Week 6 Chapter 4 homework - Aventa Learning

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Week 6: Chapter 4: Part 1: Terms. Cyrus the Great - (600?-530 BC), king of Persia (550-530 BC). He was the son of. Cambyses I, a descendant of Achaemenes ...
Week 6: Chapter 4: Part 1: Terms Cyrus the Great - (600?-530 BC), king of Persia (550-530 BC). He was the son of Cambyses I, a descendant of Achaemenes (Hakhamanish) (flourished 7th century BC), and a member of the Achaemenid dynasty. When Cyrus became (in about 558 BC) ruler of the Persian district of Anshan, the district was subject to the Medes; five years later he led a rebellion against the Medes that resulted in the capture of King Astyages (reigned about 584 to about 550 BC) and the overthrow (550 BC) of the Median Empire. Thereafter Cyrus called himself king of Persia and ruled a territory extending from the Halys River in Asia Minor, eastern border of Lydia, to the Babylonian Empire on the south and east. Babylon, Egypt, Lydia, and the city-state of Sparta in Greece combined to curb the power of Cyrus, but in about 546 BC the Persians added Lydia to their realm, and in 539 BC the kingdom of Babylon fell to Cyrus. The Persian Empire was the most powerful state in the world until its conquest two centuries later by Alexander the Great. Cyrus was an able and merciful ruler. Significant among his deeds was his granting of permission to the Jews to return from their exile in Babylon to their native Israel to rebuild the Temple of Solomon. Cyrus died while leading an expedition against the eastern tribe, the Massagetae, and was succeeded by his son, who became Cambyses II. Zoroastrianism - religion that arose from the teachings of the devotional poet Zoroaster, known as Zarathushtra to ancient Iranians, who is regarded as the faith’s founding prophet. Scholars believe that Zoroaster lived sometime between 1750 and 1500 BC or 1400 and 1200 BC. The Zoroastrian scripture, called the Avesta, includes poems attributed to Zoroaster. The religion continues to be practiced today by Zoroastrian communities in India, Iran, the United States, Canada, and other countries. In his writings Zoroaster speaks of an ethical and moral opposition between Asha (“order”), which he equates with righteousness, and Drug (“confusion”), which he equates with evil and the lie. Zoroaster personifies this dualism in a pair of spirits called Ahura Mazda (“Wise Lord,” known as Ohrmazd in Middle Persian), and Angra Mainyu (“Evil Spirit,” known as Ahriman in Middle Persian). See also Persian Language. Sparta and Athens - also Lacedaemon, city in ancient Greece, and capital of Laconia, and the most famous ancient Greek city of the Pelopónnisos. It was on the right bank of the Evrótas River, about 32.5 km (about 20 mi) from the sea, in the foothills of Mount Taygetus. The ancient city, even in its most prosperous days, was merely a group of five villages with simple houses and a few public buildings. The passes leading into the valley of the Evrótas were easily defended, and Sparta had no walls until the end of the 4th century BC. The inhabitants of Laconia were divided into Helots (slaves), who performed all agricultural work; Perioeci, a subject class of free men without political rights, who were mainly tradesmen and merchants; and the Spartiatai, or governing class, rulers and soldiers, descended from the Dorians, who had migrated to the area about 1100 BC. Athens - city in southeastern Greece, capital and largest city of the country. Athens dominates the economic, cultural, and political life of modern Greece.

