VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE A Nordic-Baltic ...

Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology. Report 20

Hukka J., Juuti P., Katko T., Pietilä P., Rautanen S-L. & Vinnari E. (eds.) VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE A Nordic-Baltic Research Training Course supported by NordForsk: TUT, IEEB: 6-11 June, 2005 Tampere, 2005

Hukka J., Juuti P., Katko T., Pietilä P., Rautanen S-L. & Vinnari E. (eds.)

VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE A Nordic-Baltic Research Training Course supported by NordForsk Tampere University of Technology (TUT) Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology (IEEB) 6-11 June, 2005

ISBN 952-15-1427-2 ISSN 1459-3327

VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE A Nordic-Baltic Research Training Course supported by NordForsk Tampere University of Technology (TUT) Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology (IEEB) 6-11 June, 2005 Table of Contents: Foreword........................................................................................4 E-mail addresses of participants....................................................5 Course programme.........................................................................7 Opening remarks..........................................................................10 Session 1: Futures and Water.......................................................11 Presentations and discussion Session 2: Visionary Management of Water..................................33 Presentations and discussion Session 3: Water in Society..........................................................95 Presentations and discussion Session 4: Citizenship and Water...............................................161 Presentations and discussion Session 5: Conclusions & the Way Forward................................173 Group-work and discussion Appendices: I Course evaluation results........................................................180 II Key daily findings by senior lecturers.....................................181 III Key daily findings by course participants..............................182

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VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE A Nordic-Baltic Research Training Course supported by NordForsk Tampere University of Technology (TUT) Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology (IEEB) 6-11 June, 2005

Foreword Jarmo J. Hukka (TUT), Petri Juuti (UTA), Tapio S. Katko (TUT), Pekka E. Pietilä (TUT), Sanna-Leena Rautanen (TUT) & Eija M. Vinnari (TUT). The main objective of this research training course was to enhance the knowledge and understanding of participants concerning water governance in its wider institutional framework covering the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal dimensions. Another aim of the course was to create understanding of the various aspects of water governance in society in a broad sense and to build new bridges between various scientific disciplines and traditions. The course had 38 participants from 12 countries, including 23 doctoral students as well as lecturers and senior experts from various countries. This document is a compilation of the presentations held during the course and their background papers. It also includes the results of two group work assignments, course evaluation and key daily findings of the participants and senior experts. The main findings that arose during the presentations and discussions were the following: • Lack of progress on hygiene, sanitation and water supply is one of the biggest scandals affecting the world’s poor. • Water sector is a complex network of interacting issues. The multidimensional problematique requires multidimensional reform processes and institutions. An option could be transinstitutions, whereby a number of institutions put together as a network may have emergent characteristics which none of the institutions can have alone. • Historical knowledge is needed to be able to avoid past mistakes; futures research is needed to be able to prepare for and influence the future. Connecting historical analysis with futures studies is important in order to understand how past decisions influence potential future development paths. • Proper water governance obviously means that we should continuously and systematically explore alternatives and options – in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legislative aspects. We have to have various types governance systems and “rules of the game” at different levels – from global and transboundary principles to national and regional level, to the level of cities and communities where services are provided and produced, and even down to households and on-site systems. The workshop was supported by a NordForsk grant. This support and the attendance of all the participants are gratefully acknowledged.

In Tampere, in the middle of crystal clear waters, on a rainy day of Friday, 28.8.2005 Editors

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E-MAIL ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS Name Natalia Vaganova Vladimir Andrianov Anastasiya Obraztsova Galina Schelkanova Olga Kovalenko Daina Kliaugaite Inga Kavaliauskaite Ernestas Zaleckas Marika Blumberga Linda Eglite Agnija Skuja Veronica Garcia Marko Keskinen Harri Mäki Agata Depka Illir Rodiqi Eija Vinnari Sanna-Leena Rautanen Patricia Phumpiu Rebhieh Suleiman Maria Gunnarsdottir Subhash Rathnaweera Tomasz Wach

Email [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

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COURSE PROGRAMME DAY 1: MONDAY 6TH JUNE: ORIENTATION 09:00 Bus leaves from the Tampere University of Technology in Hervanta. Bus will be waiting in front of the main building (“by the obelisk”), see map of campus area at http://www.tut.fi/public/yhteystiedot/maps/mapCeng.html 09:15 – 12:00 A study tour to inter-municipal water and wastewater services: Tampere City Waterworks (Rusko) 12:00 – 13:00 Lunch 13:00 – 15:00 Tampere City Wastewater works (Viinikanlahti). 15:00 – 20:00 Social get-together at Kaupinoja sauna on Lake Näsijärvi Welcome: Mr. Reijo Kuivamäki, Managing Director, Tampere Water. Participants: Self-introduction and expectations for the course

DAY 2: TUESDAY 7TH JUNE: FUTURES AND WATER 9:00 – 11:00 Welcome and opening remarks An introduction of Tampere University of Technology, Institute

11:00 – 12:00

12:00 – 13:00 13:00 – 15:00

15:00 – 16:00 16:00 -18:00

for Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, and CADWES Research Team Goals and training methods Coffee break Keynote Lecture: “Sustainable development and future global challenges”, Dr. Jarmo Hukka, Tampere University of Technology Discussion Lunch at students’ restaurant Newton Keynote Lecture: “How to study futures?” Dr. Jeremy Glenn, UN Millennium Development Project Discussion & Coffee break Orientation to recording personal key findings and use of computer room Computer Room FA110: Personal key findings of Day 2

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DAY 3: WEDNESDAY 8TH JUNE: VISIONARY MANAGEMENT OF WATER 9:00 – 11:00 Keynote Lecture: “Introduction to futures research and visionary management” by Dr. Jari Kaivo-oja, Finland Futures Research Center c/o TSEBA Discussion & Coffee break 11:00 – 12:00 Group Work A (guided): Methodologies of futures research: Vision on WSS services for each selected country. Dr. Seppälä & Dr. Hukka 12:00 – 13:00 Lunch at students’ restaurant Newton 13:00 – 14:00 Historical cases of governance of water supply and sanitation: Case 1, Dr. Henry Nygård, Åbo Akademi University Discussion & Coffee break 14:00 – 15:00 Keynote Lecture: “History and water: examples of long-term diversity”, Professor Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku. 15:00 - 16:00 Historical cases of governance of water supply and sanitation: Case 2, Dr. Petri Juuti, University of Tampere Discussion: Seeking convergence between futures and historical research? 16:00 -18:00 Computer Room FA110: Personal key findings of Day 3

DAY 4: THURSDAY 9TH JUNE: WATER IN A SOCIETY 9:00 – 12:00 Case: “Ecological problems of the Baltic Sea”, Prof. Grigory Frumin, Russian State Hydrometeorological University

12:00 – 13:00 13:00 – 14:00 14:00 – 16:00

16:00 -18:00

Case: “Water as a social and political issue in Southern Africa”. Prof. Johannes Haarhoff, University of Johannesburg Discussion & Coffee Break Case: The changing operating environment of water utilities in Kenya by Dr. O. Seppälä, Plancenter Ltd. Lunch at students’ restaurant Newton Selected presentations on doctoral research by course participants. Discussion & Coffee Break Keynote Lecture: “Options for public and private cooperation in water and sanitation services”, Dr. Esteban Castro, University of Oxford Discussion Computer Room FA110: Personal key findings of Day 4

DAY 5: FRIDAY 10TH JUNE: CITIZENSHIP AND WATER 9:00 – 11:00 Keynote Lecture: “Citizenship, water and governance”, Dr. Esteban Castro, University of Oxford Discussion & Coffee Break 11:00 – 12:00 Lunch at students’ restaurant Newton 12:00 – 15:00 Special Session: Doctoral dissertation of Mr. Harri Mattila, Häme Polytechnic: Appropriate management of on-site sanitation, at the Small Auditorium, Festia building. 15:00 – 17:00 Computer Room FA110: Personal key findings of the Day 5

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DAY 6: SATURDAY 11TH JUNE: CONCLUSIONS & THE WAY FORWARD 9:00 – 12:00 Group Work B: “Viable water governance” Coffee break 12:00 – 13:00 Lunch at students’ restaurant Newton 13:00 – 15:00 Group Work B presentations: “Viable water governance” Discussion after each presentation. Coffee break 15:00 – 16:00 Evaluation of the course and closing session.

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Reijo Kuivamäki Managing director, Tampere Water

Viable water governance – opening remarks Water works are usually owned and managed by municipalities in Finland, which is also true here in Tampere. Central and particularly local authorities in Finland control, for example, potable water quality, waste water treatment, utilities’ accounting, consumer protection and occupational safety based on existing legislation. In addition, the press and political decision-makers oversee the proper management of water works. Political decision-makers also naturally follow water sector development and set the policies. Since people are interested in water services due to the general importance of water and its real or perceived environmental impacts, politicians have to take that into consideration to get their votes. The water works is a strategic property for any municipality, because land use planning is strategical planning from their viewpoint. Building of networks is rather expensive especially in the cold climatic conditions of northern Europe such as we have here. Therefore, efficiency of land use determines the cost of water services to a large extent. Distinct changes in the operational environment of water works are also occurring. Municipalities in Finland have a shortage of money because of the increasing need of funding for the welfare and health sector. Therefore, municipalities act more and more like investors rather than mere service producers. Ownership of the water works is the municipality’s own affair. We who work for water utilities must be prepared to discuss their future openly. None of the existing water utility organisations operate optimally. We all have a lot to learn in order to make our well functioning water utilities even more effective in normal conditions and less vulnerable to malfunctions to meet our responsibility toward our communities. By this short introduction I wish you all welcome to Tampere and hope that the week you spend here proves useful and interesting. I also wish that the field visit to the water works and wastewater treatment plant earlier today gave you a good view of the operations of water and wastewater utilities –the system here in Tampere is a combined one as are those of most Finnish cities nowadays.

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Session 1

FUTURES AND WATER

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“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE GLOBAL CHALLENGES” Dr. Jarmo Hukka, Tampere University of Technology

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FUTURES RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES1 By Jerome C. Glenn, directo AC/UNU Millennium Project, www.stateofthefuture.org Futurists distinguish normative forecasting from exploratory forecasting. Normative work is based on norms or values. Hence, normative forecasting addresses the question: what future do we want? What do we want to become? Exploratory forecasting explores what is possible regardless of what is desirable. This general division of futures work into normative and exploratory can be misleading when applied to methodology. Many techniques can be used for both normative and exploratory forecasting. Some tend to be used more for one than the other. Futurists “tools” are often quite flexible and adaptable to specific purposes. No agreement exists on the proper way to organize futures methods,2 although enough experience has accumulated that this should be possible. One simple taxonomy follows below. A Simple Taxonomy of Futures Research Methods Method

Quantitative Qualitative

Agent Modeling Causal Layered Analysis X

Decision Modeling

X

Delphi Techniques

X X X

X

X

X

X X

Environmental Scanning

X

X

Field Anomaly Relaxation

X

X

Futures Wheel

X

X

X

Genius Forecasting, Vision, and Intuition

X

X

X

Interactive Scenarios

X

X

X

Multiple Perspective

X

X

X

Participatory Methods

X

X

Relevance Trees and Morphological Analysis

X

X

Road Mapping Scenarios

X

Simulation-Gaming

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

State of the Future Index

X

X

Structural Analysis

X

X

Systems Modeling

X

Technological Sequence Analysis Text Mining Trend Impact Analysis

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Exploratory X

X

Cross-Impact Analysis

Econometrics and Statistical Modeling

Normative

X

X

X X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X X

This is drawn from Futures Research Methodology version 2.0 CD by Jerome C. Glenn and Theodore J. Gordon published by the American Council for the United Nations University available at: http://www.acunu.org/millennium/FRM-v2.html 2 There are a variety of taxonomies. None of them are completely satisfactory. Michael Marien organizes methods in terms of seven “Ps”: 1) Probable; 2) Possible; 3) Preferable; 4) Present (trends); 5) Past (retrospective); 6) Panoramic (systems); and 7) Participatory. This taxonomy is very instructive about the potential uses of methods, but most methods can be used in most of these categories. Another example is the Nordic Project of Future Studies. The taxonomy offered in this paper for methods also has some shortcomings. One can argue that even quantitative methods use qualitative assumptions, and a qualitative method can use numbers. By the same token, the normative/exploratory dimension refers to the purpose of the technique, which is not intrinsic to the technique itself.

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Techniques can also be used “for” or “with” the client. Futurists can do their work largely independent of those for whom the research is done. They can receive the requirements for a study and return the results. The other methodological tradition involves the client, community, nation, or for whomever the study is done. The assumption of such participatory approaches is that client involvement in their own future is essential for understanding and acting on the results of the study. Forecasts may use one and only one of the methods described in this series, but use of these methods in combination often provides efficiency and makes the forecasts more robust. For example: • Environmental Scanning using Delphi, Text Scanning, and group Participatory Techniques can identify trends; • Future Wheels can show potential consequences of these trends and future events, and improve the understanding of the trends and potential events; • with this better understand of the trends and/or events, they can be used in Cross-Impact Analysis to raise the important questions to be addressed in Scenario Construction; • Scenario assumptions can be tested by Causal Layered Analysis, Multiple Perspectives, GamingSimulations, and Roadmapping; • Trend Impact Analysis (TIA) can be used to provide estimates of the probability of possible future events and these estimates can be obtained through Delphi methods; • Cross impact tables can be included in a Systems Dynamics Model so that the model would reflect the effects of interacting external events; • Scenarios can contain quantitative Time Series estimates of variables important to the future world they depict; and • SOFI used Delphi to identify and weight variables and TIA to find a range of variation of the variable over a ten year time series that comprise the index. Many combinations are possible. Imagine large matrix with all methods in the CD listed down the right column and repeated across the top row. One could explore a new combination by asking in each cell of this matrix: How can the methods in the first column create new and improved uses of the methods listed in the top row of the matrix. A third dimension of the matrix could list new conditions or technologies, such as globalization, nanotechnology, virtual reality, ubiquitous computing, etc. Hence, one cell would pose the question: how could Future Wheels be improved by Delphi in a tele-virtual reality nano-technology environment? In this section, we explore some of the most potent of these combinations. Cross-Impact Analysis requires a large number of judgments about conditional probabilities. These judgments can be provided by experts through the use of Delphi methods, focus groups, interviews, or as Godet describes (1993) in the Toolbox. In addition, genius forecasting or participatory processes might be used if the matrix is small. Finally, the analysts might benefit if s/he has a reference scenario to help guide the conditional probability judgments. Decision Analysis is the analytic study of the validity of contemplated decisions and their intended and unintended consequences. This method usually involves estimation of costs and benefits, consideration of risk and uncertainty, and articulation of a decision principle, such as minimizing downside potential. To the degree that expert judgment is used, Delphi methods may be employed. Estimation of risk and uncertainty may be based on Monte Carlo or other quantitative method of analysis, or judgment. 3 Regression analysis, future wheels, and econometric models can help establish relationships useful in estimating the consequences of decisions. One or more scenarios may be used to define the assumptions on which the analysis is based.

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“Monte Carlo” is the name of a technique that involves random sampling. It is often used in operations research in the analysis of problems that cannot easily be modeled in closed form. In a Monte Carlo simulation, values of independent variables are chosen randomly and the equations in which these variables appear are run to achieve a single result for the dependent variable. The process is repeated many times, perhaps thousands, each with a different set of independent variables and therefore a different resulting dependent variable. The set of results is then considered as representative of the range of potential outcomes. This technique can be used in conjunction with essentially any modeling approach to convert a deterministic, single-value solution into a probabilistic solution.

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Decision Analysis Trees, Roadmaps, and future wheels fall within the general classification of decision analysis. This method involves the construction of branching diagrams that illustrate downstream decision points and other consequences that flow from a currently contemplated decision. Inputs used to construct such diagrams can flow from a single expert assessing alternatives, a group at a meeting, a series of interviews, or a more conventional Delphi. Decision models and structural analysis are multi-attribute models that simulate the decision processes of policymakers, other actors, or consumers in choosing among alternatives that require judgment. If the decision model were designed to simulate a market, the required data could be obtained using conventional market research methods. If the model were designed to simulate a policy choice, interviews with the policymakers themselves or Delphi can be used. The Delphi method is a primary technique for gathering judgments from experts. A Delphi exercise can be enhanced by other methods in several ways: experts can be shown a number of time series in a questionnaire, including forecasts prepared by curve-fitting procedures, and asked to assess, in quantitative terms, how future events might impact on the curves; forecasts presented in these curves can be derived by many different techniques, including regression analysis and simulation modeling; relevance trees and morphological analysis can assist in defining the questions to be asked; genius forecasting can be used to form the initial questionnaire. Econometric models are deterministic and based on statistically established historical relationships. Such models are used not only to produce quantitative forecasts but also to estimate the sensitivity of outcomes to any changes in the variables included in the models. Expert judgment collection methods can be used to obtain estimates of the independent variables used in sensitivity analysis. Scenarios can provide the backdrop for econometric analyses and help ensure the internal self-consistency of external assumptions. If a cross-impact matrix of future events were introduced into an econometric analysis, then, through the use of Monte Carlo methods, the new random selection of independent variables. This process produces a range of results of the dependent variables; in the case of technology sequence analysis, the range of dates at which the intermediate technologies or final system will be available solution could become probabilistic rather than deterministic. To accomplish this, simultaneous equations could be solved a large number of times and the results displayed as a range of possibilities. Further, the outcomes could be tested to determine the sensitivity of the outcome to the probabilities of events and their interactions. Similarly, TIA can be used to create forecasts of external variables used in econometric models. Genius Forecasting benefits from data. Presenting the results of a simulation model or a TIA to an individual who is trying to imagine a desirable future or assess the impacts of a particular series of developments will, hopefully, inform the judgments. Future Wheels can give just enough structure to foucs the mind without preventing free thinking and leaps of insight in genius forcasing, brainstorming, and focus groups. Morphological Analysis and Relevance Trees have been improved through the use of expert input. For example, a researcher can form a tentative morphology and perfect the morphology by asking experts in interviews to change the diagram. Often, an individual can form the top levels of a relevance tree but require expert assistance to complete the lower and more detailed levels of the diagram. When such assistance is required, Delphi’s or interviews are helpful. Participatory methods can use scenarios to great advantage. Imagine showing to a group of people a scenario that depicts the consequences of current policies and then asking if the picture that emerges is desirable. An example of the use of both methods can be found in the Millennium Project’s Science and Technology Management study in which scenarios—generated in part by Delphi rounds--were presented to a global Delphi panel. The scenarios contained blanks, which the participants were invited to complete. Following the scenarios were policy questions such as: “If you believed this scenario was likely, what actions would you take now?” (http://www.acunu.org/millennium/st-scenarios-rd2.html) In a regression analysis, the first step is to “specify” the equation; that is to identify the independent variables to be tested in the regression. This step, of course, can be the subject of environmental scanning, Delphi, genius forecasting, a Futures Wheel, or a series of interviews that explore possible chains of causality.

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Scenarios can be completely qualitative or largely quantitative. Scenarios are usually presented in sets, differing in terms of their initial boundary conditions. Key measures of the success of a scenario are plausibility, internal self-consistency, ability to make the future more real, and utility in planning. When multiple scenarios are involved consistency must exist among the scenarios. There are a number of techniques that help assure plausibility and self-consistency. The use of TIA in conjunction with a scenarios study is particularly powerful. Recall that TIA requires identification of a series of events that can deflect historical trends. Many of these events will affect more than one time series and more than one scenario. Internal self-consistency of a scenario is promoted with the use of TIA since, whenever an event appears in a given scenario, it has the same probability. Crossimpact analyses, while more complex in many ways, can serve the same purpose. The narrative statements often included in a scenario can be given quantitative power if they are derived systematically. Simulation modeling serves this purpose. For example, the Club of Rome’s world model established a completely consistent (instructive, but flawed) scenario that could then be tested for the effects of changes in initial assumptions. Similarly, the Millennium Project used a multi-equation model prepared by International Futures to give quantitative backbone to an otherwise purely qualitative scenario. (See: http://www.acunu.org/millennium/scenarios/explor-s.html, for more information about the model used can be found at: http://www.du.edu/~bhughes/ifs.html) Of course, environmental scanning, and expert judgment, collected through Delphi or other such means, is a usual method of obtaining inputs for a scenario. These inputs might include, for example, the “scenario space” to be employed, principal drivers, the time series to be included, the lists of events that can impact on baseline forecasts, and the policies to be tested in the scenarios. The Millennium Project has also experimented with a computer program for obtaining and accounting for changes in previously prepared scenarios. In this approach a cross impact matrix is created “behind the scenes” to indicate the interaction among statements in the scenario. Then when the user changes an entry the cross impact matrix is brought into play to ask the user how related statements in the scenario might be affected by the change they suggest. Systems Dynamics models are not completely dependent on statistical relationships, but rather are based, at least in part, on perceptions about the relationships that exist among variables in the model. Therefore, the techniques mentioned earlier for collecting expert judgments all apply. Systems Dynamics models are usually deterministic. They can be made probabilistic by linking the elements of the model to prospective events through cross-impact and trend-impact methods. These methods permit the models to show a range of outcomes and provide the ability to accomplish sensitivity testing to identify which of the expected events are important to the outcome. Technology Sequence Analysis begins with establishing a network of sequential and interlocking technological or policy developments. Since such networks involve many facets of expertise, interviews with experts have proven productive. In these interviews, experts are asked not only to perfect the network, but also to provide judgments about the time or costs involved in progressing from one step to another. In addition, relevance trees can help structure the exercise. Trend Impact Analysis adds perceptions to time series forecast about future events that can deflect the trends. The specific judgments required are: specifying the list of events, probabilities of the events vs. time, and impacts of the events, should they occur, on the time series variable under study. All of the techniques mentioned earlier for collecting expert judgment apply here. In addition, while most TIAs have been based on time series methods to establish a “baseline” forecast, the method can use regression analysis or simulation modeling to make this baseline projection.

