VARIABILITY IN GROWTH CHARACTERS OF ... - BioInfo Publication

1 downloads 0 Views 1MB Size Report
Research Station - Jallowal) at four different stages of growth; ... n Growth Characters of Carrizo Cuttings at Different Stages of Development, International ...
IJAS International Journal of Agriculture S c i e n c e s ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, 0975 Volume 7, Issue 10,2015, pp.-724-726. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217

VARIABILITY IN GROWTH CHARACTERS OF CARRIZO CUTTINGS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT CHAHAL SINGH TANJEET*, SIDHU G.S.1 AND RATTANPAL H.S.2 *PAU,

Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Lesriwal, Jalandhar. Jalandhar School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ludhiana. 2PAU, Department of Fruit Science, Ludhiana. *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] 1PAU,

Received: August 16, 16 2015; Revised: September 06, 2015; Accepted: September 09, 2015 Abstract- An experiment on variability in vegetative and rooting parameters of Carrizo citrange cuttings was conducted at Punjab Agricu Agricultural University (Fruit Research Station - Jallowal) at four different stages of growth; stage I–90 DAP (Days After Planting), stage II–180 180 DAP, stage III III–270 DAP and stage IV–360 DAP. A regular significant increase in length of longest main shoot was recorded with advancement of each stage of growth and it ach achieved the maximum value of 81.11 cm during stage IV. Maximum shoot diameterr to the tune of 1.12 cm was registered during stage IV and was significantly higher than all other stages. Leave number per cutting also showed significant increase with advancement of each development stage. Maximum number of sub-shoots sub shoots to the value of 110.78 was observed during stage IV. The data regarding length of longest sub-shoot shoot failed to exhibit any significant effect on this parameter with maturity advancement from stage II to stage III and stage III to stage IV. Length of longest root was significantly significantly affected by advancement in each stage of development, while number of primary roots exhibited non nonsignificant variation between stage I & stage II and stage II & stage III. Maximum value to the tune of 3.89 g and 2.68 g for fresh weight and dry weigh weight of roots respectively, was recorded during stage IV. Keywords- Citrus, Carrizo citrange, stem cuttings, shoot and root. root Citation: Chahal Singh Tanjeet et al., (2015) Variability inn Growth Characters of Carrizo Cuttings at Different Stages of Development, International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 10,, pp.-724-726. pp. Copyright: Copyright©2015 Chahal Singh Tanjeet et al., This is an open-access access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction Citrus is widely cultivated under diverse climatic conditions over the Indian subcontinent, right from arid and semi-arid arid to humid tropical areas. Under Punjab conditions, citrus is performing excellently and is dominant fruit crop of the region. Out of the total fruit crop area in the state, more than 65 percent is under citrus. Among mong the different groups under this genus, mandarins (Citrus ( reticulate Blanco) are undisputedly the dominant members with kin now cultivation on more than 90 percent of the total area under citrus [1]. Rootstocks in citrus plantation have been used for a long time and their effects on the performance of scion cultivars have been comprehensively studied by number of researchers [2]. They are very important factor for both quality and quantity of survival and production of trees. Rootstock also play vital role in influencing precocity, yield and tree size [3]. Citrus rootstocks have been very well known for their effect on more than 10 quality factors. The fruit and juice quality in citrus is well associated to rootstock effect on plant water retention. Importance Imp of selecting rootstock of superior performance is as important as it is to use selected superior fruit varieties. In India, many citrus varieties and hybrids are successfully used as rootstocks under different environmental conditions. Under Punjab conditions, Rough lemon seedlings are the main rootstock material use for the propagation of major citrus species. It is considered to be the most suitable rootstock for commercial cultivation of kin now mandarin. The dominance of this stock is due to suitable table characters, such as drought tolerance and extensive root system. However, the susceptibility of rough lemon to phytophthora [4] is acting as bottleneck in development of citrus industry of the state. Sensing the requirement of new rootstock suitable for the region, Carrizo citrange was recommended for the cultivation of new mandarin varieties, Daisy Tangerine and W. Murcott. Carrizo citrange is a hybrid between sweet orange and trifoliate

