: Guroda, Guroda gida, Guru paade, Gunaamani, Kasarna; Sanskrit: Asvasakhotah, Kupiluh Shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Root: antidote against snake bites and in local medicines Limonia acidissima L. Limonia elephantum (Corrêa) Panigrahi; Murraya odorata Blanco Common / Vernacular names:- English: Wood apple; Hindi: Kaith; Kannada: Belada hannu; Sanskrit: Kapitha Tree, armed with thorns Flowers and Fruits: Year Long

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, biliousness; Leaves: astringent, digestive complaints; Oil from leaves: itching; Fruits: tonic, antiscorbutic, astringent, stomachic, stimulant; Fruit-pulp: cooling, sore throat, bites of venomous insects and reptiles; Fruit-pulp and powdered rind: antidote against venomous insect bites Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Bergera koenigii L.


Common / Vernacular names: English: Curry leaf plant; Hindi: Karipatta; Kannada: Gandha bevu, Kari bevu; Sanskrit: Alakavhaya, Chhardighna, Girinimba, Kadarya Tree Flowers and Fruits: Almost Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark: stimulant, skin ailments; Leaves: edible, skin diseases, worm infestation, neurosis, dysentery, febrifuge, hair growth; Root: stimulant, skin ailments, antidote against bites of poisonous animals Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Murraya paniculata var. exotica (L.) C.C.Huang; Murraya exotica L.; Camunium exoticum (L.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Orange Jasmine, Chinese box, Mock/false Orange; Hindi: Kamini, Jungli karipatta; Kannada: Kaadu karibevu

Medicinal properties: Bark: diarrhoea; Leaves: astringent, stimulant, diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy, joint pains; Root-bark: body-ache, diarrhoea; Leaves and root-bark: rheumatism, cough Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Cranzia asiatica (L.) Kuntze; Paullinia asiatica L.; Toddalia aculeata (Sm.) Pers.; Toddalia floribunda Wall. Common / Vernacular names:- English:Wild orange climber, Jungle pepper tree; Hindi: Jangali kalimirch; Kannada: Dodda kaadu menasu; Sanskrit: Dahana, Kancanah, Tiksnaksah


Shrub Flowers: January – March, Fruits: September - November

Straggling shrub, armed with recurved prickles Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Bark and root: diaphoretic, stomach complaints, antipyretic, carminative, tonic; Leaves: bowel pains; Flowers: against wasp stings; Fruits: hyperacidity, fever, headache; Root-bark: tonic, carminative, antiperiodic, diaphoretic, stomachic, antipyretic, malarial fever Walsura trifoliolata (A.Juss.) Harms

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Common name:- English: Walsura; Kannada: Malesagade Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - June Medicinal properties: Bark and fruit-pulp: poisoining of fish

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Gmelina indica Burm.f.; Flacourtia elliptica (Tul.) Warb.; Flacourtia indica var. innocua (Haines) H.O.Saxena & Brahmam; Flacourtia ramontchi L’Hér.; Gmelina javanica Christm. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Flacourtia, Governor’s plum, Batoka plum; Hindi: Bilangada; Kannada: Mulluthare, Miradi; Sanskrit: Shruvavrikksha Shrub, armed with thorns Flowers and Fruits: September - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, diuretic, chest pains, eczema; Leaves: dysentery; Fruits: appetizer, jaundice, enlarged spleen; Root: skin


SALICACEAE


diseases, bilousness, cooling, diuretic, rheumatism, mental and urinary disorders Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Stigmarota jangomas Lour.; Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb. ex Willd. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian plum, Coffee plum, Indian cherry; Hindi: Talispatri, Paniala, Pani amla; Kannada: Chankali, Goraji; Sanskrit: Sruvavrkash, Vikankatah Tree, armed with thorns when young Flowers and Fruits: March - June Medicinal properties: Leaves and fruits: diarrhoea; Leaves (dried): bronchitis; Root: toothache

SANTALACEAE Santalum album L. Sirium myrtifolium L.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sandalwood tree; Hindi: Chandan; Kannada: Agaru gandha, Bhadrasri, Gandadha gida, Chandana, Sreegandha; Sanskrit: Anindita, Arishta-phalam, Bhadrasara, Chandanam Tree, facultative root-parasite when young Flowers: January – March, Fruits: September - November Medicinal properties: Bark: malaria; Heartwood: cooling, sedative, tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, dysentry, expectorant, skin diseases, swellings and ulcers, enlarged spleen, tuberculosis; Heartwood-oil: skin disorders, burning sensation, jaundice, cough; Seeds: skin diseases


Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU), A1d, ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2015)

SAPINDACEAE Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Ornitrophe cobbe Willd.; Rhus cobbe L.; Schmidelia cobbe DC.; Allophylus serrulatus Radlk. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian Allophylus, Tipan; Kannada: Ervaala, Kasaballi, Sidisaale, Thogaratthi, Lavate pannu Shrub or small tree Flowers and Fruits: May - August

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Corindum halicacabum (L.) Medik.; Physalis halicacabum Noronha; Cardiospermum acuminatum Miq.; Cardiospermum inflatum Salisb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Balloon vine, Heart pea, Heart seed; Hindi: Kanphata, Kanphuti, Kapalphod; Kannada: Agni balli, Bekkina toddina balli, Kakara latha; Sanskrit: Bunu-uchchhe, Indravalli, Jyotishmati Annual climber or vine Flowers and Fruits: December - February


Medicinal properties: Bark and leaves: elephantiasis; Leaves: lactation, headache, cold, rheumatic pains; Fruits: edible, tapeworm infestation; Root: astringent, piles, bleeding of nose; Root-bark: diarrhoea, rheumatic pains

Medicinal properties: Whole plant: hair growth, rheumatism, nervous disorders, piles, chronic bronchitis, fever, jaundice, swellings; Leaves: emetic, stimulant, piles, sores, headache; Leaves and root: diuretic, laxative, stomachic; Root: diuretic, diaphoretic, emetic, laxative, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhoea, dysentery Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Ptelea viscosa L.; Dodonaea ovata Dum.Cours.; Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk.

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Hop bush, Hop seed; Hindi: Sanatta, Sinatha; Kannada: Bandaru, Bandarike; Sanskrit: Aliar, Rasna, Sanatta

Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, inflammations; Leaves: healing of wounds, swellings, febrifuge, rheumatism, sprains, bruises, inflammations Sapindus laurifolius Balb. ex DC. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian soap nut, Three-leaved soap nut berry; Hindi:Phenil, Risht, Rishtak; Kannada: Amtala kaayi, Norae kaayi, Togate mara; Sanskrit:Hrishtah, Phenaka, Phenil, Rishtak, Rita, Sarishta Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - December Medicinal properties: Fruits: astringent, anthelmintic, detergent, emetic, tonic, asthma, digestive problems, cholera, paralysis, leprosy; Pulpy-


Tree Flowers and Fruits: January - May


mesocarp: hemicrania, epilepsy; Bark and root: expectorant, demulcent; Bark and leaves: inflammations, arthritis, epilepsy, antidote against snake bites; Fruits and root-bark: fish poison Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Pistacia oleosa Lour. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Ceylon Oak, Macassar-Oil tree, Gum lac tree; Hindi: Kusum; Kannada: Cakota, Chendaalakota, Kendala, Sagade; Sanskrit: Kusumbah Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - May Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, itching, back pain ulcers, inflammations; Seed-oil: acne, rheumatism, body-ache, hair growth; Bark and seed-oil: ulcers, leprosy, skin diseases

SAPOTACEAE

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Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Bassia longifolia J.Koenig ex L.; Bassia villosa Wall. ex G.Don; Illipe malabarorum Gras; Vidoricum longifolium (J.Koenig ex L.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: South-Indian Mahua, Mahua butter tree; Hindi: Mahua; Kannada: Irappe, Ippe, Sanna Ippe Tree, with milky latex Flowers and Fruits: March - June Medicinal properties: Bark: leprosy, healing of wounds; Flowers: cough, biliousness, heart ailments; Fruits: blood diseases


Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia (Roxb.) A.Chev. Madhuca indica J.F.Gmel.; Bassia latifolia Roxb.; Illipe latifolia (Roxb.) F.Muell.; Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J.F.Macbr.; Vidoricum latifolium (Roxb.) Kuntze Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian butter tree; Hindi: Mohwa; Kannada: Ippe mara Tree, with milky latex Flowers and Fruits: February - March Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, emollient, tonic, ulcers, itching, bleeding gums, diabetes, tonsilites, rheumatism; Flowers: edible, cooling, tonic, demulcent, cold, cough, bronchitis, expectorant; Seed-oil (known

Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Achras zapota L.; Sapota achras Mill. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Sapota, Chikoo, Sapodilla plum; Hindi: Chikoo, Sapota; Kannada: Sapota Tree, with milky latex Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Fruit: edible, cooling, stimulant, refreshing drink Mimusops elengi L. Kaukenia elengi (L.) Kuntze; Manilkara parvifolia (R.Br.) Dubard; Mimusops parvifolia R.Br.; Mimusops timorensis Burck


as ‘Mahua’): emollient, laxative, emetic, skin diseases, rheumatism, headache, piles, laxative, constipation; Root: ulcers