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FUTURES AND WATER

Another way of organizing and comparing the methods is by areas of use, as shown in the following table: WHEN YOU WANT TO:

USE

Collect judgments

Genius Delphi Futures Wheel Group meetings Interviews

Forecast time series, and other quantitative measures

Econometrics Trend Impact Analysis Regression analysis Structural Analysis

Understand the linkages between events, trends, and actions

System Dynamics Agent Modeling Trend Impact Analysis Cross Impact Analysis Decision Trees Futures Wheel Simulation Modeling Multiple perspective Causal Layered Analysis Field Anomaly Relaxation

Determine a course of action in the presence of uncertainty,

Decision Analysis Road Mapping Technology Sequence Analysis Genius

Portray alternate plausible futures

Scenarios Futures Wheel Simulation Gaming Agent Modeling

Reach an understanding if the future is improving

State of the Future Index

Track changes and assumptions

Environmental scanning Text Mining

Determine system stability

Non linear techniques

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Session 2

VISIONARY MANAGEMENT OF WATER

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“INTRODUCTION TO FUTURES RESEARCH AND VISIONARY MANAGEMENT” by Dr. Jari Kaivo-oja, Finland Futures Research Center c/o TSEBA

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Group Work A (guided) METHODOLOGIES OF FUTURES RESEARCH: VISION ON WSS SERVICES FOR EACH SELECTED COUNTRY Dr. Seppälä & Dr. Hukka

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VISIONARY MANAGEMENT PROCESS, SUB-COMPONENTS, ACTORS, FRAMEWORK Holistic view: PESTE Political, Economical, Social, Technological and Ecological

Global perspective, blocks, developing economies, civilisations

Characteristics of the future knowledge, visionary knowledge

Resources analysis

Where can we go and how?

Learning organisation Strategic management

SWOT -analysis

Who are making the things happen? Driving forces, actors

Where do we decide to go?

Selection of the strategy

Structural analysis, flexibility

Study-making actors vs. other actors

Vision, i.e. a mental image of a desired and focused future

Cooperation vs. competition

Management’s mental image of a desired future

What are the possible worlds?

Navigation marks

Communicating the vision

Values

Risk behaviour Commitment

Who and where are we?

Use of flexibility

Core competences Dismounting Basic beliefs

Organisational structure, processes and context

ACTION PLAN Operations

Follow-up, Navigation marks

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Ernestas Zaleckas Rebhieh Suleiman Subhash Rathnaweera Veronica Garcia

JORDAN BACKGROUND - Situated in the Middle East o Population: 5 million inhabitants, half the population being situated in the capital o Irrigation consumes about 67 % of water resource o Drinking water resources: • 60 % groundwater • 40 % surface water o Treated wastewater has been used for irrigation purposes but is not widely implemented MAIN PROBLEMATIC ISSUES IN WATER SECTOR - Lack of available water resources - Water supply demand deficit - Over-extraction of groundwater aquifer causing quality and quantity degradation - Subsidized water prices VISION Protect the water resources from further degradation and shorten the gap between water demand and water supply GENERAL STRATEGY - Focus on demand management - Encourage and promote the use of treated waste water for agriculture and industrial purposes - Develop legislation for ground water protection - Implement waste recovery practices - Enforce industry and agriculture to reduce the quantity and hazard of their effluents. Efficiency of irrigation system and recycling of industrial wastewater. - Apply economic penalties on polluters - Ensure drinking water quality This has to be implemented in consultation with all stakeholders and affected parties.

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Maria Gunnarsdottir Marko Keskinen Harri Mäki Eija Vinnari

ICELAND GENERAL BRAINSTORMING - water quality management - integration with land use planning - long-term planning for the future - increasing awareness - wastewater treatment needs to be developed into chemical and biological treatment. At the moment, only bigger particles are separated before leading the water into the sea - environmental sustainability - social responsibility VISION In 2015, Iceland will be the safest place in the world to drink water. WSS services will be based on integrated land use and water resources management while incorporating environmental sustainability and social responsibility.” - safest place: water is safe to use for both humans and nature - integrated land use and water resources management: WSS sector is planned in close cooperation with solid waste management, land use and urban planning, taking into account entire catchment areas - environmental sustainability: WSS sector builds on natural water cycle: water is not exploited or overused and wastewater will be returned to nature having at least the same quality than when it was withdrawn. Applying the polluter pays principle and pollution taxes. - Social responsibility: water is a human right so water supply and sanitation services are provided to everyone in a way or another. 25 % of water revenues is given to WSS-related development.

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Inga Kavaliauskaite Daina Kliaugaite Agata Depka Tomasz Wach

POLAND & LITHUANIA VISION To insure more technologically advanced infrastructurally improved water supply and sanitation services for all citizens of Poland and Lithuania. To ensure water 10 times better than EU standards. GOALS - consolidation - infrastructure investment (new, exchange existing with Best Available Technologies – BAT) - raise prices - privatization of water sector - improving water and wastewater monitoring (quality and quantity) - to decrease differences between water supply network and wastewater network/balance water input-output system - common education TOOLS - new people - resources - new technologies (BAT) - EU-funding

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Olga Kovalenko Natalia Vaganova Galina Schelkanova Anastasiya Obratztsova RUSSIA & ESTONIA VISION To achieve good quality of drinking water and good ecological status and recreational value of water bodies. To provide water supplying and canalization services of proper quality for all population in Russia. STRATEGY 1. Changing communal service system 2. Creating new water treatment plants 3. Implementation of new technologies in water services 4. Developing drainage basin management 5. Usage of new technologies and regulations in agriculture to control the quality of runoff 6. Implementing new legislation and taxation for polluters 7. Impact monitoring on water bodies 8. Institutional framework “Good water for everybody!”

Patricia Phumpiu Linda Eglite Agnija Skuja Marika Blumberga

LATVIA In the ten year 2005-2015 Latvia should balance: 1. Provision of water service and monitoring quality for urban and rural areas (including individual housing in rural areas. 2. For sanitation – awareness of new technologies will be already disseminated in rural areas 3. Investment is implemented according to strategic planning with participatory Board Commission

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HISTORICAL CASES OF GOVERNANCE OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Case 1

A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON WASTE MANAGEMENT Dr. Henry Nygård, Åbo Akademi University My focus: • Why history? • Dominating ideas: ideas that rule? • The public health connection • What is waste? • Recycling: a new idea? • Examples from waste management

During this course you have discussed both history and future, and – of course – the sometimes complex relationship between these two time-related issues. I will in my presentation focus mainly on the historical development of sanitary services. Maybe we could say that my main message is: do not forget history! Learn from history! To be able to understand the present we have to understand the past (P1). One reason why I want to show examples from the past is that I think that too often “lessons learned” are forgotten. The modern world seems so much to be focused on the future – high speed development - that earlier experiences are forgotten – or not analysed or looked at. I will later give you examples on “forgotten experiences”.

”Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” (George Santanya)

History is not important only because it is interesting in a general sense, but also because it helps us understand the background of our complex society and maybe enables us to identify the driving forces behind certain developments. By identifying the dominating ideas we can draw conclusions relevant to our own time. This is also my first issue. I would like to show how human actions are dependent on the ruling ideas of each period of time. My examples are from waste management, but the same type of relationships could be found in other fields of municipal services. I claim that all decisions are bound to unconscious historical knowledge: we are bound to what we have been told, to what we have learned and to what we believe in. Just let us take an example from the present: all of you have probably heard of the ozone layer and about the so called black holes out in the distant space. Do you believe in these? Have you ever seen the ozone layer or a black hole? No? Why then do you believe in these things? Is it because you have a certain basic knowledge of physics – have you made calculations? It is because you have been told about these things by well known scientists? Or have you just read from the newspapers that they are “facts”? Or is it only one sort of “fact” you have grown up with?

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Just reflect on these questions while we go back some 100-150 years (P2).

What did people one hundred or 150 years ago believe in? What were the ideas that steered their thinking? What can they possibly have known? We know that they did not know about germs (bacteriology), nothing about electronics and nothing about gasoline engines. Yet they had to live and to plan and to build. The people of that time had to base their decisions on the knowledge of that time. They had their own thoughts about future as well – just like we do - but their ideas of the future and future development were – I am sure – quite different from ours. Someone more famous than me has said that what you cannot imagine you cannot predict. But, let us now move on to sanitation or public health history, which are the main subjects of this and some of the coming lectures. In historical sciences we often use the word context. Context is generally everything that has an influence on the subject we are studying. In this chart I show some of the factors that in general have had an influence on the development of waste management or public health history. I will discuss some of them here. The first one is urbanisation. By urbanisation we mean the immense and fast growth of cities, which set off in England more than two hundred years ago. In Scandinavia the same transformation took place much later and in Finland the peak of the early urbanisation is normally placed at the end of the 19th century. This transformation of cities not only changed society, but cities were also struck by an immense growth in mortality. Something had to be done. Why did people die? What measures should be taken? What were the best preventive actions? In the 18th century the general belief was that disease was God’s punishment. What could be the preventive action if the disease is God’s punishment? You pray, you go to church or you try to live a Christian life. In the early 19th century experience had shown that disease was something that had to do with dirt and smell. The physicians had learned that more people died in crowded and bad smelling areas than in the countryside or in spacious and clean areas. The dominating theory of disease was the so called miasma theory. Maybe we could simply say that this theory or, as it also was called, anti-contagionism, was a conception where disease was born in dirt, spread trough air and the sign of disease was bad smell. The only effective and best precaution was cleaning up the cities. As dirt and smell were understood as the causes of disease, the preventive actions focused on the ground. The ground and the surroundings should be kept clean and dry. (Why are we cleaning our surroundings today?) The above mentioned formed a scientific basis for the building of sewers and waste management actions. Of course sewers had been built earlier too, but their mission was up till now “non scientific”: just to get rid of the water. Dirt and waste has probably always been removed not to become an obstacle or an aesthetic problem.

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The drainage function of sewers became even more important after von Pettenkofer’s “discovery” or the formulation of the so called ground water theory. Von Pettenkofer claimed that disease had something to do with fluctuations in the ground water level. Later there were other changes in the theories, but I will not go into detail here, I just want to point out that changes in the dominating theories also means – at least in the long run – changes in focus and practises. Later on, physicians learned about germs and bacteriology and you all know what kind of preventive actions are taken today to prevent people from becoming ill.

------------------Now I would like to move on to the practical level and discuss technology. I cannot of course discuss all possible changes in technology, so I have decided to concentrate on what we today call recycling or recovery of waste. But before that I would like to say a few words about waste. What is waste? Maybe you have a brief idea of what waste is, but try to put your ideas on a paper. Write a short sentence with a few words that describe once and for all what waste is. I tell you it is not possible. Waste is a cultural issue, what is understood as waste is bound to the economy, the dominating scientific ideas and the legislation. What we do with waste is also related to tradition. When does waste become waste? When does waste stop being waste? What is considered or interpreted as waste has changed over time. This change is related to the changes we have already talked about. Why is it important to consider the question of what is waste? What is the practical use of knowing how people perceive waste? I would say that the answer is simple: if we understand people we can launch countermeasures to the problems associated with their behaviour, measures that are specially designed to address people in their own language. Let us take an example from the modern world: you want to start a recycling campaign. Emphasizing economic values will probably have a stronger impact on the participation of certain groups than it would have if the emphasis lay on environmental values. As for other groups, the opposite might be true. In my dissertation I claim that in Finland waste was primarily considered as manure or as a fertilizer up to around 1920. The modern conception of waste was not there. ---------------Now some words about the history of recycling. I think that a general view – at least in Finland – is that “modern” waste management has a short history, especially the history of recycling. To most of the practitioners the elder history of waste management means landfills – nothing else. This is of course wrong. It is easy to show that the so called modern recycling ideas have a history that goes back at least one hundred years. During the 1830s the later famous scientist Justus Liebig showed how plants used nutrition from the ground and from the air. This became the scientific basis for fertilizing. This knowledge was also later used by the economic societies to promote the use of city waste as fertilizer. The city waste of the 19th century consisted mostly of animal and human excreta (P3). Quantity of city waste around 1890 (Spoof 1897) Waste category Human excreta Human urine Kitchen waste and sweepings Ash Streetwaste ”Bones, sherds, sand, etc.”

Quantity of waste kg/p/a appr. 34 appr. 425 appr. 89 appr. 15 appr. 45 appr. 128

Dung: Horse Cattle Pig

appr. 6 100 appr. 10 700 appr. 1 200

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The growing population meant growing amounts of waste and sanitary problems. Growing amounts also meant that the market for city waste had to be found at longer distances. The price went down and there were problems “on the market”. From this followed a striving towards upgrading the value of the waste - to make it an even more valuable fertilizer. This was done by building so called poudrette factories. Poudrette is a French word meaning dust, human excreta mixed with some dry material such as peat. The first poudrette factory in Finland was built in 1836 in Helsinki. Later a poudrette factory was built in Turku. In several Scandinavian countries these factories were still working in the post war era. No Finnish factory was in operation at the beginning of the 20th century. (P4, P5)

Industrialisation changed both the physical appearance and the conception of waste. At the end of 19th century the city waste already contained paper, leather products, textiles, porcelain and also metal. Of course nobody can use metal as fertilizer. The interest for city waste amongst the farmers diminished and the cities had to take further action to secure the fertilizer value. This the cities did by introducing source separation schemes. The first source separation schemes in Europe and USA were introduced because of the wish to keep the fertilizing value and the interest amongst the farmers.

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In Finland the first source separation scheme was introduced in Helsinki in 1910 (P6).

Separation plants were introduced already in the 1890s in Budapest (P7, P8).

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In addition to the source separation programs, several cities also planned to build new poudrette factories, like Viipuri (now in Russia) (P9), and Turku in the early 1930s.

The world wars stopped many good programs and we can later see a repetition of the development in the post war era. In the 1950s a Danish composting system was introduced also in Finland and two plants were built. After a few years these plants were closed and at the beginning of the 1990 the waste managers – I am one of them – again “invented” the composting systems, recycling ideas and the source separation scheme. I do not think that anybody even thought of looking back on earlier experiences. The same thing happened with the incineration programs. The first incineration plants were built in England in the 1860s (P10), the first plant on the continent in Hamburg 1893, and the first plants in Scandinavia around 1900. Incineration plants were planned in Finland in the 1930s, but the first plant was built in 1957 and pulled down in the 1980s. Now Helsinki discusses the building of a new plant. Maybe history goes in circles? -----------------

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Who then decides what idea should be the right starting point for preventive action? It is of course those who have the power, but not necessary the political power. At least as important are the dominant professions, their ideals and their place in the hierarchy and the social structure. (Back to P2) From waste management history we learn that as long as waste was seen as primarily a health problem the physicians were those that had the “power” to point at the “right” solution. Later on engineers were given the responsibility for city cleansing operations. This also meant that the waste problems become more technology-related. Waste handling was now more of a technical problem, not a health problem. To me it seems that waste today is a judicial problem or an economical problem, even if the official version is “an environmental problem”. ------------------

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Some examples on the development of transport technology (P11, P12, P13, P14)

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“HISTORY AND WATER: EXAMPLES OF LONG-TERM DIVERSITY” Professor Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku

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Spring water from Riihimäki was delivered by horses and sledges in Helsinki before the pipebound water supply.

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HISTORICAL CASES OF GOVERNANCE OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Case 2 Dr. Petri Juuti, University of Tampere

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Case

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE BALTIC SEA G.T. Frumin, Russian State Hydrometeorological University The drainage basin of the Baltic Sea can be characterized by the following facts: drainage area 1.7*106 km2, population around 85 million. It is the main reason of the sea pollution. The coefficient of anthropogenic pressure on the drainage basin of the Baltic Sea is 3.6. There are many reasons why the Baltic Sea is such a unique aquatic ecosystem: (1) it is a large, (2) very shallow and (3) sheltered inland sea with (4) brackish water, (5) many coastal types, (6) in a cold climate; (7) the catchment area is heavily industrialized, with a large population and subject to intensive land use; (8) the Baltic Sea is also highly productive through intensive fishing; it is (9) sensitive but with (10) great recreation potential; and (11) the present population constitutes a threat to the people, flora and fauna of all countries around it. At the present time, the main ecological problems of the Baltic Sea are eutrophication, chemical pollution, oil spills and sea-dumped chemical weapons. There are 122 hot spots in the basin of the Baltic Sea. The term “Hot Spot” is used for a coastal zone or wetland, if the potential qualities of the area are considered substantial, in terms of biodiversity and landscape qualities or as resources for human exploitation, but are presently in a state of deterioration. Problem of eutrophication. Eutrophication is the process by which an aquatic ecosystem increases its productivity as a result of an increase in the rate of nutrient input. The basic evidence on the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea was discovered earlier than with other marine water areas. However, the reasons of the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and the ratio between natural and anthropogenic components is rather difficult to establish and remain debatable. The natural processes of eutrophication of the sea are of the utmost significance. The reasons of the eutrophication of the open sea have not only scientific but also applied significance. It is controlled by the long-time and large investments of the Baltic countries in nature-conservancy measures. It is highly probable that the anthropogenic load of nutrients plays a major role in the eutrophication of the sea over the long term, while changes in natural factors determine only the background interannual oscillation which strengthens or weakens the anthropogenic effects. Our researches have shown that the most significant factor determining the entry of total phosphorus (QP) and total nitrogen (QN) into the Baltic Sea is the size of the population in the drainage areas of different countries (P). The following equations have been found to be the most significant regressions: lgQP = -2.42 +0.86 lgP

(1)

n = 9 r = 0.91 R2 = 82.5% m = 0.17 Fc = 32.9 lgQN= 1.19 + 0.54 lgP

(2)

2

n = 9 r = 0.79 R = 63.1% m = 0.18 Fc=12.0 The greatest quantity of total phosphorus and total nitrogen enters the Baltic Sea from the territory of Poland, followed by Russia, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Germany. Eutrophication, especially in extreme cases, leads to algal blooms which are often followed by low oxygen levels when the algal material decays. Nutrient loads increase the amounts of algae in the sea. When algae die and sink to the bottom, bacteria decompose the dead algae and in the process consume oxygen. Because of the layered structure, decomposition can, in some places, use all the oxygen at the deeper layer. When there is no oxygen on the sea bottom, the phosphorus bound to the bottom is released and rapid eutrophication results. This process is called inner loading. Harmful and toxic algal blooms have occurred annually in the Baltic Sea in recent years. A chlorophyll a threshold concentration of > 0.5 mg.m-3 results in an algal bloom. It can be reached when water temperature > 160c, there is a daily radiation over 129 W.m-2 and wind < 6 m.s-1 (Larsson et al., 1998). Reducing or stopping eutrophication of the Baltic Sea is theoretically very simple. It is a question of reducing the input of nutrients into sea water. In practice, however, this a very huge and difficult task to perform. If the aim is to restore the sea to the conditions which existed before the bottom ecosystems became severely damaged, the loads must be reduced to levels prevailing at the end of the 1940’s.This means at least a 50% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus. Problem of chemical pollution. HELCOM Recommendation 19/5 defines hazardous substances as follows: “Hazardous substances are substances or groups of substances that are persistent, liable to bioaccumulate and toxic”