|| Bioinfo Publications ||

orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck X Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.) [5]. It was developed in early nineties by the Department of Agriculture (United States), for producing cold tolerant scion variety [6]. This rootstock has been reported to be tolerant to phytophthora,, [7] and is therefore expected to overcome the problems emerging from this deadly fungus to considerable level. Also, this rootstock has been reported as tolerant to Tristeza virus and plants on it produce good fruit yield of superior quality with low tree volume, leading to high yield efficiency [8]. With exception of those having high calcium level, it is adaptable to varied type of soils. Carrizo citrange is also reported to maintain moderate malondialdehyde content in order to respond salt induced oxidative stress by increasing enzymatic and non nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses proportionally to the extent of stress imposed [9]. With such potential factors associated with th this rootstock, the plantation on it is expected to get boost under Punjab conditions in the coming future. For mass production of improved germplasm within short span of time and for perpetuating the characters of the parent plants in horticultural crops, propagation through stem cuttings is an important method. Further, this method is inexpensive expensive and no special technology is required as in case of micro micropropagation. It can play a vital role when a seed of desirable rootstock is not available in sufficient quantity. It also provides greater uniformity because of absence of variation, which can occur in case of seedlings [10 [10,11] have reported cutting as fast and effective mean of propagation for some citrus cultivars such as Tahiti Lime. Similar technology is used for propagation of citron in Mediterranean countries and ornamental citrus in United States. Cuttings of lemon, limes and citrons are considered to root readily within 4 to 6 week, while trifoliates stocks like citranges and sweet & sour oranges are intermediate, rooting within 6 to 8 weeks; mandarins however may take up to 16 weeks as are

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 10, 2015

724

Variability in Growth Characters of Carrizo Cuttings at Different Stages of Development hardest to root [12]. Not much research has been done on multiplication of Carrizo citrange under North Western India. Various trials on asexual methods of propagation in citrus, like in Citrus jambhiri Lush [13] and in Citrus aurantifolia Swingle [14] have been done but such efforts to explore commercial viability of different methods of multiplication lack in case of Carrizo Citrange. Keeping these aspects in view, an experiment was designed to study changes in vegetative and rootingg characters of Carrizo citrange plants multiplied through hardwood stem cuttings at different stages of growth. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at Fruit Research Station of Punjab Agricultural University, Jallowal, Jalandhar, India Indi (Latitude, 31o 29’ 38” N and Longitude, 75o 37’ 40” E). The station falls under the central fruit zone of Punjab and represent typical sub-tropical tropical climatic conditions with annual average rainfall of 701 mm. The daily mean maximum temperature in Jalandhar Jalandha is 40.75oC and the mean minimum temperature is 5.15°CC [15]. Hardwood cuttings from Carrizo citrange plants were prepared for the trial in the month of February 2013. These cuttings were prepared with average length of 17.76 cm, weight of 14.54 g and thickness kness of 10.97 mm. Care was taken to ensure that shoots were cleanly cut at appropriate angle with a sharp knife without bark splitting. After that these cuttings were planted on raised open beds. The beds were covered with shade net during the summer season. seas The hardwood cuttings were obtained from Carrizo citrange plants of well-maintained

rootstock block established in 2005 at Fruit Research Station, Jallowal Jallowal-Lesriwal. This rootstock block was established by importing plant material from USA. Data on different fferent parameters of vegetative and root growth of the cuttings was recorded at four different stages of growth; stage II–90 DAP (days after planting), stage II–180 DAP, stage III–270 270 DAP and stage IV -360 DAP. Number of main shoots was calculated by counting the shoots emerging from main cutting, while number of sub shoots was calculated by counting those emerging from main shoots. Length of longest main and sub sub-shoots was measured with the help of measuring tape in centimeters. Diameter of main and sub shoot was measured with the help of digital Vernier Caliper and expressed in centimeters, while their fresh and dry weight was calculated in grams. Data of each of the morphological characters were subjected to DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) at P=0.05 to compare the means of variables using SPSS statistical package. Results and Discussion: The data presented in [Table-1] reveals that all the growth stages of cuttings registered non-significant significant variation in producing number of main shoots. The maximum number of main shoots was recorded in stage IV, which was to the tune of 2.56, while the minimum was in stage I registering value of 2.22.