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Spanish cherry, Indian Medlar, Asian bulletwood tree; Hindi: Maulsari; Kannada: Ranjal, Renje mara, Pagadi mara, Baaglu mara Tree, with milky latex Flowers and Fruits: May - June

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Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, febrifuge, tonic, gum and tooth diseases, diarrhoea; Flowers: headache, body pains; Fruit-pulp: chronic dysentery; Bark and fruits: diarrhoea, dysentry, fever; Seeds: purgative, constipation

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Pongelion excelsum (Roxb.) Pierre; Ailanthus wightii Tiegh.; Pongelion wightii Tiegh. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Heaven tree, Coromandel ailanto; Hindi: Mahanimb, Maharukh; Kannada: Bende, Doddabevu; Sanskrit: Aralu, Araluka, Araluvrksa Tree Flowers and Fruits: November - April Medicinal properties: Bark: astringent, febrifuge, anthelmintic, antispasdomic, expectorant, asthma, bronchitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepesia, earache, cold, cough


SIMAROUBACEAE


SMILACACEAE Smilax zeylanica L. Smilax ovalifolia var. nervulosa A.DC.; Smilax elliptica R.Br.; Smilax indica Burm.f. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Kumarika; Hindi: Kumarika, Jungli aushbah, Bhitura; Kannada: Kaadu hambu thaavare; Sanskrit: Vanamadhusnahi Climbing shrub, with prickly stems Flowers and Fruits: April - August Medicinal properties: Root/Rhizome: healing of sores, swellings; Root: skin diseases, veneral diseases, nervous and urinary disorders, rheumatism

SOLANACEAE Datura metel L. Datura fastuosa L.; Stramonium fastuosum Moench Common / Vernacular names:- English: Datura, Hairy thorn ‘apple’, Downy thorn ‘apple’, Devil’s trumpet, Sacred thorn apple; Hindi: Dhatura

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Herb Flowers and Fruits: Year Long Medicinal properties: Whole plant: antispasmodic, astringent, germicidal, anodyne, antiseptic, narcotic, sedative; Leaves: painful swellings, earache, scabies; Seeds: tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, alexiteric, emetic, leucoderma, skin diseases, ulcers, bronchitis, jaundice, piles; Seeds and root: antipyretic, antiseptic, diarrhoea


ULMACEAE Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Ulmus integrifolia Roxb. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Jungle cork tree, Indian Elm; Hindi:Chilbil, Kanju, Papri; Kannada: Tapasi mara, Rahu beejada mara; Sanskrit: Chirivilva Tree Flowers and Fruits: October - February Medicinal properties: Bark: rheumatic swellings; Bark and leaves: oedema, diabetes, leprosy, skin diseases, dyspepsia, intestinal disorders, piles; Bark and seeds: ringworm infestation, scabies; Fruit-pulp: menstrual disorders

Common / Vernacular names:- English: Indian charcoal tree, Indian nettle, Oriental nettle, Pigeon wood; Hindi: Gio, Jivan; Kannada: Bende, Gurklu, Kiruhale; Sanskrit: Jivani, Jivanti Tree Flowers and Fruits: February - March Medicinal properties: Bark: muscular pain; Bark, leaves and root: epilepsy; Fruits: edible; Root: diarrhoea, urinary complaints

VERBENACEAE


Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Celtis orientalis L.; Celtis glomerata Hochst.; Celtis guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.; Trema guineensis (Schum. & Thonn.) Ficalho

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Valerianoides jamaicense (L.) Medik.; Stachytarpheta indica var. jamaicensis (L.) Razi; Verbena americana Mill.; Verbena jamaicensis L. Common / Vernacular names:- English:Devil’s coach, Blue porter weed, Blue snake weed, Jamaican vervain; Kannada: Neeli kariyattarani Shrub Flowers and Fruits: October - April

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Medicinal properties: Whole plant: intestinal worms, veneral diseases, ulcers, dropsy, stomach ailments, rheumatic inflammations; Bark: diarrhoea, dysentery; Leaves: cataract, sprains and bruises

Common / Vernacular names:- English:Pink porter weed,Pink snake weed; Kannada: Gulabi kariyattarani Shrub Flowers and Fruits: November - January Medicinal properties: Whole plant: fistula, pustules, tumour; Leaves: healing of wounds and sores, abortifacient, menstrual problems


Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl Valerianoides mutabilis (Jacq.) Kuntze; Verbena mutabilis Jacq.