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(PBT)”. According to literature data, the residence time of metals in an ecosystem of the Baltic Sea is rather insignificant for lead (7 years), cadmium (6 years) and mercury (6 years) but somewhat longer for zinc (10 years) and very long for copper (27 years). The residence time in an ecosystem of the sea for benzo[a]pyrene is 20 years and for PCBs 35 years. The entry of copper, lead and PCBs exceeds the marine assimilation capacity. That requires an essential decrease in the amount disposed into the sea. Among different types of hydrobionts, the phytoplankton is the most sensitive to polluting substances. In this context we should assess the risk of different substances to phytoplankton. The following mathematical model is useful for that: ln[-ln(l - Risk)] - a + b inC ( 3 ) where risk = potential risk, a and b are coefficients of the model, C is real concentration of a substance acting over time, t. Substances highly toxic to aquatic organisms may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Ecological risks are due to water pollution: Dioxins > Cd > Hg > Cu > Ni > Cr > benzo[a]pyrene > Zn > As > Pb. How are hazardous substances regulated? Various international framework agreements regulate the production and use of environmentally hazardous chemicals. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) requires signatory countries to phase out the production and use of 12 substances (“dirty dozen”). The Helsinki Convention (Recommendation 19/5) sets a target of reducing environmental concentrations of selected substances with potential PBT characteristics to “zero” or to natural background levels by ceasing discharges, emissions and losses of these substances. The European Union Directive on Discharges of Hazardous Chemicals to Waters (76/464/EEC) and the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) seek to control emissions of hazardous substances to waters. The European Union Directive on Bans and Marketing and Use Restrictions (76/769/EEC), and its various amendments, regulate the use of certain hazardous substances that pose unacceptable risks both to human health and to the environment. Problem of emergency situations. Shipping in the Baltic Sea accounts for about 15% the world’s marine traffic, where there are about 2,000 sizeable ships at sea every day. The Baltic Sea presents many difficulties for navigation. Winter storms, poor visibility, narrow channels, ice cover, winding passages with limited depth on one hand, and high-density traffic areas with crossing vessels on the other, can combine to cause problems and result in a high incidence of accidents. According to statistics, there are approximately three major accidents accompanied by oil and petroleum spills in the Baltic sea annually. For example, 17,375 tons of oil entered the sea in 1981. The entry of oil and its components in the sea change the physical, chemical and biological properties of the water and disturb natural biochemical processes. During the process of transformation of oil hydrocarbons, more toxic compounds can be produced. These products of transformation have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties and are rather stable as regards biochemical oxidation. Besides the acute effects of oil spills, such as polluted beaches or mass-stranding of oiled sea birds, also long-term effects of spills from these incidents have been noticed, e.g. locally increased levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in sediments. The victims are mostly sea birds and mammals. Just during the winter of 1995 about 25,000 dead oiled birds were recorded along the coasts of Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. Problem of sea-dumped chemical weapons. The ecological threat posed by more than 300,000 tons of chemical weapons dumped in the seas after the Second World War is one that demands the urgent attention of the international community. The munitions were disposed of in the shallow waters of Northern European seas - where fishing is actively pursued - in close proximity to densely population coastlines, with no consideration for the long-term consequences. The risk of sea-dumped munitions does not meet the eye, but the corrosion of the shells and rounds dumped five decades ago is progressing fast now. It has been concluded that the chemical weapons dumped in the deep waters of the Baltic Sea in the 1940s are not currently a serious threat to the marine ecosystem. Furthermore, research has indicated that any attempts to recover these munitions would more likely cause harm than good (HELCOM, 2003).

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Case

“WATER AS A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ISSUE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA” Prof. Johannes Haarhoff, Department of Civil Engineering Science University of Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA Southern Africa, and South Africa in particular, offers an interesting microcosm of the many and varied dimensions of water management. This varies from the purely technical issues of availability and supply, through the regional aspects of shared water and joint utilisation of water resources, to being a key ingredient of public health and human development. The paper starts by exploring the relative scarcity of water and the natural limits on exploitable water resources. A dependence on the resources of shared resources is demonstrated by consideration of the water transfer schemes between Lesotho and South Africa (partly implemented) and Botswana and Namibia (under consideration only). The evolution of properly coordinated legislation and agreements, to allow the effective sharing of water, is underlined. The paper then moves on to the national priorities of South Africa, triggered by a huge backlog in water supply and sanitation provision and revised development priorities by a new government since 1994. The following items are represented as a cross-section of the numerous actions around water management: • The comprehensive revision of water legislation to allow the state to redirect the water resources to those without previous access • the provision of free water to the poor, with all the practical difficulties and benefits • the eradication of alien vegetation as a water resource protection measure, simultaneously creating jobs and learning opportunities • the prevention of epidemic outbreaks of water-related diseases by providing physical as well as economical access to safe water

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THE CHANGING OPERATING ENVIRONMENT OF WATER UTILITIES IN KENYA Dr. O. Seppälä, Plancenter Ltd.

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Poor governance Fragmentation and unclear stakeholder roles

Inadequate budget allocations

Political interference Inadequate investments

Non-conducive Non policy environment

POLICY POLICY CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS

Concentrated / Centralised

Centralised

Inadequate logistics logistics

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS

Poor (condition of) water infrastructure

Unclear regulatory structure

GOVERNANCE CONSTRAINTS

LEGAL & ADMINLEGAL / ISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS

Corruption Corruption

Inadequate local government capacity

Lack of transparency

Financing mechanisms

FINANCING CONSTRAINTS

Tariff Tariffpolicy policy Poor cost recovery

INADEQUATE SERVICE SERVICE INADEQUATE COVERAGE COVERAGE

Limited LimitedPSP PSP

INADEQUATE INADEQUATE SERVICE LEVEL LEVEL SERVICE

Poor performance /Non Non-viability -viability

Inefficiency Inefficiency

WATER RESOURCE RESOURCES CONSTRAINTS

Poor PoorO&M O&M

Mismanagement (of funds)

Poor incentive systems

Poor financial management Understaffing / Overstaffing

HUMAN RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS

Poor staff discipline

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SELECTED PRESENTATIONS ON DOCTORAL RESEARCH BY COURSE PARTICIPANTS

Marko Keskinen

125

126

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127


Sanna-Leena Rautanen

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129

130

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132

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133

134

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135

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Ilir Rodiqi

137

138

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Rebhieh Suleiman

139

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“PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN WATER AND SANITATION: RESEARCH RESULTS FROM THE PRINWASS PROJECT” Dr. Esteban Castro, Oxford Centre for Water Research Department of International Development (QEH), Oxford “In setting the rules of the game, commercial and financial interests and mind-setshave seemingly prevailed within the international economic institutions. A particular view of the role of government and markets has come to prevail –a view which is not universally accepted within the developed countries, but which is being forced upon the developing countries and the economies in transition.” Joseph E Stiglitz (2002), Globalization and its Discontents, pp. 224-5 Former World Bank Senior Vice President and Chief Economist

“According to Vinod Thomas, the Director of the World Bank’s Brazilian office, when there is a risk that privatization may create a monopoly, it is better to leave the services in State hands. Thomas mentioned Russia, a country that has had one of the worst performances in the social sector in recent years, as an example of privatizations that should have never happened.” Folha de Sao Paulo, 21 September 2003, p. B3

“There was never an actual policy that said you shall privatize everything that moves, but some people interpreted it that way” Michael Klein, World Bank’s Vice President and Network Head of Private Sector Development, 2003

“Can anyone imagine investing hard currency in water projects in countries like the Philippines, Argentina and Bolivia now?” Global Water Intelligence (2004)

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Project Structure First Phase

Second Phase

Analytical Dimensions

Case Studies

D1-3

D5-13

Crosscomparative Analyses D15-21

Third Phase Strategic

Guidelines

Reports

D32

D22-31

Final Report D33

POLICY-INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC-FINANCIAL SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL Socio-demographic Environmental Techno-infrastructural

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145

146

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Institutional Options for Water and Sanitation Services PSP forms OPTION A

OPTION B

OPTION C

OPTION D

Public ownership and operation

Public ownership, private operation

Private ownership, private operation

Community/ user provision

Public enterprise

Government department

Traditional

Corporatized and commercial

With service contract

With management contract

Lease contract

Concession contract

Private (including cooperative) ownership and operation

Source: World Bank (1994)

PRINWASS PSP cases

User or community provision (“selfhelp”)

147

Aguascalientes Buenos Aires Limeira Niterói Lakes Region Tala Town Dar es Salaam

Cochabamba Tucumán Lahti Kangasala Lappavesi and Lapua

Thames River basin

Nyeri

Public ownership and management

Public ownership, in preparation for eventual concession to the private sector

Athens

Public ownership, private concession

Private ownership and management

Mixed ownership, and management

THE CASE STUDIES REGION/ COUNTRY

CASE

POPULATION

WSS OPERATOR

PERIOD OF OPERATION

Nyeri

120,540

NYEWASCO, corporate municipally owned

1998 to date

Tala

22,375

Romane Agencies Ltd., private

1999 to date

City Water Services Ltd., private, (Biwater Plc / JBG Gauff Ingenieure)

2003 to date

RWE-Thames Water, private

1989 to date

EYDAP, mixed entity controlled by the state

As a mixed entity since 1999 to date

AFRICA Kenya Tanzania

Dar es Salaam

2,497,940

England

Thames River basin

12,493,000

Greece

Athens

EUROPE

Finland

3,187,734

Lahti

98,000

LV Lahti Water Ltd.

Over 30 years

Lappavesi[4]

36,000

Lappavesi Ltd. and Lapua Sewerage Ltd., municipal

1972 to date

Kangasala

23,000

Kangasala Municipality Water and Sewerage Ltd

1950s to date

LATIN AMERICA

Argentina

Bolivia

Buenos Aires

11,453,725

AASA, private (Suez - Ondeo)

1993 to date

Tucumán

697.936

ENOHSA, provincial operator

1998 to date

Resistencia (Chaco)

365,637

SAMEEP, provincial operator

1980 to date

Cochabamba

517,024

SEMAPA, municipal operator

1967 to date

Águas de Niterói, private

1999 to date

PROLAGOS, private (EPAL)

1998 to date

Aguas de Limeira (Suez, Ondeo)

1995 to date

CAASA, private (Vivendi - Veolia)

1993 to date

Niterói (Rio de Janeiro) Brazil

Lakes Region (Rio de Janeiro) 403, 418 Limeira (Sao Paulo)

Mexico

Aguascalientes

459,451

403,418

249,046 643,419

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CASE STUDIES BY DURATION OF THE PSP EXPERIENCE TEMPORAL CASE SCALE OF PSP

Mature

Intermediate

Incipient Failed

START DATE

NUMBER OF YEARS

Thames River basin

1989

15

Buenos Aires

1993

11

Aguascalientes

1993

11

Limeira

1995

9

Lakes Region

1998

6

Nyeri

1998

6

Athens

1999

5

Tala

1999

5

Niterói

1999

5

Dar es Salaam

2003

1

Tucumán

1995-97

2

Cochabamba

1999-2000

Less than 1

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Example: the economic-financial dimension Sub-dimensions and indicators for the comparative analysis of the case studies

Case Studies D5-13

Financial sources of the WSS operator Tariff setting criteria Cost structure Profit margins Volumes and targets of the investment flows Key socio-economic impacts

151

Prevailing financial arrangements Finnish cases

Limeira Own resources

Athens

Prolagos

Cochabamba

Buenos Aires

Public resources

State payments and subsidies

Third Party resources

Indebtedness in local and international financial markets

Thames Basin Niterói Aguascalientes Mixed resources

Variable mixes of revenue, public funding and debt

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Infrastructural and environmental dimensions

Production

CONSUMPTION

Distribution reservoirs Main Trunks Pumping stations Macro metering Distribution networks

Domestic Industrial Public

Circulation

Consumption

Sewerage and sewage treatment and disposal

Aquifers Wells Rivers – lakes Raw water storage

DISTRIBUTION

Micro metering

EXTRACTION

Treatment Storage and distribution

Natural sources for intake

Water cycle at the watershed level

SANITATION Sewage collection Sewer trunks Pumping stations Treatment plants Disposal

Private

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CONDITION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE Country Mexico Argentina Bolivia Brazil

Type of Administration Aguascalientes Private Buenos Aires Private City

Condition of Network

Tucumán

Public (provincial)*

Cochabamba

Municipal**

Niterói

Private

Ageing Ageing. Investment for network extension Ageing. No investment made during the private concession No extension or improvement of the network since 1990 Ageing. Investment for network extension

Limeira

Private

Ageing. Investment for network extension

Nyeri

Private

Ageing. Investment for network extension

Tala Dar es Salaam Kangasala Lahti

Private Private Municipal Municipal

Ageing Decaying infrastructure In good condition In good condition

United Kingdom

Thames River basin

Private

Ageing. Despite some important investments the distribution network is deteriorating

Greece

Athens

Mixed

An important development in infrastructure was made in the 1980s. In good condition.

Kenya Tanzania Finland

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The spatial expression of urban inequality

Inner London West

Better living conditions

Most deprived area

Less deprived area

Worse living conditions

London

Poorer area

Buenos Aires

Wealthier area

Wealthier area

Poorer area Poorer area

Poorer area Poorer area

Cochabamba Dar es Salaam, Tucuman

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Session 4

CITIZENSHIP AND WATER

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“Citizenship, water and governance” Dr. Esteban Castro, University of Oxford Plan ◊ Water governance • The meanings of water governance • The historical cycles of governance regimes • The revival of free-market water governance ◊ Water and citizenship ◊ Research examples (WSS) ◊ Changes in policy or a rhetoric of change? ◊ Initiatives: EUWATER and Latin American MNWC

Key points ◊ Struggles over water and water services have become an important component of public life in many developing countries ◊ These struggles reflect • deeper confrontations between rival models of governance and citizenship • the internal contradictions of citizenship (e.g. formal vs substantive citizenship)

Essential water and sanitation Some quantitative parameters: ◊ Human beings need 40-50 litres of water daily to satisfy basic needs (but this varies according to cultural and other characteristics …) ◊ International standards suggest a regime of 100 litres per person per day or 150 litres per household ◊ Only 1 litre of “safe water” per person is needed for drinking daily ◊ The UN Water Decade (1980s) set up the goal of providing 40 litres of water to every person on earth. Despite substantial progress, the goals were not achieved. ◊ Today, the UN has set the much more conservative (some would say realistic) goals of halving the world population without water and sanitation by 2015 (but there is also widespread skepticism about the actual feasibility of achieving these more limited targets) ◊ Inequalities in the access and control of WSS reflect fundamental socio-political contradictions • e.g. between formal and substantive citizenship

The meanings of governance ◊ The notion of “governance” developed first for the study of corporations ◊ Later adopted by political scientists for • acknowledging the changing power balance between key power holders (especially between the traditional nation state and transnational actors such as international organizations, private companies, NGOs, social movements, etc.) • capturing the transition from traditional state monopoly and hierarchical coordination to what some have called “pragmatic pluralism” (e.g. in the field of public service provision) • recognizing that most management regimes (e.g. environmental management) are multi-layered, multisector

Governance: the meaning ◊ Refers to ‘the processes through which collective affairs are managed. Governance involves the articulation of rules of behaviour with respect to the collective affairs of a political community; and of principles for allocating resources among community members’. – Healey –

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◊ The core of governance has to do with determining what ends and values should be chosen and the means by which those ends and values should be pursued, i.e. the direction of the social unit, e.g. society, community or organization. It has to do with shaping and sustaining the arrangements of authority and power within which actors make decisions and frame policies that are binding on individual and collective actors within different territorial bounds (state, county, municipality, etc.) – Hanf and Jansen – ◊ Water governance: the “range of political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage water resources, and the delivery of water services” – Global Water Partnership –

The governance debate ◊ In the mainstream literature, “governance” is presented as the articulation of management regimes and their institutional frameworks: • the classic forms of authority embodied in the state (hierarchical coordination; or, as the critics would prefer it, “command and control”) • private-management (self-organization driven by market competition) • co-operation (the realm of civil society structured on the basis of voluntary or reciprocal action)

“Civil society” … ◊ For instance, in the liberal Anglo-Saxon tradition (“privatism”), it is assumed that • the private sector is inherently dynamic, productive, and dependable • private institutions are intrinsically superior to public institutions for the delivery of goods and services • market efficiency is the appropriate criterion of social performance in virtually al spheres of community activity – Barnekov et. al. (1989) –

The ideal-type model of governance … Caveats of the mainstream notion of governance ◊ Diverging intellectual traditions • e.g. rival notions of ‘civil society’ and ‘citizenship’ ◊ The emergence of original socio-ecological challenges ◊ Expanding citizenship rights; citizen awareness and participation ◊ Responses to the ecological “crisis” (survivalism; “limits”; sustainability) ◊ From “government” to “governance”: the rhetoric of change

Some conceptual clarification ◊ The mainstream use of concepts such as “governance”, “citizenship” or “civil society” assumes a shared understanding ◊ However, the meaning of these concepts is: • historically determined • subject to socio-cultural and political specificities

Conceptual clarification … ◊ For instance, “civil society” or “citizenship” emerged from specific historical processes that took place in developed countries ◊ The empirical reference of these concepts is often weak or altogether absent in many “less developed” countries ◊ Even in “developed countries”, there exist significant differences in the understanding of these concepts between: • rival intellectual and political traditions • different political cultures (e.g. Anglo-Saxon vs. “continental” or European vs. US-American)

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“Civil society” … ◊ The prevailing understanding in the language employed by development organizations, NGOs, practitioners, etc. is that: civil society is the realm of “voluntary action” as opposed to the realms of “competition” (the market) and “hierarchy” (the state)

Water governance ◊ The interrelationship between governance of the social system and sector governance can adopt very different forms: • Sound and efficient water governance can perfectly be achieved in the context of highly authoritarian and undemocratic political systems • And highly democratic and participative models do not guarantee effective water governance (Global Water Partnership, 2003). ◊ The policy consensus around “good governance” practices such as promoting citizen participation is not the result of an empirically proven model ◊ It is derived from a complex array of factors including normative preferences and social struggles for the democratization of decision-making processes

Cross-sector and multilevel governance Water governance is closely linked with overall societal governance The historical cycles of governance regimes ◊ Current water policy debates reflect a long-term struggle between competing intellectual traditions ◊ “Resiliency” of administrative rationalism and scientific expertise as core elements in the governance of water resources and water services (hierarchical – “command and control” models) ◊ Increasing pressures to introduce “economic rationalism” (some would say “chrematistic rationalism”) and dilute the central role played by the state in the water sector ◊ The current situation as part of the recurrent historical shifts between “private” and “public” ◊ Need to analyze the “private” and the “public” as closely intertwined, not merely as “opposed”

Market-centred water governance (WSS) ◊ Private sector participation in WSS developed within the framework of classical free-market liberalism since the late 18th century ◊ Under the free-market model WSS were provided by unregulated private water monopolies in England, France, the US and exported elsewhere, including Brazil, with different degrees of success ◊ The outcome was a proliferation of relatively small private water monopolies, normally operating in the largest and richest urban centres where ¯with rare exceptions¯ they served mainly the wealthiest neighbourhoods and were reluctant to invest in extending the services to the poorer sectors of the population ◊ In Europe and the US this free-market approach was challenged from the outset owing to its negative social and environmental consequences

Reorganizing water governance ◊ Since the mid-nineteenth century the “governance” of water and related services was increasingly organized around the principles that • these and other essential goods and services must be under public control • with strict regulation of private operations • or directly organized and provided by the public sector ◊ These principles were accepted across the political spectrum by the early twentieth century and informed the universalization of essential services after World War II

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◊ Among other, • principles of “market failure” and protection of the “public interest” • principles of social rights (universalization of the basic conditions for “civilized life” (health, education, well being)

“Administrative rationalism” ◊ The development of ever stricter regulation of private water monopolies was intertwined with the growing intervention of national states in the water sector that accelerated after the First World War ◊ States became increasingly involved in the development of basic infrastructure, including roads, ports, dams, canals, public utilities (water, electricity, telecommunications), and provision of collective consumption goods ◊ States and municipalities took over most private concessions and assumed the development of WSS ◊ Consolidation of the tradition of “administrative rationalism” (Dryzek) (or, as its critics would prefer, “command and control”)

Neoliberal water policy reforms ◊ Since the 1980s, revival of free-market (neoliberal) principles • reforms seeking to change the governance regime in the water sector ◊ The main goals of the neoliberal reforms: • Changing the status of water from public to private good - Canceling the notion that WSS are a social right or a public sector duty • Reducing the role of the state to facilitator of private sector activities (little or no regulation, guaranteeing and protecting business sustainability) • Subordinating social and ecological concerns to the requirements of private sector profitability, especially and global financial interests • Reducing the role of citizens to that of consumers (from citizen rights to consumer rights)

