Waste Minimisation as Sustainable Waste ...

UMT 11th International Annual Symposium on Sustainability Science and Management 09th – 11th July 2012, Terengganu, Malaysia

Waste Minimisation as Sustainable Waste Management Strategy for Malaysian Industries Shadi Kafi Mallak and Mohd Bakri Ishak Fakulti Alam Sekitar, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Corresponding author‟s e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The high rate of industrial growth lead to the huge amount of generated solid wastes which arise environmental concerns by bringing them for final disposal in landfills. The high cost of lands and limited numbers of landfill to handle the increased generated waste by industries , increase the illegal dumping which have harmful consequences by generating green house gases and leachate. The high volume of generated industrial solid wastes represent the daily demand of proper management system .In Peninsular Malaysia ,approximately 95-97% of generated solid wastes are transferred to the landfill for disposal and just 3-5% of wastes recycled or processed for other usage. Practicing waste minimisation is the most desirable method in waste management Hierarchy and being realized as an environment friendly industrial system with minimum pollution load that can be useful to the companies in order to obtain a better knowledge of the process and have the economic benefit include the possibilities of selling specific waste materials and the removal from site of other wastes at no charge or reduced cost, with a subsequent reduction in materials going to landfill at a higher cost. There are some issues and challenges such as lack of cost, awareness and old technology that prevent industries to practice waste minimisation for their solid wastes. The finding of this study will be useful to determine the problems associate with practicing waste minimisation in Malaysian industries by considering the weaknesses and strengthen of strategies and policies that play vital role in practicing waste minimisation. Key word: industrial solid wastes, waste minimisation, waste management strategies Introduction Sustainable development always be a key issues by increasing the number of industries both developed and developing countries (Margaret P. Bates 1999). Sustainable development is defined based on Brundtland„s commission report in 1987 as “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Some governments have developed this definition further to “development which improves the quality of life for current and future generations, without jeopardizing finite natural resources” (Brundtland 1987) .Effective protection of the environment ,prudential use of natural resource and high level of economic growth are the pivotal component of sustainable development (MHLG 2005). Waste minimisation in the waste management hierarchy established by EPA in 1976, is located at the highest level that considered as the more preferable options than the treatment and disposal in the lowest level.(Florida 2006) and play a vital role in sustainable development which is defined as reduction of waste at source, by understanding and changing process to reduce and prevent waste. This is also known as process or resource efficiency .waste minimisation also includes the substitution of less environmentally harmful materials in to the production process (EA 1997) (Margaret P. Bates 1999).