TABLE-1. Effect of different growth stages on vegetative growth of Carrizo citrange cuttings Stage

Number of main shoots

Length of longest main shoots (cm)

Diameter of main shoots (cm)

Stage I

2.22a

14.97d

0.37c

Stage II

2.44a

36.37c

0.60b

Stage III

2.54a

58.67b

Stage IV

2.56a

81.11a

Plate 1 Carrizo cuttings planted on raised beds

Number of sub shoots

Length of longest sub shoots (cm)

Diameter of sub shoots (cm)

5.67c

10.2c

0.25c

28.33c

7.00bc

17.8b

0.31bc

0.77b

44.00b

8.67ab

20.8ab

0.33ab

1.12a

65.67a

10.78a

24.4a

0.40a

13.33d

Plate 2 Sprouted Carrizo cuttings

Significant variation was observed between all the stages of growth in term of length of main shoot. Stage IV registered this parameter to the tune of 81.11 cm, which was highest among all the stages. Stage I, II and III recorded value of 14.97 cm, 36.37 cm m and 58.67 cm respectively. [11] while studying the role of growth regulators on shoot length of lemon cuttings observed variation from 0.77 cm to 5.73 cm after 8 weeks of planting. Data regarding diameter of main shoot reveals significant increase from 0.37 .37 cm to 0.60 cm with advancement of growth from stage I to stage II. Non-significant significant variation was observed between stage II and stage III (0.77 cm). Further advancement of growth to stage IV produced

|| Bioinfo Publications ||

Leaf number/cutti ng

Plate 3 Rooting of Carrizo cuttings

significantly higher diameter of main shoot with valu value of 1.12 cm. Significant increment in main shoot length and diameter during stage IV in comparison to other three stages might be ascribed to significantly better level of root length and number during stage IV, which could have augmented absorption and translocation ranslocation of nutrient content from the soil, which plays active role in various plant metabolic processes. Number of leaves per cutting was found to the tune of 13.33 during stage I, and it significantly increased with advancement of each growing stage. The value of this character rose to 28.33, 44.00 and 65.67 during stage II, III and IV

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 10, 2015

725

Chahal Singh Tanjeet, Sidhu G.S. and Rattanpal H.S. respectively. Significant increase in leave number with advancement of each stage may be attributed to similar trend followed by root vigor, which may have enabled the cutting to absorb higher nutrient content from the soil and thereby producing more leaves. Lemon cuttings with 8-week growth showed leave number variation from 1.33 to 3.67 [11]. Significant increase in leave number with advancement of each maturity stage may be due to attainment of wood maturity of cutting which probably would have enhanced starch and sugar reserve. The data regarding number of sub-shoots revealed that their maximum value of 10.78 was produced during stage IV of growth and it was non-significantly higher than stage III, which produced shoot number of 8.67. Non-significant variation was also observed between stage I & stage II and stage II & stage III. Length of longest sub-shoots during stage I was found to be 10.2 cm, which significantly increased to 17.8 cm with advancement to stage II. However, the increment in length of longest sub-shoot with advancement in stages from II to III (20.8 cm) was found to be non-significant. Similar observation was recorded between stage III and stage IV (24.4 cm) also. Sub-shoot length at stage IV of growth was recorded to be maximum with significant variation with stage I & II. At stage I of growth, cuttings produced diameter of sub-shoots to the value of 0.25 cm followed by 0.31 cm during stage II. However, both theses stages showed non-significant variation with each other. Stage III (0.33 cm) recorded similar relation with stage II, but was significantly higher than stage I. Advancement from stage III to stage IV (0.40 cm) resulted into maximum diameter of sub-shoots, though the variation between both these stages was non-significant. Significant root development in term of length and number during stage IV and subsequently higher mobilization of nutrients from the soil to the plant parts may have resulted into maximum level of sub-shoot length and diameter in same stage. The data presented in [Table-2] reveals that root length at all stages of growth produced significant variation with each other. Minimum level of this parameter, produced during stage I was found to be 8.2 cm. It gradually increased to 12.8 cm and 18.5 cm with growth advancement to stage II and stage III respectively. Maximum root length was observed to be 22.2 cm during stage IV. [16] documented root length of growth regulator treated Carrizo citrange cuttings in the range varying between 3.63 cm and 35.57 cm. Advancement of growth stages may have enhanced hydrolytic activity and subsequently progress in root development. The data regarding number of primary roots showed that advancement of cutting growth from stage I to stage II increased the value of this parameter from 2.67 to 4.00 respectively. However, this variation was found to be non-significant. Similar trend of non-significant variation was observed between stage II and stage III (4.33) but the difference between stage I and stage III was significant. Maximum number of primary roots to the value of 6.19 was registered during stage IV and it was significantly higher than all the other stages of growth. Higher number of primary roots during late stage of growth in hardwood cuttings may be result of larger rooting area provided by the increased growth of cuttings. In the later stages of development, cuttings may have experienced higher endogenous auxin formation and as explained by [17], this could have enhanced the histological features like formation of callus and tissue and differentiation of vascular tissue. [16] during his work on rooting of stem cuttings in citrus observed that Carrizo citrange produced root number per cutting in the range of 0.67 to 4.83. The cuttings in this study were treated with growth regulators. Maximum level of fresh weight (3.89 g) of the roots was recorded during stage IV of growth and was non-significantly higher than that recorded during stage III (3.10 gm) but it showed significant variation with stage I and stage II, which showed value of 1.64 g and 2.36 g respectively. Variation in fresh weight of the roots during growth phases between stage I & stage II and stage II & stage III was found to be at par but increment in this parameter between stage I and stage III was significant. Similar trend was observed in case of dry weight of the roots during stage I (1.04 g) and stage II (1.62 g). Maximum dry weight of roots was found during stage IV (2.68 g) and it was significantly higher than all other three stages. Higher value of fresh and dry weight of roots during late stage of growth may be due to more length and number of primary roots in comparison