Centering governance around market principles ◊ Neoliberal water policy in a nutshell: “Private participation offers enormous potential to improve the efficiency of infrastructure services, extend their delivery to the poor, and relieve pressure on public budgets that have long been the only source of finance. Encouraging more private involvement requires that governments change their role – no longer directly providing infrastructure services but mastering the new business of fostering competition among private providers, regulating where competition is weak, and supporting the private sector generally” (World Bank, 1998, p. 1)

Water: from public to private good ◊ Organizing water governance around market principles • The ambiguities of the 1992 Dublin Declaration’s 4th Principle: - “water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good” (UN, 1992) ◊ A policy outcome of this principle (not a necessary one): • Economists interested in water resources management have long argued the necessity to recognize that water is an economic good and not to treat water as having “unique importance” but as one good among all others. […] If water is an economic good then it should be possible to govern its allocation through the market (Lee and Jouravlev, 1998: 7). Later “value incommensurability” ◊ Example of “moderate economic rationalism” in water-sector governance (all taken from World Bank water specialists): • “the most constructive strategy that any society that wishes to minimize inefficiency and injustice can adopt is to take advantage of the relative strengths of the public and private sectors, and enable them to perform the roles for which it is best suited” (Triche, 1990: 3) • In this line, others have also argued that in addressing problems of both market and non-market failures there is a need to avoid hypothetical solutions and rather look for “alternative institutional arrangements as they would actually work in practice” (Roth, 1987: 7)

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◊ The World Bank’s Private Sector Specialist Penelope Brook Cowen has argued in favour of “unregulated privatization”, “unregulated private monopolies”, and “laissez faire” where “the provision of services is regulated by market forces and economic incentives” to solve the situation of water services in developing countries (Brook Cowen and Cowen, 1998: 22, 28) ◊ Interestingly, this extreme proposal has only been applied in some developing countries in the absence of strong state institutions and skilled labour ◊ In the countries where the deregulation, liberalization, and privatization policies started, like in England and Wales regulation has actually been significantly strengthened after privatization

Contesting free-market water governance ◊ The mainstream notion of governance is being contested in theoretical, political, and practical ways ◊ Formally, “governance” has been presented as a partnership between equals, the private, public, and voluntary (civil society) sectors ◊ In practice, for instance • the transnational private corporations that participate in the most important concessions of water and sanitation services in developing countries are often far more powerful (in financial, technical, and even political terms) than the public or voluntary sectors, which creates a power imbalance and renders the notions of partnership and good governance meaningless • reduction of citizenship and the citizen to passive acceptance; the rethoric of civil society “participation” in practice often means obedience and willingness to accept decisions already taken ◊ Examples from developing countries in a moment …

Citizenship ◊ Rights and duties of citizenship and accepted standards of “civilized life” ◊ The incorporation of individuals into citizen status is part of the long-term integration of human beings into units of socio-political organisation ◊ Although subject to fluctuations, over the long term this process has followed a clear direction towards further integration ◊ However, the process is also characterized by the negation of full access to citizenship to a large number of human beings

Links between citizenship and water Citizenship rights Civil rights (property rights, justice) Political rights (democratic exercise of power) Social rights (civilized standards of well-being) Water specific links Water rights, water equality and justice Democratic water governance, participation Universal access to water and essential sanitation services

Links between citizenship and water … Water and citizenship … ◊ The notion of water for essential human uses as a universal endowment can be traced in different cultures ◊ Water was considered to be a common or public good long before the development of modern western patterns of social organization, and thus, before modern citizenship rights evolved ◊ The 1977 UN Water Conference declared that everyone has “the right to have access to drinking water in quantities and of a quality equal to their basic needs” (UN, 1977) ◊ In 2002 the UN declared that access to water is a human right ◊ Contradictions between the formal enunciation of the right to water as a universal entitlement, and the real practices that render this formal principle meaningless for vast majorities

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The transitions promoted Problems of governance and citizenship in relation to water and sanitation

SOME EXAMPLES FROM RECENT RESEARCH Key problems derived from recent policies ◊ Inequality in the investment flows (inter-regional, intra-regional and sectoral) ◊ Lack of political accountability characterizing concessions ◊ Weakness or complete absence of a proper regulatory system to monitor the performance of the private operators (e.g. privatization, coupled with the dismantling of the public sector, has prompted an institutional crisis due to the withdrawal of crucial information that was previously in the public domain and has become the property of private corporations [Dourojeanni, 1999]) ◊ Ignorance about or indifference towards local cultural, social and political conditions by foreign private operators ◊ Public and private sector corruption ◊ Citizen defencelessness to exercise democratic control over the private operators Participation and accountability ◊ The highly limited civil society participation in the governance of water and sanitation systems has met with different responses: In developed countries • the existence of tighter regulation and higher democratic accountability guarantees the compliance with basic service standards (quality, coverage, affordability, etc.) • citizen involvement takes place mainly through public consultations, pressure groups (e.g. consumer associations, environmental NGOs), and political mediation (e.g. elected local politicians) In less-developed countries • the weakness or even lack of regulation underpins the lack of compliance with service standards and contractual obligations • poor or non-existent democratic accountability accounts for a whole range of “civil society” reactions to actual or perceived grievances caused by public or private operators, including - uncivic actions (destruction of property, kidnapping of water utility employees, etc.) - civil disobedience (non-payment of water bills, road blockages, etc.) - protests (mass mobilizations, popular plebiscites, etc.) - formal complaints (bureaucratic, press denunciations, etc.) Argentina. Pioneer of WSS privatization ◊ In 1995 the water services in the provincial capital of Tucumán were awarded in a 30-year concession to Aguas del Aconquija, a subsidiary of the French company Générale des Eaux ◊ After a succession of events of civil disobedience that included the refusal to pay the water bills by 86% of the users on grounds of excessive tariff increases and poor service quality, the private company decides to abandon the concession (1997) starting a long legal battle ◊ The private company demanded the national government before the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) for a 300 millon dollars compensation ◊ The ICSID ruled against the private operator in 2001 Argentina…Tucuman ◊ The regulatory body ERSACT was created in 1993 prior to the concession (1995) ◊ Its duties did not include the regulation of profit rates, environmental performance, social impact of the tariff on low income users or monopoly behaviour (given the vertical integration of the company) ◊ The body was formally autarchic and was funded with a regulatory fee collected from the service’s revenue; however, the regulator was intervened by the provincial executive on several occasions.

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Argentina … ◊ In Buenos Aires a consortium of private companies headed by the French company Suez was awarded in 1993 a 30-year contract to take over the state-owned Obras Sanitarias de la Nación (OSN) ◊ The concession was awarded by-passing the congress (by special presidential decree) and with no public debate or citizen participation ◊ The original contract was renegotiated several times, also through discretionary presidential decrees, avoiding public debate or citizen consultation Extracted from Azpiazu and Forcinito, 2002 Argentina … ◊ The main regulator ETOSS was created in 1992, and is part of the Department of Water Resources of the federal government ◊ Until important legal reforms in 2002, ETOSS was highly dependent on the federal executive and had very little autonomy vis a vis the private operators (e.g. in a crucial renegotiation carried out in 1997 ETOSS was not even part of the process) ◊ Although in principle the private operator is subject to anti-monopolistic legislation, there is no specific regulation for the concession and there are no restrictions on vertical or horizontal integration, or on conglomeration ◊ The regulatory environment was strengthened since 2001 as a result of changes in the political system, which prompted an ongoing review of the controversial privatization programme implemented in the 1990s Argentina … a counter example ◊ In the province of Chaco, in 1994 the provincial government called a public consultation on the acceptability of introducing PSP in the running of public services, WSS included ◊ The result of the consultation, which was legally binding, took the political establishment by surprise as the voters massively rejected the PSP option and decided to keep public services in public hands ◊ This decision was inscribed in the provincial constitution, which as a result forbade the introduction of PSP in its territory ◊ Unfortunately for Chaco, the democratic decision taken by the citizens was punished by the federal government, which excluded the province from the national funding scheme for WSS infrastructure, as participation in the scheme was conditional on privatizing the water utilities Bolivia ◊ A massive mobilisation of water users in the city of Cochabamba prompted a high-profile political crisis in the country forcing the withdrawal of the entire federal cabinet in April 2000 ◊ The crisis highlighted some of the crucial problems of the prevailing model of private involvement in WSS: • the implementation of technocratic models with complete disregard for the local socio-political and cultural conditions • the perceived illegitimacy of a new Water Law passed in October 1999 (due to the lack of political accountability in the legislative procedures) • the disregard for the long-standing and widespread social and political opposition to the privatisation of the water utility ◊ As a result, Aguas de Tunari, an international water consortium withdrew from the 40-year concession that had been granted only few months earlier ◊ The private operator is demanding the Bolivian government before the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) for a compensation of 30 million dollars Bolivia ◊ The regulator SISAB was supposed to operate both as granting power and regulator of the concession, which attracted much criticism because of the game-keeper/poacher dilemma ◊ The legality of the framework implemented to grant the concession was also questioned from the outset given that the law appointing SISAB was passed in October 1999 but the concession had already been granted in September that year ◊ The concessionaire was granted a monopoly of both water sources and WSS, and the analysis of the process of reform leading to it (1994-99) provides evidence of the lack of independence and low technical/administrative capacity for enforcement of the regulatory institutions ◊ The concession was terminated in March 2000 as a result of public mobilisation against the law and the concession

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Mexico ◊ In Aguascalientes, water and sanitation services were granted in concession to a consortium led by the French company Vivendi in 1993 ◊ Key aspects of the concession: • Application of the cost-recovery principle to water fees, leading to successive tariff increases • Enforcement of disconnection to punish lack of payment by users ◊ In 1994 the company was “rescued” from a financial crisis by a new administration

Mexico ◊ CAPAMA, a public decentralized municipal body created in 1993 for the administration of the concession to the private operator is both the granting power and the main regulator ◊ In 1996 CAPAMA played a central role in the controversial “rescue” of the private operator from financial collapse ◊ CAPAMA was transformed into CCAPAMA during the institutional reform and contract renegotiation of 1996.

Brazil ◊ Lakes Region. The regulator ASEPRJ was constituted in February 1997. ASEPRJ is an autarchic organization with administrative, technical and financial autonomy ( funded by a regulatory fee). It faced shortage of staff to comply with all its duties, intense lobbying from interest groups, and allegations of corruption and mismanagement. Since 2001 the body has been able to establish itself as an increasingly independent and efficient regulator. ◊ Limeira. The former municipal WSS utility SAAE was transformed into regulatory body at the time of the concession (1995). However, from the beginning it had no financial autonomy and was heavily indebted, being unable to effectively monitor the private operator. A contract renegotiation in 2001, which involved a 63 percent increase in the tariff, created a regulatory fee to fund SAAE’s operation. ◊ Niteroi. The regulator EMUSA lacks the technical expertise to monitor the private operator. Moreover, it has no financial autonomy and has very limited decision making power.

Greece (Athens) ◊ The government decided not to create an independent regulator to monitor compliance with contract ◊ The company submits regular performance reports directly to the federal government (MESPPW) ◊ The judicial system is de facto the only institutional jurisdiction with authority over the concession in case of legal disputes, while economic or technical problems are examined by experts appointed ad hoc

Patterns ◊ the development of regulatory structures that accompanies the expansion of PSP has gone counter one of the main arguments put forward to promote PSP in the first place: that PSP would allow the reduction of public sector bureaucracy ◊ The evidence shows that there is an expansion of bureaucratic structures (the case of England and Wales is perhaps the best example), which is reflected in higher costs for the users (regulatory fees become an additional component of the tariff structure)

Patterns … ◊ as a pattern, improvements to the regulatory framework and enhancement of the regulator’s role have taken place belatedly, some times after several years (e.g. Buenos Aires in Argentina and Limeira in Brazil) ◊ These changes have been the result of mounting social and political pressures to establish stricter control over private operators ◊ even then, when regulators seek to assert their autonomy and exercise their monitoring powers, their decisions have been often overruled by the political authorities (the case of ETOSS in Argentina being a paradigmatic example)

The incommensurability of water values ◊ Now we shift the focus from the specific problems arising from the attempt to transform water from public or “social” good into a commodity, to the even more problematic policies oriented at reducing the multi-dimensional values associated with water to a market equivalent

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◊ This is not merely a technical problem –as some experts seem to understand it– that could be solved by carrying out an aggregation of benefits assessment, for instance by applying a survey among the spring’s users to find out their “willingness to pay”, and then use the results to estimate the spring’s market value, or through “stakeholder dialogue” to elicit consensus about paying more for water

The incommensurability of water values ◊ However useful these techniques may be for providing criteria to support difficult policy decisions such as authorizing abstraction rights in endangered aquatic environments, the problem is that the results derived are often interpreted as representing people’s perceptions on a range of dimensions that are irreducible to the market sphere ◊ Different languages of valuation in mutual conflict often reflect far deeper confrontations about the control and distribution –the very “stuff ” of governance– of water resources, a struggle often fought through the deployment of alternative and often irreconcilable value systems

Argentina … value incommensurability ◊ Pre-Columbian indigenous traditions (e.g. in the province of Tucumán and North-western areas sharing the Andean cultural framework) attach symbolic values to water as a source of life, joy, and wealth ◊ Also, like in the rest of Iberoamérica, Argentina inherited a rich water culture informed by Latin, Germanic and Arabic traditions that arrived with the Spanish colonisation, whereby essential water supplies were eminently considered to be a communal good that has priority over private and other uses ◊ In its life as an independent nation since the early nineteenth century, water has been widely conceived as a universal public good, which derives from a long-standing tradition of public-sector provision (in the Federal Capital WSS were universalized in the 1930s) ◊ In the provinces (e.g. Chaco) there is also a strong tradition of organizing WSS through cooperatives and local community systems ◊ There is also a generalized notion that essential WSS should not be disconnected owing to non payment

Bolivia … value incommensurability ◊ There is a divide between the modern Western cultural forms of institutional organization promoted from the state and the indigenous forms of water control and management based on “uses and customs” characteristic of the Andean cultures ◊ The interaction between the two has traditionally taken the form of an ethnically based hegemony –often compounded by strong racism– that discriminates the culture and organizational forms of the indigenous population ◊ The indigenous water systems include collective and individual forms of water rights, specific forms of authority that coexist and overlap with the state institutions, and very dynamic normative frameworks adaptable to changing natural and social conditions (i.e. changes in the availability of water resources, in water needs owing to population growth, migration, etc.) ◊ Symbolic and religious values attached to water are also an important characteristic alongside the material valuation of the resource. It is worth noting that material values are expressed in a diversity of forms, not necessarily in terms of Western-style market valuation systems

England and Wales … value incommensurability ◊ Perhaps it would seem counterintuitive to find in this case strong traditional values far removed from the framework of free-market individualism ◊ but recent studies confirm the persistence of protracted cultural traditions associating water to religious and mystic beliefs and practices that have a strong impact on the behaviour of water users ◊ in some areas of southern England, families continue to bring their new born babies to the river headwaters for ceremonial rites that can be traced back hundred of years ◊ There is also a deep-rooted belief among people that water should not be treated as a commodity but as a community resource, and there exist strong feelings against the 1989 privatization of WSS (in the words of some local residents, “the worst thing that ever happened to us”) ◊ A crucial element in the power balance between the key actors is the capacity of the public and civil society sectors to exercise democratic control (preserve the public interest)

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◊ Historically this has been done through regulation • Different models (e.g. the US regulatory system heavily reliant on the judicial system; the UK model based on negotiation) • Structure regulation; behaviour regulation; standards regulation

Internal contradictions of the model ◊ Formal acknowledgement of the multi-scale and multi-polar character of the governance structure of complex systems ◊ But, actual justification of the pre-eminence of capitalist competition over the other governance realms such as the state or civil society, in the context of a technocratic model of development ◊ Contradictions arising from converting water and sanitation services in private for-profit businesses as the main driver of development in the sector ◊ Imbalance resulting in the weakening of state, local government, and civil society structures ◊ Dwindling or actual lack of capacity on the part of public and civil society actors to exercise democratic control and regulation over the running of public services in most developing countries ◊ The World Bank has recently acknowledged that though publicly-delivered essential services are often marred by problems “it would be wrong to conclude that government should give up and leave everything to the private sector” as “private-sector participation in health, education, and infrastructure is not without problems especially in reaching poor people” (World Bank, 2004) ◊ The same report states that “the only issue that really matters is whether the mechanism that delivers key services strengthens poor people’s ability to monitor and discipline providers, raises their voice in policymaking, and gets them the effective services they need for their families” ◊ This type of mechanism was not envisaged in the actual ways in which neoliberal water policy has been implemented worldwide However, this change in rhetoric raises several important issues worth considering ◊ These declarations come at a time when one of the main pillars of the neoliberal rhetoric has been exposed as flawed: the argument that private investors would provide the bulk of the funding needed to upgrade and expand infrastructure and services, especially to the poor ◊ As candidly stated by one of the bank branches in charge of promoting privatization, “The governments of most countries have put in place monopoly utilities to run urban water supply and sewerage systems. […] The public has become used to this and perceives services of these utilities as a ‘public service’ or even a ‘social good’. However, publicly run utilities in developing countries have been singularly unsuccessful in providing reliable water supply and sanitation services. […] A common reform measure is bringing in the private sector to provide specialized expertise, efficient management and new sources of capital (WSP & PPIAF, 2002 : 8-10). The momentum of neoliberal policies (liberalization, deregulation, privatization) initiated in the 1980s will be difficult to reverse in the short term This is suggested by a number of facts: ◊ Persistence of the model in aid and development programmes ◊ Official water policies (e.g. European Commission’s) ◊ More worryingly, the insistence in less-developed countries that correcting the failures of essential public services, especially for the poorest sectors, requires privatization or similar measures of neoliberal reform ◊ Current developments have to be seen in historical perspective • Public-private cycles • Expansion of the content and scope of “citizenship” and its potential transformation • The increasing awareness about the ecological dimension of emancipation struggles

Looking ahead – Initiatives and “key problems” ◊ How are priorities defined? ◊ Who defines the priorities? ◊ How are these priorities targeted?

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Problems identified in the European Declaration for a New Water Culture http://www.unizar.es/fnca/euwater/ ◊ Break down of the water cycle; degradation of aquatic ecosystems (impacts of large hydraulic infrastructures; pollution; wetland desiccation, etc; ◊ Excessive exploitation and degradation of underground aquifers; ◊ Worsening water quality (specially by diffuse pollution) with dramatic public health impacts, particularly in poor developing countries; ◊ Social conflicts around issues such access to essential water services or the displacement of population by largescale hydraulic schemes, etc.; ◊ Inefficiency and economic irrationality derived from supply side strategies; ◊ Crisis of governance; lack of consensus about principles and ethical values ◊ citizen defencelessness; weakness of democratic systems.

… EDNWC continued ◊ Challenges and proposals On a wider international basis the EU must accept responsibility in making a substantial contribution towards developing the principles of sustainability and democratic, participatory governance of water worldwide. This should be part of a wider effort towards achieving a multi-lateral and democratic world order, and will require the adoption of a serious commitment in the fight against poverty and inequity, which must be done by: ◊ Adapting actions to the realities of each location, fostering the capacity building of local and regional levels of government with active citizen participation; ◊ Conditioning any financial support for major dam projects to the strict fulfilment of the recommendations of the World Commission on Dams; ◊ Promoting an international Public Services Code that will guarantee that the standards of citizens' rights in relation to water are analogous to those we defend in Europe; ◊ Making effective efforts to enhance education about water, as the key driver to promote the much sought cultural change towards a New Water Culture.

… EDNWC continued ◊ Finally, we recognise that there exist wide-ranging positions held by the scientific and technical community, and by the European society at large, regarding the debate on the liberalisation of water services. We believe that, regardless of the water management model adopted: ◊ Essential water services must be granted the status of general public interest to guarantee the priority of human and social citizenship rights over market interests; ◊ Current debates on the liberalisation of water services must be subject to broad-based public debate, with substantive participation of citizens, NGOs, workers' unions, user organizations, and other relevant actors in the decision making and monitoring process; ◊ The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will require that governments and international institutions take urgent decisive action to meet the financial cost involved, as a matter of public duty; ◊ Public and private operators alike must be subject to strict regulation by representative public bodies to ensure transparency and citizen participation; ◊ International financial institutions and the development agencies of the OECD countries should no longer condition the financing of investments by liberalization and privatization. Their efforts should be centred on supporting the public sector to achieve the MDGs, demanding democratization, respect for human rights, transparency, and fighting corruption.