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Highest level

Minimisation Reuse

Recovery

Lowest level level

Disposal

Figure (1) : waste management hierarchy It is realized that waste minimisation techniques is fundamental for sustainable development along with the main increase in source efficiency. Practicing waste minimisation techniques for industries was recognized a key area for action by considering the produces around three times the amount from household wastes. (Rachel M .Pratt 2000)There are different types of wastes generated by industries. Based on the EPA‟s waste guild line in 2009 there is a definition for industrial wastes that classify industrial wastes in to two categories, general industrial waste that is not hazardous wastes and the listed industrial wastes with hazardous characteristics. The management system and the regulations for both of them is different (DECCW 2009). Material and method UK industrial waste generation & minimization. It was reported in UK , approximately 26 million tone of wastes produced by industrial activity each year .In 1995 landfill disposal was the main method for handling of 85% of solid wastes .the current waste management in UK is based on the waste management hierarchy (Rachel M .Pratt 2000).The first industrial waste minimisation club was published in UK during the early 1990. Around 60 waste minimisation club had been developed to demonstrated the role of applied waste minimisation methodologies in reducing the amount of generated industrial & commercial wastes and encourage industries to perceive waste minimisation methodologies.(Rachel M .Pratt 2000) The applied strategy of waste management in UK was based on the conception of waste management hierarchy with Reduction, Reuse, Recovery and Disposal which was given more priority on waste reduction (minimisation). Product modification, In put change ,Technology change ,procedural change ,Good housekeeping ,On site reuse/recycle and Off site reuse/recycle are the applied method for practicing waste minimisation which have resulted the reduction of waste arising ,Financial saving and resource efficiency in their projects (Paul S.Phillips 1999) . The UK Government’s strategy &Regulations for waste management. In UK waste regulation is done through Environmental Agency that termed waste regulation Authority. The importance of this strategy was under the section44A of the 1990 Environmental protection Act this Act established duty of care on anyone who has control of or responsibility for controlled waste at any stage in its production or disposal (Paul S.Phillips 1999), and Government‟s policies in UK explore to move industry toward sustainable waste management practice. Strategies try to manage the culture of waste producers to produce a socially acceptable waste out put level and play a core role in sustainable waste management strategy. Market –Based strategy and promotion strategy are other strategies for which applied taxes and subsidies to improve waste out put and the second one creating financial incentives for improving environmental performances. Cheap, easy to administer and flexibility are the benefits of regulatory strategies in UK (Rachel M .Pratt 2000). Overview of practicing of industrial waste minimisation in UK. The UK Government increase awareness of minimisation practices and consumer knowledge by providing guidelines for industries e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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and extend it to local Authorities. The early stages of practicing waste minimisation was examined to seek sustainable approaches to waste management, it was found that the pervious strategy was not adequate. That led to further development, based on this development waste minimisation placed on the top level of waste management hierarchy and being confirmed as a major component in a national strategy of sustainable development (Paul S.Phillips 1999). Poonprasit et al investigated the adoption of waste minimisation techniques in food and drink industry in East of England as a main sector in UK that lead to decrease waste emission by 1370 tones of solid wastes and decrease the consumption of natural resources by 35 tones of paper and packaging, reduction of operating cost ,improved profitability and competitiveness ,improved company image and stakeholder confidence (M poonprasit 2005). In the other studies done by Hyde et al in 2000 in food and drink industry in East Anglia ,UK .By implementing waste minimisation projects 12% reduction of raw material was achieved and provide considerable profitably by decreasing costs for handling wastes disposal and provide Environmental improvement in Putrescible wastage and packaging (Katherine Hyde 2001) . So, it is considered that waste minimisation is one of the best approaches for improving sustainable performance in industries and solve the existing issues of unnecessary consumption and inefficient processing for wide spreading the waste minimizing practices ,Local Authorities had plans for promoting and supporting waste reduction and efficiency to the business and waste strategies unit provide guidance and financial assistance to local Authorities in UK. (M poonprasit 2005)

Industrial waste management in Thailand. 18 million tones of industrial wastes generate each year in Thailand .The studies conducted in 2007 identified that industrial wastes comprised of glasses, paper, plastic , iron, aluminum and rubber and their generation were about 13.4 million tones and just 60% of them have been recycled . compared to 2006 ,it was investigated that the proportion of industrial waste recovery decreased by 4%.(Phechpakdee 2009) End of pipe approach is the waste management method for industries that lead to Environmental concerns in Thailand, but waste minimisation consider as a solution for this issues. During the 2007, only a few industries managed their generated wastes according to the legislation (8.2% of the total industries) Waste related regulations, policy and guidelines in Thailand. Despite the limited number of law related to waste management in Thailand there is a key one provides legal basis for industrial activities and standards .That is Factory Act A.E.1992, also Hazardous substance Act A.E for controlling chemical wastes and the Public Health Act A.E. for monitoring waste from all types of activities with enforcement of domestic and infectious wastes was published in1992 .The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act A.E.1992 is the other relative Act to waste management in Thailand (Phechpakdee 2009). The guideline and policy for Thailand aims to improve waste management through the efficient implementation of mechanisms and technologies. Thailand government policies aim to establish efficient waste management system, to enhance waste management in local areas, and to encourage private sector to recycle waste within the organizations so that wastes could be minimized. The national integrated waste management plan has been formulated to encourage the maximum use of resources in an efficient manner, to control wastes at the sources, and to maximize the use of wastes prior to final treatment. (Phechpakdee 2009). Overview of practicing of industrial waste minimisation in Thailand. There are many ways for controlling waste arising which can be achieved by waste minimisation methodologies. Applying waste minimisation techniques in Thailand industries ,demonstrate that simple techniques of waste minimisation can lead to a sustainable solution for industrial waste management. (S. Vigneswaran 1999). According to pervious experiences the following methods found out as a successful methods for achieving waste minimisation :improved house keeping, changing products and input material ,changing process technology , recycle process, chemical and raw materials ,recovering by-products /waste and educing in put to process. Paper and pulp industry in Thailand applied recovering byproduct /waste and change in process chemical techniques that have commercial value and lead to a saving of 73% of the annual operating cost. Palm and oil industry another industry that play an important role in economic growth in Thailand and Malaysia. In Thailand in 2003, 0.7 million ton was produced from crude palm oil industry each year .Crude palm oil production generates large amounts of process by products that is reusable and recyclable (O. Chavalparit 2006). The process modification, resource recovery and reuse techniques were implemented as methods of waste minimisation that help to decrease the amount of generated waste. (S. Vigneswaran 1999) e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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Table (1) : Regulations in Thailand associate with waste generation Sectors Regulations The Factory Act A.E.1992 Public Health Act A.E.1992 Atomic Energy for Pease Act Hazardous substance Act A.E.1992

