Water hyacinth systematics - EPPO

8 downloads 395 Views 161KB Size Report
... Juan Manuel Sánchez Guzmán. Grupo de Investigación en Biología de la Conservación. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Extremadura. 06071 Badajoz.
Water hyacinth systematics Trinidad Ruiz Téllez, Eva Albano Pérez, Gloria Lorenzo Granado, Juan Manuel Sánchez Guzmán. Grupo de Investigación en Biología de la Conservación. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Extremadura. 06071 Badajoz. Spain

DIAGNOSIS CHARACTERS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The genus Eichhornia was established by C.S. Kunth, a german botanist in 1842, to design the members of the family Pontederiaceae with trilocular ovary a numerous seeds per fruit. He named it in honour of John Albert Friedrich Eichhorn, the Prussian Minister for Education, Culture and Medicine. Today the genus Eichhornia comprises eight spices, most of them no yet well known, but by the earlier systematic descriptions, having not received enough attention concerning morphology and floral biology. Besides this Eichhornia crassipes and Eichhorna azurea have received much more. The two species were widespread in the early 19th century in South America, and they exhibit great phenotypic variation in thabit, flower colour and other characters which overlap in the two species creating taxonomic confusion. In order to contribute to make easy recognition of both species and identification among the rest of the members of the genus, we present a Diagnostic Key and Table of Identification Characters. Nomenclatural data offered will also help to outline the taxonomic position of Eichhornia crassipes and Eichhornia azurea.

SYSTEMATIC AND NOMENCLATURAL TABLE • Divissio Magnoliophyta. Vascular plants with flowers and seeds. • Classis Liliopsida. Seed with one cotyledon. • Order Liliales. Flowers with 6 tepaloid pieces, with 1,3 or 6 stamens and ovary with 3 carpels. Fruit a capsule. • Family Pontederiaceae. Freshwater plants. • Genus Eichhornia. Flowers zygomophic, 6 stamens, fruit with 3 parts, and numerous seeds, leaves not in whorls. ƒ Genus Eichhornia Kunth Genus novum 1842; Enum. Pl.4: 129, 1843 (nom. cons.) + Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth, Enum.Pl.4: 129: 1843 - Synonims: Pontederia azurea Sw. Prodr.: 57, 1788 Eichhornia aquatica Schlecht. in Abh.Naturf.Gess. Halle 6: 177, 1862 - Common names: camalote, anchored water-hyacinth, rooted water-hyacinth.

E. crassipes

E. azurea

Habit

Typically free-floating

Rooted in mud

Stem

Vegetative stem condensed

Vegetative stem elongate

Submerged leaves

Absent

Linear Sessile

Emerged leaves position

In rossette

Alternate on elongate stem

Emerged leaves petiole

More or less inflated, bulbous Petiole 3,5-33 cm Stipule 2,5-14 cm

Petiole never inflated Petiole 11-25 cm Stipule 7-13 cm

Emerged leaves lamina

2,5-16 cm

7-17 cm

Inflorescence

Spike subtended by two bracts surmounted on an elongated peduncle Flowering stem erect 10 cm Distal inter-node less than 4 cm Spathe 4-11 cm Peduncle 5-12,5 cm

Pubescent with orange hairs Glabrous Flowering stems erect 8–12 cm Distal inter-node 2–10 cm Spathe 3-6 cm Peduncle 1,9-15 cm

Number of flowers of spike

4-15

7-50

Flowers

Borne in a terminal inflorescence

Borne in pairs at each node of the inflorescence axis

Periant (size, colour, margins….)