Peloponnesian War - military conflict from 431 to 404 BC in ancient Greece that pitted Athens and its allies against Sparta and its allies. The Spartans and many of their allies lived in the Pelopónnisos, the southern half of Greece, where Sparta’s influence was paramount. The term Peloponnesian War therefore implies that it was an Athenian war against the Peloponnesians. But from a Spartan point of view it was the Attic War, that is, a war against Athens, whose territory was called Attica. The Spartans eventually won the war, but only with financial help from the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire. The war was preceded by a conflict that took place from 460 to 446 BC and was known as the First Peloponnesian War. That war was ended by the Thirty Years’ Peace, the terms of which are not known in detail or for certain. This lack of information is frustrating because attempts to fix responsibility for the outbreak of the main war in 431 BC involve deciding who broke the terms of this peace. For our main source, the Athenian historian Thucydides, the matter was simply one of power and fear. In a famous formulation he said that the growth of Athenian power instilled fear in the Spartans and compelled them to go to war. The war was fought in two regions: mainland Greece, in particular the Aegean seaboard; and Sicily. Macedon - (Bulgarian Makedoniya, Greek Makedonía, Macedonian Makedonija), historic region in southeastern Europe, in the south central part of the Balkan Peninsula. Macedonia covered about 66,000 sq km (25,500 sq mi). Today slightly more than half of the region lies in northern and northeastern Greece, in the Greek province of Macedonia. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and a small portion of Bulgaria make up the remainder of the region. Macedonia spanned a diverse geographic area. Though mostly mountainous, the region also encompassed the valleys of the Aliákmon, Vardar (Axiós), Néstos, and Struma rivers, all of which drain into the Aegean Sea. Philip of Macedon - (382-336 BC), king of Macedonia (359-336 BC) and father of Alexander the Great, born in Pella. From 367 to 365, Philip was a hostage in Thebes, and during that period he observed the military techniques of Thebes, then the greatest power in Greece. In 364 he returned to Macedonia. In 359 he was made regent for his infant nephew Amyntas; later that year he seized the throne for himself. Faced by internal dissensions and attacked on all sides, Philip reorganized the Macedonian army on the model of the Theban phalanx. In less than two years he had secured the safety of his kingdom and firmly established himself on the throne. From then on his policy was aggressive. In 357 he conquered the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace, gaining possession of the gold mines of Mount Pangaeus, which financed his subsequent wars. In 356 he captured Potidaea in Chalcidice and Pydna on the Gulf of Thermaïkós. In 355 he captured the Thracian town of Crenides, which, under its new name, Philippi, soon acquired great wealth and fame. Alexander the Great - (356-323 BC), king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times.

Hellenism - interest in, devotion to, and imitation of the culture and ideals of ancient Greece, especially as developed in Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The term, implying an unrestricted, pagan love of life, is often used in contrast to Hebraism, which implies an austerely moralistic, less sensuous, way of life. Hellenistic culture - (4th-1st century BC), period between the conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and the establishment of Roman supremacy, in which Greek culture and learning were preeminent in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It is called Hellenistic (Greek Hellas, “Greece”) to distinguish it from the Hellenic culture of classical Greece. Carthage and Punic Wars - (Latin Carthago) great city of antiquity, on the northern coast of Africa, near modern Tunis, Tunisia. Dido was the legendary founder and queen of Carthage; the city was probably established as a trading post toward the end of the 9th century BC by Phoenicians. The earliest artifacts unearthed by archaeologists at the site date from 800 BC. The city was known to its Punic or Phoenician inhabitants as the “new city,” probably to distinguish it from Utica, the “old city.” Built on a peninsula jutting into the Gulf of Tunis, Carthage had two splendid harbors, connected by a canal. Above the harbors on a hill was the Byrsa, a walled fortress. By the subjugation of the Libyan tribes and by the annexation of older Phoenician colonies, Carthage in the 6th century BC controlled the entire North African coast from the Atlantic Ocean to the western border of Egypt, as well as Sardinia, Malta, the Balearic Islands, and part of Sicily. A Carthaginian admiral, Hanno, made a voyage along the Atlantic coast of North Africa. The maritime power of the Carthaginians enabled them to extend their settlements and conquests, forming a scattered empire devoted to commerce. Among the commercial enterprises were the mining of silver and lead; the manufacture of beds and bedding; a lumber industry in the Atlas Mountains; the production of simple, cheap pottery, jewelry, and glassware for trade; and the export of wild animals from African jungles, of fruits and nuts, and of ivory and gold. And Punic wars - name given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The adjective Punic (Latin Punicus) is derived from Poeni, the name by which the Carthaginians, being of Phoenician descent, were known to the Romans. Julius Caesar - (100-44 BC), Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome’s transition from republic to empire. Caesar laid the foundations of the Roman imperial system. Born in Rome on July 12 or 13, 100 BC, Caesar belonged to a prestigious family that had been powerful in Roman politics for more than a century. Augustus - (63 BC- AD 14), first emperor of Rome (27 BC-AD 14), who restored unity and orderly government to the realm after nearly a century of civil wars. He presided over an era of peace, prosperity, and cultural achievement known as the Augustan Age. Constantine - (about AD 274-337), Roman emperor (306-337), the first Roman ruler to be converted to Christianity. He founded Constantinople (present-day İstanbul) as a capital of the Roman Empire in 330, and it remained the seat of the Byzantine (Eastern