House

Hospital

Educated institute

Industries

______

______

______

Hazardous waste & infected waste



Radioactive wastes

Radioactive wastes

Radioactive wastes

Hazardous wastes-None Hazardous waste Infected wastes, Wastes from the process of the production of the factory Radioactive wastes

______

______

______

Hazardous wastes (only to occupy for chemical waste & transportation )

Source :(Phechpakdee 2009) Industrial waste management situation in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia produces 3500 tons of domestic and industrial wastes per day.(Bavani 2009) the trend of solid waste generation expected to reach 30,000 tones per day in 2020 (Aziz 2007) .Schedule wastes generation from industrial activity varied from 1994 to 2010 . 417,413 metric tons of wastes generated in 1994 increased to 1,705,308 metric tones in 2009 and it has increasing trend in 2010 with the total of 1880928 metric tones of industrial wastes based on the notification on schedule wastes received by Department Of Environment ((DOE) 2010) There are different ways of industrial waste handling in comparison of handling household wastes. The municipal solid waste from household, business entities and institutions are managed under the responsibility of LAs while industrial process wastes and construction waste are managed by the private waste management service contractors(MHLG 2006 ). Solid waste management in Malaysia is governed under Concurrent list of the 9th Schedule of the Federal Constitution, public health and sanitation is under this list that carries out by the Federal Government, state and the Local Authorities. The Local Authorities have been carried out the activities related to the management of solid waste which includes collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.(Aziz 2007) End –of –pipe approach in Malaysia is the existing priority of industrial solid waste management ,in this method treatment and disposal use more than recovery and minimizing that enhancing illegal disposal , land requirements problems increasing waste management cost that become the most serious social issues in Malaysia lead to more environmental concern. The key stakeholders in managing solid wastes generated by industries were the ministry of housing and local government, department of local government, solid wastes contractor company and industries and solid wastes recycler (Mohamed 2008). The table (2) indicates disposal method of generated schedule wastes by industries. Table (2): Generated schedule wastes in Malaysia managed under special management Waste category Sludge contaning heavy metal Fly ash Gypsume Glue Petrolium byproduct Waste containing formaldehyde Discarded pharmaceutical products Ash of paper sludge

Waste code SW 204 SW 104 SW 205 SW 303 SW 320 SW322 SW405 SW406

Source Industry Industry Industry industry Industry Industry industry Industry

Tonnes 92314 9,077 55,545 100 515 5447 249 5479

% 7.65 0.75 4.60 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.02 0.45

Disposal method Sanitary landfill Reuse at non prescribedpremises Sanitary landfill Reuse at non prescribedpremises Reuse at non prescribedpremises Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill

Source :DOE 2010 Existing the limited numbers of landfill to handle and increasing generated wasted by industries arise the illegal dumping. Shah Alam, the capital of Selangor state with approximately 584,000 inhabitants is facing a similar problem of illegal dumping. (MBSA&MBMB 2010)

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In the Klang Valley alone there are more than 52 illegal dump sites with the 933 tones of wastes accumulation that contaminate the environment with the greenhouse emission and leachate , the deficiency of a good situation of practicing waste minimisation arise the lack of suitable land for disposal and financial issues. It is huge obstacles to overcome in moving toward sustainable landfill in Malaysia. (Agamuthu P 2009; P Agamuthu 2011) Industrial waste minimisation history & issues in Malaysia. Solid wastes and Toxic and hazardous wastes are two categories of industrial wastes in Malaysia (Mohamed 2008).There is master plan for waste minimisation which has been formulated by the ministry of housing and local government by considering the national objectives of environmental conservation and in line with the national strategic plan on solid waste minimisation to deals with obstacles in implementing wastes minimisation for industrial solid wastes as a target wastes besides household , commercial ,institutional and construction solid wastes. In 2006 the Ministry of Housing and Local Government with the Japan International cooperation Agency conducted the study to formulate the master plan ,Action plans and Guidelines to promote solid waste minimisation (reduce, reuse and recycle) .industrial wastes as one of the waste type targeted for minimisation. (MHLG2006). Based on conducted studies various factors contribute toward the status of waste management and practicing waste minimisation by industries .the weaknesses of practicing waste minimisation as more efficient level in waste management hierarchy is different in each industries by considering the type and the size , but there are some common issues prevent industries from minimizing their wastes. The obstacles can be divided in to 4 or 5 categories include: Awareness problems , information problems, Technology problems, packaging problems and other problems such as financial problems and poor cooperation by Government. (Goh 1990; M poonprasit 2005; MHLG 2006 ; B.Ramesh Babu 2009; Perdue 2011). Malaysia being a rapidly developing country experiences similar problems for practicing waste minimisation .the major issues on current waste minimisation activity based on the ministry of housing and local government reports on national waste minimisation in Malaysia in 2006 are the rapid increase rate of solid wastes generations and the cost for disposal ,the lack of basic data on SWM and recycling, lack of awareness on waste minimisation and the low rate of changing in public behavior toward the waste minimisation ,lack of policies to promote waste minimisation and the limited information among stakeholders (MHLG 2006 ) .The lack of specific guideline , methodology and specific regulations for WMP by Malaysian industries is an obstacle in practicing WM, which make the industries doesn‟t practice WM effectively. Policy of practicing waste minimisation in Malaysia. Looking back to the increasing trend of industrial wastes generation and current problems of handling industrial solid wastes by considering the management system that give more priority to the landfill disposal more than other options in waste management hierarchy responding to these issues , the Government of Malaysia, in the 8th Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), has included “waste minimisation,” “promotion of reuse,” “developing a recycling-oriented society,” and “implementation of pilot projects for recycling” as some of its main policy goals. More over includes strategic policies to reduce energy and materials use, reduce pollution and reduce waste from urban-based industrial activities, and to empower Local Authorities and engage communities. To achieve this the adoption of a comprehensive solid waste management policy to address waste reduction, re-use and recovery is required. (MHLG 2006 ). The 9th Malaysia Plan (2006 – 2010) further emphasized the continuation of reduce, reuse, recovery and recycling of waste as well as greater use of environmentally friendly products. besides existing the major issues of practicing wastes minimisation ,indicate that these strategies needed to be modified for achieving sustainable waste management. There are three main strategies for enhancing waste minimisation which include :  Enhancement of awareness on waste minimisation  Strengthening of partnership for 3Rs Activity  Enhancement of institution to strengthen Government policies on WMp (MHLG 2006 ) Industrial waste management law & regulations in Malaysia. The required regulations for promoting waste minimisation include:  Solid waste management act as the legal foundation (SWM Act) for providing basic principles of solid waste management in Malaysia.  Solid waste minimisation national and master plan provide vision and strategies and the action plan providing activities to carry out 3Rs and legal measure.  Local by-laws on solid waste management and minimisation e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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

