Wearable, Modular and Intelligent Sensor Laboratory - Science Direct

0 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ... broadest meaning of the word. ... several meters) or convert longYdistance motions to stationary ones (running is ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 147 (2016) 671 – 676

WKFRQIHUHQFHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6SRUWV(QJLQHHULQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ,6($ 

:HDUDEOHPRGXODUDQGLQWHOOLJHQWVHQVRUODERUDWRU\ 0DUNXV+LOOD %HUQDGHWW+RHQDD:ROIJDQJ.LOLDQEDQG6WHSKDQ2GHQZDOGD

 a



Technische Universität Chemnitz, Department of Sports Equipment and Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany b Technische Universität Chemnitz, Department of Circuit and System Design, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany

$EVWUDFW

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he Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,6($ Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISEA 2016 Keywords:,QVWUXPHQWHGLQVROHVHQVRUQHWZRUNZHDUDEOHVGDWDIXVLRQIHHGEDFNV\VWHPUHDOWLPHDQD\O\VLV

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

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:PDUNXVKLOO#PEWXFKHPQLW]GH

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISEA 2016

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.270

672

Markus Hill et al. / Procedia Engineering 147 (2016) 671 – 676

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nertial Sensor Systems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easurement Insoles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¶VVWDELOLW\DQGEDODQFH7KHSUHVVXUHPHDVXUHPHQW LQVROH 6XUUR6HQVH 253@ GLIIHUVIURPSUHYLRXV V\VWHPV>@DQGLVVXLWDEOHIRUHYHU\GD\OLIH 2.3. Summary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ystem Requirements 7KH QHZ PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHP LV WR EH GHVLJQHG DV ZHDUDEOH PRGXODU DQG LQWHOOLJHQW 7KH DWWULEXWH wearable LQFRUSRUDWHV UHTXLUHPHQWV DV VPDOO GLPHQVLRQV OLJKW ZHLJKW DQG UREXVWQHVV DJDLQVW HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIOXHQFHV OLNH WHPSHUDWXUHV KXPLGLW\ LPSDFW VKRFNV HWF 7KH modularity RI D PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHP VKRXOG EH SURYHQ E\ DOORZLQJ WR HIIRUWOHVV DWWDFK VHQVRUV RI GLIIHUHQW SK\VLFDO HIIHFWV DQG UDQJHV E\ EHLQJ DEOH WR UHJXODWH RU FRQWURO GLIIHUHQW DFWRU GHYLFHV ZKHWKHU WDFWLOH RSWLFDO RU ZLUHOHVVDWWDFKHG7KHDWWULEXWHintelligentRIFRXUVHLVWKHPRVWKDUGWRHDUQ,QWHFKQLFDOWHUPVLQWHOOLJHQFHPHDQVWREHDEOHWR DXWRQRPRXVO\ RSWLPL]H SURFHVVHV RU EHLQJ DEOH WR SURFHVV QDWXUDO SKHQRPHQD OLNH VSHHFK RU SLFWXUHV ,Q FDVH RI D GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQGHYLFHLWVKRXOGEHDEOHWRDGDSWWRGLIIHUHQWVHQVRUVYROWDJHUDQJHVRIWKHVHQVRUDQGSUHVHQFHRIDGGLWLRQDOGHYLFHV ZLWKRXWXVHULQWHUYHQWLRQ)RUDIHHGEDFNGHYLFHVRPHDELOLWLHVWRDGDSWWKHDFWRULFVLJQDOWRFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQWDORUVHQVLQJ FRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHUHTXLUHG 3.2. System design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