Roman) Empire until 1453. Constantine the Great was born Flavius Valerius Constantinus at Niš, in what is now Serbia, son of the commander Constantius Chlorus (later Constantius I) and Helena (later Saint Helena), a camp follower. Constantius became co-emperor in 305. Constantine, who had shown military talent in the East, joined his father in an invasion of the British Isles in 306. He was popular with the troops, who proclaimed him emperor when Constantius died later the same year. Over the next two decades, however, Constantine had to fight his rivals for the throne, and he did not finally establish himself as sole ruler until 324. Polis - Greek for 'city,' in ancient Greece, a city-state or the political and social center of most larger Greek communities. Originally a citadel on a rock or hill, in classical times the polis consisted of a walled city with adjoining land, which could be extensive. The basis of classical Greek civilization included membership in a polis as a citizen, participation in its cults and festivals, and the protection of its laws. Pericles - (495? BC -429? BC), Athenian statesman, so influential in Athenian history that the period of his power is called the Age of Pericles. Roman senate and consuls - During the republic, the senate, although it could not make laws, was the dominant force in Roman politics; its decrees virtually had the force of law and strongly influenced legislation. The senate was not an elected body. One became a senator simply by virtue of being elected to the quaestorship, the lowest office among the chief Roman magistracies (the others being the praetorship, consulship and censorship). (http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/romnlife/senate.htm) And consuls - The Senate and the citizen Assembly survived from the monarchy into the republic. In theory the Senate played only an advisory role, but because it contained mostly former civil officials, called magistrates, it was respected as the repository of Roman wisdom and tradition. The Senate had such great authority (auctoritas) that magistrates consulted it on all-important issues, and it became the dominant force in the areas of religion, foreign policy, and public finance. The Senate did not pass legislation, but its decrees were treated with the greatest respect. Citizens participated in the Assembly, which could pass laws, elect magistrates, and declare war. Over the centuries the Romans organized these popular assemblies in different ways, but the voting system always favored the rich. For example, one popular assembly, the comitia centuriata, which probably developed in the 6th century BC, consisted of 193 voting blocks, each with a single vote. Citizens were assigned to those 193 “centuries” on the basis of wealth, and the centuries of the richest class had few members, while the one century reserved for the landless had tens of thousands of members, but could only cast a single ballot. No free discussion took place in Roman assemblies, and citizens could only approve or reject proposals presented by a magistrate. The kings left the early Romans with a fear of domination by a single ruler. As a result, the Romans replaced the kings with magistrates who were collegial, which meant that several officials held the same office simultaneously, and each could check the others.

The Assembly of citizens elected these officials annually. The two chief magistrates, called consuls, were invested with the military, judicial, administrative, and even some of the religious powers of the king. They could veto (from the Latin word veto, for “I forbid”) each other’s actions, but they usually agreed to share power. Often one consul served in Rome while the other was in command of the army. A consul could not be removed while in office, although he could be prosecuted for corruption after leaving the position. 12 Tables - earliest code of Roman law. It was formalized in 451-450 BC from existing oral law by ten magistrates, called decemvirs, and inscribed on tablets of bronze or wood, which were posted in the principal Roman Forum. According to tradition, the code was drawn up to appease the plebs, who maintained that their liberties were not adequately protected by the unwritten law as interpreted by patrician judges. Originally ten tablets of laws were inscribed; two more tablets were added the following year. The tablets were destroyed in the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 BC, but a number of the laws are known through references in later Latin literature. The Twelve Tables covered all categories of the law and also included specific penalties for various infractions. The code underwent frequent changes but remained in effect for almost 1000 years. Greek Pantheon of Gods - (from Greek words meaning “of all