Relevant law and regulations to promote recycling and prepare specific laws for overcoming difficulties faced by Government. (MHLG 2006 ) The government agencies under the ministry of housing and local government provide legislatives and guideline in managing industrial waste. The local government act 1976 provide important legislative and technical requirements as a guide for the local government ,waste generator ,waste recycler and disposal sites operator in conducting daily operation in managing industrial wastes. For both none-hazardous wastes (none-scheduled-waste) and toxic and hazardous (scheduled wastes) generates by industrial activity. (Mohamed 2009) For management of non-hazardous solid wastes from industries is under the jurisdiction of Local Government Act 1976, Street, Drainages and building act 1974 and Town and Country Planning Act. Toxic and hazardous wastes are directly manage under the environmental quality (schedule wastes),regulations 2005.(DOE 2010)by increasing industrial waste generation and complexity in managing solid wastes, the Malaysian government established the Department of National Solid Waste Management (DNSWM) in 2007, to ensure effectiveness and sustainability in managing solid waste which includes industrial solid waste.(Yahya 2008).In 2007 the ministry of housing and local government administered the solid waste and public cleaning waste management act that was enacted based on the same act in Japan, Denmark an Germany by the means of improving the quality of services in waste management.(Jalil 2010) .Action plan for beautiful and clean Malaysia (1988), to establish solid waste management system that covers the whole of Malaysia which is uniform, cost-effective, environmentally sound and socially acceptable, enhancing further the image of Malaysia as a beautiful and clean country”. (MHLG 2006 ) The laws of Malaysia act 127, had enacted environmental quality act ,1974 this act relating to the prevention and control of pollution and enhancement of the environment, that can be applied for the whole following regulations in whole Malaysia :Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) in 1977, Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural Rubber) in 1978,Environment Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluent) in 1979, Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation in 2005,and Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Wastes Treatment and Disposals Facilities), Order 1989 and environmental quality (control of pollution from solid waste transfer station and landfill) regulations 2009 ,these regulations fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environmental (DOE) Malaysia .(DOE 2010). Following table introduce some relative legal and regulatory framework in Malaysia Table (3) : Legislative instruments of waste management in Malaysia Legislation & regulation Solid Waste Management &Public Cleansing Act (672)

Year 2007

Agency MHLG

Scope The national strategic plan for solid waste management &providing basic principle

National waste minimisation master plan & action plan

1976

MHLG

Providing vision & strategy ,drive 3Rs and legal measures

MHLG

provide important legislative and technical requirements as a guide for the local government ,waste generator ,waste recycler and disposal sites operator in conducting daily operation in managing industrial wastes

Local Government Act and local Government by-law

Environmental Quality Act

1974

DOE, Ministry Industry

of

Trade

&

Prevention and control of pollution regulation to recover waste .provided regulations for below industrial activities :  Crude palm oil  Raw natural rubber  Schedule waste treatment & disposal

Source: (MHLG 2006 ) (Mohamed 2009) Government role in regard solid waste management in Malaysia. The Federal Government, acting through its central agency, i.e. the Economic Planning Unit, is responsible for policymaking and the allocation of budget for SWM. Recycling activities are included within this budget. The e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) is charged with the responsibility of policy and strategic planning of solid waste management while its Local Government Department is responsible for implementation of plans and programs. Local Government, through the Local Authorities, is responsible for implementing solid waste management activities including collection, treatment and disposal, together with enforcement activities, under the Local Government Act, 1976. The State Governments are responsible for land, which is essential for 3Rs facilities. Matters related to prevention and regulatory control of pollution of the environment fall under the purview of the Department of Environment, Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment. (MHLG 2005) (Mohamed 2009). Analysis of results. The following table shows the comparative study analysis conducted between UK, Thailand in relation to Malaysia waste minimisation Practice. Table (3) : Comparison UK and Thailand with Malaysia by considering the principle items of WM Items Industrial Waste generation (ton/y) Waste management method Regulation (waste minimisation for industries) Methodologies industrial minimisation Organization

for waste

UK 26million tone

Thailand 18million tone

Malaysia 3.3 million tone

Recovery & minimisation

End of pipe approaches

End of pipe approaches

Factory Act A.E 1992





Waste minimisation Act1998  Environmental protection Act 1990 



Industrial minimisation club

Waste

____

Local Government Act(672)  SWM Act (2007)