VIOLACEAE Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. Viola enneasperma L.; Ionidium enneaspermum (L.) Vent.; Hybanthus heterophyllus (Vent.) Baill.; Hybanthus suffruticosus (L.) Baill. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Humpback flower, Spade flower; Hindi: Ratan purush; Kannada: Purusha rathna; Sanskrit: Ratnapurusha Annual herb Flowers and Fruits: July - December Medicinal properties: Whole plant: aphrodisiac, vitality (men), tonic, diuretic, demulcent, asthma, fever, leprosy, tuberculosis, eye complaints; Root: gonorrhoea, urinary infections

VITACEAE Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitis quadrangularis(L.) Wall.; Cissus edulis Dalzell; Cissus tetragona Harv.; Vitis succulenta Galpin

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Common / Vernacular names:- English: Veldt grape, Devil’s back bone, Cactus vine; Hindi: Hadjod, Hadjora, Jungli-angoor; Kannada: Asthi samhaara, Mangaravalli, Mangara balli, Sandu balli; Sanskrit: Asthisamharaka Rambling, succulent shrub Flowers and Fruits: Year Long


Medicinal properties: Whole plant: carminative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, stomachic, gastro-intestinal disorders, menstrual problems, dyspepsia, digestive complaints, piles, asthma, gout, syphilis, veneral diseases, leucorrhoea; Stem: healing of bone fracture, bites of poisonous insects, lactation in cattle; Leaves: stomachic, digestion; Root: piles, abdominal disorders, diarrhoea, dysentery

XANTHORRHOEACEAE Aloe arborescens Mill. Aloe arborea Medik.; Aloe frutescens Salm-Dyck Common name:- English: Krantz Aloe, Candelabra Aloe, Tree Aloe Shrub Flowers and Fruits: January - April

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Aloe barbadensis Mill.; Aloe chinensis Steud. ex Baker; Aloe indica Royle; Aloe perfoliata var. vera L.; Aloe vulgaris Lam. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Medicinal Aloe; Hindi: Gheekhira, Gheekumari; Kannada: Lolesara Herb Flowers and Fruits: September - February Medicinal properties: Sap: cathartic, cooling, laxative, healing of wounds, skin burns, ulcers, eye complaints, liver and spleen ailments, muscular pain, dermatitis and in cosmetics


Medicinal properties: Sap: skin ailments, bites, boils, burns, tonic for liver and digestive complaints

ZINGIBERACEAE Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig Gandasulium coronarium (J.Koenig) Kuntze; Amomum filiforme W.Hunter; Hedychium coronarium var. maximum (Roscoe) Eichler Common / Vernacular names:- English: Common ginger Lily, Butterfly ginger Lily, White flower ginger; Hindi: Dolan champa; Kannada: Suruli Sugandhi

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Medicinal properties: Stem: swellings; Leaves and rhizome: headache, swellings; Flowers: dysuria; Root/Rhizome: febriguge, rheumatism, tonic, oedema Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Amomum zerumbet L.; Zerumbet zingiber T.Lestib.; Zingiber littorale (Valeton) Valeton; Zingiber zerumbet var. littoralis Valeton Common / Vernacular names:- English: Bitter ginger,Shampoo ginger, Pine cone ginger; Hindi: Banadrak, Mahabari-bach, Nar-kachur; Kannada: Agalu shunti, Kallu shunti; Sanskrit: Ahava, Avanti, Karpuraharidra Rhizomatous herb Flowers and Fruits: June - September Medicinal properties: Root/Rhizome: indigestion, severe sprains, toothache, stomach-ache


Rhizomatous herb Flowers and Fruits: September - January


ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Ximenia aegyptiaca L.; Balanites fischeri Mildbr. & Schltr.; Balanites roxburghii Planch. Common / Vernacular names:- English: Desert date, Egyptian Myrobalan, Heglig, Simple-thorned torch tree; Hindi: Hingot, Hingan, Hingan-ka-per, Ingudi, Hingor; Kannada: Ingala, Ingalarade; Sanskrit: Tapasadruma, Angaravrksa, Hinguputra Tree, with thorny branches Flowers and Fruits: March - June Medicinal properties: Bark: anthelmintic, fish poison; Fruits: whooping cough, skin diseases; Seeds: expectorant; Oil from seed-kernel: antibacterial, antifungal, skin diseases; Root: emetic

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