1,5-1,75 cm Blue or mauve-blue Margins entire Limb lobes obovate 16-37 mm

1,3-2,5 cm Blue or white Margins erose Limb lobes obovate 13-25 mm

Stamens

5-7, generally 6 Prox. stamens 20-35 mm Distal 14-19 mm Anthers 1.7 x 2.1 mm

6 Prox. stamens 15–29 mm Distal 6–20 mm Anthers 1.2–2.3 mm

Ovary

Nearly conical, 500 ovules

Ovary superior, ovules numerous

Flowering duration

1-2 days

1 day only

Fruit

Capsule 1,5 cm

Capsule 1cm

Seeds

10-60 winged 1,1–2,1×0,6–0,9 mm

10–13 winged 1–1,8×0,8–1,1 mm

+ Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solims. In DC Monogr.Phan. 4: 527, 1883 - Synonims:

Pontederia crassipes Mart. Nov. Gen et sp. 1 : 9, t.4, 1823 Pontederia azurea Hook. Bot. Mag. T. 2932, excl.syn 1829, non P.azurea Sw.1788 Pontederia azurea Roem. & Schutlt. F.Syst.Veg. 7: 1137, 1830 Eichhornia cordifolia Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 294, 1920

- Common names: aguapé (Portuguese-Brazil), bekabe kairanga (Fiji), bung el ralm (Palauan), jacinthe d'eau (French), jacinto de agua o camalote (Puerto Rico), jacinto-aquatico (Portuguese), jal khumbe (Fiji), jal kumbhi (Hindi-India), lechuguilla (Spanish), lila de agua (Dominican Repbulic), lirio acuático (South America), mbekambekairanga (Fijian), riri vai (Cook Islands), wasserhyazinthe (German), water hyacinth or water orchid (English), wota haisin (Papua New Guinea).

4. Eichhornia diversifolia

3. Eichhornia natans

5. Eichhornia crassipes

6. Eichhornia heterosperma

8. Eichhornia azurea

1. Eichhornia paniculata

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EICHHORNIA ƒ Plants rooted in mud, erect, often forming tufs. Flowers in umbella or panicle, and without styloids (Section Protoeichhornia). >Inflorescence composite panicle bearing numerous flowers. Pertianth tube short ………………………….1.Eichhornia paniculata . Central America, Brasil, Argentina. Introduced in Florida. In ephemeral pools, drainage ditches, and low-lying pastures in the seasonally arid caatinga region. >Inflorescence simple, umbellate with 2-5 flowers. Perianth tube long ……………………………………….……2.Eichhornia paradoxa. Northern Brazil and Venezuela. Pools and ditches. ƒ

Plants rooted, creeping or floating on water surface. Flowers in a spiciforme inflorescence, and always with styloids (Section Eueichhornia). >Periant less than 2 cm in diameter. Emerged leaves reniform to cordate. Leaf lamina 1-4 cm long. + Inflorescence with many flowers ……………………………………………………………………………………………3.Eichhornia natans. Senegal, Central Africa, Nile Bassin. Lakes, rivers, wetlands, ponds. + Inflorescence with 1-3 flowers…………………………………………………………………………………………4.Eichhornia diversifolia. Brasil, Surinam, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo. Rivers, canals, ponds, lakes. >Periant more then 2.5 cm in diameter, leaves variously shaped, lamina more than 5 cm long; if less, petioles swollen. + Plant without submerged leaves and stoloniferous. Emerged leaves forming a rosette, and with petioles inflated or bulbous. Flowers ephemerous with periant lobes entire. ………………………………………5.Eichhornia crassipes. Native from Amazonian, introduced in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. All type of wetlands, rivers and water reservoirs. + Plants with linear sessile submerged leaves, and not stoloniferous. Emerged leaves with distichous insertion, and petioles sometimes swollen. Flowers not ephemerous, with periant lobes entire or fimbriated. - Spike enclosed in spathe, bearing 7-10 sessile flowers. Perianth tube 2-3 times longer than lobes. Lobe margins entire ……………………………………………………………………………………… …6.Eichhornia heterosperma. Cuba, Costa Rica, Surinam, Guaiana, Brazil, Uruguay. Marshes, ponds, rivers, lakes. - Spike protruding out from spathe, 8-14 flowered. Perianth tube longer than lobes. Lobe margins erose. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7.Eichhornia venezuelensis.