____ ____

Industrial waste generation. The population in UK is around 61 million as at 2011 and the country industrial waste generation is 26 million tone and the Thailand produce 18 million tone of industrial waste annually by the population of approximately 53 million. While in Malaysia the industrial waste generation is about 3.3 million tones and the population is a 28 million people in 2011.In figure (2) it cab be observed that there is a clear trend between the rate of population and waste generation in UK, Thailand and Malaysia . Vivid decline in the waste generation in countries as compared to the population indicates that the higher population produce more industrial wastes.

25 20 15 10 5 0

Waste generation (Million tone/y)

30 UK

Thailand waste generation

Malaysia 61

53

28

Population (Million)

Figure (2) : Relation between waste generation & population Waste management methods. End of pipe approaches is the existing management system in Malaysia and Thailand which give more priority to disposal more than other management options that lead to environmental concern due to increasing the requirements for disposal land , leachate problems from illegal landfill sites and greenhouse gases emissions. The increasing amount of hazardous wastes generate from industries in recent years reported by DOE, imply that the e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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management system required to be changed toward more sustainable management regime. Landfill disposal was the main method of waste management in UK in 1995 , but because of the destructive consequences they promote their strategies for encouraging industries to practice waste minimisation by setting up the awareness program and allocated the budgets to industries. Regulations. In Thailand there is a Factory Act A.E.1992 which provides a legal Basis of establishment and control of industrial operation, but in Malaysia there is not specific Act and regulations refer to industrial waste minimisation to make it Mandatory. For managing industrial solid waste there is Local Government Act 1976 and Solid waste management act 2007 to provide basic principles and guidelines for improving industrial waste management ,but by considering the increasing trend of industrial waste generation and arise in the number of illegal dumping sites, it can be clearly recognized the existing weaknesses in current waste management practice of industrial wastes in Malaysia it is necessary to establish and modify the legal and regulatory framework for preventing Environmental issues. Waste minimisation Act in UK indicate that the importance of practicing waste minimisation which considered as an Act. WM Methodologies. In UK waste minimisation club introduced some methods as a effective methods in practicing waste minimisation by industries, the experiences by implementing these methods in industries like electroplating industries ,chemical and food industries in UK indicated the efficiency and effectiveness of these methods, Also other countries such as Singapore ,US, India and Thailand follow these methods with successful results in waste reduction, but by time being for practicing solid waste minimisation by industries there is not any specific methods & guideline applied by Malaysian industries as well as household and municipal waste minimisation For instance there is guideline prepared by MHLG for enhancement of 3Rs activities in schools while for industries there is not specific one. Waste minimisation clubs. In UK existing waste minimisation club help to monitor and record the amount of generated wastes and encourage industries to practice waste minimisation, but in Thailand and Malaysia Despite some regulations, practicing waste minimisation is not very common by industries

Result and Discussion Based on the review on waste minimisation strategies and guidelines in UK and Thailand, these methodologies have resulted in improved resource efficiency as the way to achieve sustainability in industries. In UK waste minimisation club play a Vitol role to published waste minimisation practice in industries by receiving advices and supports from Environmental Agencies. Also in Thailand for practicing industrial waste minimisation by industries there are specific guidelines that help industries for implementing waste minimisation principles which follows from UK WM methodologies. Also the case studies in Food industries in UK and palm oil mill industry in Thailand indicated that Government legislation and strategies can be very essential instrument in enhancing effectives factors in practicing WM among industries such as awareness and knowledge in waste minimisation also to introduce the importance of WM practices with Economic & Environment benefits .In Malaysia mandatory or legal measures with suitable guidelines are needed to provide the framework for practicing waste minimisation among Malaysian industries. The legislative framework needed to make industry to follow the waste management hierarchy based on reducing the wastes at source and formulate the specific guideline for practicing WM by industries. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Agamuthu P, K. K. "drivers of sustainable waste management in Asia." Waste Management & Research 27(625-633) (2009) Aziz, A. N. b. A., Institutionalising solid waste manaegment in Malaysia (2007) B.Ramesh Babu, S. U. B. K. S. M, in: "waste minimisation in electroplating industries: review." Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C 27(3) (2009), p. 155-177. Bavani, M., Phon ,L.L., Using worms to reduce organic waste :DBKL to embark on apilot project soon (2009) Brundtland, Report on the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)

