Water Quality Assessmentof Ashtamudi Lake Using

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an extra cost for water treatment or earn at least increased ... longer safe to drink water from natural surface waters or ... establishments, lake receives effluents directly from ... supply, irrigation, bathing, and disposal of sewage and ... for every site is less than 5mg/L. Water has high ... Water quality deteriorated, as lake flows.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (E-ISSN 2250-2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal) Volume 7, Special Issue 1, September 2017

Water Quality Assessmentof Ashtamudi Lake Using Nsfwqi Surya Lekshmiprasad1, K Mophin Kani2 UKF College of Engineering & Technology, Kollam-691302, Kerala, INDIA.

Abstract: A water quality index provides a single number that gives overall water quality at a definite location and time grounded on some water quality parameters. It turns complex water quality data into data that is understandable by the common people.National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) is a common method adopted to calculate WQI. The present investigation was planned to assess the quality ofAshtamudi Lake (Latitude 8º59’N, Longitude76 º 36’E), Kollam district, Kerala, India. It supports around 43 mangrove species, 57 birdspecies, 97 species of fishes. Coconut husk retting, fishing, inland navigation and a fishing harbour at Neendakara are other economic benefits provided by this lake. It is getting polluted day by day due to offshore activities like wastes from hotels,agricultural activities,farms, and wastes from municipal waste disposal site. The case study describesextend of water pollutionAshtamudi lake and also suggest the measures to mitigate pollution. The detailed physicochemical examinations are assessed forfour months (December 2016 to March2017) and NSFWQI value of Ashtamudi Lake is finally calculated as 27.5 describes as bad qualityof water. Keywords:Ashtamudi Lake, NSFWQI, pH, DO, BOD, TS, Nitrates, Phosphorous, Turbidity, Temperature

I.

INTRODUCTION

Tremendous increase in population caused significant increase for the need of natural resources. The direct consequences are for quantity and quality of the available freshwater for direct human consumption. Water quality indices is a serious component of global integrated water resources handling[65]. When water quality indices are not met, water users must either fee an extra cost for water treatment or earn at least increased risks of damage or loss. Gradually, the major efforts and costs involved in water management are dedicated to water quality protection and management. Struggles among various users of water are over issues involving water quality as well as water quantity[54]. Natural water bodies are able to serve many uses, including the transport and assimilation of wastes. But as water bodies integrate these wastes, their quality changes. If the quality drops to the extent that other useful uses are adversely affected, the assimilative abilities of those water bodies have been increased with respect to those affected uses[5]. The most fundamental human needs for water are for drinking, cooking and personal sanitation. To meet these needs, the quality of the water used must pose no risk to human health. The quality of the water in nature also affects the condition of

ecosystems that all living organisms depend on. At the same time, humans use water bodies as convenient basins for the disposal of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewaters. This of course degrades the quality of those water bodies. Water resources management involves in the monitoring and management of water quality[9]. Various models have been developed to assist in predicting the water quality impacts of alternative land and water management strategies and practices[16]. All living organisms require water of sufficient quantity and quality to survive, although different aquatic species can tolerate different levels of water quality[54]. Unfortunately, in developed world it is no longer safe to drink water from natural surface waters or ground waters; they usually need to be treated before they become suitable for human consumption. Treatment is not a practical option for recreational, bathing, or for maintaining the healthiness of fish, shellfish and other organisms found in natural aquatic ecosystems[64]. Thus, standards stating minimum acceptable levels of quality are fixed for most ambient waters. Numerous other uses have their own standards as well. Irrigation water must not be too saline or contain toxic substances that can be absorbed by the plants. Water qualitystandards for industry can be very difficult, depending of course on the particular industrial processes. Due to difficulties related to water resources it is important to develop monitoring, research and management movements in order to ensure their effective management. The water spread area for Ashtamudi Lake in these couple of years are found to be shrinking(1999 – 6424 ha, 2003 – 6140 ha, 2006 – 5734 ha)[39].The bank areas become a waste dumping site for the town because most of the houses and industrial establishments, lake receives effluents directly from nearby food processing industries, paper mills and tourist activities. Apart from that, oil spillage from motor boats is affecting fish population. Another source of pollution is the runoff from agricultural fields in adjoining areas. Chemical fertilisers and pesticides are causing eutrophication of the lake. Small-scale industries like coconut husk retting also contribute heavily to its organic pollution[54].For examining impacts of these activities water quality assessment is needed. This study reveals surface water

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (E-ISSN 2250-2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal) Volume 7, Special Issue 1, September 2017 quality index that affect the nutrient dynamics of accumulation of sediments, waste disposal, and above all Ashtamudi Lake and fate. WQI uses the water quality a loss of the aesthetic value.Water samples were documents and supports in the variation of the policies, collected from sampling locations I Neendakara, II which are framed by several environmental monitoring Kureepuzha, III Banks of Link Road, IV Thanni, V agencies[31]. It is recognised that practice of individual Kandachira at Ashtamudi Lake(Fig 1: Map showing water quality variable to define the water quality for sampling locations). Samples were collected once in public is not easily understandable. That's the reason every month and analysedin accordance with APHA why, WQI has the ability to decrease the majority of the (1999). information into a single digit to express the data in a simple, logical form. It collects data from a number of sources and then take them to develop a whole status of a water body. This increase understanding ability of water quality issues by the policy makers as well as for public as users of water resources.Lake Ashtamudi is subjected to multiple practises for community water supply, irrigation, bathing, and disposal of sewage and industrial effluents. Present work aims to develop a framework for finding out water quality scenario of Ashtamudi Lake and to finding out the solutions for the proper management of the freshwater lake through water quality index. II.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Area Ashtamudi Lake in the Kollam District of Kerala, India is the second largest and deepest wetland ecosystem, a palm-shaped large water body, next only to the Vembanad estuary ecosystem of the state. Ashtamudi wetland is included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. Towards the central area of the lake, it shows more diversification in ecology and habitats. Most of the fishing operations are performed in this area. This area has direct opening to estuary. Near to the city the lake is highly polluted, because of the functioning of the city corporation’s waste treatment plant. Now it is almost non-functioning. During rainy seasons the dumped waste makes this lake a highly polluted zone[39]. Nearby this area many of the fishing boats halt and their repairs and maintenance were carried out, causing the discharge of oily pollutants to the lake.Moreover, dumping of plastic wastes near the city area is another threat faced by this lake. Ashramam area near the city earlier having good population of mangroves, due to encroachment by various concerns; presently number is reduced to maximum extent. Almost all areas of Ashtamudi lake had a good history of coir industry and that the process of coconut retting caused great variation in the flora and fauna of the area[54]. From the above observations, it is presumed that the lake is now at the midst of deterioration,