Other initiatives identifying “key problems” ◊ The Meeting for a New Water Culture in Latin America (December 2005, Brazil) • http://www.unizar.es/fnca/america • Main areas: Ecological sustainability; Crisis of conventional management strategies; Essential public services; culture, educación and social mobilization ◊ Among other …

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Session 5

CONCLUSIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD

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Group Work B

“VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE” Patricia Phumpiu Agata Depka Marika Blumberga Eija Vinnari I Water – Principles and Values • Water as a commodity or Water as a social right? • We need to consider: 1) Human Dignity 2) Citizenship -> rights -> duties II We • • •

think about Future without forgetting History – Past to decide our present: Past decisions limit Potential future Development path

III Ideal Water Governance • State – Market – Society in balance • Perfect situation does not exist – different parties – different cultures – different spaces and contexts IV How to arrive at Viable Water Governance? • Social • Economic • Environmental Public participation Centralization/Decentralization Regional and institutional co-operation Strategic planning Multilevel monitoring, control and regulation Education and training Sustainable management Ownership – pricing Policy

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Inga Kavaliauskaite Veronica Garcia Ernestus Zaleckas Olga Kovalenko Galina Shchelkanova VIABLE WATER GOVERNANCE IS SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT THAT HELPS TO SOLVE ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL PROBLEMS OF THE REGION Tools of viable water governance: 1. Define that water is a human right 2. Establish adequate water legislation on the basis of sustainability and common participation 3. Legislation should include lows on: • Water pricing • Water ownership • Human responsibility about water • Encourage efficient use of eater on implementing new technologies + monitoring + control • Environmental education; avoid corruption 4. Transfer part of power from state to local level according cultural traditions of the region 5. Introduce - interdisciplinary - multi-institutional approach in the water question

TO OL S

GOVERNANCE

NATURE SOCIETY

ECONOMY A/459/05/GOVERNANCE

REGION

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Tomasz Wach Rebhieh Suleiman Marko Keskinen Agnijá Skuja Daina Kliaugaité The meanings: - viable – something that can be implemented, realized, and leads to long-term better off situation - water governance – is a process to manage the WR and WSS at different levels (from global-local) in an equal, balanced & integrated manner WSS –> Water governance: Should be environmentally sustainable democratic & socially equal, reliable and affordable… and should be based on integrated-holistic approach - water as human right - set up priorities - future strategies and knowledge management

WATER GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

WATER GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK HORIZONTAL ACRICULTURE INDUSTRY NATURE ENERGY AQUATIC

WSS

RESOURCES

VERTICAL

RECREATION

DIFFERENT WATER USES!

INTEGRATION!

A/459/05/WATER_GOVER

WATER GOVERNENCE • Network relationship between institutions + actors • Horizontal & vertical integration of strategies achieve collective interests • Multidimensional character: political, economic, social, technical, environmental, legislative an cultural • Water governance means different context in different places • It needs political commitment and stewardship at all levels • It is both top-bottom and bottom-top approach Government ↔People

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Anastasiya Obraztsova Natalia Vaganova Vladimir Andrianov Water is very simple chemical substance, main component of living organisms, component of nature, vital economic good, an emotional issue. Water can be a powerful political instrument. Our relation to water: dependence, diversity, complexity, reciprocity, governance and unexpectedness. Now we are really facing to a water crisis! (Water quality, water accessibility, lack of investments, lack of regulations). To go to the sustainable development in the water question, the viable water governance is needed. Water governance: the range of political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage w. resources and the delivery of water services. Past decision limits potential future development path. So correct decisions require attention to the past and scanning of the present. Interrelationship between governance and other spheres can adopt any forms. Privatization of water units is one of the forms of water resources governance (it considered to be the most effective), but it leads to mixed results and polarized debates in society. Basic citizenship rights include rights to water. Key points for presentation: Water for people, water for life!

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Maria Gunnarsdottir Harri Mäki Subash Rathaweera Ilir Rodiqi Premises for Viable Water Governance (VWG) - Water is human right - Sustainable use of water - Public health comes before economical interests What is Viable Water Governance? - Viable water governance is a holistic approach to cover all aspects related to water activities The purpose of VWG - The purpose of VWG is to create a kind of platform that will be used to reach qualitative services and sustainability of water resources The aim of VWG - The aim of VWG is to reach effectiveness and efficiency in water services while at the same time to protect environment from the negative impacts Main elements of VWG - Time dimension - Critical factors - Processes - Stakeholders - Practices Time dimension VWG should take in account three developing phases related to time: o Historical, past, experiences, traditions o Present, culture, habits, actualities, behavior o Future, visions, ideas, new paradigms, innovations. Critical factors - Environmental - Economic - Socio-political - Technologic - Administrative - Legislative Processes - Intra-sectoral & inter-sectoral links (e.g. dialogue with different interest groups so that the local values and interests are implemented) - Multidisciplinary - Vertical and horizontal networks Stakeholders’ behavior - Awareness - Mutual vision - Transparency - Quality, risk and environmental management Taking in account contradictory of interests Practices - Good practices - create positive impact - Bad practices – ignoring VWG!

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APPENDIX I COURSE EVALUATION; SUMMARY Grade: 1 – Excellent 2 – Good 3 – Satisfactory 4 – Unsatisfactory 5 – Not good, irrelevant

A. GENERAL (n = 22) General Comments Were the objectives achieved? Were the topics presented relevant to your work? Was the course structured in a logical way? Was the course easy to follow? Was the course interesting and enjoyable? Were your expectations met? Overall grade for the complete course *

B. PRESENTATION SPECIFIC Date Day 1: Monday 6th June: Day 1: Monday 6th June: Day 2: Tuesday 7th June Day 2: Tuesday 7th June Day 3: Wednesday 8th June Day 3: Wednesday 8th June

Grade 1.8 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.5

X (n)

Subject A study tour to inter-municipal water and wastewater services: Tampere City Waterworks (Rusko) Tampere City Wastewater works (Viinikanlahti).

Grade 1.4 (20)

Keynote Lecture: “Sustainable development and future global challenges”, Dr. Jarmo Hukka Keynote Lecture: “How to study futures?” Dr. Jeremy Glenn, UN Millennium Development Project Keynote Lecture: “Introduction to futures research and visionary management” by Dr. Jari Kaivo-oja, Finland Futures Research Center c/o TSEBA Group Work A (guided): Methodologies of futures research: Vision on WSS services for each selected country. Dr. Seppälä & Dr. Hukka Cases: “Historical cases of governance of water supply and sanitation”, Dr. Henry Nygård, Åbo Akademi University Keynote Lecture: “History and water: examples of long-term diversity”, Professor Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku. Cases: “Historical cases of governance of water supply and sanitation”, Dr. Petri Juuti, University of Tampere Case: “Ecological problems of the Baltic Sea”, Prof. Grigory Frumin, Russian State Hydrometeorological University Case: “Water as a social and political issue in Southern Africa”. Prof. Johannes Haarhoff, University of Johannesburg Case: The changing operating environment of water utilities in Kenya by Dr. O. Seppälä, Plancenter Ltd. Selected presentations on doctoral research by course participants.

1.5 (21)

Day 3: Wednesday 8th June Day 3: Wednesday 8th June Day 3: Wednesday 8th June Day 4: Thursday 9th June Day 4: Thursday 9th June Day 4: Thursday 9th June Day 4: Thursday 9th June Day 4: Thursday Keynote Lecture: “Options for public and private cooperation in 9th June water and sanitation services”, Dr. Esteban Castro, University of Oxford Day 5: Friday 10th Keynote Lecture: “Citizenship, water and governance”, Dr. Esteban June Castro, University of Oxford th Day 5: Friday 10 Special Session: Doctoral dissertation of Mr. Harri Mattila, Häme June Polytechnic: Appropriate management of on-site sanitation, at the Small Auditorium, Festia building Day 6: Saturday Group Work B: “Viable water governance” 11th June:

1.7 (20)

1.5 (20) 2.2 (20) 1.9 (21) 1.6 (21) 2.3 (21) 2.0 (20) 2.5 (22) 1.3 (22) 1.7 (22) 1.6 (22) 1.3 (22) 1.2 (21) 1.7 (21) 1.3 (22)

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APPENDIX II KEY DAILY FINDINGS NOTED BY INDIVIDUAL SENIOR EXPERTS

Tuesday 7 June, 2005 By Adj. prof. Tapio S. Katko PESTEL framework Pricing Surface vs. ground water Systematic exploring Holistic approach Transinstitutions Scanning Desalination Wednesday 8 June, 2005 By Prof. Johannes Haarhoff Match methods with problems & resources Vision vs. strategy Study history for better future What is waste? Study history for reasons of failure Governance and management part of WSS Thursday 9 June, 2005 By Adj. prof. Petri S. Juuti Global problems Unique ecosystem Local conditions Regional schemes Political & social issues Low resources Scarcity vs. complexicity

Friday 10 June, 2005 By Dr. Osmo T. Seppälä Citizenship Different cultures, different concepts Not only economic good Market failure introduced as “new concept” (historical vacuum) Ecological sanitation & on-site renessaince Weakest link of chain (e.g. professionals)

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APPENDIX III KEY DAILY FINDINGS NOTED BY THE PARTICIPANTS DAY 2 Keynote Lecture: “Sustainable development and future global challenges” Dr. Jarmo Hukka, Tampere University of Technology Day2Lecture1Note1 • The importance of Data is leveled as global importance • There is no reliable data on water scarcity and all information we have is just best estimates and guesses. • One billion people have a drinking problem, urban wastewater pollute the living environemnt, water resources and the nature. • To use water properly in different purposes people should pay for water and monitoring water quality. • Water poverty index, its components. • We must think and pay greater attention for water supply and wastewater treatment • There is a big unbalance between the people who have access to safe water and the people who do not. There is a need for balance this proportion. • Clear presentation of current situation in water/waste water management and Millenium Goals in global approach. • Water crises as future challenge: Make clear diferentiation of the scales in the debates. Issues of interest in the presentation: Abstraction of water and pricing. In both issues revisiong in two dimensions separately: Global and small-scale (medium as well). • Future challenges re:Biswas. Cabnnot completely agree, perhaps I should read the whole article. Especially on groundwater issue. • One of the biggest problem in the World - clean water. A lot of people have not enough water for daily utilising. • Water powerty index and the use of it in sustainable water management • Providing of the safe water in an adequate manner • What I know is that it is well recognized that we have water crisis and I didn’t know that there are some water experts who argue against that (Biswas) • The water quality and water supply leave to wish the best in the developing countries. A real catastrophe connected with sanitation and hygiene of drinking water can start. • That the real water crises are water quality monitoring and lack of investments f.eks. in better wastewater tratment • The global problem of increasing of the population density is leading to the world water crisis. • The WPI as a relevant factor to compare certain areas. • Impressive figures how many people in the world have problems with access to sufficiently clean drinking water. • The insufficiency and lack (in some cases) of monitoring and control of the water quality. • Water crisis might have different forms that what is usually understood and discussed

Day2Lecture1Note2 • Multidisciplinarity of approach to solve water problems in relation with different sectors and issues. • The Millennium Development Goals are Utopian. • Water quality is not enough monitored and controled. • We should have safe drinking water, water for swimming, etc. "Water infrastructure" is very important. • So many people die in the world of the lack of drinking water. • Future challengies • The lack of monitoring and control of water quality at global scale • Only global overview with lack of Baltic Sea Region focus (besides slide 2) was a great disadvantage for this course (maybe two participants dealing with water management in developing countries found it useful) • Water Poverty Index: Indicator to consider and find explanations for components and relationship among them. Criteria for choosing them. Is this criteria going to be universal or according to location in the hemisphere? • WPI ranking & its components. Yet, if national data is unreliable or missing, or not comparable between the countries, would this index still be eventually useful?

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• That in the near future will be the big problem with a clean water. Thus, we must start thinking at this moment about future and decrease the water crisis. • Decreasing of water quality and lack of investment on ot are two major conserns in water crisis. • Application of an interdisciplinary approach for ensure sustanable development • Application of an interdisciplinary approach for ensure sustanable development • The total list of international conferences and forum that had been held on water management and the water poverty index and components • The ways of solving these problems have been existing already, but there are obstacles with funds and investments (e.g. the percentage of private sector is very low). • We are not solving the water crises though we have been awear of the problem at least since 1972 instead it has increased in that more people lack sanitary facalities now then 30 years ago. • To prevent catastrophes connecting with the quality of water, some international programms are ratificated by different countries. But the really situation has not become better. • Global scale of drinking water problem vs. local scale of the problem. • How can it be that water is not priced adequately, if the water treatment companies are still working, and not going to bankrupt, there is no reason to increase the water price in local region. • The implementation of ideas of the future challenges for water governance in national and local levels • How big part of water is still used in agriculture • In addition to water quantity, water quality is very much an issue, too

Keynote Lecture: “How to study futures?” Dr. Jeremy Glenn, UN Millennium Development Project

Day2Lecture2Note1 • Vision for the next period of life! • Despite my prejudices, I realized that futures research can really be used for something useful. • Increasing inteligents is responding to feeback. • We now have to have solution for problem that can arise after 10 years. Should realize difference between what could be and what should be, and take measures. • Future is very connected with the past. • Application of the State of the Future Index • The importance of guessing. By guessing the future we could manipulate the present and try to change the future • Finaly clear and proper understanding of new (for me) discipline - future research is is not for inventing possible futures, but making basis for current wise decisions • Future research is to create frameworks to manage thoughts for a change. A mental framework help in understanding change. • The process of "smartening up" by practising guessing -> importance of feed back and systematic continuous analysis & re-assessment of results -> • It was very intresting to know a new posibilities to use new water resources. • Foresight management system and use of it in desision making as well as management. • Increasing of intelligence in responding feedback • The subject area –Future research-is quite a new area for me of all related concepts and approaches. • Increasing of intelligence in responding feedback • To make a correct decision for future management it would be fine - to do everything systematically, to involve everything and everybody. • This lecture whas an opening for me of the importance of future research. Specially that it could be applied for one self and like the cross-impact to try to find new ideas for water • The future research is based on understanding of the past, systematical investigation of the present-day and forecasting of the future world condition. • Scientists (finally) can have possibility to create (have influence) on the future and policy. • List of factors required for successful implementation of futures research in decision making • The advantages of future research • Being smart = you are good at guessing. And you can practice guessing too!

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Day2Lecture2Note2 • Dealing with future can be good strategy in work! • The most important thing in foresight management is deleting unnecessary information. • It is important to find new requirements and deleting old information. • We need to use different methods to predict the future and at the same time we have power to change our future by ourselves. • Foresight management system. • Idea for the desalination of water in portable water lacking countries with coastline. even if this idea cannot be realised, it is already one real step closer to the solution • We should trainee our brains. We can be surprise of our brain capabilities • Many new issues (terminology) such as cross-impact, memes, transinstitution, whcih seem to be vital in modern managemetn (also water management) • We are still in the Information Age. Can we envisioned the next era? What could the past related to the present could help in visualizing the future? Analysis of components and interpretation. • Trans-institutions - an interesting idea worth thinking about in water governance -> going trans-PPP • Foresight Management System embed to memory. I willing add: It was striking presentation! • The check list for the future researches and design making • The comprehensive overview on the development of the issues of product, power, war..etc. was quite interesting. Millennium project and its nodes that cooperate to conduct future research in different challanging areas. • Developing strategies for decision-makers • In attempt to predict the future development it is ought to take into attention the past, to scan the present and only then try to do correct decision • Do simple modelling but bear in mind that the propose of modelling is to learn not to belive in the outcome • The foresight management system helps people to rise on a new mentional level and to solve our global problems. • “Living” foresight management system and way to apply. • Foresight management system scheme was really good to understand how the things work. • The connecting futures research to decision-making • Parallel eras (agricultural, industrial, information era etc.) are coming more usual -> clashes of eras within countries and/or between countries?

Day2Question1 • In terms of change how we can predict water needs? • If the MDGs are so Utopian as they seem, is there really any hope for a world with clean water and sanitation for all? • How should we pay for water resources? What water quality is suitable for recreational purposes? • One billion people have a drinking water problem. What percentage is in Europe from this number? • after first lecture I got a question about that we are talking about that large part of population is lacking portable water. that is the fact. but what to do? what Europeans could do for that? • Is a higher water cost needed to achieve sustainability? • why groundwaters are not seriously researched as water source?/ why people talk more on desalination? (they are both equaly expensive projects anyway) • How Is Sustainable development linked to future challenges? • Can I utilise the trans-institutions idea in my own study? How to approach that? Re: "Institutional juggling" • how to make proper prizing of water in developing countires, what would be the criteria for that and will it be reasonable for poor farmers. • How to foreseen the problems which arise in a future globale changes? • I wish that we had discussed the water status and if really we have water crisis in the first lecture. • What is Water Poverty Index (WPI), and what do its' components mean, and how does it calculated? • Why is that not considered a major disaster when 30000 people die and 200000 get sick every day, mostly children, of waterborne diseases and every effort made to se to that it stops. • What is the equation for calculation of WPI? How old do the data used for calculation WPI given in presentation? What are the sources of this data? • Is the water poverty index relative/representative to all regions and countries without consideration of different local conditions? • Is there any way how we can help other people to solve drinking water problems (in Africa for example)? • Where find the investments for sustainable water management in national levels? • What can we do with the water use of agriculture • Cultural and spiritual issues in water governance, in addition to PESTEL?

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Day2Question2 • If we try to address the awarnes to deal with water probelms in an integrative manner, what is the best metodology to build that awareness to the people? • Glenn said that in order to get the decisionmakers' attention, you have to convince them of a catastrophe. Isn't there a danger that they become immune to that strategy after a few times? • What is the water powerty index of Lithuania? • Who should pay for proper "water infrastructure"? • What in simple words future research gives to water research in general? • relating to the first question is as well this question: people in Finland (as well in Latvia) cosume a lot of water and the main argument we have for that is that we have a lot of water resources. But when we (latvians, finish, etc.) will start to save water? or maybe there are already these awareness campaigns for inhabitants? • How can science and technology change society´s mind to make them think that natural resources are escarce and do not belong to anyone so everyone has the right to have water facilities....Is it only question of scare the society? • how much pricing influences water consumtion in private, public, industrial and agricultural use? how did it change over last 15 years in BSR? • In dealing with saving water. How is that affecting develop societies and the current technology already in use? Example as Tampere Water as causing not severe problems when population decide to save water. How will this affect major cities? • Is the WPI too expensive, time consuming and generally heavy to carry out in practice to be a useful tool in the future? It should be up dated regularly to be reliable and relevant. • why it says that reuse is not considered as important? • I wish also that we had discussed the issue of adequate water pricing since it is seems a debatable issue in regrd to sustainable water management. • There were mentioned the sustainable development. So what is the difference between stable and sustainable development? Which main principles were taken in Rio (Agenda 21), and what is doing now? • Is it possible to connect what is good in privat and in public sector of water and make a new concept of running water supply • Do problem of drinking water exists in my country/region? If yes, what scale on, and what acts to prevent its (if any)? • What are the nearest goals for improving the water management at the national levels? • How can we tell developing countries how they should organize their water and wastewater treatment when we haven't done it properly even in Europe • How to integrate futures research with water-related research: many methods used are already similar but true cooperation weak?

Day2Question3 • The matter that has not been very much discussed is the involvement of politics in water matters. The checklist from Glenn can be usefull. Still in the undeveloped world the politicans are far from understanding problems realisticaly. Could it be that the increase of their knowledge can reduce at least for some extent this gap? • We are ones who are changing the world, so it is realy we want to change it to conscions-Technology direction? For me it looks like loneliness times. • How "to make our predictions work"? (make governments and administration to pay attention on our predictions?) • If future research is not for predicting the future, then why are we using the definition 'future research'? • what is really adequate price? in which point we can find the balance between politics, economics and environment regarding this topic? • How can anyone believe that individualism does not end in a selfish behaviour?? • check who is training Polish local water authorites in water managemetn? - are those universities, companies marketing their technical solutions or industry investors trying to get EIA's? (i bet for majority is non researchers with university background as they can't market themselves - book moles :)) • Future Challenges in developing countries are not mainly taking in account if people need to drink first to think about the future later. How to deal with policies in evolution for present and future? • Should we try to apply agent models to water governance debate, challenging the usual hydrological models based on statistical equations and mathematics? What kind of synergies if any could there be, looking at the very same water basin from these two points of view? • I prefer to have a case on how this project work in the area related to global challenge “clean water for every one”. I got the impression that it is very wide of philosophical character that makes things more difficult than easy. • Who is doing the foresight management? Who is responsible for decision? And what to do if model doesn't work, no new ideas, and offered management has failed?

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• How to convince the developed countries on a local basis that it is a must to build up safe water and sanitation service in the developing country. • Is it POSSIBLE to implement future research connections to decision makers? • How to unite the implementation of principles of future research and the solving of topical problems in water management?