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[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

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[22] [23]

[24] [25]

[26]

[27] [28]

DECCW : waste classification guidelines ,part1 :classifying waste. New South Wales (2009) DOE: Laws of Malaysia, Environmental quality act and regulations ACT 127 (Environmental Quality Act, 1974), MDC publishers Sdn Bhd (2010) (DOE), D. o. e.: Malaysian environmental quality report Malaysia (2010) EA: Waste minimisation and waste management .An good practice guild for industry (1997) Florida, D. o. E. p.: Florida guide to writing waste minimisation plan. (2006) Goh, K. S. (1990). "Developing hazardous waste programmes in Malaysia” Waste Management & Research 8: 151-174. Jalil, M. A. (2010). "Sustainable Development In Malaysia: Case Study on Household Waste Management " Sustainable development 3(3). Katherine Hyde , A. S., Miranda Smith, Stefan Henningsson: "The challenge of waste minimisation in the food and drink 28 industry: a demonstration project in East Anglia, UK" Journal of Cleaner Production 9(2001), p. 57-64. M poonprasit, P. S. P., A Smith:"The application of waste minimisation to business managemenet to improve environmental performance in the food and drink industry "(2005) Margaret P. Bates, P. S. P., in: "Sustainable waste management in the food and drink industry " British Food Journal 101 (8) (1999), p. 580-589. MBSA&MBMB: Mobilising the public to avoid illegal dumping of bulky waste department of national solid waste management (2010) MHLG: National strategic plan for solid waste management 2 (2005) MHLG: The study on national waste minimisation in Malaysia. M. O. H. A. L. GOVERNMENT. Malaysia Japan international cooperation agency. (2006 ) Mohamed, A. F., in: Infrastructure for sustainable industrial waste recovery in Malaysia Blueprints for sustainable infrastructure. Auckland, NZ (2008) Mohamed, A. F. (2009). recycling ystem in malaysia :case studies on industrial wastes 3R policies for southeast and East Asia. E. D. Michikazu Kojima O. Chavalparit, W. H. R., A.P.J. Mol., in: "Options for Environmental sustainablity of the crude palm oil industry in Thailand through enhancement of industrial ecosystems " Environment, Development and Sustainability 8(2006), p. 271-287. P Agamuthu, S. F., in: "chalenges an issues in moving towards sustainable landfilling in transitory country-Malaysia” Waste Management & Research 29(1) (2011), p. 13-19. Paul S.Phillips , A. D. R., Anne E.Green, Margaret P.Bates (1999). "UK waste minimisation clubs:contriution to sustainable waste management " Resource Conservation &Recycling 27: 217-247. Perdue, B. E., in: hazardous waste compliance manual for generators of hazardouse wastes d. o. e. a. n. resources. north carolina (2011) Phechpakdee, P., IN: Waste management and waste information exchange in Thailand. 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. E. D. Michikazu Kojima Industrial Environment Institute ,The Federation of Thai Industries. (2009) Rachel M .Pratt , P. S. P., in: "The role and success of UK waste minimisatoin clubs in the correction of market and information failures." Resource, Conservation &Recycling 30(2000), p. 201-219. S. Vigneswaran, V. J., C .Visvanathan (1999). "Industrial waste minimisation initiatives in Thailand: concepts, examples and pilot scale trials." Cleaner Production 7: 43-47. Yahya, N., in: Overview of Solid Waste Management In Malaysia. Malaysia (2008)

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