673

674

Markus Hill et al. / Procedia Engineering 147 (2016) 671 – 676

DFFHVVLEOHHLWKHUIURPWKHVHQVRUQHWZRUNRUIURPWKHXVHUV GHYLFHVVXFKDV3&WDEOHWRUVPDUWSKRQH7KHDSSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILF GDWDIXVLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWGDWDFDQEHGRQHE\WKHFORXGVHUYHUWKHVHQVRUQHWZRUNLQUHDOWLPHRUPDQXDOO\ LLL 'DWDYLVXDOLVDWLRQDQGIHHGEDFN7KHYLVXDOLVDWLRQWDNHVSODFHRQWKUHHOHYHOVRIDEVWUDFWLRQ7KHORZOHYHORIDEVWUDFWLRQ LVMXVWSURYLGLQJWKHUDZRUPHWDGDWDE\DGDWDEDVHDSSOLFDWLRQSURJUDPPLQJLQWHUIDFH $3, :LWKWKLVIXQFWLRQDOLW\LVHDVLO\ SRVVLEOH WR LPSOHPHQW DGGLWLRQDO DQDO\VLV VRIWZDUH WRROV RU SURFHVV WKH GDWD LQ VLPXODWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWV VXFK DV 0DWODE 7KH UHVXOWVRIWKHVLPXODWLRQDQGWKHGDWDIXVLRQSURYLGHWKHEDVLVWRGHYHORSDOJRULWKPVIRUWKHVHFRQGOHYHORIDEVWUDFWLRQ:LWKWKLV VHFRQG OHYHO DQ DGYDQFHG JUDSKLFDO XVHU LQWHUIDFH *8,  LV DYDLODEOH %DVHG RQ WKH SUH DQG SRVWSURFHVVLQJ DQG GDWDIXVLRQ DOJRULWKPVDSSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILFYLVXDOL]DWLRQVLVLPSOHPHQWHG7KHVHSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHXVHGE\VSHFLDOLVWVLHSK\VLFLDQVLQWKH PHGLFDORUFRDFKHVLQWKHVSRUWILHOGWRJLYHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV7KHKLJKOHYHORIDEVWUDFWLRQLVWKHHQGXVHUVLQWHUIDFHZKLFKLVD VSHFLILF NLQG RI IHHGEDFN V\VWHP ,Q WKH VLPSOHVW FDVH WKLV LV PHUHO\ D EOLQNLQJ /(' RU YLEUDWLRQ DFWXDWRU LQ WKH LQVROH 1HYHUWKHOHVVLWLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRLPSOHPHQWDPRELOHDSSOLFDWLRQWKDWJLYHVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDXWRPDWLFDOO\SURYLGHVDGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQDQGJLYHVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRVKDUHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKPHGLFDOVWDIIWUDLQHUVRURWKHUSHRSOHYLDVRFLDOQHWZRUNV 

 )LJ0HDVXUHPHQWV\VWHP±FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGGDWDIORZ

3.3. System implementation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¶V VL]H LV WKDW RI D SRVWDJH VWDPS LW SURYLGHVDGXDOFRUH&38*%5$0*%(00&0HPRU\DQG:L)LFRPPXQLFDWLRQRQERDUGZLWKORZSRZHUFRQVXPSWLRQ )RUWKHVHQVRUGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQDQDGGLWLRQDOIRXUOD\HU3&%ZLWKHPEHGGHGVHQVRUVZDVGHVLJQHG7KLVERDUGFRQWDLQVFXUUHQWO\ DD[LVDFFHOHUDWLRQVHQVRUZLWKDUDQJHRI“JDD[LVJ\URVFRSHZLWKDUDQJH“ƒVDKLJKSUHFLVLRQ]RRPLQJDQDORJ GLJLWDO FRQYHUWHU $'&  ZLWK VL[ VLQJOHHQGHG RU WKUHH GLIIHUHQWLDO FKDQQHOV ZLWK D UHVROXWLRQ RI  ELW )XUWKHUPRUH WKH 6R& H[WHQVLRQSURYLGHVDPXOWLSOH[LQJV\VWHPIRUDWWDFKLQJDPXOWLFKDQQHOSUHVVXUHVHQVLQJLQVROHDWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUDQGDGULYHU XQLWIRUDYLEUDWLRQHOHPHQWLQWKHLQVROH 7RPDNHWKHV\VWHPPRELOHDQGZHDUDEOHDP$K/LWKLXPEDWWHU\ )LJF LVXVHG8VLQJWKHFRPSOHWHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH SURFHVVRUUHVXOWVLQUHGXFHGRSHUDWLQJWLPHVRIDERXWIRXUKRXUVZKLFKLVVWLOODSSURSULDWHIRUVLQJOHWUDLQLQJVHVVLRQV,IWKHIXOO FRPSXWLQJSHUIRUPDFHRUFRQWLQRXV'DWDVWUHDPLQJLVQRWUHTXLUHGPHDVXUHPWWLPHH[WHQGVVLJQLILFDQWO\ 7KH6\VWHPFDQEHFKDUJHGDQGFRQQHFWHGWRD3&ZLWKD86%LQWHUIDFH7KHHQWLUHPHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHPLQFOXGLQJKRXVLQJ ZHLJKWV  J DQG KDV WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI  [  [  PP )LJ D  7KH 6HFRQG SDUW RI WKH KDUGZDUH FXUUHQWO\ FRQVLVWV RI DQ LQVROH,WFRQWDLQVDQFKDQQHOUHVLVWLYHSUHVVXUHVHQVRU ,((+LJK'\QDPLF)RUFH6HQVLQJ5HVLVWRU >@(DFKFHOOFRYHUVD UDQJHRIEDUWREDUDQGKDVEHHQFDOLEUDWHGLQGLYLGXDOO\$GGLWLRQDOO\DYLEUDWLRQHOHPHQWZDVSODFHGLQWKHIURQWSDUWRI WKHLQVROHWRDFWDVDIHHGEDFNV\VWHP7KHLQVROHFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHOD\HUV7KHORZHVWOD\HULVPDGHRIDVWURQJV\QWKHWLFPDWHULDO ZKLFKLVLQGLYLGXDOO\DGDSWHGWRWKHIRRW,QWKLVOD\HUDSLH]RHOHFWULFDFWXDWRULVDOVRLQWHJUDWHG2QWRSRIWKDWOD\HUWKHVHQVRUV DUHORFDWHG7KHILQDOOD\HULVFRYHULQJWKHVHQVRUV )LJI $OOOD\HUVDUHERQGHGWRJHWKHU7KHLQVROHFDQEHFRQQHFWHGWRWKH PHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHPE\PHDQVRIDIODWULEERQFDEOHVRWKDWLWFDQEHFKDQJHGHDVLO\ )LJH 