Day2Question4 • My concern is are we going to help the development of the Cyborgs or we must consider alternqative approach? • Are there any obligatory universal methods of futures research? • I believe that to predict the future we have to understand our past and present. How can we analyse our past if it is related to interpretations? How can we overcome this uncertainty? • In LDC, water is first needed-need to accomplish surviving first in order to think later about the future. How to make real policies in evolution? • Simplicity in complexity, what really are the key variables in water governnace around which make assumptions for the future? • Though I am not underestimating the role of water in economic development and political stability but is the technology that the lecturer proposed on the 2nd lecture would really stop the immigration flow to Europe?? In other words,is water the direct and the strong reason behind immigration of people? • How far should we see back (to the past)? What period is enough to see the tendence of development? • How to convincing the goverments in the developing country that it is actually cheaper to have safe drinking water than not having it in terms of health care and more working days • Acc. to Q3 [Is it POSSIBLE to implement future research connections to decision makers?] Is it already exists? How does it look in my country/region/city? What is making on field of water problems?

Day2Ideas • The presentation have strenghten the idea of my research which means to study the importance of knowledge in the water processes as well as integration dimension in terms of networking of the water institutions. • When I use futures research methodology in my dissertation I have to remember to explain what futures research is so that I won't lose my credibility. • For me it was really interesting and I think will be usefull the 26 factors required for successful implementation of futures research in desision making. • 1.Baltic region is rich with water and we should use this resourses for recreational purposes. But we should pay attention on water quality, quality of water bodies as well as quality of supplying and sewage systems; 2. In water rich regions could be water crisis according water quality; 3. Drinking water quality and toilet supply are important because they are part of tourist infrastructure; 4. If we deveplope tourism in the region people worry more about water body quality and water supplying systems quality and they are ready to pay expecting future benifits (from tourists flow); 5. We should be able now to predict the situation with resources (particularly recreational resources)in the future and plan long-term activity using nowadays forses; 6. If we change relationships between tourism system elements we can change the future touristic system. • Both these lectures were very interesting and useful. • These statements left impression to me and I think I will use them in my research although my own topic is not very related with water governance: - water is renewable natural resource; -the water consumption should be priced adequately; - when you do a research you have to find the topic which will be important for more then 10 years; -indicators for future research implemetation made an impression. • 1.to learn more about future research and possibilities for application in Latvia; 2. to look more detail in presented checklist for decision making • Awareness to the chemical companies about the impact that water consumption has should be done. A way of reducing water consumption could be increasing water cost or prizing the reduction in water consumption. Before doing experiments, results should be predicted. This can help in order to understand better the chemistry behind and the process. Information should be filter and then focused. • Compare water pricing in Polish cities to FInland (i.ex. Tampere) - ownership, return rates, investment,pricing policies etc; - remember to research and market my research as product; co-operate, learn, improve, sieve information; - historical research is basis for future research projections for current decissions (use it in my research marketing); take a look at SOFI index, check it with water management in Poland • Revise Methods for envisioning future: forecasting, SOFI, (scenarios?)Institutional change is a topical debate where new alternatives need to be given, in which new relationships shouls also be proposed and assimilated. Methods to find them could be: -Cross-impact. Point out components for water governance and get new alternatives from analizing their relationship; -Methodology for storage and control information during the research through adapting a management system scheme; -Interpretation of the past is maybe another story as it was seen from earlier writers. New interpretation could be assumed!! do not assume information!!!

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Decision Making: is there a logical cycle for the process? could that be a pattern for different societies? Need to understand patterns in Central America differentiated from South America. • Needs for countries in Central America are different: Honduras has different needs from El Salvador. The process of decision making at the Top level is maybe not different but changes in the middle or low level. • WPI components worth thinking about, could be utilised in my study. Fore-sight management for PhD study process = good idea. How about for the research team? Memes in Water World - could try this, too. Could I smarten myself up by choosing an issue of interest and systamtically trying to make guesses? Perhaps I should try with the www.nepalnews.com & make systamtic informed guesses about what happens in Nepal within a month/week. Might be useful exercise if I am planning to continue any field research. • How to reach a now ideas. At first - conect cost to benefits. • 1.Impruving water quality will be one solution for the water crisis; 2. the checklist is important for the designing and desision making in my future studies; 3. Water powerty index • Probably try to link hydrological model with water quality model and apply the results for environmental assessment. • Though the lectures were interesting, I can’t say that I got some solid ideas to be implemented in my study. However, it would be useful to read Biswas article and to try to understand his arguments and to access the reports of the international conferences on water management and how it relates to water governance. • A very interesting way of decision-making, and new ideas about future research methods may be will be usefull on consructing the model of ecological situation in the water objects. • As my project is still so unclear in my mind. But what I hope with this course and in the summer ahead is that it will help me to clarify how to stucture and connect what I have been doing these last years together and make an research question that I would really like to have an answer to (and be of use to others). It is Water Safety Management for small water supplies connected to water goverance. How are obliation in laws and regluation fulfilled and who is suppose to do what to ensure water quality. The thought of compairing the equity to water between rural and urban which was talked about today maked me wonder if I could do the same in Iceland. The law say that municipalities are to have a water service in the urban area but just in rural if is economical. That is not equity. • The interesting concepts, philosophical assumption and approaches to decisionmaking can help me to write the introduction and results of the dissertation and maybe in defending the thesis. • WPI can be relevant index to classify catchments in my research.Foresight management system can be applied to better organization of self-education. After deeper analysis some future research methods can/should be used in my study/research. • List of factors required for successful implementation of futures research can be good support also to get other projects accepted. • I think that the most important work in the implementation of the future research principles is the educating of the society, because the real feedback is necessary for the successful results • Where there in South Africa situations you could call water crisis' in 1850-1920? Pricing of the water in that period, in what it was based? • Innovations stem from new kind of relationships -> analogy to policy model. PESTEL-rule

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DAY 3 Keynote Lecture: “Introduction to futures research and visionary management” Dr. Jari Kaivo-oja, Finland Futures Research Center c/o TSEBA Day3Lecture1Note1 • It´s nesessary to use different foresight methods in planning work to forecast the future. • Futures research = art = innovation = creativity entailing expertise & interaction • You must be critical using methodologies and not to be fixed on one method. • The need of a good actual strategy to face future problems • Presentation of future studies methodology and strategy. • future research is communication between science and art • Planning vs. control: depends on time scale • Systems which we are planning is quite complex and thats why we need models for understanding them. • Methodology to combine the analysis of present and future. In the area of Social complexity and system analysis can also be related to mathematical complexity? For engineering scientist vs. social scientists, which methods could give a quantitative and qualitative resarch methodology? Communication is very important for the success of future research. This communication is the interaction of the different typology of methods as well. • At least 30 different methods to do future studie and it is important to use the right method for your studie. If not the right one then wrong answer for the future. Have to know if you are in the field of the known, knowable, complex or chaos. • Important link between futures research and Knowledge managment • We must thinking about long-term future, when we are making plans for making plans for infrastructure. • Getting acquainted with new concepts such as visionary and knowledge management, methodologies and its applications that could be used for planning of infrastructure provision • Integration of foresight analyses and operations management • The planning, networking and futures research • The foresight is needed in planning of future processes, in introduction of innovation, in developing of network and so on. Many kind of methods can be using in forecasting. But the problem exists: experts are using often only one method and that limits their studies. • To do future researches: use different methodologies; take into attention different levels; be pragmatic, semantic, syntex. Foresight is needed everywhere. • KL1. There is big diversity between of foresight methods. • Number of methods there are for futures research besides scenarios • Propoer foresight needs 3 key issues: planning, networking and futures research. When they all three work, the operations management gives best results for stakeholders and environment • Every action is based on somekind of forsight inteligence

Day3Lecture1Note2 • Country system depends on the other countries in the globalized world, so we have complex world system. • The process and chalenges of the fore sight activities / management / visioning - multilevel issue • Visionary decision-making is human decision making. • There is a need for a wide vision of a problem and be critical in the possible solutions. • Ways for decisions are getting more and more compex in world of globalisation. • vision is possible however it must always be evaluated very deeply (like evaluation of resources and capabilities etc. is needed) otherwise it can be very dangerous • Visions are needed to get long-term perspective for decision making, and to separate man from amebas and wolfs (opportunistic and strategic) • And we need critics when we are dealing with future methodologies. Also for future research we need control versus planning. • Vision Management. Though the notion of vision link to planning practices is not new, in practice linking vision to goal orientedness, and capabilities of resources could be an alternative for the process. We need to be careful in not to limited ourselves in the process due to existing structures and goals with no creative strategies. For implementing visions the motivation in leadership can make the difference. • Important in management to have a vison. Communities in the nordic countries are often in lack of vision. Best to mix hard pole and soft pole approach to get the best results. • Practical aplicability!

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• We must understad network and make a right decision. Open for everyone. The nost important think - to have a strategy. • Foresight programs to achieve goals of partnership and networking. Foresights also is introduced as an approach to integrate democratic decision make of its activities is combine of top-bottom and bottom down approaches and I am interested to know how this could be happen in reality. • Scheme for selecting foresight methods • Visionary and strategic management • Different kind of visions are exist which making the claims for the future and some of them are in a conflict. The policy vision is sustainable development of the world. The visionary management must work at all level (from local to global). • There are a lot of kinds of visions with significant differencies. Vision vs. planing. On integrate all levels of visionary management - multilevel planning. • Humanistic visions, which are holistic, utopian descriptions of universal society, contain nature and life under human control. • You should use more than one method • new terminology: agent modelling (v. common in future studies of water related issues), policy visions (visions connected with sustainability), super projects (a lot resources and high goal orentedness; characterises infrastructure projects) • Identifing each vision of each relevent sector/ unit or person, and integrating them in a correct way, will lead to success

Keynote Lecture: “History and water: examples of long-term diversity”, Professor Timo Myllyntaus, University of Turku. Day3Lecture2Note1 • Political and social reforms and changes always go more slowly than economical ones. • NygÅrd: the pollution problems (both with regards to solid waste and wastewater, re: water flush toilets) have been known for over 100 years, yet ... • Lesons from history: indifference, ignorance, wrong theories. • The ironic situation of water being so common but at the same time its actual scarcity being the most important problem society has to faced. • Reforms and other political responces in field of the water are slow. • For safe water supply all water treatment processes must be included and implemented to diminish possibilities of disasters • Changes in water supply and sanitation sector take lot of time: are water-related MDGs far too ambitious? • We shouldn't forget the past when we are dealing with water. And not only failure but also success of past technologies should be dealt with and needed for future research. • Prof. Timo M. -Why is history important? we can learn from the past: causes of problems, how they dealt with them and the effects. Successes should also been take into account. Learning from development process and procedures taken. • It is important to know what caused problems in the past. Therefore we have to look at history. • History can be very good teacher if we reflect on the findings and try to build new patterns based on the experiences and not just to copy it or to forget it! • Water is life and life is water. • Sophisticated technology and modern life don’t necessarily make life easy but it may create complicated consequences. May be the most practical and long term solutions are the simplest one • List of problems in water supply in past, and experience what we can take from history. • The development of the approaches for the quality of the drinking water • We are very dependent on water! There are many different kind of using of water resources and thus there are much more different water problems. • We are dependent on water in all spheres of activity. Water became polluted, so the problem of treatment arised, the first water supply utility were constructed, but problems with health kept. • KL2. Decision-makers do not use experiences from the past, but good Finnish samples and experience attended to EU-standards and law (directives). • Importance of indifference and ignorance to the development of water supply • Presentation on general and Finnish history of water use and water problems recognition (awarness) • Sustainable use of fresh water resouces is a major challange for the human society from the history up to now

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• There were many reasons to why water services provision was problematic in the beginning in Finland. I think these reasons are still valid in developing countries.

Day3Lecture2Note2 • Problems with water in the towns cause economical and social problems. • Dont' forget the history. Some things are worth repeating, some are no but still, worth remembering • Reforms and orhers political responces are slow, Technological incapabilities although even simple solutions help a lot. Limits of financial resources. • Changes takes time at global scale. Political paths even delay more these changes. • There is no substitute for the pretreatment of surface water. • History has its up and downs, and sudden changes - how to understand and predict these? -> linking with futures research • Historical effects into perspective and fitting pieces together. This last part is very important to make historical and future research useful for us in our time. That is the purpose of our research. • For me left very big impression that water treatment technologies were so improved in 20 years in Finland. • If we are to succeed in the UN Millenium Goal it is important to bust up the political response but how is the question. • Good opportunity to make historical knowledge explicit for use in the decision making proces • The global picture on water issues is complex and multidimensional. • The time to achieve the set up targets of the millennium project is not an easy to be estimated and it requires the political commitments at all the levels. • Limits of financial resources is still a problem for good quality drinking water supply. • The sustainable use of the freshwater recourses • In the past the use of water resources was extensively and rash which led to pollutions and diseases. Later people made a solution to build water supply utilities. Now people make a global strategy to solve water problems. • Historical investigations tell interesting and usefull information about using of the water, system of supplying and problems, connected with quantity and quality. But the past limits the present and future! New problems arise. We are face to face with global water crisis. • Surface water has to be protected • Very long process of water regulations/utitlities in Finland (ca 100 yrs); similar development problems as in Poland (policies, many groups of interest, strong position of industry, ownership, limited financial resources) • We can use lessons from history to face this major challange without failiers • Water closets seem to be a two-edged sword: on one hand, they prevent diseases and promote hygiene but on the other hand, they waste huge amounts of water.

Case: “Historical cases of governance of water supply and sanitation”, Dr. Petri Juuti, University of Tampere Day3Case1Note1 • 1. It´s useful to take some ideas about modern behavior in the past. "Modern/future is strongly forgotten past". 2. What do you recognize as waste depends on your cultural background. • Myllyntaus: lessons learned from the past, especially the one relating to wrong theories. We should be aware of these, too. • Dont forget history - learn from history. Waste very much related to culture, space. • We should learn from the history the way not to make the same mistakes in the present. • There is a lack of knowledge in waste management. People do not have clear what waste and waste management options are. Still seems that recycling is the solution and the beggining of waste management. Preventive options are not even considered. • The culture is a key for the water treatment. • Do not forget the history • Learn from history, don't forget/neglect it • Concept of waste. • Nygård. Include history in research for better understanding of development and past practices in the context of space, culture, social, economical and legal evolution. How the dominating theories have influence the pastare they useful for us now? how can we learn from the effects. Again do not take results for granted- investigate what it was a failure or success. Maybe the answer is not only technological but geographical, social, political, etc. Technologies for waste are still the same from a century and a half ago.

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• If we do not learn from history we keep on doing the same mistakes. That applies for water and sanitation as everything else. • Study history for the better future! • Some solutions of the problems of the present tense simply exist in the history and what we really need first to do is to study the historical development of that problematic area and learn the lessons so not to repeat the same mistakes again. • History of waste management, first waste sorting plan at the end of 19th century. • Use of the historical perspective for better future • With the growth of cities the problems of waste utilization became more and more. To solve ones was organized the separating collecting of the waste and further recycling. In paticular common flows was recycling into organic fertilizer. • With the growth of the cities the volume of garbage and waste increases. In the 19 century the first factories were constructed (poudrette). At the beginning of the 20 century the first attempt in garbage sorting were done. • C1. Improvement sewage system by application of water to sanitation toilets (WC) caused delays in implementation many good ideas/technologies of wastes and wastewater treatment. But history rounded a circle. • Definiton of waste is difficult • waste management seems to work in cycles; we don't learn from history - the reasons of failure of previous waste management methods are not investigated before the same method is re-introduced as "brand new" - many examples given in Europe • Do not forget the history and learn both '+' & '-' s from it • Although technology has developed, the basic problems are still the same. We should learn from our historical experiences and not make the same mistakes over and over again.

Day3Case1Note2 • Each technology and solution is good for sertain time. It can not to work during the other period of time. • Juuti: diversity of approaches and strategies, some discussions still continue today (such as surface water vs. groundwater) • The water supply problem in Finland was solved only after prolonged planning and transitional periods. • Water supply and sanitation history has been and is being deeply researched in Finland. Multidisclinary approach is benefitial and covers science, arts and technology • Comparison in interdisciplinary context the development of community water supply and sanitation, governance, social importance and impacts. • many of technologies for waste management and treatment nowadays are the same of one-two centuries ago • Wooden houses were a big problem for Finland in the past. • Juuti. Decisions have been taken and we are living with them. Decisions for the future could also be learnt from the past. • Good goverance and WSS development is to be studied in Finland and some other countries to learn from history. Similar and different situation will be compaired. It will be interesting to see the result. • Interesting holistic approach can be used for nonhistroical research. • Finland - example for other contries (in the relationships between environment, technological, health, social changes) • Water governance has many dimensions within a specific or place context. If we want to get the picture clear, we have to collect all the pieces together. • History of water supply system in Finlad. • The influence of the past decisions to the possible future development facts • Past decision limits potential future development path. The water questions can be solved only in complex considering of the historical experience and modern technological, governance, scientific methods. • Process of urbanisation affects the water. For good governance of the water it is necessary to study relationships between environment, technology, health and society. • Fires in Finnish cities/towns during 19th century caused development water supply systems. • Very concrete list of literature on water supply and sanitation in Fialnd (local history and EU projects in connection with other countries) • Past disisions and experiances potentially limit the future development paths

Day3Question1 • What are Delphi studies and SOFI method and index? • How expensive and heavy a fore sight management process really is? It was mentioned thati t can be very demanding for a researcher involved, but how about the organisation/manager who attempts to use & up date/ maintain it?

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• How can we change the society´s behaviour towars waste prevention??? • What does it mean Delphy studies? • there are very challanging objectives set for portable water supply and wastewater to decrease the number of people without water. It is well known that these countries are poor and therefore who is going to take the responsibility to implement these actions and will it be supported by the governments of the world? talking about air policy the responsibilities are divided between countries who have to find the solutions themselves but how African countries will do that? • How to turn vision into actions? • How many methods can we use for implementing future reserch? • Is there a real theory for institutional change? would it will work everywhere? and then Which methodologies are more appropriate for water institutional change? • What future studies have been done in the water and sanitation sector here in Finland and elsewhere and how do the match. NORVA- Norweigan water and sanitation association has done a scenario study for the sector in Norway. I am sure to read that when home. • What are the links between future and history? How explicit they are and are they specified in the reality? • Way did you start use groundwater? • How the foresight program can be implemented in drawing future scenarios in water sector? • Where they put the sorted waste (which weren’t organic) at the end of 19th century? • What of the foresight methods apply for the setting the visions for the water supply and sanitation services? • Not a question, but I can argue that climate is chaostic system. • To prove some ideas in future study is better apply use few methods? If yes which ones, or how to choose them? • What I can learn from history of recycling • what kind of (if at all) future foresight and planning was done in Poland by water administration of cities when the industry was growing after WWII?

Day3Question2 • What do we call wastes now in our country? • Wrong theories will always exist - how could we identify them? What is "wrong" anyway? Is it just a degree of understanding, not wrong as such? It was not "wrong" to assume that dirt and illness had something to do together even if bacteriological issues were not known. • Am I proceeding OK in my research methodology? I am enough critical when analysing results? • based on which vision (political, policy, community, religous, individual or other) the goals for increasing the number of people getting water supply have been set? are those objectives set because of fear of migration to Europe or due to fact that we care about people in Africa or other reason? • How to take vision and future views into account when we have enough problems to tackle even right now? • If specialists know that past can not be forgotten then why before implementing new technologies they don't look to the back? • How can we avoid the theoretical process for vision being just in paper? HOW to push towards practical implementation? How theories can be linked to visions? • Does the World Bank have a vision with privitation of water supply and have they done a future study on the consekvenses. • how to reduce a gap in way of thinking between political structures and other decision makers when having in mind an increased need for finances to deal with water issues • The message that we have to learn from the past is a very wise but history never comes back in the same outlook to the present time. For example, the private sector failed before to deliver water services in the last 19th century until the 1950s and the shift was to the public control. Now the shift is again to private sector though nothing has dramatically changed in the sense that the sector is still having natural monopoly characteristics. How to benefit from the history in such case? • When and were the first time drinking water disinfection was performed? • How to develop the infrastructure of the water supply and sanitation in rural areas? • In the way of growing role of specialists in decision making who is taking responsibility if something is failed? • Why some things succeed and some fails • when the first communal wss started in different regions of Poland?

Day3Question3 • What is the difference between wastes and items out of use? Is it any difference? • How to truly utilise the past experiences, good and bad alike, to truly move forward? • Is it groundwater the solution for the global lack of water supply and sanitation problem? • How to have time and resources to analyse past successes and mistakes and then to adapt them to today's situation?