|| Bioinfo Publications ||

to early stages. Rooting in cuttings of Carrizo citrange rootstock with root dry weight of 13.7 g has been reported by [18]. From the foregoing discussion, inference can be drawn that hardwood cuttings of Carrizo citrange failed to produce significant variation in number of main shoots during first 360 days of growth. However, length and diameter of main shoots and number of leaves per cutting improved significantly till last stage with advancement of growth phases. Number, length and diameter of sub-shoots showed nonsignificant variation between last two stages of growth. Root length and number of primary roots showed maximum level during final stage of growth and were found significantly higher than rest of the stages. Fresh root weight was at par during last two stages but dry weight was significantly higher during final stage of growth in comparison to rest of the stages.

TABLE-2. Effect of different growth stages on rooting performance of Carrizo citrange cuttings. Stage Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

Length of longest root (cm) 8.2d 12.8c 18.5b 22.2a

Number of primary roots

Fresh weight of roots (g)

2.67c 4.00bc 4.33b 6.19a

1.64c 2.36bc 3.10ab 3.89a

Dry weight of roots (g) 1.04c 1.62bc 1.95b 2.68a

References: [1] Anonymous (2015) Package of Practices for cultivation of fruits, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. [2] Hussain S., Curk F., Anjum M. A., Pailly O. and Tison G. (2013) Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 278-282. [3] Castle W.S. (1995) New Zealand J. Crop and Horticultural Science, 23(4), 383-394. [4] Lacey K (2012) Citrus rootstocks for WA. Farm Note, Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia, Note, 539. [5] Giner M.A.F., Alcaide A, Millo E.P., Forner J.B. (2003) Scientia Horticulturae, 98, 223-232. [6] Anonymous (2004) Troyer and Carrizo citrange. Rootstock fact sheet, Aus citrus: 1-2. [7] Rafael M., (1987) Citrus propagation manual. Miscellaneous Publication Series, No.A2/BB-87-004: 4. [8] Georgiou A. (2000) Scientia Horticulturae, 84, 115-126. [9] Arbona V., Flors V., Jacas J., García-Agustín P. and Gómez-Cadenas A. (2003) Plant & cell physiology, 44(4), 388-394. [10] Hartmann H.T., Kester D.E., Davis Jr. F.T. and Geneve R.L. (1997) Plant propagation, principles and practecies, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersy, USA, 239-385. [11] Thayamini H. S. and Umadevi T. (2011) J. Agric Res., 49(4), 517-524. [12] Ferguson J. and Young M., (1985) Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., 98, 39-42. [13] Kumar R., Kaul M.K., Saxena S.N., Bhargava S. and Singh S. (2012) Progressive Horticulture, 44(1), 101–109. [14] Kumar Raj, Kaul M.K., Saxena S.N., Bhargava S., Singh A.K. and Singh J. (2011) Progressive Horticulture, 43(1), 25 – 29. [15] Kahlon G. S., Rattanpal H.S., Sankhyan S. and Ruhela N. (2010) Performance of some exotic tangerines under the Punjab agro-climate. Proceedings of the National seminar on impact of climate change on fruit crops, PAU, Ludhiana, India. 44-50. [16] Sabbah S. M., (1991) Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., 104, 188-191. [17] Singh K.K., Choudhary T. and Kumar A. (2014) Indian J. Hill Farming, 27(1), 125-131. [18] Rieger M., (1992) J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117(5), 834-840.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 7, Issue 10, 2015

726