675

Markus Hill et al. / Procedia Engineering 147 (2016) 671 – 676

 )LJ  D  KRXVLQJ E  FXVWRP VHQVRU 3&% ZLWK VROH FRQQHFWRU F  EDWWHU\ G  ,QWHO (GLVRQ 6R& H  UXQQLQJ VKRH ZLWK LQVROH DQG PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHP I  LQVROHFRQQHFWHGWRPHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHP

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± OLNH WKH HPEHGGHG VRIWZDUH±KLGGHQIURP WKH XVHU ,W LV DOVRZULWWHQ LQ & 7KH VRIWZDUHUXQVRQDVHUYHU3&$OOFDSWXUHGGDWDFDQEHVWRUHGRQWKHFORXGVHUYHUWKDWLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHLQWHUQHW$OOGHYLFHVWKDW DUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKLVVHUYHUFDQUHDGDQGSURFHVVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWGDWD7KLVDOORZVDUHPRWHDFFHVVWRWKHVHQVRUQHWZRUN F  7KH FRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ VRIWZDUH LV UXQQLQJ RQ WKH XVHU¶V VPDUWSKRQH WDEOHW RU 3& ,W SURYLGHV WZR PDLQ IHDWXUHV±FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGYLVXDOLVDWLRQ7KHXVHUFDQDFFHVVWKHFORXGVHUYHULWVGDWDEDVHDQGSRVWSURFHVVLQJVHUYLFHVDV ZHOODVDFFHVVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHPGLUHFWO\E\XVLQJDOLYHVWUHDP,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRVHWXSWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHPLH DGMXVWVDPSOLQJUDWHRUHQDEOHGLVDEOHVHQVRUVVHSDUDWHO\7KHDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWZDUHLVZULWWHQLQ1(7&IRU3&DQG-$9$IRU WKHPRELOHGHYLFHV 'LVFXVVLRQ 7KHV\VWHPGHYHORSHGH[KLELWVORZZHLJKWDQGVPDOOJHRPHWULFGLPHQVRQV$EDWWHU\OLIHRIDWOHDVWKRXUVLVVXIILFLHQWDQG FDQEHH[WHQGHGE\GRZQVFDOLQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFH HJYROXPHRIGDWDVWUHDPHG WRDIXOOGD\RIDFWLYLWLHV+HUHE\WKHSRVWXODWHG wearability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