2. Eichhornia paradoxa

7. Eichhornia venezuelensis

References Barrett, S.C.H. (1978). Floral Biology of Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth (Pontederiaceae). Aquat. Bot. 5: 217-228. Cronquist, A. (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York, 1262 pp., ISBN 0-231-038801 Gopal, B. (1987). “Water Hyacinth”. Elsevier, Amsterdam Grayum, M. H. Agavaceae. In, B. E. Hammel, N. Zamora & M. H. Grayum (editors), Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 1: Monocotiledóneas. Missouri Bot. Gard. Press, St. Louis (manuscript). [publicado en línea]. Disponible desde Internet en: http://www.inbio.ac.cr/papers/manual_plantas/Textos%20revisados/PONTEBOR.htm. Hooker, J.D. (1880). Eichhornia azurea. Curtis´bot. Mag. Ser. III, v. 36: plate 6487. Hooker, W.J. (1829). Pontederia azurea large flowered Pontederia. Curis´ Bot. Mag. n.s., v. 3: plate 2932. Hutchinson, J. (1959). The families of Flowering Plants. Voll. II. Monocotyledones. Oxford Univ. Press, London. Kunth, C.S. (1842). Eichhornia genus novum familia Pontederiaceaeum. Dissertation. Berlin. Kunth, C.S. (1843). Pontederiaceae A. Rich., Endl. P. 118-135, inenumeratio Plantarum. Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum, secundum. Familias Naturales Disposita, adjectis characteribus, differentiis et synonymis. Vol. 4. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart. Lallana, V.H.; Marta, M.C. (1980). Biological floral de Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms en el Rio Parana medio. Revista de la Asociación del Ciencias Naturales del Litoral. 11: 73-81. Lallana, V.H.; Marta, M.C. (1981). Biological floral del Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth (Pontederiaceae). Revista de la Associacion del Ciencias Naturales del Litoral.12: 128-135. Novelo R.; Alejandro & Wiersema, John H. (2000). Tres nuevos registros para México de plantas acuáticas vasculares. Acta Botánica Mexicana (2000), 51: 53-60. [publicado en línea]. Disponible desde Internet en: http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/ABM/ABM.51.2000/acta51(53-60).pdf. Penfound, W.T.; Earle, T.T. (1948). The biology of water hyacinth. Ecol. Monogr. 18: 447-472. Schultz, A.G. (1942). Las Pontederiaceas de la Argentina. DarWiniana, Buenos Aires 6: 45-82. Schwartz, O. (1928). Die Pontederiaceen. P. 13-14, maps 11-17, in E. Hannig and H. Wilkler (Eds) Die Pflanzenareale. Vol. 2 (2). Gustav Fischer, Jena. Schwartz, O. (1930). Pontederiaceae. P. 181-188, in a. Engler (Ed) die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd Ed. Vol. 15a. Verlag vo Engelmann, Leipzig. Solms-Laubach, H. (1883). Pontederiaceae. P. 501-535, in A. de Candolle and C. de Candolle (Eds) Monographiae Phanerogamarum. Vol. 4 G. Masson, Paris. Subramanyam, K. (1962). Aquatic angiosperms. Council Sci. Indust. Res., New Delhi. Von Martius, C.F.P. (1824). Nova genera et species plantarum quasin itinere per Brasilium (1817-1820). I. Lindauer & Wolff, Munich.

This work was funded by Convenio (154/91) Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana-Uex.

Endemic to Venezuela.

Rivers, lakes and ponds.

- Spike protrunding, many flowered, 2-3 flores on each node, one flower sessile, other pedicellate. Perianth tube as lon as or shorter than lobes. Perianth lober margins erose or fimbriate……….8.Eichhornia azurea.

Native to Mexico, Central America and South America, also Jamaica. Introduced to India, Iran, and the United States.

In mud along rivers, lakes, marshes, canals.

EPPO/CoE Workshop “How to manage Invasive Alien Plants: The case studies of Eichhornia crassipes and E. azurea. Mérida, SP, 2008-06-02/04