Fig. 1 Map showing sampling sites in the Lake Table 1 Parameters and their standard method of experiments PARAMETERS

METHOD

Temperature

APHA 2550.B

Conductivity

APHA 2510 A.2.a

Turbidity

APHA 2310 B

DO

APHA 4500.3

Nitrate(NO 3 )

APHA 4500.NO 3

Phosphorous

APHA 4500.P

pH

APHA 3025

BOD

APHA 5210 B

2.2. National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) of US is one of the most reputedly utilized water quality index which is proposed by Brown et al in 1970. The project was supported by NSF and therefore as NSFWQI in order to determine WQI of different water bodies which are critically

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (E-ISSN 2250-2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal) Volume 7, Special Issue 1, September 2017 polluted[59]. The method for calculating the water DO 4.375 3.995 4.2325 quality of various water sources is based upon nine pH 7.525 7.275 6.75 parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, faecal coliform, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen BOD 2.37 2.275 2.4325 demand, total phosphates, nitrates and total solids[59]. WQI converts the concentration of nine parameters into Temperature 27.5 26.25 30 one of five water quality classes, extending from very bad to excellent. phosphorous 682.6 444.625 700.4 Mathematical expression for NSFWQI is nitrate 219.275 2048.4 284.65 turbidity

29.2

28.225

37.85

4.855 7.5 2.6025 25.625 341.35 1194.05 7.725

Where, = sub-index for ith water quality parameter; = weight associated withith water quality parameter;

Table 4 Water Quality Indices of Different Sites SITE WQI

= number of water quality parameters. Table 2 WQI Rating Ranges

III.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Water samples were analysed for parameters such as pH, turbidity, Total solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Phosphorous, and Temperature. Water quality index were calculated for these parameters using the NSF method. Average of the parameters used for calculating the water quality index shown in Table 3. Lake water showed neutral pH nature all along the sampling points. Dissolved oxygen in lake is not in the permissible limit (BIS 10500-2009: 5-7 mg/l).BOD for every site is less than 5mg/L. Water has high turbidity which may be due to the presence of high concentration of suspendedparticlesin the lake. Nitrate concentration is not within the permissible limit (BIS 10500-1991: 45mg/l).Similarly, phosphorous andtotal solids are well above the permissible limit for all the sampling sites. Table 3 PhysicoChemical Parameters of Ashtamudi Lake Parameters Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

29.2

2. Kureepuzha

18.4

3. Link Road

30.6

4. Thanni

32

OVERALL WQI

27.5

The overall water quality index was calculated as 27.5 which fell under the ‘Bad’ water class (index value between 25-50). Site S4 has the highest index value compared to other sampling sites. S2 is extremely polluted since index value is the least out of all and comes under “very bad” class(index value between 025).Comparatively water quality index at the Thanni(S4) is slightly better than the site 3(Link Road Area).

WATER QUALITY INDEX OF DIFFERENT SITES WATER QUALITY INDEX

National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF WQI) WQI Value Rating of water quality 91-100 Excellent 71-90 Good 51-70 Medium 26-50 Bad 0-25 Very Bad

1. Neendakara

40 30

29.2009523 8

20

18.3857142 9

30.6036904 31.9242857 1 8

10 0 1

2

3

4

SITES Fig. 2 Graph showing WQI Variation for sampling points IV.

CONCLUSION

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (E-ISSN 2250-2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal) Volume 7, Special Issue 1, September 2017 [10]. Brown R. M., McClelland N. I., Deininger R. A. and The present study was carried out with the aim Tozer R., (1970) “A Water Quality Index, Do we dare?” of assessing the extend pollution of the Ashtamudi Lake Water and Sewage Works.Vol.1-32:39 and classifies the Lake stretches based on the mathematical aggregation function. Overall water quality [11]. Brown R. M., McLelland N.I., Deininger R. A. (1972) index showed poor quality index in the lake. All ,“A water quality index –crashing the psychological barrier”, Indicators of Environmental Quality. sampling sites under investigation fell under the “bad” quality range, with Kureepuzha site exhibiting the [12]. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment lowest. Water quality deteriorated, as lake flows (CCME) Canadian Water Quality Index 1.0 Technical downstream especially towards the Neendakara Estuary. report and user’s manual, (2001). Canadian The study concludes that the WQI classification function is one of the best tools to compute the pollution potential in comprehensive manner and also used for classifythe water quality that is easy for everyone to understand based on scientific criteria for water quality. This, in turn, is essential for comparing the water quality of different stretches and in monitoring the changes in the water quality of a water body as a function of time and other influencing factors. REFERENCES

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