gods”), temple dedicated to all the gods. The Pantheon of Rome is the best-preserved major edifice of ancient Rome and one of the most significant buildings in architectural history. The building’s enormous dome and the walls supporting the dome form a masterpiece of concrete construction. The Pantheon was erected by Roman emperor Hadrian between AD 118 and 128, replacing a smaller temple built by Roman statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 27 BC. In the early 7th century it was consecrated as a church, Santa Maria ad Martyres, to which act it owes its survival. Socrates - (469-399BC), Greek philosopher, who profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on Plato. Socrates' contribution to philosophy was essentially ethical in character. Belief in a purely objective understanding of such concepts as justice, love, and virtue, and the self-knowledge that he inculcated, were the basis of his teachings. He believed that all vice is the result of ignorance, and that no person is willingly bad; correspondingly, virtue is knowledge, and those who know the right will act rightly. His logic placed particular emphasis on rational argument and the quest for general definitions, as evidenced in the writings of his younger contemporary and pupil, Plato, and of Plato's pupil, Aristotle. Through the writings of these philosophers, Socrates profoundly affected the entire subsequent course of Western speculative thought. Plato - (428?-347 BC), Greek philosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers in Western philosophy. Plato was born to an aristocratic family in Athens. His father, Ariston, was believed to have descended from the early kings of Athens. Perictione, his mother, was distantly related to the 6th-century BC lawmaker Solon. When Plato was a child, his father died, and his mother married Pyrilampes, who was an associate of the statesman Pericles.

Galen - (129-199?), the most outstanding physician of antiquity after Hippocrates. His anatomical studies on animals and observations of how the human body functions dominated medical theory and practice for 1400 years. Euclid - lived circa 300 BC), Greek mathematician, whose chief work, Elements, is a comprehensive treatise on mathematics in 13 volumes on such subjects as plane geometry, proportion in general, the properties of numbers, incommensurable magnitudes, and solid geometry. He probably was educated at Athens by pupils of Plato. He taught geometry in Alexandria and founded a school of mathematics there. The Data, a collection of geometrical theorems; the Phenomena, a description of the heavens; the Optics; the Division of the Scale, a mathematical discussion of music; and several other books have long been attributed to Euclid; most historians believe, however, that some or all of these works (other than the Elements) have been spuriously credited to him. Historians disagree as to the originality of some of his other contributions. Probably the geometrical sections of the Elements were primarily a rearrangement of the works of previous mathematicians such as those of Eudoxus, but Euclid himself is thought to have made several original discoveries in the theory of numbers. Euclid's Elements was used as a text for 2000 years, and even today a modified version of its first few books forms the basis of high school instruction in plane geometry. The first printed edition of Euclid's works was a translation from Arabic to Latin, which appeared at Venice in 1482. Ptolemy - (AD100?-170?), astronomer and mathematician, whose astronomical theories and explanations dominated scientific thought until the 16th century (see Ptolemaic System). He is also remembered for his contributions to the fields of mathematics, optics, and geography. Ptolemy's actual name, Claudius Ptolemaeus, reflects all that is really known of him: The name 'Claudius' suggests a Roman background, while 'Ptolemaeus' hints at a possible Egyptian heritage for him. In fact, ancient sources report that for most of his life he lived and worked in Alexandria, Egypt. At a time when Egypt was ruled by Romans, Alexandria was the center of widespread Greek culture, and we know that Ptolemy wrote his works in Greek. Ptolemy's earliest and most famous work, originally written in Greek, was translated into Arabic as al-Majisti (Great Work). In Europe, medieval Latin translations reproduced the title as Almagesti, and it has since become known simply as the Almagest. In this work, Ptolemy proposed a geometric theory to account mathematically for the apparent motions and positions of the planets, sun, and moon against a background of unmoving stars. This work did not include any physical descriptions of objects in space. Iliad and Odyssey/Homer - ancient Greek epic poem in 24 books attributed to the poet Homer. It was probably composed in the 8th century BC, but it describes events of the Trojan War, a conflict between Greece and Troy that took place four centuries earlier. The initial cause of the Trojan War was the abduction of Helen, the queen of Sparta, by Paris, a Trojan prince. The Iliad relates in 15,693 lines a momentous episode in the Trojan War—the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles and its destructive consequences. The