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• Present Global perspectives and how would we see future perspective in the Global and local level? • What is the system for recording waterborne outbreaks and ways for improvements. • Group Work A: Vision for Iceland - done by Eija, Marko, Harri, Illir and Maria. The group made the slogan: In 2015 Iceland should be the safest place in the world to drink water. WSS service will be based on integrated land use and water resources management while incorparting environmental sustainablility and social responsibility. I could think of doing a visionary work for the water sector in Iceland. How would we like to be in 10 years time. Water Safety management in all water supply, better environmental awarness of the hole watercycle and how sewage and waste infect water safety, sustainable use of water, better land planing to ensure water resources for the future, everyone understanding the importance of safe drinking water. Social responsebility regarding the developing world. • It is obviously that knowledge managment is one possibility to link historical and future ideas but how to overcome the mentioned problem of lack of commitment? I think that we are not very much showing care to the people themselve. They are more treated as a behavioral machinery. • What different partnership has been existed in the different cases to deliver water services? • What can we do for development of waste water treatment for individual houses which are not connected to municipal canalization system? • Why we don't learn from the past? • Why people so late implement good samples from history?

Day3Question4 • Could it be possible to avoid tiphus in 1910-s if boil water from the tap? • If interactive scenarios operate in the world of mathematical complexity, are these trying to be "justified" or "scientific" just by looking like any other computer-generated statistical "fact"? Are they loosing the qualitative touch? Interactive with what? • Does the availability of water supply and sanitation in Finland make the people less aware of the need for sustainability and to make them realize how lucky they are?. • How to apply lessons from history into current water crisis in developing countries? • How the economical reasons/causes influences in specific cases? reactions to politics according to space and culture in specific case studies? • To solve global problem like water, needs global leadership. We have been certainly unable to learn from the history in a proper way since we have had abundant water resources. The future is a bit different. We need to take in account waht have happened and use these experiences together with new ideas under a global concensus. Othervise differences among the states will remain and they will cause new global crisis. • How the society has been involved in the water governance in the cases?

Day3Ideas • 1. Must think about long-term future when planning infrastructure; 2. Our world is a system with interacting components, so system approach is needed; 3. Vision is important motivation for people to introduse some plans; 4. Take some historical perspective on tourism development could be useful; 5. SEt goals and aims properly: global for large period of time and include into global some small steps-aims for short periods, one after another. • Foresight management / fore-sight thinking / the process as a guide for PhD process itself and/or as a research tool as such. Could I try to apply this at a community level? Is this too high tech, after all? Too much resourceintensive issue? How about this: "Fore-sight management of community based water supplies" • It is important to do planing. When you are visionising it is important firsly to answer these questions: 1) Who and where are we? 2) Who we want to be? • when conceving a new project or starting the experimental designing stage: Set the goals; Set the relevant topics and issues to be studied methodologies, methods and techniques availables • It's desire to learn more about future methods: starts to think about not only control but about planning. The main aim of hydrological monitoring is forecast. It's possible to apply the model for the forecasting of river runoff, as a short run perspective. As a long run perspectives the simulations of scenarios (climate change??) can be done. • to have a look at past (history) of energy (heat) production in Latvia and Europe ... • Imitation vs. innovation • Actually as my PhD work is not directly connected with the course topic, I hope that I will be able to use ideas from the lectures. As for example from the first todays' lecture the diagram control versus planning was showed its very interesting. As well as another lecture about history was very interesting. Statement that wastes are rising from people culture and behaviour is very true. We still in Lithuanian have very big problem with wastes...

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• Making a historical scheme for water according to countries, legal, political, and implementation issues. Analyze practices, failures and success,in different levels of scale. A sort of LCA for cause-effect (past and present) historical time for WSS according to context: i)urban - rural, ii)political, iii)legal. Link theoretical knowledge with historical past. Cross reference for prove for future perspectives and visions. • To have in mind histroical facts and futures studies when designing knowledge management system. • It is worth being critical, also searching the best way for solving the problems. We must know the problem very well, only then we can find answer to the questions. Vision is your strategy. I fyou do not have a vision - you lose a lot of. ´Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it´ (George Santanya) • I want to explore the potentiality of using foresight concept in drawing governance arrangements or models in my project. I will be more concerned to study the historical development of water governance in my cases • The foresight knowledge system. • We shoud look in the past for the better future • Ways of doing visions are interesting. It is usefull in the part of my research, where I'll try to estimate the influnce of terminal on recreational value of territory (as a part of coastal management). • Which methods are the best to my study? To confirm (or deny) results of the research I will have to use two more proper methods. Sustainable development vision is typical policy vision (by its definition). Surface water resources are as much imported as ground water resources!!! • What was considered waste in South Africa in the end of the 19th century? Water ownership laws in South Africa • Juuti's literature links - check!!! - future research methods (check best for water management - not only agent modelling) - in industry cases in Poland check the company's short and long term planning regarding water (don't forget about that when researching the history)

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DAY 4 Case: “Ecological problems of the Baltic Sea”, Prof. Grigory Frumin, Russian State Hydrometeorological University Day4Case1Note1 • We have a huge problem in our hands with the Baltic Sea and more cooperation is needed between the states on its coasts. • Eutrophication is the main ecological problem of the Baltic Sea, which leads to other problems. • Main ecological risk for the Baltic Sea is an eutrofication. • Baltic: brought issues for ecological danger in the Baltic Sea. Prevention, solutions? • In the past they believed Baltic Sea could tolerate whatever amounts and hazard of effluents discharged. However, now it is assumed that Baltic Sea is very vulnerable. • Importance of ecological influences in decision making and in the policy development. • The ecological problems of water objects are directly connected with their catchment areas. • overview of current environmental state and Baltic sea region pollution problems - rather general with the chemical focus; no case study (I was hoping for Russian case study) • Contents of priority of chemicals in the Baltis Sea. • The Baltic Sea is very unique ecosystem, but there are a lot of spots which make a high anthropogenic pressure. • C1. Unique and delicate environment of Baltic Sea has been under negative impact of growing number of population in Baltic counties. • The Environmental problems of the Baltic Sea and challenges and polices to be initiated to enhance its ecological statues • Nothing new about the Baltic Sea. Why to show so old data? In last ten years in the Baltic Sea and its coastal area the situation have changed a lot. • Each individual is a source of pollution and should understand that all the "innocent" actions like spilling dirty water in big ecosystem can initiate (cause) great ecological problems • The eutrophication as a global ecological problem • The main reason for pollution of the Baltic sea is population, energy and chemicals used in the countries that are the cathment area of the sea. • There are a lot of ecological problems (eutrophication, polutation with oil and etc) of the Baltic Sea. • Progress of chemistry and growth in amount of substances

Day4Case1Note2 • We should return the Baltic Sea to the pollutant levels of the 1940s, and this means a 50 percent reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus. • Growing world population and hence consumption lead to growing ecological problems. • Antropoghenic pressure into the water bodies is strongly related with an population density. • Agriculture is a very much important source of pollution in the Baltic Sea. It is amazing how well it is being monitored. • Critical situation of the Baltic sea. • The main problems of the Baltic Sea are connected with eutrophication, pollution by toxic substances (organic, heavy metalls and so on), sea-dumped chemical weapon. • Chemical waste (weapons) dumped at the bottom of the Baltic sea - sources of information (archives or actual research?) • All things are poison and nothing without poison. • Main problems are: euthrophication, chemical pollution, oil pollution, sea-dumped chemical weapon. HELCOM and Helsinki Convention try to analyse and to improve situation. • The eutrophication of water is the main reason of grows algae and daphnia what causes toxic pollution and health hazards (cancer). • The focus on the increase of population as a major cause of some problems, though I don’t share the lecturer idea. • If there is known the exact places in the Baltic Sea where the chemical weapons was damped, why no actions is performed to save the sea? • The increasing of anthropogenic pressure as the greatest problem for the Baltic Sea • There has to be 50% reduction of use of nitrogen and phosphate in these countries. • "Fish under umbrella" - it protects itself from pollution - our duty is to help. • Amount of shipping in Baltic Sea area

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Case: “Water as a social and political issue in Southern Africa” Prof. Johannes Haarhoff, University of Johannesburg Day4Case2Note1 • Water pricing and cost recovery is a huge problem and strongly connected to political issues. • Political system can influence on the ecological situation and development, hence we need to develope political system and legislation. • Water can be a powerful political instrument • South Africa. Lesotho case: 50 years for study, negotiations and implementation, gives us an idea for etimating time frame. • Some, for all, for ever • Dimension of IWRM and the different approaches it can have • Water is a basic human needs. Water is a powerful political instrument. • very interesting case studies on cross border water co-operation - advanced in construction and one at the planning/discussion stage • If people can not pay for the water, another system has to be chosen for providing people with water. • Region of the Southern Africa has a low value of NETTO (of water). Modern water management is dependent on colonial history. • C2. Trans-border water transport is possible in many ways (dependable i.e. of politics and government orientation): SA - Swazi case, but even transport of water inside this same country but from Transboundary River can cause serious political crisis: Nairobi – Botswana case. • How politics at different levels can play a critical role in water management. Water governance has multidimensional issues (a ball of Spaghetti) and you can’t focus on one dimension • Water like a powerful political instrument in Africa countries. • There are different costly technical solutions developed for getting the water (for example Lesotho Highlands Project) however simple solutions like buckets are eliminated in South Africa • Political and social issue • In some parts of South Africa water is a scarcity. Big scheme is to be implemented in South Africa to take water from Lesotho highland to Johannesborg and alter the riverflow from southeast to north. At the same time unaccounted water (leakage) in the distribution network in Johannesborg is 40%. I would recommend that the first phase would be to do some maintance and eastablish good leakage control system to recover that water. • “Water as a social and political issue in Southern Africa”. Water is a vital economical good. Water is an emotional issue. Water can be a catalyst for regional. • Some, for all, for ever. Vision for S.A. • You should install new systems properly and combine many different things

Day4Case2Note2 • Progress has been made in increasing access but there are still political, emotional and public health issues to be solved. • Social problems of the society don´t allow to develope it further both in economical and social ways. • Water is a vital economic good • Meeting targets. How ambitious the targets should be? depending of social factors and willingness from all the stakeholders. Specially good leadership • Water is an emotional issue. • Importance of information in the IWRM system • There are 2 project to provide developed regions of Southern Africa by water (The Lesothoto Highland Water Project, The Okavango Project) • best water vision ever heard (some, for all, forever) being implemented - great example of the "basic water for free" rule in use; thorough presentation of water as economic good and arrising form it problems: human dignity, emotions, reason for conflict or mean of coflict avoidance and political instrument! • South Africa has the shortest vision: SOME WATER FOR ALL FOREVER. • Now to solve the problem 2 projects exist: Lethoto Project and Okavanga Project. The water there can be a catalyst of conflicts and political instrument. • Basic free water can protect people of diseases but can not improve WSS – it is paid by those who pay for water. • I got the message that South Africa is on the right track to a better management of water services with clear and wise vision • Free basic water policy and problems in Southern Africa. Water vision: Some, for all, forever.

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• There is always a need to find the balance to evaluate whether damage to the environment made by building a dam will be greater/less(er) than the damage to the economy of the country which needs this economy to survive (case of South Africa versus case of China) • Water vision: "Some, for all, forever" • S.Africa has learned from it mistakes and is now considers water as a human right. The goal is to providing 25 litres/capita/day to every household free of charge. • Vision some, for all, forever! • Free water problematique. Water more a political and a economic problem although the available quantity is very low. • Water is important part of society

Case: “The changing operating environment of water utilities in Kenya” Dr. O. Seppälä, Plancenter Ltd. Day4Case3Note1 • Kenya has progressed but variour governance problems still persist. • Problem with adequate water supplies in Kenya is a complex one, related on number of factors. • Explanation of problems, policy and water sector reforms • Kenya. Research was done extensively before the process of reform. Still the researcher was not satisfied with the primary results or the ongoing results. What is the role of the researcher in this case? Do they have an influential role in the institutional reform process? Do the board have an active participatory approach? is it transparent? • Organization of water supply is a very complex issue. • Africa is specific country when water is an issue. It needs to have different approach then in other countries. • Since late 1990s the process of reforming in water sector has been started in Kenya (using three stategies of development, Water Act 2002) • Example of a lesson learnt from past: no great infrastructure will be sustained without proper administration and regulations. Case study presented very careful preparation and reform of water administration and legislation in Kenya • The amount of renewable water resources per capita is the lowest in the world. • Low water resources, bad functioning of water sector organisators, limited finansial resources, scarcity of resources. • In Kenya Organization of WSS and Providers are chosen and dependent of Water service Boards, which should be independent. • A lot of changes in the Kenyan water sector but I haven’t got the message that they would really in the way to improve water services coverage • Water providers can be from different structures: private, governmental, cooperatives. • There are different ways how to set up institutional system. It looks that Kenya is the case where this system is very complicate and usually complicate systems lead to no-transparency and other problems • The separation of WRM from WS Provision • Kenya is reforming its Water Sector. But it is problematic and the main problems are lack of protection of water resources, scarcity of water in some places, lack of financial resources, corruption and lack of skill. • Kenya has not enough water. The quality of water is not good too. • Water problem a complex network of interacting issues, the reform process requiring equally multi-dimensional approach • Water problems are also legal problems

Day4Case3Note2 • It´s good solution to provide water services to people making contracts between government and private companies on the basis of competition. So, Kenya seems wanting to transfer water services from governmental to private hands. • Main problem which face Kenia is a water scarcity • Water Regulatory Board still depends from the Ministry of WAter, which can influence policies and decisions. On the other hand, since international contractors are not interested in all the regions, local contractors can jump into the field, do they have the expertise for the matter? Could they be the solution for ameliorate corruption at the governmental level? • Kenya has very good ideas but the problem comes in the implementation. They have a deep culture of community and this is an advantage. Corroption is a key problem • How much tha community can solve the problems itself?

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• There many Water Service Providers which serve the consumers of Kenya. They must provide high water quality and sanitation service. • Brilliant ideas are not always easy to implement without proper management and money. Proper management means control, audits and execution of targets • There is no international cooperation concerning water utilities in Kenya. • Several strategies are constructed to solve these problems. System of intercooperations between municipalities are being done. • Water Service Providers can be: governmental, communal, private or any other property. • The development of polices and reform policy in this case is not significantly different from others in developing countries. • Who have access to water in Kenya? • Water provision - supplied by the private sector or by the state • The system will be to have 7 water service board which will be asses holders and they will license out to the contractor. They will have yearly performance targets to fullfill. This is a huge task and it is still to be seen if this will bring the water to the poor. • The population growing up every minute, therefore we must take care of now water resources. Also very important point - to deliver water to people. • Institutional set up of the water Service Providers. An interesting and promising idea, the practice yet to be seen. • Amount of work organisational reform/Restructuring and its implementation demands

Day4Presentation 1 • Privatization processes differ considerably in different countries. • Water governance should include other actors except government as well private sector and society itself. • The role of the private sector and society is essential issue in water governance • Water management shift from governmental. Different countries with different civil participation role. Ghana -active participation lead to change the trend, contrary to the situation in Jordan where the participation was passive and did not change the privatization scheme proposed. • Water utilities will remain inefficient without a good governance framework. Ghana has the resources but not the water supply and sanitation • Role of governance! • Effective water governance arrangements to water utilities in the developing countries. • Governance as the basis of water management. In case of current water crisis it is actually the crisis of governance. (the cases of Ghana show public opposition to privatisation and case of Jordan shows total ignorance to water managemetn issues, inclucing privatisation) • Aim of the work: effective water governance arrangements for water utilities in the developing countries. • Problem of water governance in the developing countries. Many progressive factors initiated water management. Argue between public and privaty investors. • Problem of privatization of WSS in developing countries (sample of Jordan and Ghana) can have similar aim but different situation can bring opposites effects. • Governance prospective of water management in Gana and Jordan, not much information was given, but it all was new for me. • In the past the governance was understood as government. Now it has been changed and as governance you don't think only about government but as well as civil society and private sector • Low water recourses and crisis of the water governance • Aim is to find a good goverance model for the water sector in the developing countries by looking at lessons learned in Lebanon and Ghana with privatazing the water sector. Look at private/public parternship models. • About all presentations: they all have goals and they are going to that. I think that is the most important think for everyone. They understand where we are and where we are going. • Water utilities will remain ineffective in absence of good governance. An interesting detail: Community-public partnership • Good governance is needed in developing countries for solving water crisis

Day4Presentation 2 • Egoism and lack of trust are big problems in Croatia. • Water sector is inter-organizational network, so we have to develope collaboration between the institutions. • Knowlege management is very important issue for the water resourses management • Knowledge management from tradition, culture brought for modelling to be included in teh theoretical framework. • Water sector should be inter-organizationals network.This have not been achieved and/or is not prioritize. An important problem to be faced is the lack of knowledge in water issues.

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• the impact of knowledgw management on functioning of water services • Organisations get more dependant on each other (inter-organisations), sharing knowledge, experiences and goals - in case of Kosovo lack of proper knowledge management fails and influences the wss. Water services can be improved by better management of knowledge! • To improve performance of water services through better management of knowledge. • Water sector is a complex system with inter-organisational nature. Weakness of service: hidden knowledge and information. Necessary - to improve functioning of MK. • Knowledge Management in Kosovo if exist, is on very individual level - do sampling to high developped country (Finland) is proper? • It is interesting approach to improve water services than any other traditional approach. I am interesting to know the framework of the knowledge management model that would be resulted at the end of the research • Good quality water supply as a inter-organization goal. • Poor knowledge management inside in the WSS sector • Knowledge management is one of the key issues • Management of knowledge in the water sector is very important to get better preformance. This is specially important now and in the times to come when knowledge and access to knowledge is vital. The aim is to develop a model for knowledge management in the water sector. • knowledge management an important element for efficient management. • There are problems in management of knowledge in water sector

Day4Presentation 3 • The problems in the Mekong region require multidisciplinary research efforts. • Water influence on society and vice versa. Water management includes managing water+environment+people+ politics. • Interconnection water management and society in a developing countries • Water resource management include society. WM= water + environment+ people+politics. Governance, on the other hand includes different levels and institutionality. • Water management should involve the environment, people and politicians. • Multidisciplinarity of the research! • interconnection between water and society in developing countries (region of Mekong river) • Multi- and cross-disciplinary plus cross-border water management can really work and bring results (See Mekong) • Interesting research. Aim of the work - to look into the circumstances between water and society. • Interactions between water and society (Mekong River). For good governance: multidisciplinary approaches, real cooperation, linking different governance levels and institutions. • Trans boundary Mekong river (13th of the World), undimmed, contains main source of water for agriculture, fishery etc. what causes many socio-economic consequences • Different area than the one we have been discussing during the last working areas (WSS). To investigate the relation of water in the sense of water • resources and society and how it is related to the Integrated Water Management issues. • Multi- disciplinary aspects in good quality water supply in Vietnam. • Water management does not mean only managing the water but as well taking into account environment, needs of people and political games • Highly multi-level and cross disciplinary aspects in water management • It is important to look at the intergratet water resourch management with society perspective not just as a technical task. It is a good way to combine work and research, practic with teori. • Very ambitious large scale and multi-dimensional project, with a range of research tools and approaches. A project worth keeping an eye on. • Different levels have to be linked for viable water governance

Day4Presentation 4 • The people in Nepal are willing to develop their systems but most of the required knowledge is lacking. • Lack of water resources could be the reason of poverty in developing countries. • Lack of sanitarisation is a source of the poverty. • Nepal. IWRM practice and implementation in rural villages. Is culture with new ideas and technologies compatible? Poverty needs to be tackled first. As pointed out before in the seminar, first we need to eat/drink then we can think and act. • In Nepal there are lost of water resources but they are not close. If close, the water quality is bad • Poor people are very difficult to tackle, especially when their politics is not cooperating. • problems of rural water supply and sanitation in Nepal on connecting with poverty

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• In many regions (this case Nepal) ther is no water as resource problem. The problems results from its accesability, quality or quantity. In Nepal the poverty and lack of means to fetch the water is the reason of conflict. • water is not enough is far away and makes you sick. • Nepal - region with low water resources (or too far, or not enough, or can harm health). Supporting programme which should connect water and poverty are being constructed. • Water is needed to the people in everyway – that is obvious. But in Nepal even fighting local communities can agree to have good access to the water, built water supply investments. • Poverty doesn’t mean lack of money and resources but in this case it has meant lack of education and accessibility. • Very good description of situation on water supply in Nepal and list of possible solutions for water problem in poor country. • In some cases like Nepal (and probably more countries) the discussion is not about water (there is water) but more about poverty and reduction of its negative aspects • Participatory planning & training for the sustainable water management • When working at bringing water to the poor it is important to work at the gras root level and then you can influence and change unequity and unjustic between classes and gender in a way that a waterdrop make holes in stones. • In some countries there are no on solutions to problems