676

Markus Hill et al. / Procedia Engineering 147 (2016) 671 – 676

FRPSXWLQJSRZHUIRUSUHSURFHVVLQJDUHPHWE\WKHFKRVHQ6R&'XHWRWKHFORXGFRQQHFWLYLW\WKHPHDVXUHPHQWGDWDLVDYDLODEOH DW DQ\ WLPH IURP DQ\ GHYLFH 7KLV LV XVHIXO IRU WUDLQLQJ PRQLWRULQJ DQG FRQWURO LQ VSRUWV DQG SDWLHQW PRQLWRULQJ LQ PHGLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV/DVWWKHRSHUDWLRQWLPHFDQEHLQIOXHQFHGE\VFDOLQJHLWKHUWKHFRPSXWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHRUWKHEDWWHU\FDSDFLW\7KH KLJKOHYHORIIOH[LELOLW\LQPDQ\DVSHFWPDNHVWKHV\VWHPmodular 7KH IOH[LELOLW\ RI WKH V\VWHPV LQ WHUPV RI VHOIRUJDQ]LHG PXOWLQRGH QHWZRUNV ZDV VXFFHVVIXOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG WKH ]RRPLQJ $'& DGDSWV WR WKH VLJQDO UDQJH WR FRQVWDQWO\ DFKLHYH WKH KLJKHVW SRVVLEOH FRQYHUVLRQ SUHFLVLRQ 7KH V\VWHP GHWHFWV SRVVLEOH RSWLRQVIRUGDWDVWRUDJH RQERDUGFRQQHFWHGPRELOHGHYLFHFORXGVWRUDJH DQGFKRVHVWKHDSSURSULDWHGHVWLQDWLRQLQUHVSHFWRI DYDLODELOLW\7KHDXWRPDWLFDGDSWDWLRQRSWLRQVFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGintelligentLQUHVSHFWRIWKHXVHLQWHFKQLFDOHQYLURQPHQWV 7KH LPSOHPHQWHG FRPELQDWLRQ RI SURSHUWLHV DQG FDSDELOLWLHV PHHWV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI PDQ\ VHWWLQJV IRU LQODE XVH 7KH SRUWDELOLW\RIWKHV\VWHPEULQJVVWDWHRIWKHDUWGDWDDTXLVLWLRQDELOLWLHVWRUHDOOLYHDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVHQDEOHVDQHZGLPHQVLRQLQ ILHOGWHVWLQJEHLQJH[SUHVVHGE\WKHWHUPRXWGRRUlaboratory &RQFOXVLRQ 7KH ZHDUDEOH PRGXODU DQG LQWHOOLJHQW VHQVRU ODERUDWRU\ SUHVHQWHG KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG 7KH XVH RI D UREXVW LQGXVWULDO ZLUHOHVV VWDQGDUG LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK VHQVRU QHWZRUN WHFKQRORJLHV DQG VHQVRU GDWD IXVLRQ RIIHUV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR FROOHFW GDWD RI PXOWLSOH REMHFWV DQG GHYLFHV LQ D ZLGH DUHD 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ D FORXG V\VWHP FDQ SURYLGH VHUYLFHV WKDW DOO PHDVXUHPHQWGDWDFDQEHUHWULHYHGDWDQ\WLPHIURPDQ\GHYLFH$GGLWLRQDOO\WKURXJKUHDOWLPHRSHUDWLRQDQGOLYHVWUHDPLQJD IHHGEDFNV\VWHPLVSRVVLEOH9DULRXVDSSOLFDWLRQVLQVSRUWVDQGPHGLFLQHZLOOEHGHHSHQHGLQIXUWKHUVWXGLHV  $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV  7KLV ZRUN ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 6WDWH RI 6D[RQ\ DQG WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ (XURSHDQ 6RFLDO)XQG(6)    5HIHUHQFHV  >@ 2ULZRO ' 0LODQL 7/ 0DLZDOG & 0HWKRGRORJLFDO LVVXHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH PHDQ YDOXH RI UHSHDWHG ODERUDWRU\ UXQQLQJ PHDVXUHPHQW)RRWZHDU6FLHQFH   >@)RQJ'73&KDQ@ &DVWUR 03 $EUHX 6 )RQVHFD , 1HLYD - &RUUHLD 09 9LODV%RDV -3 :$/.L6(16( 9DOLGDWLRQ 3UHOLPLQDU\ 7HVWV RI 0RELOLW\3DUDPHWHUV3RUWXJXHVH-RXUQDORI6SRUWV6FLHQFHV± >@&DVWUR030HXFFL06RDUHV'3)RQVHFD3%RUJRQRYR6DQWRV06RXVD)HWDO$FFXUDF\DQG5HSHDWDELOLW\RIWKH*DLW $QDO\VLVE\WKH:DONLQ6HQVH6\VWHP%LR0HG5HVHDUFK,QWHUQDWLRQDO  ± >@ +HDO\ $ %XUJHVV:DONHU 3 1DHPL 5 &KRFNDOLQJDP 1 5HSHDWDELOLW\ RI :DONLQ6HQVHŠ LQ VKRH SUHVVXUH PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHP$SUHOLPLQDU\VWXG\7KH)RRW  ± >@0HQHVHV3$]HYHGR$%DVWRV-$Q,QIRUPDWLRQ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHWR6XSSRUWWKH3UHVFULSWLRQ3URFHVVRI6SHFLILF&XVWRPHU RULHQWHG3URGXFWV3URFHGLD7HFKQRORJ\± >@ 'HVFKDPSV . 0HVVLHU % 3UHVVXUH UHGXFLQJ FDSDFLW\ RI IHOW D IHDVLELOLW\ VWXG\ XVLQJ D QHZ SRUWDEOH V\VWHP ZLWK WKLQ VHQVRUV'LDEHWHVUHVHDUFKDQGFOLQLFDOSUDFWLFH  HH >@/HPRV53HUHLUD$'LDV-*HDGD0,PSDFWRIIRRWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVXUJHU\RQWKHGDLO\OLIHRISDWLHQWVZLWKFHUHEURYDVFXODU DFFLGHQWVHTXHODH5HYLVWD(VSDxRODGH&LUXJtD2UWRSpGLFD\7UDXPDWRORJtD  ± >@9HOD]TXH]5%D]DQ2$ORQVR&'HOJDGR0DWD&9LEUDWLQJ,QVROHVIRU7DFWLOH&RPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKH)HHW7KHWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHG5RERWLFV >@ :DWDQDEH - $QGR + 3DFHV\QF VKRHV ,QWXLWLYH ZDONLQJSDFH JXLGDQFH EDVHG RQ F\FOLF YLEURWDFWLOH VWLPXODWLRQ IRU WKH IRRW9LUWXDO5HDOLW\  ± >@ =DQRWWR' 7XUFKHW /%RJJV(0 $JUDZDO 6. 6ROH6RXQG 7RZDUGVD QRYHO SRUWDEOH V\VWHP IRU DXGLRWDFWLOH XQGHUIRRW IHHGEDFNWK,(((5$6 (0%6,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%LRPHGLFDO5RERWLFVDQG%LRPHFKDWURQLFV± >@ /LSVLW] /$ /RXJK 0 1LHPL - 7UDYLVRQ 7 +RZOHWW + 0DQRU % $ VKRH LQVROH GHOLYHULQJ VXEVHQVRU\ YLEUDWRU\ QRLVH LPSURYHVEDODQFHDQGJDLWLQKHDOWK\HOGHUO\SHRSOH$UFKLYHVRISK\VLFDOPHGLFLQHDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQ  ± >@+LMPDQV-0*HHUW]HQ-+%=LMOVWUD:+RI$/3RVWHPD.(IIHFWVRIYLEUDWLQJLQVROHVRQVWDQGLQJEDODQFHLQQHXURSDWK\ -RXUQDORI5HKDELOLWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK 'HYHORSPHQW  ± >@ *DOLFD $0 .DQJ +* 3ULSODWD $$ ' $QGUHD 6( 6WDURELQHWV 29 6RURQG )$ HW DO 6XEVHQVRU\ YLEUDWLRQV WR WKH IHHW UHGXFHJDLWYDULDELOLW\LQHOGHUO\IDOOHUV*DLW SRVWXUH  ± >@,((6WUDWHJLF0DUNHWLQJDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW&XVWRPL]HG,QSXW6HQVLQJ±&,66ROXWLRQV