action of the Iliad begins in the tenth and final year of the Greek siege of Troy. The Greek army has been besieging Troy for over nine years. In a recent raid on a nearby district, the Greeks have captured Chryseis, daughter of a priest of the god Apollo. Agamemnon, commander in chief of the Greek forces, has taken her for his slave woman. Apollo in anger afflicts the Greeks with a devastating plague after Agamemnon humiliates the priest. And Odyssey - ancient Greek epic poem in 24 books attributed to the poet Homer. It was probably composed in the 8th century BC. The Odyssey relates in 12,110 lines the perilous adventures of Odysseus (called Ulysses in Latin), a Greek hero and king of Ithaca in western Greece. After the fall of Troy at the end of the Trojan War, Odysseus is forced to wander for ten years before returning home to his wife Penelope in Ithaca. The epic poem the Iliad, also attributed to Homer, describes events of the Trojan War. In contrast with the Iliad, which is mainly located in Troy and is recounted in a straightforward narrative, the Odyssey has many changes of scene and a complex plot. Its scenes range from Troy to Egypt, North Africa, the Peloponnesus, Ithaca, and the western Mediterranean. The narrative begins near what is chronologically the end of the story, and earlier incidents are unfolded later in the poem (as in the modern flashback technique). Homer’s Odyssey is one of the great stories of all time. It has had a strong influence on later European literature, especially on epics of the Renaissance (14th century through 16th century). From Homer’s plan of the Odyssey, a standard practice developed of beginning an epic with an incident from the middle or the end of the story. Earlier events are then related at a convenient point later in the story. The outstanding 20th-century example of the Odysseus, or Ulysses, theme is the novel Ulysses, by Irish author James Joyce. And Homer - the name traditionally assigned to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epics that have survived from Greek antiquity. Nothing is known of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have created both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century BC. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian styles - Of the three columns found in Greece, Doric columns are the simplest. They have a capital (the top, or crown) made of a circle topped by a square. The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain and has 20 sides. There is no base in the Doric order. The Doric order is very plain, but powerful-looking in its design. Doric, like most Greek styles, works well horizontally on buildings, that's why it was so good with the long rectangular buildings made by the Greeks. The area above the column, called the frieze [pronounced "freeze"], had simple patterns. Above the columns are the metopes and triglyphs. The metope [pronounced "met-o-pee"] is a plain, smooth stone section between triglyphs. Sometimes the metopes had statues of heroes or gods on them. The triglyphs are a pattern of 3 vertical lines between the metopes.

There are many examples of ancient Doric buildings. Perhaps the most famous one is the Parthenon in Athens, which is probably the most famous and most studied building on Earth. Buildings built even now borrow some parts of the Doric order. Ionic shafts were taller than Doric ones. This makes the columns look slender. They also had flutes, which are lines carved into them from top to bottom. The shafts also had a special characteristic: entasis, which is a little bulge in the columns make the columns look straight, even at a distance [because since you would see the building from eye level, the shafts would appear to get narrower as they rise, so this bulge makes up for that - so it looks straight to your eye but it really isn't !] . The frieze is plain. The bases were large and looked like a set of stacked rings. Ionic capitals consist of a scrolls above the shaft. The Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric. The Corinthian order is the most decorative and is usually the one most modern people like best. Corinthian also uses entasis to make the shafts look straight. The Corinthian capitals have flowers and leaves below a small scroll. The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and Ionian cornices, which are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat. (http://www.cmhpf.org/kids/dictionary/ClassicalOrders.html) (http://encarta.msn.com) Week 6: Chapter 4: Part 2: Questions 1. How does Greek civilization compare and contrast to other civilizations? When comparing Greece to India and China, it is easy to draw several comparisons. All developed empires and all were agrarian societies. Each of the civilizations developed a clear social hierarchy with a large distinction between rich and poor. Each found common tensions with elites in all three societies determining that they needed to carefully control the lower groups so that their own prosperity could be assured. A strong philosophical tradition was also observed in all three civilizations. Differences should be noted as well. In each of the societies, though distinctions between classes were similarly formed, the groups at the top of the social pyramids varied greatly - reflecting the distinct value systems of the colonies (India – priests, China – bureaucrats, Greece – aristocrats.) The status of merchants varied greatly in all three civilizations as well. Social mobility was more rigid in India than in Greece and political values in Greece were based more on democracy than bureaucratic training as in China. In Greece, the establishment of city-states created a community approach to keeping the social hierarchy. Offering a share in political structure for the lower classes (although a limited share) perhaps proves to be the most marked distinction between Greece and the 2 other civilizations. 2. Define a polis. How did the polis change between 800 and 400 B.C.E.?