Keynote Lecture “Options for public and private cooperation in water and sanitation services”, Dr. Esteban Castro, University of Oxford Day4Lecture1Note1 • The "correct" definition of privatization seems to be under incredibly hot debate, which draws attention from the real issue. • Water problem isn´t only technical, but also political, socio-economic, cultural, organisational, institutional. • Privatisation of the water services focused on water resourses and water infrastructure and services.It's necessary to analyze the private and public as closely intertwined, not merely as "opposed". • The changing from public services to private services could have a transition. Examples of a good public water governance is in Parana-Brazil. Sao Paulo. Still they do not provide service to the poor, which could say it is the same level of the private sector with the advantage that the profit is for the same city. Explore transitions for governance systems in the public sector beginning with medium cities. • Public systems have failed in giving water suppluy and quality. Private systems aswell. In Latin America, both are corropted. In the beginning they believed privatization was the panacea. There are not evidence of privatization success in water and sanitation services. Culture is not considered when privatization and this may be a good reason why these services have not succeed. • Excelent approach to question the actual privatisation proces. clearly and simply presented objectives, very good argumentation to define the results. • The water supply privatization focused on two moments: 1. water resources, 2. water infrastructure and services • The word of privatisation is differently recognised in different places, by different societies, groups of interest and this may cause missunderstandings • Definition of privatization. • Problem of proceedings of PSP in developing countries. No private water projects in the countries, where they are needed. Bulk of investments go even not to countries but to cities! • Political sector failed in water governance – starting searching solution in private capital. Privatization of water sector is often even worse than public. Privatization doesn’t succeed. • The WSS status in England is interesting in the sense to know that water sector is indebted of 20% users are not paying their charges. I hope that the sector would return back under the public control and as Britain was the early promoter to theses privatization programs it would be also the promoter to stop the policy. • Poor people can’t use water which is provided by water supply companies, because it is too expensive for them, they prefer to use unsafe water but for free. • Privatisation of water supply (in some of the Latin American countries, England and Wales) has caused a lot of problems: private sector does not invest the money for improvements of system or takes loans which are not capable to return. It looks that governments of the countries have fulfilled their own private needs (including Latvia) (corruption) and forgoten what is needed for the citizens who have voted for them • The role of private sector in the WSS

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• Privatiazion of water was not a success in the developed part of the world in time past. There was no reason to think it would be that in the developing world. As it turned out it has not improved the situation of water in the world as a hole. The lession is that the policy of privitazion is a failure. It has not brought any investment in to the poor countries nor increased the cover of water supply. It has not improved infrastructure nor the environment. What it has brought about is more unequity. The lesson is don't create private monopoly. • Private sector is a difficult and contentious business. • Various institutional options and practical examples for each. PSP is not an easy task to define, and neither is privatisation. • It is hard to assess consequences of shortly started facilities

Day4Lecture1Note2 • There is no real proof that the private sector would have performed better than the public sector in providing water services. • Privatization must present the transition not only the asses from governmental to private property, but also transition of functions. If privatization must be itself. • The water resourses privatisation must be based on cultural background of the country. Desicion must not be influences by the international organisations as a donor. • Non payment is a matter of poverty and culture. WB emphasizes on the first, however in certain countries it is actually a matter of culture and awareness from both sides the wealthier population and the government. Awareness in the poor is more on the health and technological issues. • Spain is the only country that independently of your income if you do not pay the water or energy they cut off the services, in spite of being public services. • Where our society is going is related also with the future of water? I liked the answer "We need to reconsider our society!". • Public support for privatisation in Latin America is continuously decreasing. • So far the history has not proved that privatisation of water supply and sanitation services has brought any benefits to the final users. many concrete arguments and calculations were presented to prove the theory that in water business the private sector can not offer anything better thatn public utilties. moreover in long run - private utilities cause more harm. The pitty is that it is the huge, well recognised organisations forcing privatisation especially in countires which can not afford any financial failure and decrease of water service quality to the citizens. • Compensation is needed from development countries. • Solution - multinational water monopolies. PSP helps to expand delivery of WSS to the poor, but privatization causes the increasing in tariffs. • Private business is money oriented so do not expect of them broad view on the water problem i.e. education, environment protection, poverty supply etc. • I believe that this new look “governance issues” has been appeared for cosmetic purposes of the PPP and in order to push the policy further. Though the aspects of better, viable, effective ..what ever the name is sound illuminating and nice in theory and it make sense, I don’t believe it is easy to create the needed environment to achieve this in the context of developing countries. So I am looking forward to what the lecturer will say tomorrow in regard to governance • Water tariff evolution in London. • Serious studies and research must be made before taking decision to initiate privatisation. These studies should include weighting of different factors like socioeconomical, organisational, institutional, cultural for not to make similar mistakes like in La Paz in Bolivia where water supply system was installed for poor people who did not want / could not use it for economical reasons • Why people don't pay for the water: social or cultural aspect • The battle against privitazion of the water sector maybe won at the moment but not the war. • The involvement of the private sector has become increasingly controversial and projects are being challenged on technical, social and political grounds in many countries. • A storng case against privatisation, evidence given case by case, issue by issue, example by example. Privatisation process revisited, ending at de-privatisation. • Privatisation has caused problems also in europe

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DAY 5 Keynote Lecture: “Citizenship, water and governance”, Dr. Esteban Castro, University of Oxford Day5Lecture1Note1 • Meaning of the governance, civil society; their history and relationships. A lot of regimes of water governance models. World Bank: unregulated water monopolies are the solution of situation in developing countries. • Water has economic value in all its competing users. • Governance is not only about governing but first of all about what kind of society we want and only then it is about arrangments of authority and power • Topick mainly concentrate on essential water inequalities in the assess and control WSS • The difference between the human right and the human need. Water should be considered as human right but still there is not concensus about it. We have to change aour relationship with water. Water as a community good is clearly believed in Spain and in Latin America countries. Any water governance should be based on the idea of water being a common resources and a human right. • Notion of citizenship in relation with water leads to the water principles. Different forms of citizenships: formal and substantive are needed when thinking about water. Citizenship is based on rights and duties, and again it involved as well culture, common practices. As an example of the denying of citizenship in the water issues, we can take the Precautionary Principle and the techniques to evaluate the willingness to pay among residents. they are not consulted on their own practices that could be based on common grounds. • Having an economical value, is not a reason to say that water is an economic good, because it is having other values also more than that. • The definition of water governance is very related with own countrie's culture. • Difficult water governance regimes are consequences of cultures (i.e. Islam -> Spain-> Latin America). Knowledge about culture can be solution to get key to water governing problem. • Variance in water governances in different countries can be due to difference in culture and government attitude. • Ideal model of governance consist of triangle of market society and state governance. • The water management in the developing countries in not under the "control" in the private sector - opposite to processes in the reach countries • Water services have become an important component of public life. • Definition of citizenship is important and then to involve the citizens in water issues. Privatizing has not worked in the past and we have been repeating the mistakes and not learning from history. We have to find new water culture in Europe where citizen are actively involved. • Governance is about which society we want and there is no consensus about which society we want in the sense of should water be considered as social or economic good. There is a need to define what is meant by civil society, citizenship and what they mean in the developing countries context • Differences in understanding the of "citizenship" between Europe and USA • Struggles over water show distance between written and executed citizen rights; access and control to WSS show socio-economial contradictions - threfore privatisation has many weaknesses • According to Castro, the only purpose of OFWAT is to make sure that the companies make a profit. I had never thought of it from this point of view.

Day5Lecture1note2 • Citizenship is very dynamic, people change it's content permanently. Basic citizenship rights include rights to water. Rights vs. duties. • Public and private operators alike must be subject to strict regulation by representative public bodies to ensure transparency and citizen parcipitation. • The ideal of governance is then when state, market and civil society is in balanced partnership • Different level óf governance is closely linked with historical prosesses of countries • Citizen is something dinamic. Now you can have some right that can be lost in th future. • Good governance. Is good governance proposed because is feasible? Not exactly, but because it applies values that we appreciate and are according to our believes, customs and culture. Again, the notion of culture is included, and with that the notion of citizenship. • Civil society, state, & market should be equal partners in succesful governance • Efficient water governance can be achieved only in highly authoritarian and undemocratic countries. • Water has many values not only economic so it shouldn’t be seen as economic good only, and not be used as regular market good.

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• The right to water in some countries can change depending how much water is available in present time and situation. • One of the main goals of the neoliberal water governance reforms is changing status of water from public to the private sector. • Highly democratic and participative models don't guarantee sustainable water governance • Private water service - "Market failure". • Acceptable rate of return of investments in public infrastructure is now considered 6-8% (5% in Iceland by law) in rich countries. Private sector operating in less developed countries demand 20% return of investment. This can not be the solution to fulfill the UNMG. • There is a big difference between the economic value of water and the economic good. Culture is so important to consider when water management is raised. Religions and cultures in different parts of the word have recognized the right to access to the basic needs of water and have been prioritized over other uses • Amazing amount of lack of regulation in privatizing situations • Governance - determins what ends and values should be chosen (are wanted by people) and the means by which those should be pursued; what is more governance, civil society and citizenship are differently recognised in diferent cultures (systems) • In indigenous cultures, water rights adapt to changing circumstances.

Day5Session1Note1 • Problem of sanitation is actual in Finland (causes euthrophication, deterioration, pollution). The proper legislation exists, but difficult to put it into practice. • The appropriate solutions will require totally new thinking as regards services. • Theory can suggest questions for research and provide answers. Therefore theory is of importance • Dissertation shows a multidiscipinary approach in water treatment • The influence of inmigration in the availability of water supply. They have affected the stability. • Theory. Theories suggest new questions for us to ask. The relationship among them could suggest us the feasibility of new alternatives or the probability of a new thinking. on the other hand, research is not objective especially when our involvement is really very deep, and there is the possibility to fall for a favorite way of thinking or alternative. • Changing of legislation on waste management is important to improve sanitation in rural Finish areas. • When talking about santitation, the long time perspective has to be taken into account. • Swedish example: Percentage of WSS at rural area per capita was always very low. Common, neglected aim of reuse management is water quality and sludge reuse problem. • Options for selecting wastewater treatment system for rural houses • The content of todays wastewater is very different from the water was before 30-40 years. • Sanitation crisis as a global problem • Sanitation problems are different in the rural areas of developing countries. The most common toilet in the world, the pit latrine, is just a hole in the ground with some kind of shelter around it. • Due to increased problem from waste and sanitation, demand is for on site sanitation and circulating the nutrients back to the land. With decentralized waste management wastewater quality control is very important. • Again the Swedish opponent emphasizes the importance of going through the history in order to get the picture clear about an area of research. Different water management types have been implemented to correspond to different priorities of water uses that also resulted in different customer’s responses. • Rural sanitation problem has been solved by urbanization • when writing PhD. be careful with stating how material was collected, present deep methodology, give precise sources, discuss used terminology at the beginning, try to be objective - in case of very subjective point of view don't forget about discussion/mentioning of other options • Water closets are not environmentally sustainable and cannot be a solution to the enormous sanitation problem of the developing countries and rural areas.

Day5Session1Note2 • The main questions: 1) what to choose: centralized or decentralized technology; 2) what to do with non-point source pollution. This research could help in solving t´he world's sanitation crisis if only given enough resources. • Until now, the sanitation of rural areas has not been controlled carefully enough. • There is no objectivity in research • Presentor discussed the methods of future research in the water and sanitation sector. • In the future there will be a scarce in phosphorus resources. In Finland, there are plenty of phosphorus and nitrates in the lake dealing to eutrophication • Good explanation of the background of the thesis. Give us a broad perspective also based on history to bring us back to reality in present time, and the importance of the neglected issue of sanitation in rural areas.

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• Decentralisation and on site sanitation is a best option in the management of waste in future • Not many people (almost nobody) think about wastewater (when it is treated and where disposed). • Capacity of water and phosphorus are content in the world, that why we should keep it in the land. • Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) • The rich cities of the developed worl can afford to construct efficient enough wastewater treatment plants. There the question is more political than economical or technological. • The migration of people from rural areas • Quite a large number of water supply and sanitation projects have implemented centralised wastewater systems. New innovations are needed in the sector! • New legislation have been implemented in Finland to promote on-site sanitation. But it seems that the authorities are looking through there finger and not following what says in the law. Maybe this will take some time. Waste management has only been looked at as a technical problem to solve and technician are inclined to use long pipe solutions, the longer the better. The technician have ruled in this area for decades. This will take some time to change. • We reach a stage of chemical society in the sense that no one knows completely what chemicals are being discharged with the wastewater. The crisis we have is not only a crisis of lack of water accessibility and sanitation services but lack of nutrients. We are running off phosphorus and we haven’t been motivated to recover it before. The future would be decentralized sanitation systems and reuse management- i.e the reuse of excreta and gray water. It is expected to have a dramatic change from which is possible from the hygienic point of view in the sanitation system. • There is lack of knowledge in municipalities in sanitation questions • On-site waste water treatment is the come-back to old methods and reuse of nutrients (currently fighting with WSS centralisation in Finland) • The problem with sanitation is that the optimal solution is always site-specific. Finding and implementing requires efforts also from the consumer.

Day5Question1 • Is it possible to manage water resources together (state and private companies)? • How to make private companies to put investments for repairing, unproving and developing of water systems. • What kind of privatisation of water sector has been done in Estonia? • What is the roll and influence of the catholic religion in the privatization of water systems in global scale?. • New research and alternatives in excretas was said that it could be now included in policy and regulations. Is that easy the process? usually it is very obvious for us scientists but not to politician who share besides other interests. • Why the part 'citizen' is out of the picture now? What are the main reasons???????? • How this European water governance declaration could come into force? • Shortsighted vs. long term strategy: is vision of private company solving the problem? • Why in so many countries water and sanitary services belongs to foreign companies? • WSS as a social right and public sector duty, or under private sector or both (co-operation)? • Are not to much regulators on water private system in England? • Water as a commodity for them who can pay for it or water as a human right is two very different ways of looking at the world. If there are so fundamental different approach can we succeed in find a way forward. • How could I measure the affectivity, viability, or the good aspects of the water governance in a specific context without being driven by the mainstream literatures of the WB and other international development agencies? • How to govern water democratically • Check when the governance balance started to change in Poland (for the benefit of citizens) • How can we convince the developing countries to settle for dry toilets when all the industrial countries have water closets? I think water closets are a kind of status symbol like cars and meat-eating, and the developing countries are bound to want them.

Day5Question2 • Does public participation in water sector have a sound in Estonia? • If the experts and politics are not able to agree in many topics, how can they not understand the untrustness of society toward them? • Is there any in 'pro' opinion with private sector participation? could be interesting to confront both sides. • Isn't there any sucsessful experiances in privatisation of water services, in the world????? • How this new water culture could be introduced to development countries? • Is it possible to have smooth re privatization with no big costs? • What circumstances of the country (geographical or others) have a highest influence on water pricing? • Why the water sanitation in the rural areas is so neglected by the existing policy?

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• How can the citizens find out what really is going on behind closed curtains and read between the lines. In most countries even, that are classified as democratic, citizen only vote every four year and are not encourage to participate in public debate. • Are we going back to decentralized water supply and sanitation systems of small scale? It is hard to say but may be then we can approach a more efficient management system whether privately or publicly owned since this would break down the monopolistic characteristics of the large system. I hope I am not saying some thing nonsense since I allow myself to write whatever comes to my mind. • check privatisation cases of WSS utilities in Poland • How can we convince people in industrialized countries to use dry toilets in sparsely populated areas? At least in Finland the concept awakens in people's minds images of old-fashioned, smelly huts somewhere in the backyard, and that image is hard to erase.

Day5Question3 • Neoliberal policies have been combined in various countries not in the same period. Analyzing the consequences in each period, the process, and the changes could give us an idea of thinking in South America. • Is it possible to use individual onsite sanitation methods in densly populated rural cities? (because land scarecity) • Which solution of on-site use for private householders is best in Poland according to local legislation and socioeconomic and environmental condition? • Is here any organization which is responsible for drinking water quality control in individual rural houses in Finland? • It is interesting how much approximately people in Finland (in the world) are using dry toilets? • What is the "best solution" for dispersal houses in the rural areas? • Is on-site sanitation not a step back in health care. With on-site sanitation is it possible to insure that we are not spreading diseases like norovirus. Norovirus is very small compared to bacteria and have been fund where no bacteria's where detected. • How to use the future studies in my research? I believe it is important to do that but I have no idea at the moment how. • check centralisation /decentralisation cases of WSS cases in POland

Day5Question4 • What should be the alternative for such situation? • Apprpriateness of conventional treatment methods in on sight management? • If the European societies are fighting against privatization and it has been legally abandoned in Netherlands and expected also to be the case in Sweden and Britain is in real crisis of water management, why the EU countries could not reach a consensus on this issue in the European declaration of New Water Culture? To which extent we should be driven by the wrong politics if we really seek to achieve the targets in the global water governance?

Day5Ideas • Not very useful, but some moments are rather interesting and possible will be useful in coastal management, which I'm involving to my research. • The theme of this lecture connected with my researches only in common questions, but some ideas were very useful for forming my civil position about this question. Privatization perspectives of the state kompany "VODOKANAL" is being discussed in that time in our city. • to read what is happening with privatisation in energy sector • Todays topicks is not strongly related with my study. I have to think about a holistic approach in water governance and know more about European declaration for a New water culture. • 30000 chemical compounds are used everyday in our life. Most of them cannot be treated. In any publication, presentation...you should relate the conclusions to the objectives. Could be a good idea to write a sort of recommendation for future studies. Be more critical with the stadistics • Look carefully at statistics and relationships to have a real view of water achievements. Explore the role of citizenship notion into the process for institutional reform as well as the inclusion of adjustment from culture to existing alternatives and viceversa, if they are possible. • Use of ecological wastewater treatments in decentralised / onsite waste management. A good experiance to face my own desertation defence. • Maybe I won't use it in my own dissertation, but these statements I think are very important for everyone like a person: - People have to take water even though they know they will be sick. - Human-beings neede 40-50 liters of water daily to satisfy basic needs.

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• Ecosan (ecology – economy sanitation) systems are for private householders (on-site) who are finally responsible for quality of water. People usually have nothing to say in water governance – this is changing slowly. Consumers have no rights but only pay for water. Many countries prohibited privatization of water sector (NL. Citizenship is rights and duties. Private companies use the duty of pay for water and do not give right to have influence of water governing. • Do the options for selecting wastewater treatment system for rural houses in Finland could work also in my country? • I will really to clearify the water governance situation in my county and will see what direction it is going on. Ye, it is interesting :) Choosing and describing methods of the study it is really important thing because methods influence results very much • The water sanitation in rural area is neglected in Latvia by policy; The education of sustainable water management for people in rural areas and new technological alternatives are necessary; • A lot of people are using the water and they know that they will sick, but they do not have another way - they will die without water. We have a lot of rights - one of them is the right to Water. In England are 5 regulators on private water organizations unfortunately in the not development countries there are not at all. Therefore these countries have a lot of problems. It is unique event (in Bolivia): few Americans established the water system the most important think is that they spend 2000$(USA) but the made very big profit. 2.6 billion people without proper sanitation. The rich cities of the developed world can afford to construct efficient enough wastewater treatment plants. • The Icelandic Water Act is since 1923. In many way it has proven to be good f.eks. it says that it is not allowed to pollute water and if you do you are to pay to restore (kind of polluters pay principle) though to my knowledge it has not been followed. This winter there came a new proposal for parliament from the government for new Water Act which took out this part and is only about ownership. It was said that everything about the protection of the water environment should be in an other law that would come later and will be in according to the EU Water Directive. This proposal did not go through but has been announced next winter with new environmental water law. More discussion in Iceland is needed on lot of issues. Also water as human right and water governance. Also to recognize that the existing water culture is an important factor and should be incorporated in to water management. It important for citizens of Iceland to participate in this process • It is important to understand the specific water culture of each of my case studies and to articulate this in the perceptions of people. It is important to look at what is meant by each concept that is being used in the governance definition in general and in a specific context of the case study. To trace the success or failure of private sector involvement in water services management in the past and to identify what has been changed to understand the present and to draw future strategies. • What rights inhabitants of cities had concerning water in South Africa • check Global Water Governance; - go over new water culture declaration of Europe; - in the end of 2005 look for WHO paper on reuse of excreta and grey water