The new Mediterranean civilization built on earlier cultures along the eastern Mediterranean and within the Greek islands, taking firm shape with the rise of the Greek city-states after 800 B.C.E. These states began as monarchies but then evolved into more complex and diverse political forms. They also developed a more varied commercial economy, moving away from a purely grain-growing agriculture; this spurred the formation of a number off colonial outposts around the eastern Mediterranean and in Italy. The decline of the city-states ushered in the Macedonian conquest and the formation of wider Hellenistic culture that established deep roots in the Middle East and Egypt. Then Rome, initially a minor regional state distinguished by political virtue and stability, embarked on its great conquests, which would bring it control of the Mediterranean with important extensions into western and south-eastern Europe plus the whole of North Africa. Rome’s expansion ultimately overwhelmed its own political institutions of its own and resulted in two centuries of peace and glory. 3. How did Greek city-states work together? Why were they often separate? The rapid rise of civilization in Greece between 800 and 600 B.C.E. was based on the creation of strong city-states, rather than a single political unit. Each city-state had its own government, typically either a tyranny of one ruler or an aristocratic council. The city-state served Greece well, for the peninsula was so divided by mountains that a unified government would have been difficult to establish. Trade developed rapidly under city-state sponsorship, and common cultural forms, including a rich written language with letters derived from the Phoenician alphabet, spread throughout the peninsula. The Greek city-states also joined in regular celebrations such as the athletic competitions of the Olympic games. 4. Compare the political structure of Hellenistic Greece to that of the Greek world before 400 B.C.E. Early Greece rejected monarchy as the preferred form of government, abolishing many of its early monarchies. They relied instead on tyrants, or strong men, who ruled with great authority. Aspects of democracy were present in these earlier states – primarily in Athens. City-states, rather than one political unit, dominated Greece. In the Hellenistic period, this was replaced by an autocratic ruler. The Greeks were ruled by the Hellenes who consolidated the Greek civilization, while contributing to the political decline. 5. What was the function of philosophy in Greek culture? Philosophy served to deemphasize human spirituality while emphasizing mans ability to think and rationalize. It bore great resemblance to the role of Confucianism n China as well as laid the groundwork for the later advent of the humanist movement in the Renaissance. The Socratic principal of determining ration thought through questioning became a centerpiece of Greek thinking and philosophy as well as paving the way fro questioning the natural order and thus changes in science. Many also saw it as a means of providing ethical behavior for the masses as the foibles of the gods left many lacking.

6. What, according to the authors, were the principles of Greek culture? Literary traditions, humanlike qualities of the gods, philosophy as ethical guide, focus on arts (architecture, sculpture, drama) 7. Why was the Greek economy so market-oriented? Soil conditions were not adequate for growing grain. As grain was one of the major staples, Greece had to shift to grow what they could (olives, grapes) and then trade fro grain. Their location and the establishment of colonies in the Middle East and Sicily (which were able to sustain intensive cultivation) also paved the way for increased trade. 8. Discuss the role of slavery in Greek & Roman economic and social life. Why did it lead to less technological innovations? Slaves were initially used as household servants, but later found usage in areas such as the silver mines. Slaves were also used in agricultural production. The majority of slaves came from conquered territories, thus slavery and military expansion became intertwined. With large numbers of slaves available to work the fields, Greece and Rome did not see as great a need to develop farming technology. With more hands, the need to make farming more efficient was not seen as vital. 9. Discuss the status of women in society. What effect did class position have on women's roles? Greece and Rome both had patriarchal societies. Within the upper classes women saw great influence within their household, but this did not carry over outside of the home as women were seen as inferior in both laws and culture. Female infanticide was common amongst larger families unable to support the financial “drain” a female child would bring. Though Roman law dictated a man is in complete control of his wife, the reality is that life for women can be seen as less harsh in Greece and Rome than perhaps in China. Women in many areas were active in business and could own land.